STATISTICS

7.1 INTRODUCTION
In class IX, we have leamt about representation of statistical data in the form of histograms
and frequencypolygons. We tuvealsoleamtaboutmean, medianand mode of ungrouped
data. tnthischapter,wewiltstudyaboutthetechniques for findingmeary medianand mode
of grouped data. We will also learn about cumulative frequency graph of a frequency
distribution

7.2 MEAN'OF GROUPED DATA

It x1, x2, x3"'., lcn aten values oJa variable & then the arithmetic mean or simply mean of
these vilues is denoted by f, and is defined as
,l

*- Xt * XZ* Xl * ": * XnOr,

X= E''
nn
n

Here,thesymbol ) x, denotesthesum .rl + x2 + xs * ... ! xn.

' i=7
In other words, we can say that the arithmetic mean of a set of observations is equal to their
sum divided by the total number of observations.
In this section, we will study about the arithmetic mean of grouped data or a discrete
frequency distribution. In a discrete frequenry distribution the arithmetic mean may be
computed by any one of the following methods:
(i) Directmethod, r
(ii) Short<utmethod,
(iii) Step-Deviation method.
Letus now learnabout these methods oneby one.

7.2.1 DIRECT METHOD

If a variate X takes values x1t x2,.. t rn with corresporrding frequencies /r, fz, fs, "', f,,
respectively, then arithmetic meanof these values is givenby
v _ fixr + fzxz +...+ fnx,,
fi + fz+...+ f,
7.1
 7.2
MATHEMAfiCS-X

or, l, L*, n
x= i=l--,whereN = t fr = fr + f2...+ f,
N i=t
Thefollowingalgorithmmaybeusedtocomputearithmeticmeanbydirectmethod.

ALGOBITHM
srEPI Prqme thefrequency table insychaway thg! itsftrst column consbts of theoalues
of the
oariate and the second column the conesio;"ii;iir;;;;;;;'
srEP II Muttiply
the frequency of each ro* *ith tn f,*roporaing ,otro of aariabte to obtain
third column containing x,.
f 1

STEP III Find the sum ofail entrics in column lll to obtain Zf,x,
srEP IV Find the sum ofail thefrequencies in corumn II to
obtain{ = N

Following examples will iilusratl*re above algorithm.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPUS
EXAMrLE1 Find the mean ofthefoilowing distribution:
x: 4 6 910 75
f: 5 70 107 I
SOLUTION Calculation of Arithmetie Mean

t;
f ixi
4 5 20
6 10 60
9 10 90
10 7 70
15 8 720
N=E/i=rtO 2f,x, =3ffi
Mean=*=#=#=,
EXAMPLE 2 Foltouting table sluws thc weight of 72 students:
Weight(inkgs): 67 70 72 73 75
Numfuofstuilents: 4 S 2 2 1
Find tlu mean weight of the studmts.
STATISTICS 73

SOLUTION Calculation of Arithmetic Mmn

Weight(inkgs) - Frequmcy
X;, fi fixi
67 4 268
70 3 210
72 2 144
73 2 t46
75 1 75

N =2fi=L2 2fix, =943

- =>{{t= *
Mean=X =7o.2skg
N rz
EXAMPLES Eind themeanofthefollouting distribution:
x: 1.0 30 50 70 89
f: 810 75 10
SOLUTION Calculationof Mean

Xi f ixi
10 7 70
30 I 240
5b 10 '5oo
70 15 1050
89 10 890
N=E/i=50 2f;x, =2759
Mean =2f,*,
N50=275? =ss
EXAMPLE 4 lf the mean of the following distribution is 6,ftnd the oalue of p.
x: 2 4 6 10 p+5
f: 3 2 3 7 2
SOLUTION Catculationof Mean

Xi f ixi
2 3 5
4 2 8
6 3 18
10 1 10
P+5 2 2p+lO
N=EI=lI 2f;x, =2p+52
Wehave, N=U.=7l,Zfixi=2p+52
E/ir'
Mean =
N
=t u ='P r*ru' +6 = 2p + 32 + 2p = 14 + p =7
11
7.4 MATHEMATTCS-X

EXAMPLEs Finitthcoalueofp,ifthemwtaftlufotlruoin|didributionisT.S. ., ,: ,..

f: 6 Q 7s p q ' 4
SOLUTION Calculationof Mutt
Xi f ixi
'3 6 18
5 8 40
7 15 105_
9 P/ 9p
t1 8 :88
13 4 52

N=E,[ =41+p 2fl.,=303+9p

Wehave, Zfi = 4l+ p,}fixi = 3O3 + 9P

l'fixi
Mean = *-
Df'
:+ 7.s =ry41t
+9P
P

+ 7.5x(41. + pl = 303 + 9p
+ N7.5 +7.5p = 303+9p

=+ 9p-7.5p=fi7$-303 + 1.5p=4.5 + p=3.

EXAMPLE 6 Find the missing frequcncia in the folloai*g fralu*icy dbtribution $.it $ known tlut
tlu mean of the ilistribution is 1.46.
Numberofaccidents(x\ rt": 7 2' 3 4 5"'Total' i'"'
Frequency(fl: 46' ' ? ' 25 10 5 200 i
S0LUTION Letthemissingfrequenciesbq /r e"q"6: ,
. t...: , ,

Cotttputation $ Arithnetic Mutt

X; fixi
0 46 0

1 h f,
2
3
4 10 .. I
40 .-.1..
5 525
N =136+ fi+ fz Zf;x1=t40+ fr+2f2
 l-

STATISTICS 75

Wehave,
l/ = 200 + 2@ = 85+ fi + ft a fi'+' f'=114'' ...0
Also,
I j
Mean=1.46
' '
:+ l.*G =4i\
N

+ t+o=lao+ f'-zf.- ,.
I

:+ 292=t40+ fi+2fro fi+2f;';'157' ' . ..(ii)

Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get

fi =76andl, - 3 ': 1."

EXEBCTSE 7.t
1. Calculate the mean fu the following dishibution:
x:567;g
2. Find the mean of the following data:
xt 79 21 2g 25 27 29 31

t13151618161513
3. If ttre mean of the following data is 20.6. Find the value of p.
xt 10, 15 p 25 35
f3102s7'5
4. tf the mean of the following data is 15, find p.
xi 5 10 '15 20 25

t6tr510s : . .':i:, ) l. -1,.. ' . , :, ':1.

5. Find the value of p for the followingdistributfionwhose.mean is 15.6

lc: I 12 15 p. 20. 25 30, ,.. l

t' 12 16 2a , ,24,
,,.16 ,
,,.,9.,,:, r,,.:1 ,, :.,irr.:::r., .,- ,. ,: ,

6. Find the missing value of p for the following distribuQon whose mean is,l2.S
!-'l:'i1x:'.5 8 10 L2. P ,20 .,25 ..

f 2 5,, , ,.8 22 7 . , 4,,,,,.,2,., r,,,, ::,1j,,r ,:. .ii. i:

7. Find tlre missing frequency (p) for tlrerfollowirq dishibution whose mean is 7.58. -
'x 3 5 7 9 11 13

f581sp84 . ,:i.: r.:...,1:. t. I , .:;i - , , r: i,l

r: t5 17 19 20+p 29

t2.345p6
7.6 MATHEMATICS-X

9. The following table gives the number of boys of a particular age in a class of 40 students.
Calculate the mean age of the students
Age (inyears): 15 16 t7 18 19 20
No. of students: 3 8 10 10 5 4
10. Candidates of four schools appear in a mathematics test. The data were as follows:
Schools No. of Candidates AaerageScore

*I 60 75
tr 48 80
m Notavailable 55
v 40 50
If the average score of the candidates of all the four schools is 56, find the number of
candidates that appeared from school IlI.
11. Five coins were simultaneously tossed 1000 times and at each toss the number of heads
wereobserved. Thenumberof tossesduringwhich 0,l,2,3,4and.5headswereobtained
are shown in the table below. Find the mean number of heads per toss.

No. of heads per toss No. of tosses

0 38
1 744
2 342
3 297
4 764
5 25
Total 1000

Find the missing frequencies inthe followingfrequency distributionif itis known that
the mean of the distribution is 50.
x: 10 30 50 70 90.
f, 17 f, 32 h t9i Total 120.
13. The arithmetic mean of the followirqg data is ia. pind the value of k.
Xii 5 10 15 20 25
fi. 7 k84s. lcBsE2002cl
14. The arithmetic mean of the following data is 25, find the value of k.
'ti: 5 15 25 35 4,5

fi: 3 k362 lcBsE2001l

15. If the mean of the following data is 18.75. Find the value of p.
xi: 10 15 p 25 30
fit51078 tcBsE200sl
 STATISTICS .77

A'VSWEBS
r..7.025 2-25 3. p=20 {. 8''
5. 18 6. 15 7. g 8. p=l
. 9. 17.45years 10. 52 1:1.. 2.47 12, fr--28,1;=24'
13. 5 14. 4. 15. p=/Q

7.2.2 SHORT.CUT METHOP i'

If the values of r or (and)/are large, the calculation of AM by the direct method is quite
tedious and time consuming, because calculations involved are lengthy. Iir such a case to
minimize the time involved in calculatiory we takq deviations from an arbitrary point as
discussedbelow.
Let x1, x2...txn be values of a variable X with corresponding frequencies f1, fz, fs,-,.,f,
respectively. Taking deviations about andrbitrary point'A', we have
dt=Xi-A,i=1,2,3,"',n
= fidi = fi@i - A);i =7,2,3,...,fl
+ ij=l f,o, =i
i=l
y,1x, - a1

nnn
+ }f,a,
j=l
=}f,x, - AZf,
i=l i=7

=r
,,
Ef,a, =\7,x,
,t

- Arn f'.' , = 2,,)

+
j=l i=7

*z*, = *f ,,, #
:+ *fitr, = x- A ["
x =
*tr,]
+ 7=
1rt
A*!Zf,a,
N i=r
Finding AtV by using the above formula is known as the short<ut method.
NOTE The number 'A' is generalty htown as the nssumed mean and is generally chosen in such a
way that the dasiations are small.
Following algorithm rnaybe used to find arithmetic meanby the short-cut method.
ALGORTTHM

sTEP I Prepare thefrequency table in such away tlwt itsfirst'coiumn'ctiisists of ,thg,oalues of the
aariable and the second cohtmn consists of thc correspondingfrequencies.
STEP II Choose a number'A' (preferable antong the oalues in first column) and take deoiations
di = xi - A of the aahrcs xi of uariab.le X abaut A. Write thgse ileaiations againat tke
corresponding frequencies in the thiril column.
STEP III Mtrltiply the frequencies fu column lI with the corresponding datiatiotts d, in column lll to
. prqarecolunnlV cotrsistingof fi di.
78 MATHEMAT,IC:$?X

. fr.
STEP Iv Find the sum of all oiries in column III to obtain >. f idi and tlu sum of allfrequmcies in
i=l
n
mlumnlltoobtain X,
,=l
= w.

srEPv usetheformuta: y = 4-
*[tr* ).
Folltiwing examples will'illushatethb above alg,orithm.'
i.:

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAi,IPLES
EXIMPLEI Thefollaoingtableshoutstheweigl*SoflZ$t&nts: -, i -: i,
Weight(inkgl: ,67 70., '72.:'73, 75
Numberofstudmts:432?7
Finil tle mean weight by using short-cut methoil.
SOLUTION LettheassurnedmeanbeA=Z :

Calculationof Mean

weight No.of di = xi- A = xi-72 fidi

in Kg studmts

67 4 -5 -20
70 3 -2 -6
72 2 0 l,
73 2 L 2
75 1 3 3
ftf=f,f=12 2fd,=-21
Wehave,
N = 12,\ffi, = -21, and A=72

124
:+ Mean = ry/ =+ =7o.2skg
Hence, mean weight = 70.25 kg.
EXAMPLE2 Find the mean zoage from the data giaen belout:
Wage(inRs\; 800 820 860 900 g2O 980 1000
No.ofzoolers: 7 1.4 19 25 2A M 5
::
SOLUTION LettheassumedmeanbeA=S0.
STATiSTT.i 7"9

Calculationof Mmn

Wage(inRs)
Xi
.,800 7 ;100 -7W
'820 't4' ,- 80
- 11i0
850 t9_ -40 :-7ffi
e00 25 .,q
920 ?0 20 400
980 10 80 ',. 800
1000 5 100 500

N=Ei=100 2f;d,=-gg
Wehave,
N = 100, }fd, =-880 and A = 900

Mean x = A*Zf'd'
N

=e Mean X = 9oo .
# =- 9oo - 8.8 =,g9li2

Hence,meanwage=Rs891.2. ,, ! .

