Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Chapter 1
Introduction to Engineering Graphics
Prepared by, Mehul Chhowala
Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Introduction

Engineering Graphics is a language of communication between

engineers on international basis.

The beauty of this tool of communication is that it transfers 100%

information between technical peoples.

Graphical presentation is more effective than an essay for describing

the same thing.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Drawing Instruments and simple geometry

Basic Instruments.

(i) Drawing board

(ii) Drawing sheet
(iii) Drawing pencil
(iv) Drawing clips
(v) Eraser
(vi) Eraser shield

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Instruments for Drawing Straight Lines.

(i) T- square. (ii) Set- squares

Instruments for Drawing Curved Lines.

(i) Large size compass (ii) Small bow
(iii) French curve

Instruments for Measuring Distance.

(i) Large size divider (ii) Small bow divider
(iii) Scales

Instruments for Measuring Angles.

(i) Protractors (ii) Set-squares

Special Tool. Mini drafter

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T- Square

It is composed of a long strip called blade, which is screwed rigidly at right angle
to a shorter piece called head or stock. It is made of mahogany or pear wood,
which is harder than the board wood. The head also has an ebony edge which
slides against the working edge of the board. T- Square is used for making
horizontal, vertical, inclined or parallel lines on the drawing sheet.

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Neatness, quality and accuracy of the drawing greatly depends upon the type
and conditions of the pencil used for drawing.

(a) Hard : 9H to 4H
(b) Medium : 3H to B (3H, 2H, H, F, HB and B)
(c) Soft : 2B to 7B

Following pencils should be used for drawing work in class:

2H Pencil - For drawing outlines, Centre lines, Break lines, etc.

H Pencil - For dimensioning, arrowheads, hatching lines, lettering, sketching,

circles, arcs, etc.

Micro tip pencil - 0.5mm for drawing outlines and 0.8mm for shading and
sketching
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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Pencils:

Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available

in the market. The hardness or softness of the lead is indicated by 3H,
2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc. The grade HB denotes medium hardness of lead
used for general purpose. The hardness increases as the value of the
numeral before the letter H increases. The lead becomes softer, as the
value of the numeral before B increases.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Mechanical Pencils
Nowadays mechanical pencils are widely used in place of wooden
pencils. When these are used, much of the sharpening time can be saved. The
number 0.5,0.70 of the pen indicates the thickness of the line obtained with the
lead and the size of the lead diameter.
Micro-tip pencils with 0.5 mm thick leads with the following grades are
recommended.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Drawing sheet, types of line,

Lettering and Dimensioning

(As per BIS : SP : 46 : 2003)

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Drawing Sheet
The standard drawing sheet sizes are arrived at on the basic Principal of
x: y = 1 : √2 and xy = 1 where x and yare the sides of the sheet. For
example AO, having a surface area of 1 Sq. m; x = 841 rom and y = 1189
mm. The successive sizes are obtained by either by halving along the
length or doubling the width, the area being in the ratio 1 : 2. Designation
of sizes is given in Figure and their sizes are given in Table. For class
work use of A2 size drawing sheet is preferred.
Designation Dimension, mm Trimmed
size
A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)
Drawing Sheet Layout:

A proper sheet layout is necessary for the easy reading of the drawing. The
following are the important features considered while layout a drawing sheet.

1. Sheet size:
students are advised to use A3 or A4 size of sheet.

2. Boarder lines:
boarder lines are used to obtain clear working space on the drawing
sheet. Boarder lies should be drawn 10 mm inside edges of the drawing sheet.

3. Title block:
Space for the title block must be provided in the bottom right corner of
the drawing sheet as shown in figure. The size of the title block varies depending
upon the contents to be filled in it. The size of the title block for drawing in
colleges is recommended by the B.I.S.as 185 mm × 65 mm.
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Drawing Sheet Layout

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Title Block

The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right
hand comer of the sheet.
The title block providing the following information.

1. Title of the drawing.

2. Drawing number.
3. Scale.
4. Symbol denoting the method of projection.
5. Name of the firm, and
6. Initials of staff who have designed, checked and approved.

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Title Block

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Title block
for
Shop floor

Title block
for
Student
work

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Standard and convention:

Engineering drawing is language of engineers. Every language follows a standard

set of rules which make communication between people easier. Engineering
drawing must follow a set of standards and conventions in order to make
communication between engineers effective.
IS 1444: 1989 ENGINEER’S PATTERN DRAWING BOARD- SPECIFICATION
IS 10711: 2001 TECHNICAL PRODUCT DOCUMENTATION SIZES AND LAYOUT OF DRAWING SHEETS
IS 3221: 1966 SETS FOR DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
IS 10713: 1983 SCALES
IS 10714: 2001 LINES
IS 96009: 2001 LETTERING
IS 15021: 2001 PROJECTION METHODS
IS 10714: 1983 SECTIONS AND OTHER CONVENTIONS
IS 1169: 1986 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONS ON TECHNICAL DRAWING

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Types of line and their applications:

In engineering drawing, the various types of lines are recommended by
B.I.S. with different thickness. But for general students are advised to take 0.5 mm
for thick lines, 0.3 mm for medium lines and 0.2 mm for thin lines.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Types of line and their applications:

Visible Outlines, Visible Edges : (Continuous wide lines) The lines drawn to represent the
visible outlines/ visible edges / surface boundary lines of objects should be outstanding in
appearance.
Dimension Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) Dimension Lines are drawn to mark
dimension.
Extension Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) There are extended slightly beyond the
respective dimension lines.
Construction Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) Construction Lines are drawn for constructing
drawings and should not be erased after completion of the drawing.
Hatching / Section Lines: (Continuous Narrow Lines) Hatching Lines are drawn for the
sectioned portion of an object. These are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the
main outline of the section.
Guide Lines: (Continuous Narrow Lines) Guide Lines are drawn for lettering and should not
be erased after lettering.
Break Lines: (Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines) Wavy continuous narrow line drawn
freehand is used to represent break of an object.
Break Lines : (Continuous Narrow Lines With Zigzags) Straight continuous narrow line with
zigzags is used to represent break of an object.
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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Types of line and their applications:

Dashed Narrow Lines: (Dashed Narrow Lines) Hidden edges / Hidden outlines of objects are
shown by dashed lines of short dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at equal
distances of about 1 mm. the points of intersection of these lines with the outlines / another
hidden line should be clearly shown.
Center Lines: (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines) Center Lines are drawn at the center of
the drawings symmetrical about an axis or both the axes. These are extended by a short
distance beyond the outline of the drawing.
Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting plane. It is
long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of direction. The
direction of viewing is shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
Border Lines: Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm
Line Widths:
Line width means line thickness.
Choose line widths according to the size of the drawing from the following range:
0.13,0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 mm.
BIS recommends two line widths on a drawing. Ratio between the thin and thick
lines on a drawing shall not be less than 1 : 2.
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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Types of line and their applications:

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

DIMENSION LINE
EXTENSION LINE
HIDDEN LINE
CENTRE LNE
LEADER LINE
PROJECTION LINE
TING PLANE LINE
ALL DIMENSION ARE IN MM
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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Lettering
All information can not be conveyed by Graphical shapes and
lines.

To make a drawing complete and informative, lettering is done in

the form of dimensions, titles, notes etc.

H pencil is best for

lettering
Simple
Lettering Pleasant
to
to look
Interpret

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Free hand techniques

Vertical,
inclined
and round
Use of drawing instruments in lettering consumes more
strokes are
time compare to free hand lettering.
drawn
downward
direction
Six fundamental strokes and directions are key to lettering

Horizontal strokes are drawn left

to right

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Lettering:

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Lettering:

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Single-stroke vertical Lettering

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Single-stroke vertical Lettering

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Single-stroke Inclined Lettering

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Single-stroke Inclined Lettering

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Double-stroke Vertical Lettering

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Double-stroke Vertical Lettering

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Double-stroke Inclined Lettering

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Double-stroke Inclined Lettering

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Normal, Compresses and Expanded letters

Rules of Lettering

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Dimensioning

Every drawing, whether a scale drawing or a

freehand drawing, besides showing the true shape
of an object, must supply its exact length, width ,
height, sizes and positions of holes, grooves etc.
and such other details relating to the manufacture
of that object.

Providing this information on a drawing is called dimensioning.

Lines, figures, numerals, symbols, notes etc. are used for this
purpose.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Dimension
Line

Elements of Extension
Arrowheads Dimensioning Line/Projection
Line

Leader
Line/Pointer
Line
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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Elements of Dimensioning

• Dimension line is a thin continuous line.

• It is terminated by arrowheads touching the
Dimension line outlines, extension lines or center lines.
• It is placed at least 6 to 10 mm away from the
outline of the drawing.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Elements of Dimensioning
• An extension line is also a thin continuous line
drawn in extension of an outline.
Extension line OR • Formerly, the BIS. had recommended that a
Projection line gap of about 1 mm should be kept between
the extension line and an outline or object
boundary.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Elements of Dimensioning
• A leader or a pointer is a thin continuous line connecting a
note or a dimension.
• One end of the leader terminates either in an arrowhead or
Leader line OR a dot. The arrowhead touches the outline, while the dot is
Pointer line placed within the outline of the object
• The leader is never drawn vertical or horizontal or curved.
It is drawn at a convenient angle of not less than 30° to the
line to which it touches.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Elements of Dimensioning

• An arrowhead is placed at each end of a

dimension line.
Arrowheads • Its pointed end touches an outline, an
extension line or a Centre line.

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Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Dimensioning system

Aligned system Unidirectional system

• All dimensions are so placed that they

• The dimension is placed can be read from the bottom edge of
perpendicular to the dimension the drawing sheet.
line in such a way that it may be • The dimension lines are broken near
read from the bottom edge or the middle for inserting the
the right-hand edge of the dimensions.
drawing sheet. • This system is mainly used on large
• Placed near middle of line. drawings - as of aircrafts, automobiles
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Continuous or Chain Progressive or Parallel

Dimensioning Dimensioning

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Combined Dimensioning

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