7.2.5 STEP.DEVIATION METHOD .

Somgtimes, during the application of the short-cut method for finding AlI, the deviations d;
are/ivisiblebyacommonnumberh (say).Insuchacasethehrithmetc is reduced toa geai
extentbytaking
X;_A
ui ='#; i =7,2,3,,..,n

=) xi = A+hui, i =1,2,3r...,n
+ fixi= Af;+hf1 ui, i=1,2,3,...;ft

+ ' if,*, =oLf, +niy,u, , i

,..

i=l i=1 i=l

:+ .*[ir.,) =
#.,{* V,r,"il
:+ :.
X = A+h.

Finding A/vf by using this formula is known as the stepdeviatisr method.

Following algoritfun maybiiused to find ttte arithrnetic rireanby step:dwiation m€third:
770 MATHEMATICS-X

ALGORITHM
STEP I Obtain the frequerct ilistribution and prepare the frequency table in such a way thnt its
first column consists of the oalues of the oariable and thc secand column corresponding
frequencies.
STEP II Cluose a number 'A' (generally known as the assumed mean) and talce dgoiations
-
di = xi A about A. Write these deoiations against the conesponding fre-qwencies in
thethirdcolumn.
STEP I Choose a number h, getlerally common factor of atl d i s in III column, dioide deoiations

i ? to get u ;. Writ e thes;e u i s against the conespotiding d,' s in thc IV colunm:

d W

sTEPIVMukiptythefrequenciesinIIcolumnwiththecorrupondingltisinIVcolumntoprryare
V columnof f,ut.
n

SIEPY FindthesumofallmtriesinVcolumntoofuain,lrf,", andthesum$allfreqttmciesinll

,

columntoobtainN=fi[]

srEPvr * =o -,
{* i f*,}
usethefurmuta:

Followingexamples will illustrate the above algorithm. 1

TLLUSTRATIVE EXAiIPLES
1 Finil the mean wage from the foltowing itnta:
EXAMPLE

Wage(inRs): 800 820 860 g00 g20 g80 1000

No.afworkers: 7 1-4 L9 25 20 L0 5
SOLUTION LettheassumedmeanbeA= 900and h= 20.
Calculationof Mmn

Wage No. of di = xi- A yi fiui

Rs) x,
(in worlccrsf, = xi - 900

800 7 -100 -5 -35

820 74 - 80 -4 -55
860 19 -40 -2 -38 :

90025000
9202020720\

1000 5 100 "5 25

N=E/i=100 Zf;u, =- 44
 STATISTICS 7.tt

Wehave, , ,,,ii .j
ll = i00l f,rti = 44, A; gm ana h
= 2a,.

.', Mean = X
= A- r(f,,Ur,
)
=) , X=900+20.#=900-8f =891.2
Hence, mean wage = Rs 89I.2.
2
Appty steydatiation metlwd tofind the AM of thefollowirtgfreryency distributiort
IIATVIPI:T
Variate 5 1.0 $ tS 2A 25 B0 35 40 ii
(x): ' -
S0
Frequetyg(f), ?0 4* .7s 67 72 4s jg g I G'"
SOLUTION Ietiheassumed meanbeA = 25andft.* 5.'
Calculationof lvtean

Variate Frequency Dniations

,, _ xi -ZS f,ii,
xi fi di = xi-25 5

5 _80
2A -4
10 43 :3" >rr-.: .129-,-r:-
I5 't -2 '...
75
. "' -'159 . ::
20 6:7 ..- 1
=67'.
25 72 ,0 O,,.,,.:
30 45 '' 1' ,i
'45"'
3s 39 .2 78." "

40 ,9 '3 27:
i
'

45 I 4' 32
_ )ai:i i! i

50 5 5- ,30
N= XI.='384 2f;u, t'-2,14
Wehave,

Mean=r=o-o{*r
l.,,t '
rn,l
:+ Mean = 2s +u*(#l= ,u -2.786.= z21ztE
\384i
EXAMPLE 3. The weights in kitograms of 60 workus in a facto,ry'are giaen in
-
freErcncytable.Findthemeanweigitoyawortcer, , -,, the following
.
Weight(inkg)x: 60 61 62 6A AC- , 'iS "" ',
No. of worlcersf: 5 I 14 16 ,10
SOLUTION l-ettheassumedmeanbd/t=i6g '":,'r ' .
: :'i;. 7 r,
7.12 MATHEMA.TICS:'X

Calculationof Mean

WeightGnkg) No.ofworkcrs dr =xi-63 fdi

x. f
6,0 5 -3 -15
61 I -2 -16
62 74 -1
'0 -14
63 "t6 0'
64 10 1 10
55 7 2 14

1g=lf=f0 Lfiil, =-21

Wehave, N = 50, 4 = 63 andZf,di ='21
Mean =
". t*rf,r,)
=+ Mean = = 63-*= rr-0.35 = 62.65
".(#)
Hence, mean weightof a worker = 62.65 kg
EXAMrLE 4The table beloat gioes the distribdion of oillages uniler differmt heights ftom sea lanel
inacertain region. Compute the meanheight of theregion:
Height(inmetres): 200 600 700A 7400 -!800 -- 2200
No. of village: 742 265 560 -nT- 89 76
SOLUTION Let the assumed mean be A = 14@ and h= 4N
CalculatbnofMmn ,

Height No. of oillages

r, -1400
(inmetres) f, di = xi -1400 ui = --q,,- fiui
Xi

200 L42 - 1200 -3 - 426

500 265 - 800 -2 - 530

1000 560 - 400 -1 - 560

1400 277 0 0 0

1800 89 400 1 89

2200 t6 800 2 32
fV = E,[ =1il3 2f iui = -1395
Wehave, A = L4Cfih = 40O,2fiui = -1395and N = 1343

Mean = e+' "tN-/'"r

'^ tr[L>r,r,l
J

=+ Mean = 1400 + n00,

# = 1400 - 415.49= 9&1.51
STATISTICS 7.13

EXERCISE 7.2
1. The number of telephone calls received at an exclrange per interval for 250 successive
one-minute intervals are given in the following frequency table:
No.ofcalls(x): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No.ofintervals(/):15 24 29 46 54 43 39
Compute the mean number of calls per interval.
2. Five coins were simultineously tossed 1000 times, and at each toss the number of heads
was observed. Thenumberof tosses duringwhich 0,1,2,3,4and 5headswereobtained
are shown in the table below. Find the meannumber of heads per toss
No. of heads per toss (r): 0 1 2 3 4 5
No. of tosses (f): 38 L44 342 287 164 25
3. The following table gives the number of branches and number of plants in the garden;of
a school.
No.ofbranches(r): 2 3 4 5 6
No. of plants (f): 49 43 57 38 13
Calculate the average number of branches per plant.
4. The following table gives the number of children of 150 families in a village
No.ofchildren(x): 0 1 2 3 4 5
No. of families (f) : 10 21 55 42 15 7
Find the average number of children per family.
5. The marks obtained out of 5Q by 102 students in a Physics test are given in the frequency
tablebelow:
Marks(r): 15 20 22 24 25 30 33 38 45
Frequency(f): 5 8 11 20 23 18 13 3 1

Find the average number of marks.

6. The number of students absent in a class were recorded every day for L2Odays and the
informationis givenin the following frequency table:
No.ofstudents.absent(x): 0 7 2 3 4 5 5 7
No. of days (/): | 4 10 50 34 15 4 2
Find the mean number of students absent per day.
7. In the first proof reading of a book containing 300 pages the following distribution of
misprints was obtained:
No.ofmisprintsperpage(r):0 12345
No. of pages (f): 1549536951
Find the average number of misprints per page.
8. The following distribution gives the number of accidents met by 160 workers in a factory
duringa month.
No.ofaccidents(r): 0 1 2 3 4
No. of workers (f): 70 52 34 3 1

Find the average number of accidents per worker.

7J.4 MATHEMATICS.X

9. Find the mean from the following frequency distribution of marks at a test in statistics :

Marks(r): . , 5 10 1,5 20 25 30 35 40 45 S0
No.ofstudents(/): 15 50 80 76 72" 45 39 9 8 6'

ANSWERS
1. 3.54 2. 2;47 3. 3.52(approx) . . .A. 2.35:
s. 26.08 5. 3.53 (approx) .7. 0.73 8. 0.83
9. 22.075

7.2.4 ARITHMETIC MEAN OF A CONTINUOUS FREOUENCY DISTRIBUTION 1

Up till now we have been discussing about various methods for computing arithmetib mean
of a discrete frequency distribution. In case of arcontinuous frequency-distribution or a
frequency distribution with class intervals arithmetic mean may be computed by applying
any of the methods discussed so far. The values of x1, x2, xs-.. t x11 are taken as the mid-
points or class-marks of the various classes. It should be hoted that the mid-value or class-

marks of a class interval is equal to Gower timit + upper limit).

I
Following examples will illushate the procedure.

ILLUSTRANVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLEl Find the mean of thefotlowingfrequency distribution:
"'20'-
Class-interual: 0 - 70 10 -20 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
No. of worlcersf: 7 70 15 I 10

SOLUTION C-alculationof Mmn

Class- Mid- Frequency di = xi - 25 u, = \# fiqi

0-10 5 7 -20 -2 -1,4

10-20 15 10 -10 1 -10
20-30 25 15 0 , 0. 0

30-40 35 8 10 1 8

40-50 45 10 20 2 20

N=XI=50 ' ZfP,=4

Wehave,

A = 25, h = 10,N = 50 andDf,u, = 4..

5TA'fisfiCS 7.15

r,,:,r::1r1. ii:.

+ Mean=25+10xa=25.8
.: 50
2
D(AMrLE F inil the nmn of the folloaing friqumcy_.listribalion :
Claws: A-20 , 20-4U 4&60 6A-g0 ,:&1"00
Frequmcy; 15 78 21 29 ,:,., !/
tGEsES€o5cl
SOLUTION CalcqhtionofMmn .. i iijl ',:i :.

:' rj"t i 'r

Classes Mid- Freauucy di = xi i]50 Ui = t'20
50
fiar.,;
oalau(x) (f) ,, li \,

.0-20 10 t5 -;.40 - *l --30

,9. !i
- 20-40 30 '18 :20' ' :18
-1
40-60 50 21 0 0 0
i..\. ,r :.,:lr ^,ri:': -.i :
50-80 7A 29
:'i!,1..
',:
20 1
:: l:.
ig
80 - 100 90 17 40 :i !1. !2 '34

Wehave,

A = 50, h = 2O,N = 100andE,4=f5

Meani,* a **{$,Urrf I ;'':1i ...:.i-:::r;

'. . -' i
v.t6 MATHEMATICS:X

Calculationof Mean

Expen - Frcq - Mid -

diture uency oalues x-A
(in
di = xi _ A ui = h liui
Rs.) x1 f' Xi
xi -3?5
=x;-325 - 50
100 - 150 24 725 -1200, -4 -96
150 - 200 40 175 - 150 -3 -120
200 - 250 33 225 - 100 -2 -66
250 - 300 28 275 -50
'0 -1 -28
300 - 350 30 325 00
350 - 400 22 375 50 722
400 - 450 16 425 '100 232
450 - 500 7 475 150 327
N=)1.=200 2f iu, = -235
Wehave,

x = A+ rrfi>f,u,

:+ l-23s I
X=325+5oxt*
l
=+ x =325-:235 = 325- 58.75 = ?56.25
4
Hence, the average expenditure is Rs 266.25.
EXAMPLE n
A frequmcy distribution of the life times of 400 T.V. pialure tuba testeil in a tube
company is gioen below. Finil the aauage life of tube.

Lifetime(inhrs) Frqumcy Life time (inhrs) Frequmcy

300-399 74 800-899 62
400-499 46 900-999 48
500-599 I8 1000-1099 D
600-699 76 1100-1199 6
700.799 58

SOLUTION Here, the class-intervals are formed by excltrsive method. If we make the qeries
an inclusive one the mid-values remain same. So, there is no need to convert the series into an

lettheassumedmeanbe A =749.5'mdh,= 100. ::,' '

STATISTICS 7.77

Calculationof Mean

Lifetime Frequmcy Mid-Valua di = xi- A x'-A

ui=-h fiui
Gnhrd: f, *i
=xi-749.s ' =xi _!!^g's
ut
100
300 - 399 14 349.5 - 400 -4 -56
440 - 4W 46 M9.5 - 300 -3 - 138
500 - 599 58 549.5 - 200 -2 - 116

.ffi-699 76 649.5 - 100 -1 -75"

704 -799 68 749.5 0 0 0
800 - 899 62 849.5 100 1 62
9W -99/9 48 949.5 200 2 96
1000 - 1099 22 1049.5 300 3 66
1100: 1.199 5 11,49.5 400 4 24
N=E/i=400 2f iut=-1gg
Wehavg N = 400, A = 749.5,ft = 100 and.Dfiui = -138

x=A.ot*U,,)
:+ T=749.s+r00xf =ry.) =749.s-138 - 74g.s-34.s=TtS
\400/ 4
Hence, the average life time of a tube is 715 hours.
s lf the mean of the foltowing disHbutiuis S4,find the oalue ofp:
EXAMPLE
Class: 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 g0-L00
FreErmq:7p109L3
ICBS82006€l
SOLUTION Cotttputationof ArithmeticMwn

Class Midqalues tou** di=xi-il ui=tri -50

ZO
(') (f,)
0 -20 10 7 -40 -2 -14
20 -Q 30 p -20 -1 -P
40 -60 50 10 0 0 0
50-80 70 9 20 1 I
80 - 100 90 13 40 2 26

2f,=39+P Z,fiui = 2l;'p

Wehave,

A = il,N = 39 * p, h = 20,2f;ui = 2l -p and X'= 54

r 7:18
MA1rf$iliffih:$x
:' ttl;"
A+h{*rrrr}
Mean = ''. "'
tN "')
54=50+20x)-'rl
;- {39+pl , .. "

=+ "'r=tf*+'llsg*r=,ros-sp*ar,=66+p*,tt
\se+P) -- r : '
rxrprrfE o The follvqnng hble gioa ii*Ay , *gu in of h& ***iri
in o certiiii &iierciat
o!Fol!4tu": The frqt*ncy of ,l*
4i-52 is-miimg. tfliifsroutn ttlat\hc mean ffi\e f*fiuency

Weeklywqges(Rs.): $-43 43t4 4G-49 ,.. 49-52,. S2-_&F ,:..:

' r**,,, ? ,
50,
assnunil meantre A = 47 andh
27. ',: , !

= 3.
-- -.,- e.if&i.l ,t rir:f .f . i.J:i;l

.'t -l;':q;,'j *-
40-€ 41.5
43- 6 -"4{.5"
i\:. ^
.
,r ,r. 58 ti;: ,r, pf,Q r t't ; , bT,l" . *+- -58 a-.
45-49 47.5 50 ;' $': 'r,); i g 0
49 -52 ,50.5 f "'-i{}i': '!, g *,S",, + tr,.,,i,:,I:iii r,r?-ri: -::i .: t.-.t"
\.,......".2v ,,":lrtttir3t.5 r: r.:L:1.i ,t'.!tt,. 1..u.lr: it
52-55 'i&Str'' fru.ir -.{r
;176+ f ',2f;u1
'ffiryffii$fi$;'3i
-
X=472,.A=47.Saitdft=3 ' - f s:+x!*trr'.rr-e'
;,srsF;l:.-:t'4$*sq;hF,i}) i .' -i*+:.;;1 t.r,=,0

=+ -176- f =10f -660 *rJj.:Iili'.'

=+ l'l.f = 4g4 + I =-A4 i.:;-. ,- i! .,

Hence, the missing frequency is 44.
.STATISTTSi.- 7:19

HAMPLE7 ,Thcmehnof tlxfollotoingfrequencytable:W"Btttthefuqumdaeftnidfrinfux20.

a?and 60 .p0 aremissing. Find themissingfteqwncies.-'. ,

Class: 0-20 2O-N 40-ffi 60-S0 g0-1OO Totnt

,

Frequorcy: 17
l
'fr'
.i , ,.r
' s2 fr' lg .a.
IzA; *)'
j-

t '., '' ,, ' ,',.,,[Qffif!Q$$Ql

SOLUTION kttheassumedmednbe r{ = 50and h = 20,
.&itculationof Mean

Class
f,
Freqimcy
1
n;*ia1s ir=# ,f*.
.l '," i' ," rjl r.:tl ' ai,: ii,i=,'i-,.,r{tt"f,'i.frir.rii i,rrr', i.."..1ii-r .,i'...., - " , , o -i,ir ,r,;,..
,,.' ,0-20
, '20-40
40-60
'60'- 80

80 - 100

N=Yi =68+fr+f, 2fP,=4' fi+ fz

Wehave,
hi=EI=120 ' [Givenl
6* f, + fz =120 ,. l5

=+ fi t fz =.52 "' .,"(i)

.3' ., .', i",:
Now,
Mean:50

e* n[Lv,u,\=n
" 'J I,N

5o + 2o
"{!r#Jr}= uo

so+
4-i +6 = so
6

'i4^-fi+f2-O!
:+
6

:e 4- fr+ fz =A'
=e ..fr-fz=4 ;

Solving equatioru (i) and (h), we get /,

,t. .,1:
720 MATHEMATICE=X

EXAMPLE S Find the mean marlcs $ studcnts from thefollauting wmtlathte frequmey dbtribution:

Marla Number of students Marki Numboofstudmts

0 andaboae 80 60 and aboae 28
L0and aboae 77 70 and abooe 1,6

20 and abooe 72 80 and absoe 10

30 and aboae 65 .90 iind abooe 8
40 and abooe 55 700 andaboae. 0
50 and abooe 43
SOLUTION Here we have, the cumulative freqtrency distribution. So, first we convert it into
an ordinary frequency distribution. We observe that there are 80 students gettirqg marks
greater than or equal to 0 and 77 students have secured 10 and more marks. Thereforg the
number of students getting marks between 0 and 10 is 80 - 7 = 3.
Similarlp the number of students getting marks between 10 and 20 is77 -72= 5 and so on.
Thus, we obtain the following frequency distribution.

Mnrle Numberof Morlg Numberaf

slr.tdents studcnts
0-10 3 50 - 5,0 15
10-20 5 ffi-70 12
20-30 7 70-80 6
30-40 10 80-90 2
40-50 12 90 - 100 8
Now, we cornpute arithmetic mean by taking 5.5 as the assumed mean

Computationof Mean

Marks Mid-oalue Frequmq r,,-95 f;ui

= '10
(*) (f,)

0-10 5 3 -.'5 -15

10-20 15 5 -4 -20
20-30 25 7 -3 -21
30-40 35 10 -2 -20
40-50 45 72 -1 -r,12
50-60 55 15 0 0
ffi-70 65 12 1 12
70-80 75 6 2 t2
80-90 85 2 3 '5
90 - 100 95 8, ,4, 32

Total Ifi =80 Zfiu, = -26

STATIS-TICS 7.21

Wbhave,

N = XI = 8[,Zfiui = -26, A = 55andh = 10

r = A. r{#u,,}

=e X=55+10x -?6 =55-3.25 =Sl.7lMarks.

80-
EXAMPLE g Find the mean marks of the studmts from the following atmulatioe ftequency
dlstrihution:
Mnrk: Balow Belout Belou Belou Beluu Belout Belout Below Below Beluo
1020304050il708090lC/U^
Number of 5 I 17 29 45 il 70. 78 83 .85
students:
SOLUTION Here we have, cumulative frequency distribution less than type. First we
convert it into an ordinary frequency distribution. We observe that the numbii of students
getting marks less than 10 is 5 and 9 students have secured marks less than 20.'Therefore
number of students getting marks between 10 and 20 (inclusive 0 and exclusive 10) is
9-5=4.Similarly,thenumbelofstudentsgettingmarksbetween20and30islT-9=8and
so on. Thus, we have the following frequency distribution:
Marks: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-4S ll0-50 50-6& ffi-70 70-80 80-90 90-100'
Numberof 5 4 8 12 16 15 10 8 5 2
students:
Letusnowcomputearithmeticmeanbytaking55a4dtheassumedmean. . l

Computationof Mean

x, -55
Marla Mid-oalue Frequency ui =
lO f;ui
0-10 5 5 -5 -25
10-20 10 4 -4 -'t6
20-?0 25 I -3 -24 ,

30-40 35 12 -2 -24 .

40-50 45 16 -1 -15
'10
50-60 55 15 0
.'l
60 -70 65 10 1 10
70-80 75 I 2 15:
80-90 85 5 3 15
90 - 100 95 2 't4 8
Total N=Yi=&5 Zf,u, = -55
Wehave,
N=Ifl = $S,Siri = -!fr,h = l0 and A = 55
7.?2 MATHEMATICS_X

X=A . r{# zf,utl

+ X = 55 + L0 x *85 = 55 -6.59 = 48.41.Marks

Hence, mean marks scored by the students -- 48.4'J.,

EXERCiSE 7.9
1. The following table gives the distribution of total household expenditure (in rupees) of
manual workers in a city.

Expenditure Frequatcy Expmditure Frequency

(inrupees) (x) (f) (inrupees) (x) (f)
100-150 24 300-350 30
150-200 40 350-400 22
200-250 33 400-450 16
a

250-300 28 450-s00 7
Find the average expenditure (in rupees) per household.
A surveywas conductedbya group of students as apart of theirenvironment awareness
programme, inwhichthey collected the following data regarding the number of plants
in 20 houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house.
0-2 2-4 4-6 5-8 8-10 10-1,2 12-1.4
Numberosplants:
Numberofhouses:1,215623[NCERTI
Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?
Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory.
Daily wages (inRs). 100 - 120 120 - 140 140 - 160 160 - 180 180 - 200
Numberof workers: 1,2 1,4 8 610
Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method.
Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of hemt beats per
minuterecorded and summarised as follows. Find the meanlrealtbeatsperminute for

Numberofheat 65-68 58 -71 7'1.-74 74-77 77 -80 80-83 83-86'

beats perminute:
Numberofwomen:2 4 3 8 4 2 INCEnrl
Find the mean of each of the following frequency distributions: (5 - 74)
Classinterval: 0-6 6-L2 72-18 18-24 24-30
Frcquency: 6 8 10 9" 7
Class interval: 50 - 70 70 -90 90 - 110 110 - 130 130 - 150 150 - 170
Frequency: 18 1,2 13 27 8 22
STATISTICS i
7,8

7. Class interval: 0-8 8-1,6 76-24 24-32 32-40

Frequency; 6 71,089
8. Class interval: O -6 6-72 t2-78 t8-24 24_30
Fiequency: 7 5'10't26
10-20 20-30 30-40 40_50
:

9. Class interval: 0 - 10
Frequency: g 12 15 10 74
10. Class interval: 0-8 8-16 16-24 24-32 32-40
Frequency: 5 g 10 8' 8 :

11. Class interval: 0-8 8-r5 16-24 24-32 32-40

Frequency: 5 6432
12. Class interval: 10 - 30 30 - 50 50 - 70 70 -go 90 - 110 110 - 130
Frequency: 5 81.22032
13. Class interval: 25 - 35 35-45 45-55 55-65 ,65-75
Frequency: 6 1091,24
14. Classes: 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-4s 50-54 55-59
Frequenry: 1,4 22 16S3alcrsrzooocl
15. For the following distribution, calculate mean using all suitable methods:
Sizeofitem: 1-4 4-9 9 -16 t5 -27
Frequency; 6 1,2 26 20
15.
t:. *_T-!y observations on cost of living ihdex in a certain city for the'year
2ffi4-2005 are givenbelow. Compute the weeklycostof living index.

Cost of liaing Numberof - Cost of lhting Nrmberof

Index Students Indev Sndents
1400-1500 5 1700 - 1800 9
1500 - 1600 10 1800 - 1900 6
1500 - 1700 20 1900 - 2000 2

17. The following table shows the marks scored by 740 students in an exdmination of a
certainpaper:
Marks: 0- 10 10 -20 20..30 30.40 40 _ 50
Numberof students: 20 24 40
36 20
Calculate the average marks by using all the three methods: direct rnethcid,'assumed
mean deviation and shortcut method.

18. The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all the
frequencies is 50. Compute the missing frequencyfr andf2.
7.24 MATHEMATTCS*X

Class: 0-20 20-40 40-6A 50-80 80-100 100-12O

Frequency:sfr10h78

19.Thefollowingdistributionshowsthedailypocketal1owancegivento-;[T:::11
multistorey building. The average pocket allowance is Rs 18.00. Find out the missing
frequency.
Classinterval:11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-2't 21.'23 23-25

20. If the mean of the following distribution i s 27, hnd the value of p.
Class: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency: 8 p 72 13 10
ICBSE2006CI
21. In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling rnangoes keBt in packing boxes. These.boxes
contained varyingnumberof mangoes. The followingwas the distributionof mangoes
according to thenumberof boxes.
50-52 53-55 55-58
Numberofmangoes: 59 -51 .62'64
Numberofboxes: 15 110 135 115 25
Find the meannumber of mangoes keptina packingbox. Whichmethod of finding the

22. The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality
Daily expenditure (in Rs): 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 -350
Numberofhouseholds: .4 5 12 '2 2
Findthemeandailyexpenditureonfoodbyasuitablemethod.INCERrl
23. find out the concentration of SO, in the air (in parts per million, i.e., ppm), the data
Tio
was collected for 30localities in a certain city and is presented below: tNCERfl .,

ConcmtuationofSA2inppm),. ..FTqquency
0.00-0.04 4
0.04-0.08 ;
0.08-0.12 g

0.12-0.16 2

0.16-0.20 4
0.20-0.24 2
Find the mean concentration of SO2 in the air. .

24. A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole :
term. Find the mean,number of days a student was absent.
Numberofdays: 0-6 6-10 10-14 74-20 20-28 28'38 38-40 l

25. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean
literacty rate
%): 45 - 55
Literacy rate (in 65
55 - 65 -75
' 75 - 85 85 -95
Numberofcities: 3 10 11 8 3 INCERTI .
 , STATISTICS ' 7.25

A'VSWEBS

!:
s.
?ii;?'
26.333 21.
?:
10.
?,il'J"" I ;::f
rt. 15.4
i; 'i;',,
12. 65.6
19. 49.5 36.357 14. 16. 7669.3 17. 25.857
18. fi=8,f2=12. 19.20 20. p=7 21.57.19
22. Rs 211 23. 0.099 ppm 24. 72.475 days ZS. 69.43%

7.3 MEDIAN
The median is the middlevalueof a distributioni.e., medianof a distributionis thevalue of
the variable which divides it into two equal parts. It is the value of the variable such that the
number of observations above it is equal to the number of observations below it.
In class IX, we have studied about the method for finding median of individual observations.
If x1 ,x2,x3t...tx,t arenvaluesof avariable&thentofindthemedianweusethefollowing
algorithm.

ALGOBITHM

. STEP I Arrnngc the obseraations x1 1 x2 . . . r x n in ascending or descending order of magnittde.

STEP II Determine tlte total number of obsmtations, say, n

srEP III lfn is odd, thenmedinn is theoalue of(+)'o obsrrrntion.

lfniseoen,thenmedianistheAMof ttuoaluesof ( !\'o ona(I * r)" obsmntions.

' '\z)"""[z'^]
ILLUSTRATION 1 (i)Thefollowingare the marksof g stuilents in aclass. Findthemedian
34, 32, 49, 39,24, 30,27,2L, 35
(ii) Find the median of the daily wages of ten workers from the following data:
Rs 20,25,17, L8, 8, L5,22,1L,9, L4.
SOLUTION (i) Arranging the data in ascending order of magnitude, we have
21, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 39, 4g

Since there are 9 i.e., an odd number of items. Therefore, median is the value * ( T )"
observation i.e.,32.
(ii) Arranging the wages in ascending order of magnitude, we have
:.
8, 9, 11, 1,4, 15, 17,'1,8, 20, 22, 25
Since there are 10 observations Therefore, median is the arithmetic mean of

f P''|" ur,a( 19 * 1)u' obr".vations.

Hence, -rr;r) - rl,

'::l 2
 7,26 MATHEMATICS_X

7.3.1 MEDTAN OF DTSCBETE FREOUENCY DISiTRIBUTION

Incasecrfadiscretefreque:rcydistribtrtion xi/ fi;i =1.,?,,:.,,n wecalculatethernedianby
ALGOBITHM
STEP I Find tlw curlttilatiuefrequencies (c.t) ,: , :

N . ,t .,'
STEP It Find ;,z-"uhere N = 2f ,
:

srEP III atmulatiae frequettcy (cf.) just greatter than

See tfue
"2 \ and deternine the eirqiiitding
oalueof thewriable.

ILLUSTRATIoN 2 obta:in the median

for the following frequency distribrfiion:
x:1-234S6igg
f:8L011.lG202s15g6
SOLUTION
Calailationof Median .

ef''
1 I 8
2 10 18
3 11 29'
4 1,6 45
5 20 65
6 25 90
/ 15 105
8 9 114 ,'
9 5 120
N;120

Het€, N=120={=50
2
We find that the cumulative frequency jui;t gr"uie, than
{2 i.e. ,' 60 is 55 and the value of r
corresponding to65 is5. Therefore, Median JS.
7.3.2 MEDIAN OF A GROUPED OR CONTTNUOUS FBEOUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Ln order to calculate the median of a grouped or continuous frequency
thefollowingalgorithm.r ;' Y' I
dishibution,
:., : :,we use
l

ALGORITHM
STEPI Obtainthefrequencydistribtiiott.
STEPII PreparethecumulativefrequarcycolumnandobtainN=Ei. ,,.: :

STEP I FindN/2.
STATISTICS 727

STEP Iv See tlrc cumulatioefrequency just greater tlnnN/2. and determine the correspottding clms:
Tlis class is knorun as the median clnss.
STEPV llsethefolloruingforntula:
{ -.1
where,
Median = / +
', l"o
/ = lower limit olthe median class
/ = frequency of the median class
ft = with (size) of the median class
F = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class N = II
ILLUsTRATIoN3Calculatethemedianftomthefollowittgdistributiott:
Class: 5-10 1.0-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 AS-4A 40-45
Frequency: '5 6L5105422
SOLUTION First we prepare the following cumulative table to compute the median

Class Frequency Cumulatiaefrequency

5-10 5 5
10-15 6 ,11
15-20 15 ,26
20-25 10 36
25-30 5 ' 41.
30-35 4 45
35 -40 2 47
40-45 2 49
N=49
Wehave, N = 49
{=€ =24.5
22
The cumulative frequency just greater than N/2 is 26 and the corresponding class is 15 - 20.
Thus, 15 - 20 is the median class such that
I=15,f=15,F=Llandh=5
N-"
13.5
Median = t*1 -' xh =1s+24.5:L1'x5 = 15+ = r.9.5
l1s3
].EXAMPLES
ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 1 The number of students absent in a school was recorded eaery ilay
for 147 days and the

No.ofstudattsabsent: 5 6 7 I g 1.0 11 1_2 13 L5 Lg 20

No.ofdays: L 5 11 L4 16 1.3 L0 70 4 1 1 1
Obtain the medinn and describe zohat information it conoeys.
728 MATHEMATICS-X

SOLUTION
Calculationaf ttedi*tt
xi fi ,f
5 1 1
6 5 9,
7 11 1.7
8 1,4 31
9 16 47
10 13' 6i
t1 10 70
1.2 70 140
13 4 711,
15 I 145'
18 1, 146
20 1
\47
N =I;fi =147
Wehave,

+ N=147*{"=Y=Zg5 .l
22
The cumulative frequency just greater than N/2 is L40 and the corresponding value of
variable x is 12.
Hence, median = 12. This means that for about half the number of days, more than 12
sfudents were absent.
EXAMPLE 2 Find'the medinn of the following frequency distribution:
Weeklywages(inks): 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-gg L00-t0g LL0-7tg
No. of days: 5 L5 20 A0 20 8
SOLUTION Here, the frequency table is given ininclusive form. So, we first transform it into
exclusive form by-subtracting and a ddingh / 2 ta the lower and upper limits respectively of
each class, where h denotes the difference of lower limit of a class and the uppeilimit ofthe
previous class.
Transforming the above table into exclusive form and preparing the cumulative frequency
table, we get

Weekly wages (in Rs.) No. of workers Cumulatioefreoumcy

59.5 - 69.5 5 5
69.5- 79.5 15 20
79.s:89.s 20 40
89.5 - 99.5 30 70
99.5 - 109.5 20 90
109.5 - 119.s 8 98
N=li.=98
Wehave, N = 98. .'. N/2= 49
 $TATISTICS, :'

1l: "g:!tive frequercy iust greater than N/2 is 70 andrthe'icorresponding

89.5-99.5.So,89.5-g.5isthemediancldgs. , ,i ,,,- " class is

' .,:.
, : I
N .

Now, Mediar..=1*2lr!rt,, '

]
; 'rrr:''
-_t
;i, , .,
T

:+ Median = 89.5 +
49:-40
x 10 = 92.5
30
EXAMPLE 3 Compute the median form the following date:
Mid-adue: 115 L25 ts| 145 1S,S ' 765 175 ' tg.S " I9S.
Frequenq: 5. 25 4g Z2 71.6 60 JA 22 J
SOLUTION Here, we are given the mid-values- So, should first find the upper and lower
limits of the vaiiousclasses. Thedifferencebetween two consecutive_values i#;izs- rtS
10. .;:,:r = -
Lower limit of a class = Mid-value - h /2, upper limit = Mid-valtre + ft/2.
Calculationof Medinn

Class groups Cuirt*ktloe

'Ftawteary
110 - L20
125 120 - 130 25 31
135 130 - 140 48 79
145 140 - 150 72 151
155 150 - 16,0 176 267
165 160 - 170 60 32V
175 170:.180 3tEt,, 355
185 180 - 190 22 387
195 190'- 200 3 390
N =.II = 390
Wehave,

N=390 N=390=195
22
Il"_:"19{v9l1equ91cy justgreater thanN/}i.e.;l9tii267,and thecorrespond-ingclass
is 150 - 160. So, 150 - 150 is the median class.
I = 150, f = 11.6,h = 10,F = 151
Now,
N
Median=l+2.
-r
xh
I
7,N MATHEMATICS'X

=+ Median = 150 + +i# x ro = 1s3.80

EXAMPLE4 Calculate the median from the following data:

Marks: 0-1.0 1.0-30 30-50 60-80 80-90
No.of students: 5 15 30 82
SOLUTION Here, the class intervals are of unequal Width. If the claSe iht6fvals are of
unequalwidththe frequencies need notbe adiusted tomake theclass intervalsequal.
CalculationofMedian . , :

Marks No, of stuilmts Cumulatfuefrequency.

(Ereqitency)

0-10 5 5,
10-30 15 20
30-50 30 50
60-80 8 58
80-90 2 60
N=XI=60
Here, N = 60 .'. N/2 = 30
The cumulative frequency just greater than N/2 = 30 is 50 and the corresponding class is 30
- 60. Hence,30 - 60 is the median class.
30,f=30,F=20,h=?0
N
-r
Now, Median =l+Zr-xh
30-20 x
= Median = 3o +
30
3o = 4o

ExAMrLE s If the median of the following frequency distribution is 46, find the missing
-Variablw
frequmcies.
1-0-20'20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 6A'70,70-80 Total
Frequmcy: 1230?6s ? 25 78 229
SOLUTTON Let the frequency of the class 30 - 40 be/, and that of the class 50 - 60 be/2. The
total frequency is229.
12+30+ fr+65+ fz+25+18 =229+ fi+ fz=79'
It is given that the median is 45.
Clearly,46lies in the class 40 - 50. So,40 -,50 i$ the rnedian class.
I = 40,h = 10, f = 65andF = 12+30 + fi = 42+ fr,N = 229
Now,
N
I:
--2
Median =l+ xh
f
 T-
STATISTICS. 7"3,1

2"-1a+ f)
46=4O+ x10
65

:+. 46 = 4o +1'45
- 2fr
13

:+ - 745 - 2f. :+ 4
6="-.=Jt
13

Since /, + fz = 79 . Thereforc, f, = 45
Hence, fr = 34 and f, = 45.
' j''';

EXAMPLE 5 Compute the medianfor thefollowing'iumulatfuefrequency disttibut:iai:

kss kss ltss ltss l.rss ltss Lrris Ircs ltss
than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 tlan 70 than 80 than 90 than L00.
4 L6 30 46 . 66 82 92 1.00
soLUTIoN {e ge given the cumulative fr"qrrur,"y aistribution..so, we first copstruct a
frequency table from theiiven cumulative.fteque.ncy distribution and{henwewill make
necessary computations to compute median.

Classinteruals Frequency(f) Curnul atio efr equmcy k f)

.

20-30 4 4.

30-4t0 1.2 ,
1,6
40-50 14 30
50.60 46
60-70 20 56
70-80 76 82
80-90 10 92
90 - 100 8- 100

N=EI=100
Here, N=21 =100 {=50
2
N
We observe that the cumulative frequency just greater than 50 is 55 and the
.7 =
corresponding class is 6t0 - 70.
So, 60 - 70 is the median class.
I = 60, f = 20,F = 46andft = 10
N-r
Now, Median =l+2 xh
f
=e Median = 60 +
50 - 46 x7O = 62
20
fsi IWAI}IffiSBT€X

EXAMPLE 7 The mdian al the fillewing iteta is 525. Finil the wl*g.$ x anil y, il tlw totsl
frequency isl00 i 'i '::':rl - '':-: tNCEfn
r---..--. ':. ri.
Classinteroal tfqwflcy '..
0-lN t
L
lW-200 S ti.. . 'ljt .. .:i ,* ,rri.- -l'
2@-ffi r ,i
ffi-&0 12
,-_ '' - ''
,.,i ::;..:

4{dJ_-5{/'J_
.ra
ll
''".
:

5W-ffi 20
.+.F '. ,.:;'r,r'i:.:i:::r i' - iat. '. r -r ,l i;-:,.itfl
6W-7W u
J -r.
.1..t -, ,,: '-i.i::ir i ,t .,:i-jihi:-,i
7W - 800 O
J

80&'900 : '.Ll'.,1i:[.,:,.t:-::,1''t-i. ',1i1 tl:r '' ' : !', ',:-. r;{;ii:';;i:f:{

g6pi 16Pt6t,': ' .. 4 J.r.,: '".. ' i:rirr..1 +rr:',.: l

'SCILUTIONT' r',r ii: :.:.r,il :r. r:,.,1r {ii:-i,r:r,.: t:,. ,.,.t:i ',1, ,,.:,:,!': lii,::t,:lt: ,..1

tr00,'{00
200 -'s)0 x :,. 7*r:1.
{
300,s0 12 ,,' 19sri.r.-
400 - qgo L7 i, 36*r.,,
5m- @0 2o *i 56Ptri.,',
600 -F,m Y ..:':; 55+{ffy,t,,,
700- Q& g .*i S+&&y1",;
800-ru 7 r:i ,Z?+r*S..1,
em- lw { l:r: 76+gl'Xgr;;'.;

i]:i: fotai;Im
Wehave,
N=Ei.=10
:l
:l::

=+ ,76+x,lgr-i100
"
=+ tr+!=24
.- :.: ,:. _"::,i .
yt;-t ,i.:t:.j?,.,..i:*.ii .tj.j jJ!:it.]ti;i;t:i :j: :

It is given that the metlian ia 525. CIearIy, it lies in 'ttre class ffi - s.@
i .,,
I =500,h =100, | =?O,F=36+xandN o Lo0 ,4;i:i1.;;;..r.!
Now,
N-r
Median=t+ 2
f,
xlt

:=r S2S = 569+

S;J36 t ry) * r*
20
 ?.'i33

ii .''. . :l "ai;i ':i i:r ''1i,. . .:.!l:i', ,.,

ir':i i: "''- -'

Putting r = 9 in I + y.= 1*w,9 get y ;. f-F.. I i.r,? t.:i,. i_],.'il i::,i :i : i:.1': . :':-
-F!.tqer,..,{'=9aqdS:=15r,.,,,..i::.;:,i,:,,.i1,,::.
,,..,.; i,;,.: . ;...,. ,r.*.:.r^::: .r,: ,.
EXAM?LEs '$the.meitian{thefistrihttiongiwln$tu}re&6,f,$&drre mtu,6*wdn,t USf*tl
Classinteraal: 0-10 10:20 Z0-J0 j0-tt0 tfl-50 i,gor:&, ,,

No.afshdmts: 5 x 20 ls j.V-. ..,,,..,,i ,..,, ..,,., ,

SOLUTION
. Total60.
'

Classinttntals Cum&twe.
0- 10
10.,20 r .,:
m-30 20 r1

30-40 15
I . '.', :l-r i:ti,t ,:''J : _, ;
40-50
50-60

{+r
2
Median =l+ ,-xh ':r
fl
28.5=20.+39-f +tl*ro'
. :t... : :; ..:t$.:-r:. tr ,t i:l I

:9 28.5= n+25-i
2
:+ 8.5=25=t =+ "2S -x=17
2
Wehave-
i

':r'._f:r: jl;..
Puttirgx=8 in x*y=15,weget A=T
Hence,r=8andA=7.

illr
 7.y MATHEMATICS._X

EXERCTSE 7.4
1. Following are the lives in hours of 15 pieces of the components of aircraft engine. Find
themedian:
715, 724, 725, 7L0,.72g, 745, 694, 699, 696, 7'!.2, 734, 72g, 716, 705, 71g.
2. The following is the distribution of height of students of a certain class in a certain city:
Height(incms): 160 - 1,62 1,63 - 1.65 1.66 - 768 769 - t7t 172 -174
No. of students: 1.5 118 142 127 18
Find the median height.

,\'/,{Following is the diskibution of I.Q. of 100 students. Find the median I.e.
I.e.: ss-64 6s-74 7s-84 85-94 95,104 105-114 17s-tz4 t2s-1g4 tg5-144
Noof
Students:l 2 9 22 33 22 I 2 1

4. Calculate the median from the following data:

Rent(inRs.):15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 ZS-B1 85-95
No. of Houses 8 10 15 25 40 20 15 7
5. Calculate the median from the following data:
Marksbelow: L0 20 30 40 50 60 ZO 80
!.,1o. of students: L5 35 60 84 96 L27 L98 250
distribution is given as follows:
-a{^incomplete
Variable: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-50 60-ZO
Frequency: 10 20 ? 40 ? 25 15
You are given that the median valueis 35 and the sum of all the frequencies is 170. Using
the median formula, fill up the missing frequencies.

7. Calculate the missing frequency from the following distribution, it being given that the
median of the distribution is 24.
Ageinyears: 0- 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
No.ofpersons: 5 25 ?187
missing frequencies and the median for the fbllowing distribnHon if the mean is
,.\T:.th;
No.ofaccidents: 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Frequency (No. of days): 46 ? ? 25 10 5 200
9. An incomplete distribution is given below:
Variable: 1,0-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Frequency: 1.2 30 65 25 18
You are given that the median value is 46 and,the total number of items is 230.
(i) Using the median formula fill up missing frequencies.
(ii) Calculate the AII of the completed distribution
l
1

n
t
I
 STATISTICS 7.35

j%:rf#ing table gives the frequency dishibution of married women by age at

Age(inyears) Frequmcy Age(inyears) Frequmcy

15-19 53 40-44 9
20-24 L40 45-49 5
25-29 98 50-54 3.
*g2
30.34 55-59 3
35-39 L2 60 and above 2
Calculate the median and interpret the results
1L. If the median of the following frequency distribution is 28.5 find the rnissing frequencies:
Classinterval: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total
Frequency: 5f, 201sh560
12. The median of the following data is 525. Find the missing frequency, if it is given that
there are 100 observations in the data:

Class interaal Frequmcy Class interaal Frequmcy

0-100 2 500 - 600 20
100 - 200 -700
5 600 f,
200 - 300 f, 700 - 800 9
300 - 400 1,2 800 - 900 7
400 - 500 1,7 900 - 1000 4

,\./y
If the median of the following data is 32.5, find the missing frequencies.
10 LA -20 20 -30
Classinterval: 0- 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 -Te Total
Frequency:fr591.2h3240
14. Cornpute the median for each of the following data:
(i) Marks No. of studants (ii) Marl<s No. of stude:nts
Less than 10 0 Morethanl50 0
Less than 30 10 Morethanl40 1.2

Less than 50 25 Morethanl30 27

Less than 70 43 More than L20 60
Less than 90 65 More than 1L0 105
Less than 110 87 More than 100 1.2A'
Less than 130 96 Morethan90 141.
Less than 150 100 MorethanS0 150
15. A surv_ey regarding the height (in cm) of 51 girls of class X of a school was conducted and
thefollowing data was obtained:
7.% MATHEMATICS-X

Heightincm Numberof Girls

Less than 140 4
Less than 145 11
Less than 150 .
29
Less than 155 40
Less than 160. 46
Less than 155 51
Findthemedianheight. INCERfl
li{e insylnce agent found the following data,for distribution
Iholders. of agesirf 100 policy
Calculate the median age, if policies
are only given to persois having ige 1-8
years onwardsbutless than 50 years,
Age inyears Number ofpolicy hold*s
Below20 2
Below25 6
Below30 24
Below35 45
Below40 78:
Below45 89
Below50 92
Below55 98
Below60 100 TNCERT]
17. Thelengthsof 40leavesof aplantaremeasuredcorrectto thenearestmillimetre,and the
data obtained is represented in the following table:
Length(inmm):118-126 127-1,35 1,36-144145-153 1,54-1,62't6g-1,71, L7Z-7BO
No.ofleaves: 3 5 g 1,2 S 4 z
Find the meanlengthof leaf. INCERTI
L8. The following tablcgives the.distributionof the life.time of 400 neoqlamps:
Litetinle:(inhours) Numberoflamps
1500-2000 14
2000-2500 56
2500-3000 60
3000-q500 86
3500.4000 74
4000-4500 62
4500,5000 48
Findthemedianlife. TNCERTI
19. The distributioin below gives the weight of'30 students in a class. fina *re mllian
weightof students:
Weight(inkg): 40-45 45-50 50-55 5S50 60-65 65-Z0 fA"Zs
No.ofstudents:2 3 8 6 5 3 2lNCERft
T'YSWEFS
l. 71,6 2. '167.13 cms 3, 99.35 4. 58 s. 59.35
6. Class 20 - 30 40 - 50
Freciuency 35 25 7. 25 8. Missing Frequencies 76 and38, Mediah = 1.
9. Missing frequencies 34 and 46, Mean = 45.87.
 STATISTICS 7.37

10. Median =24.5 years.

Nearlyhalf the women were married between theages 15and 24.5 years.
11. fr=8,f2=7 12. ft = 9, fz =15 B. fr=3,f2=6
1,4. (i) 76.36 (ii) 116.67rs.149.03 cm 16. 35.76 years
17.-'1,46.75rnm 18. Median life = 3406.98 hours
19. 56.67k9

7.4 MERTTS AND DEMERITS OF MEDIAN

The following are some merits and demerits of median:

MERTTS

(i) It is easy to compute and understand.

(ii) It is well defined an ideal average should be.
(iii) It can also be computed in case of frequency distribution with open ended classes.
(iv) It is not affected by extreme values.
(v) It can be determined graphically.
(vi) It is proPer average for qualitative data where items are not measured but are scored.
:

DEMERITS
(i) For computing median data needs to be arranged in ascending or descending order.
(ii) It is not based on all the observations of the data.
(iii) It cannot be given further algebraic treatment.
(iv) It is affected by fluctuations of sampling.
(v) It is not accurate when the data is not large.
(vi) In some cases median is determined approximately as the mid-point of two observa-
tions whereas for mean this does not happen.

7.5 MODE
In earlier classes, we have studied about the computatioriof mode of raw data. In this
section, we shall learn about the computation of mode of a discrete frequency diskibution
and frequency distribution with class intervals. But, let us first recall the definition of mocle.

M}DE Themodeormadalaalueofadistributiortisthatoalueoftheaariableforwhichthefrequerrcy
ismaximtmt.
Thus, the mode of a distribution is that value of the variable around which the values of the
variable are clustered densely.

7.5.1 COMPUTATION OF MODE OF A SERIES OF INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS

1 In order to comPute tlie mode of a series of individual observations, we first convert it into a
1
discrete series frequency distribution by preparing a frequency table. From the frequency
4 table, weidentify thevaluehavingmaximumfrequency.Thevaiueof variableso obtained is
t\
themodeormodal value.
I
Following examples will illustrate the procedure.
7.8 MATHEMAUCS-X

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLEI Find the mode of thefolloroing data:
1.20,110, L30,110, 120,140, L30, L20, L40,120
SOLUTION Let us first form the frequency table for the given data as given below:
Valuer;: 110 120 130 140
Frequencyf: 24 22
We observe that the value 120 has the maximum frequency.
Hence, the mode or modal value is 120.
EXAMPLE 2 Find the mode of the following data:
25, L6, 19, 49, 19, 20, 34, L5, L9, 20, 2X",24, 79, 16, 22, L6, 19,20,16, 19
SOLUTION The frequency table of the given data is as given below:
(r):
Value 15 1.6 18 1.9 20 21 22 ' 24 25 34 48
Frequenry(j): t 4 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 11
We observe that the value 19 has the maximum frequency i.e. it occurs maximum number of
times. Therefore, mode of the given data is 19.
EXAMPLE 3 Find the aalue of x, if the mode of the following data is 25:
L5,20,25, L8, L4, L5,25, L5,18,16,20,25,20, x, Lg
SOLUTION The frequency table of the given data is as givenbelow:
Value(r): 74 15 1,6 18 20 25 x
Frequency(f):1"313331
It is given that the mode of the given data is 25. So, it must have the maximum frequency. That
ispossible only whenr = 25.
Hence, x=25.
7.5.2 COMPUTATION OF MODE BY GBOUPING
Sometimes there are two or more values having the same frgquency. In such cases one cannot
say which is modal value and hence mode is said to be ill-defined. Such a frequency
distribution is also known as bimodal or multimodal distribution. For such frequency
dishibution mode is computed by grouping method.
Consider the following frequency distribution:
x:5 6 7" 8 9 1,0 11 1.2 13
f:8 t213141311743
From the above frequency distribution, we canclearly say thatmodal value is 8, because,the
value8of variablerhasoccurred themaximumnumberof timesi.e.14. But,wefindthatthe
difference between the maximum freqtrenry and the frequencies of the values of the variable
on both sides of 8 which are very close to 8 is very small. This means that the values of
variable are heavily concentrated on either side of 8. Thersfore, if we find mode just by
inspectiory an error is possible. In such cases, we preparc a grouping table and an analysis
table to find the mode. These tables help us in determining the correct value of mode. The
grouping talle consists of six columns which are_constructed by using the following I'*
algorlthm.
ALGORITHM
STEP I Obtain tlrc discretcfreqtrcncy distribution.
STEP II Take the colwnn ofirequenc{es as colttmn I and encircle tlrc mnximttm.frequutcy in it.
STEP III Construct columnY, containing the sum of tircfreqtrcncies taken two at a timi and encircle
tlrc maximum frequency itt it. $
STATISTICS 7.39

STEP IV first frequency and construct column lll, containing the sum of the frequencies
Leatse the
takentwo at a time. Encircle themaximumfrequency incolumnlll.
STEP y Construct columr IV, containing the sum of three frequencies nt a time and encircle the
max im u m.fr e qu ency in it.
STEP VI Exclude the ftrst frequency and compute the xm of the frequencies taken tfuee at a time to
construct column V. Encircle the maximum frequency in this column,
STEP VII Exclude the first twofrequencies and compute the sum of the frequencies taken three at a
time to construct column"Vl. Encircle the maximumfrequency in this column.
After preparing the grouping table, we prepare an analysis table by using the following
algorithm.
ALGORTTHM
STEPI Prepare a table in which in fhe top most run'write all oalues of the tnriable and in the left
most column write column nuntbers from I to Vl;
STEP II See the maximum frequency in the first column of the grouping table and'obtain the
corresponding oalue of the aariable. Now, mnrk a bar ( l) in the first row of the analysis
. table against the onlue of the oariable haaiig the martmumfreqtrcncy. Contihue the same
procedurefortheremainingfiaecolumns, . :,..

STEP III Eind the total number of bars corresponding to eachualue af the oariable.That oalue of the
aariable which has the maximum number of bars is the mode of the frequency distribution .
Following illustration will illustrate the grouping and analysis tables.
4 Compute the modnl aalue for the follmitng frequency distribiution:
ILLUSTRATION
x: 95 105 1L5 125 135 1.45 155 165 175
y:4218222L1.9 1032
SoLiJTroN It is clear from the frequency distribution that the difference between the
maximum frequencyand frequency succeedingitis verysmall and values'of the variablex
are closely concentrated on its either side. So, we compute the modal value by grouping
method.
GroupingTable

Col.l CoLll Col.lll Col.lV Col.V Col.Vl

95 4

105 2 24
20
115 18
45
r25 @
@ 6r)
135 2L

145 1,9
@
155 10
29
@
13 32
165 J 15

175 2
7.n MATHEMAfiCS-X

AnalysisThble

Col.No. 95 105 115 ,125 135 145 155 165 175

I
tt
I

l
u I
v I
V l{
VI tl
Total 25427
From the analysis table, it is clear that the val,ue 125 has the maxirhurn'number of bars. So,
Modalvalueis 125.
,: :: l'
7.5.3 COMPUTANON OF MODE FOR ACONTINI'OUS FREOT.IENCY DISTRIzuTTON
In case of a grouped or continuous frequency air,riUrrfion with equal class intervals, we use
dre following algorithm to compute the mode.
ALGORITHM
STEP t Obtain the continuousfrequency distribution.
STEP II Determine the class of maxinrumfreqtuency either by inspection or by groupitry mcthod.
This class is called the nndal class.
STEP ItI Obtnin the wlues of tlu following from thefreryrcncy distribution:
I = lower limit of themodalclass,f =frequency ofthe tftadalclass
h =width of tlrc modal class,
f1 = frequency of the class precedhtg the modal class,
f, frequency of thc classfolloruing tne- tnodal class.
=

STEP IV Substitute the oalues obtained in step III in the follozuittg fonruila:

Mode=l+ Jt-l )1 xlt

2f - fr- f,
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.

. TLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 Compute the mode for the followingfrcquency distribution:
Sizeofitems:0.44-88-1.21,2-1.616-2020-242+-zaza-sz32-3636-40
Freqrrcnap57gl.7 12L0631.0
SOLUTION Here, the maximum frequency is 17 and the corresponding class is
12-1 6. Sct, 72-16 is the rnodal class.
Welrave,
I = 12,1r = 4, f = 17, fi = 9 ali:ld.f, = 12
€_rl1--,-xlr
M11de= 1a _.-'!-
2f-f,-.f,
STATISTICS 741

:+ Mode=12+ 17-9 x4
34-9 -12
+ Mode = n+ !x4 = 7Z*?: = t|+lL.ffi = 32.66
13 13
'
EXAMPLE 2 mode:
For thefollowing groupedfrequency distributionfind the
Class: 3-6 6-9 9-12 L2-15 15-18 1g-21 21.-24
Frcquency: 2 5 - 10 29 21 72 3
SOLUTION We observe that the class 1.2-15 has maximum frequency. Therefore, this is the
modal class.
--
w;hr;;;
I = l2,lr = 3, f - B, 2'1, I ''

fr= L0 and fz =
Mode= f -fl ,t,
t* 2f-f,-fz
. 23 -10

=+ Mode= p+Ex3=12 +9=M.6

155
EXAMPLE 3
Thefollowing data gioes tlu distribution of totalhouselnld expenditure (in rupees) of
manual workers in a city :

Expenditure(inRs,) Frequency i Expenditure(fuIk) Frequenqy

L000.1500 24 3000;-3500 3A
$40-2000 40 3500"4000 22
20a0-2500 33 4odo-4soo 15
2s00-3000 28 4500-5000 7

Firtd the atserage mpendlture which is being done by the maximum number of rnaruml workers.

SoLUTIoN We observe that the class 1500-2000 has the maximum *r"H:fX
thdmodal class such that
So, it is

/ = 1500, h = 500, f = 40, ft =24and f, = 33

Mode=1* f-f'
2f-fr-.f, ,7
+ Mode = 1500 + :g;31- , SOO
80-24-33
+ Mode = 1500+]9xSO0 =1847.826

EXAMPLE 4 ' Compute the aalue of mode for the follozuing frequency distribution .

Class: 1.00-110 110-120 120-1s0 130-140 140-150 1s0-160 160-170

Frequency: 4 6 20 32 3a I 2

SOLUTION Clearly, the difference between the maximum frequency and the frequency
preceding is very small. so, we shall determine the modal class by grouping method.
7.42 MATHEMATICS-X

GroupingTable
Frequmcy
Class
Col. I Col, II Col. H eol. IV CoLV Col.VI
100-110 4
10
110-120 6 30
26
120-130 20
130-140 32 @
L40.150 @ @
41 @
150-160 8 43
10
760-170 2

AnalysisTable

Col.No. 100-110 110-120 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 t60-170

I
II
ilI
ry
V
VI
lt
I

Total 1.3541
Clearly, class 130-L40 has maximum number of bars. So, 130-140 is the modal class.
I =1fi,h=10, f =32, fi =20, fz=33 -
{_l
Now Mode =1q ^ -J -J\ : xh
2f-f,-fz
=+ Mode = 130 + - 20 x 10
32
64-20-33
+ Mode = 130 + 13 x fO =.140,9 i

ExAMPLE 5 Calculate the oalue of mode for the folluoing frequency distribution:
Class: 1-4 5-8 9-L2 13-16 L7-20 2L-24 25-28 29-32 33-26 37-40 L
Frequency: 2 5 I 9 12 L4 1.4 L5 1.1- L3
SOLUTION Here, the classes are not in the inclusive form. So, we first convert them in
inclusiveformbysubtrachngh/2fromthelowerlimitandaddingh/2totheupperlimitof
each class, where h is the difference between the lower limit of a class and the upper limit of
the preceding class.

Class Frequatcy Class Frequmcy

0.5-4.5 24 20.5--24.5 30
4.5-8.5 40 24.5-28.5 22
8.5-12.5 40 28.5-32.5 22
12.5-16.5 33 32.5-36,5 1,6
1.6.5-20.5 28 35.5-36.5 7
 ' *1-----------E-
tr
&:

STATISfiCS

b find themodal class, wc use, die,groupir*,me$rod:

Groyping Table.

Ftequeney::.,.

6&tr; ,

39.. i-i,,.1':'1
26

{
Col.No. 0.5- 4.5- 8.5- 12.s- 16.5- 20.5" E4;s-1 zd.5', -"3p1[-iji 36.5- :
rt[
4.5 8.5 12.5 16.5 20.5 24,5 29.5," 32.5 36.5 40.5
i
I
'II'. , =',!

m
v
V
1:
i,-:-i . rr' i,ail
I
,:i*.,,t1 ! ,tl ,.l.:. | , Fl irii,
t,t
,

'l:1'li ial :i; j:i t:r'1, r-l

q since24.5-2S.5hasthemaximumnumberofbars.so,24.s:2g.5isthemoddclass. :.

Mode= l* 2f f,.f' ,1,

i..'_r ,:: ,:1 ,r:; il,. i';,i i ':'.;ir:: -.j.l..j::: .Ji i i:
- f1- f, ,. ji.i:il.i:::li !

,i i";ii i,::ti
v.4{ MATHEMATICS-X

EXAMpLE t Thefotlowing table shozos the nge di#ribwtion af,caxs af a eettain diseaseadm.ittad
duringayearinaparticularhospital. , i. ,

Age(inyears): 5 - 14 L5 - 24 25 -34 35 - 44 45-54 55-64

No. of cases: 6 11 21" ' .23 145
Findtheaaeragcageforwhichmnximutrcasesoccurred.,: i,,
SoLUTIoN Hur" intervals are not in inclusive form.'So, we firstconvert thern in
"tu""
irlclusive form by subtracting h/2 fromthe lower limit and adding hD to_frte ufper limit of
each class, wfrere h is the diffJlenqe between the lower limit of a cliss and the upper limit of
the preceding class. The given frequency distribution ininclusive form is as follows.
agienyoorri 4.s-14.s 14.5-24.5 24.5-34.5 34.5-M.5 M.5-54.5 il.5-64'5
:

No.of cases: 6 L1' 21' 23 14 ' 5

We observe that the class 34.5 - 44.5 has the maximum frequency. So, it is the modal class
such that
I = 34.5,,h = 70, f = 23, fi = Zland:f, = 14

Mode= ,f -.ft .rh

r* 2f-fr-h
?3 - 2l
Mode = 34.5 +M-21.-1.4 xlo

Mode = 34.5 + -1x 10

11

Mode = 36.31 $

EXERCISEi:7.5

1. Find the mode of the following data:

(i) 3, 5, 7, 4, 5,3, 5, 6, 8,9,5, 3, 5, 3, 6,9,7, 4
(ii) 3, 3, 7, 4, 5, 3, 5, 6, 8,9, 5,3, 5, 3, 6,9,7, 4

2. The shirt sizes worn by a group of 200 persons, who bought the shirt from a store, are as
follows:
Shirtsize: 37 38 39 40 41. 42;. 43 44
Numberofpersons:,15 ' 25 : , 39 41 , 36. L7 15 , '1,2

Find the model shirt size wornby the group.

3. Find the mode of the following distribution.
(i) Class-interval: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 s0-60 60-70 79-80
Frequency:58712 28 20 10 10
(ii) Class-interval: 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
Frequency: 30 45 75 35, 25. ,15
(iii) Class-interval: 25-30 30-35 35-40 '40,45 45-50 50-60
Frequency: 25 34 50 42 38 1.4
 STATISTICS
7.45

4' Compare the modal ages of two groups of students appearing for an entrance
test:
Age(inyears): 16-18 18-20 20.22 22_24, - 24_26 l

GroupA: 50 ZB 46 28 23
Group B: 54 89 40 25 1,7
5' The marks in science of 80 students of class X are given below: Find
the mode of the
marks obtained by the students in science.
Marks: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-z0 zo-Bo 80-90 90-100
-"
Frequency: 3 5 16 72 ,13 20 S 4 7 ;"
U:lr:wing is the distribution of height of students of a certain ctass in a certain
"- ln:
Heiiiht(incms): 160-152 t6g-165 1,66-1.68 1,6g-1V7 1ZZ-174
city:

No. of students: 15 118 't42 1,27 18

Find the average height of maximum number of students.
7, The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during
a year:
Age(inyears): 5-L5 15-25 2S-3S ,,35-45 45_55 55_65
No. of students: 6 11 Zl 23 1,4
5
Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare
and interpret the two
measuresof centraltendency.
INCERII
8' The.following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours)
of 225
electrical components:
Lifetimes (inhours): 0-20 20-40 40-d0 60-g0 80-100 100-120
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.
INCERTI
9. The following data gives the distribution of total monthly houshold expenditure
of 200
families of a village. Find the modal monthlyexpendituie:of the ru-iiii".
airolt"d th"
meanmonthlyexpenditure: : INCERII
Expendituie Frequmcy Expenditure Freqitmcy
(inRs.)
Gi'Rs..)
1000-1500 24 3000-3500 30
1500-2000 4d 3500-4000 z2'
2000-2500 33 4000-4500 1.6
2500-3000 28 4500-5000 7
10. The following distribution gives the state-wise teacher-student
ratio in higher
secondary schools of India. Find the mode and mean of this data. lnterpret,
tfr" l*u
measures:
INCERTI
Numberof students Numberof Numbei of stttdents Numberof
perTeacher StateslLlT. StatesM.T.
15-20 3 35-40 J
20 -25 8 40-45 0
25 -30 9 45-s0 0
30-35 10 50-55 2
 7.M MATHEMATICS-X

11. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the
worl-d in one-day international cricket matches.
Rtmsscored Numberof Runsscored Numberof
bastsnnn bastsman

3000-4000 4 7000-8000
4000-5000 L8 8000-9000 3

5000-6000 9 9000-10000 1

6000-7000 7 10000-11000 1,

Find the mode of the data. INCERTI

tf. lstudent noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100
\rf -
-periods
of g minutes and summarised it iir the tibte give=n Uelow. Find the mode of the data:
Numberofcars: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
"u"h '60-70 70-80
Frequency: 7 L4 13 \2 20 11" 15 8 INCERfl
13. Theiollowine frequencv distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68
consumers oIa lochlity. Find the mediiry mean and moile of the data and compare them.
Monthly consump- 65-85 85-105 105-125 1,25-1,45 145.165 165-185 185-205
tion: (in units)
No. of consumers: 4 51320 1.484
14. 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directly and the
frequency distribution of the nirmber of letters in the English alphabets in the surnames
was obtained as follows:
Numberof letters: 1,-4 4-7 7-70 L0-13 1.3-1'6 L6-1'9
Nurnbersurnames: 6 30 +0 1,644
Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of
Jetters in the surnames. Also, find the modal size of the surnames.
,\-/E Find the mean, median and mode of the following data:
Classes: 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120'140
Frequency: 6 8 10 1'2 6 5 3 [CBSE2008]
15. Find the mean, median and mode of the following data:
Classes: 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350
Frequency:2956531[CBSE2008I
L7. The foltowing table gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory:
Daily income (in Rs) 100 - 120 120 - l4O L40 - 1'60 160 -180 180 - 200
Numberof workers: 1.2 '1,4 8 5 10
Find the meary mode and median of the above data. [CBSE 2OO9]

;
ANSWERS
1. (il5 (ii) 3 (iii) 15 2. 40
!, (i) 46.67 (ii) 22.1.4 (iii) 38.33
4. Group A: 18.93 years, Group B: 18.83 years 5. 53.L7 5. L67.35
7. Mode=36.8years,Mean =gE.37y"un g. 65.625 hours )

9. Rs 1847S3,&s 2662.50 10. Mode =30.6,Mean=29.2

11. Mode = +6b8'.* runs 12. Mode = 44.7 cars
L3. Median = 137 units, Mean = 137.05 units, Mode = 135.76 units
L4. Median = 8.05, Mean = 8.32, Modal size = 7.88
1.5. Median = 61.66, Mean = 62.4,Mode=65
L6. Median =170.83, Mean = 169, Mode = 175
1.7. Mean = 1,45.20, Median = 738.57, Mode = 125
 .--
STATISTICS 7.47

7.6 MERITS, DEMERITS AND USES OF MODE

The following are some merits and demerits of mode :

MERITS
(i) It is-readily comprehensible and easy to compute. In some case it can be computed
merly by inspection.
(ii) It is not affected by extreme values. It can be obtained even if the extreme values are not
known.
(iii) Mode can be determined in distributions with open classes.
(iv) Mode canbe located on graph also.
DEMERITS
(i) It is ill-defined. It is not alwayspossible to find a clearly defined mode. In some cases,
we may come across distributions with two modes. Such distributions are called
bimodal. If a distribution has more than two inodes, it is said to be multimodal.
(ii) It is not based upon all the observation.
(iii) Mode can be calculated by various formulae as such the value may differ from one to
other. Therefore, it is not rigidly defined.
(iv) It is affected to a greater extent by fluctuations of sampling.
USESOFMODE
Mode is used by the manufacturers of ready-made garments, shoes and accessories in
common use etc. The readymade garment manufacturers made those sizes more which are
used by most of thepersons than other sizes. Similarly, the makers of shoes will make
that
size maximum which the majority people use and others in less quantity.

7.7 RELATIONSHIP AMONG MEAN, MEDTAN AND MODE

We have learnt about three measures of central value, namely, arithmetic mean,
median and
mode.Thesethreemeasuresarecloselycorurectedbythefollowingrelations.
Mode=3Median -2Mean

or, Median = Mode+]Ovfear,- Mode)

or, Mean = Mode +*M"arrr, -Mode)

2

7.8 CUMULATTVE FREOUENCY pOLycoN cuRvE (AN OGTVE)

Lr class IX, we have learnt about graphical representation of frequency distributions by
using bargraphs, histograms and frequency polygons. In this section, #e will learn about
the construction of cumulative frequenqy potylon and cumulative frequency curves or
ogrves. The technique of drawing the cumulitive frequency polygons'and cumulative
frequency curves or ogives is more or les's the same. fhe onfy diff"r:".,"" is that in case of
simple frequency curves and polygons the freguencies are ploited against class marks of
the
class intervals where as in casL oiicumulative frequency polygon or curves the
cumulative
frequencies are plotted
f8lnst the lower o.-rppei limits of'tfre chss intervub a"p"nair.g
upon the manner in which the series has been cumulated. There are two meihods of
conshuctingafrequencypolygonand anogive. Letusnowdiscuss the twomethods.
7.48 MATHEI.dATICS-X

(i) Lessthanmethod ; -.' :

(ii) Morethanmethod
7.8.1 LESSTHAN METHOD
To construct a cumulative frequencypolygon and an ogive by less thanmethod,we usethe
followingalgorithm
ALGORITHM
srEPI Start with the upper,lirnits of 'classinteraals and add classfrequencies to obtain the
c u mul a t ia e fr eq uency dis t r ibut i on.

STEP II Mark upper class limits along X-axis on a suitable scale.

STEP III Mark cumulatiaefrequencies alangYaxis on a suitable scale.
STEP IV Plot the points (xi, f; ), where xi is the upper limit of a class and f ; is corresponding
cumulatiaefrequency.
sTEP V Join the points obtained in step lV by a free hand smooth curae to get the ogiae and to get the
cumulatioefrequency polygon join the points obtained in step lV by line segments.

7.8,2 MORETHAN METHOD

To constructacumulative frequency polygunandanogivebymore thanmethod, we use the
followingalgorithm.
ALGORITHM

STEI, I Start with the lower limits of the class interoals ayd fiom the totat frequency subtract the
frequency of each class to obtain the cumulatiaefrequency distribution.
sTEP II Mark the lower class limits along X-axis on a suitable scate.

STEP Iil Mark the cumtilatiae frequencies along Y-axis on a suitable scale.
srEP IV Plot the points (xi, fi), where x; is the lower limit af a class and f;is the corresponding
cumulatitrfrequency.
STEP v I cin the points obtained in step IV by a free hand smootlx curue to get the ogioe anil to get the
cumulatioe frequency polygon join these points by line segments.
Following examples illustrate the above algorithm

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
ExAMPLE 7 Draw an agiae and the cumulatioe frequency potygon for the fotlowing frequency
distributionby less thnnmetlnd. .

Marles: 0-1.0 L0-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Numberof
sttdmts: 7 L0 23 51" 6 3
SOLUTION We first prepare the Cumulative frequency distribution table by less than
methodasgivenbelow:
 STATISTICS
7.49

i:!ti:l ii:ij l::::r:

'1,] r:.i :.,: i':
iri r:l ,l; ,'.ii :|, i :,::: l:i; i
,]:t.i
i:r I11
ill iij lri ri. 'lir
,,ii i.l:.1.1
:l i.:i i
i:,'t i i,j i.ii
i..i i
,i i
iil tli i: l:r
:ii iril
iii lii i ri:i ilii lt!tr Ii
r:l ifl:1 ;:'' i i.i i.:., i !iiJ;-{.+ri
i
i irl
(s0,97In (6 0, 00)
rl.:l 'aii
90
ii 111 i i;lrl
:., i.: :ii l':'l: i.l
lili ii: H tli:ii:-
-.;l : rIi'rl
.t;.:
trl l,:'
iiij ,iii ii'rr rii iiill 1:lrl t:j:lt:
;i li: l:l.ll ;lj tli..,.1
i,i l.i il il :(40,91);i ii
A 't:1
i:tia
ir,l
ir'l ,,|i
Iao ,-f i
:t i:
i.i.,:

li:l
:i
t a:i
,, iI iti iiil ii.,i lii {: .t1,f;,i; l; ir ):l:i.;
,,., i I
i:iri rlil :iii iif rll i i !:i r:i::t iri:l
:.:.i:t
ii], tli i:i 1r
I

lzo I 'iii
iiii ::: i.t-li ili ij fi.i i! lr i:rr jr;::il iti ljj
ii iiri iiil
i
ii'l
l]:!.t i::li
l"r'jj i:t
::ij

l
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ir
'ii ,.ti
:l
o i:;:: ti:i: "'ii ir,lj :lr! i;tf !:I i ;i ii ti iiil l.iii iiri !ta iri i ili
c l:li1 il,:rr
t: iti:iii iiij
i.:i :ti
960
o iri iliiri jii:
rl: :.;: il:L i,i:l i:t:t:l
irr i

I ;:T
iiir :lii i:il iili ,:. l'i
iii
iiri r; :t:] :.i::-r
i.-..i:
,i li r'lr riirj
i,,i ii
o50 i:.:i ii.t.i ri ;i i;.i.1
:ii '.,;ri
iii irl:i
irIii ;,il, ,-1
'j= t ],$ ::!:il
.g
rllr'1 i::L ii: iI:i:: flr ij ti: l :il'l :; ;: i:i!.: ':.!:1
i:iij
E+o
i:if 'ii i::::1 :1ti ,it' r$ if1
'liri
::::lti ili: :;:
5
o i'i
i;:il , iii
i:ii;:l
:,i:l ii
::i:!
lij, / (3 0,4 0)
i:l Ll:ii iii rti il:1ri i iii
=r,i

30
,i
i:l.i r:i ttj iit ::-j
:i i'i
ifi l i.li.:
:):!:)
:tti
.i:itli :il .a:l
i-, ,
: ::: i.
; .,i i:i:lri iii ::: .::l 'E La!: l:i
ira: l:::::r
,,,i :,I :iil i,i
i:i
:'i; r,it iji ;i: iii j,i.i? i.ni
:ii i;r
;l:1li
.;r i
"*
l,t, t'i :
;:: ii;
ti jtl
::i:!
.r..i
:lr:I :l .:-t
,llj ili ilJ /,; :i1 LA
ill ifi ji
10 :l: ir
.ii
IUtll
i:i'l'i
,iil. ri
t:; i:a..i:: l11:l
lir:l
't,
(10,7 ili r ii i,i rl:ll'l ,i:l :fi

fi
i

g
: ilt:.1 !
1r il l'* 1..:t
.irl J
I l+';l
l: i
t *"*-*fi.**-.
1o 20 30 - l.l
r

40
M?rks ____>
Fig. 7.1 Cumulative frequency curve or ogive

Marlcs No.of Students Markslesstha" Cu*ukti*

Frequency
0- 10 7 10 7
fi-20 10 20 17
20-30 23 30 40
30-40 51 40 91.
40-50 6 50 97
50-50 2 60 100

Ptl:: l$lne Siven class intervals, we assume a class - 10 - 0 before the first class interval

Now, we mark the uPPer class limits (including

the imagined class) along X-axis on a
suitable scale and the cumulative frequencies alon! y-u*i,
ofir rritable scale.
Il":,^y" plot the points (0, 0), (70, 7), (20, 1Z), (gO, 40), (40, g7), (50,
(60,100). 92) and

Now' we ioin the plotted.points by a free hand curve

to obtain the reqllired ogive as shown in
Fig' 7 '1' In order to obtain the cumulative frequency
polygon, we join the plotted points by
line segments as shown in Fig. 7.2.
7.50 MATHEMATICS_X

o
960
cr
o
a: 50
s
E+o
l
o

Marks -^-.-- -..-'-w

Fig.7.2
EXAMrLE 2 The frequency distribution of scores obtained by 230 candidates in a medical entrance
test is asfollows.
Scores: 400 -
450 - -
50a 550 - 600 650- - -
700 750 -
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Numberof
Candidates: 20 35 40 32 24 27 18 24
Draw cumulatiae frequency curaes by less than and more than method on the safirc axes.
Also, draw the two types of cumulatiaefrequency polygons.
SOLUTION Less than method: We first prepare the cumulative frquency table by less than
methodasgivenbelow:

Scores Number of Scores less than Cumulatiae

Candidates Frequency

400 - 450 20 450 20

450 - 500 35 500 55
500 - 550 40 550 95
550 - 600 JZ 600 127
600 - 650 24 650 151
650 - 700 27 700 L78
700 -750 18 750 1.96

750 - 800 34 800 230

STAIISTICS

Other than the given class intervals, we assume a class interval 350 - 400 prior the first class
interval400 - 500 with zero frequency.
Now, we mark the upper class limits on X-axis and the cumulative frequencies along Y-axis
on suitable scales.
Thus, we plot the points (400,0), (450,20), (500, 55), (550, 95), (600,127), (650, 151), (700,178),
(7 50, 19 6) and (800, 230).

240

220
+
200
I

180
I

ga 160
p(E 140
E
(E
o 120
o
o 100
-o

z:
E
80

60

40

20

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

scores ---_->
Fig.7.3
]oin these points by a free hand smooth curve to obtain an ogive by less than method as
shown inFig.7.3.
Lr order to obtain the cumulative frequencypolygonby less thanmethod join these pointsby
line segments as given in Fig.7 .4.
Other than the given class intervals, we assume class interval 800 - 850 after the last class
interval T50 - 800 with zero frequency.
Now, we mark the lower class limits on X-axis and the cumulative frequencies along Y-axis
on suitable scales.
Thus, we plot the points (400,230), (450,21,0), (500,175), (550,175), (600, L03), (650,79),
(700,61), (750,27) and (800,0).
By joining these points by a free hand smooth curve, we obtain an ogive by more than method
as shown in Fig.7.3.
The cumulative frequency polygon by more than method is obtained by joining these points
by line segments as shor,r,n in Fig. 7.4.
7.52 MATHEMAIICS-X

More thanmethod: Let us first prepare the cumulative frequency tableby more than method
asgivenbelow:

Scores Nunnber of Scares more than Cumulatizte

Candidates Erequency

400 - 450 20 400 230

450 - 500 J 450 21"0

500 - 5s0 40 500 L75

550 - 500 32 550 L35
600 - 650 24 600 L03
650 - 700 27 650 79
700 -750 18 700 6t
750 - 800 34 750 27

240

220

200

180
a
160
prJ
140
()st
o 1?0
{D
100
E
:x
Z ,.0

60

40

20

500 550 600 650 700

Scores *-*----r.

Fig.7.4
STATISTICS 7"53

EXAMPLE 3 Drsw a cumulatiae frequency curae and cwnulatiz,e .frequency polygon for the
"folloruing frequency distribution by less tlmn ruethod.
Age.(inyears): 0-9 1.0-1,9 20-29 30-39 40-49 SA-Sg 60-69
Na. of Persons: 5 1"5 20 23 L7 11 g

SOLUTION The given frequency distribution is not continuous. So, we firsf; make if
continuous and prepare the cumulative frequency diskibutionas under:

Age (inyears) Frequency Agelessthnn Cuwulatiae

Frequency

- 0.5 - 9.5 5 9.5 5

9.5 - 19.5 15 19.5 2A

L9.5-.29.5 20 29.5 4A

29"5 - 39.5 23 39.5 63

39.5 - 49.5 1,7 49.5 80

49.5 -59.5 11. 59.5 91

59.5 - 69.5 9 69.5 100

100

90

80

70
a
c 60
o
a
o
o"
50
o
o
-o 40
E
z 30

20

10

-0.5 9.5 19.5 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5

+
Age (in years)

Fig. 7.5 Cumulative frequency curve

Now, we plot points (9.5,5), (19.5,20), (29.5,4A), (39.5,63,(49.5,80), (59.5,91) and (69.5, 100)
andjointhembya freehand smooth curve to obtain the requiredogive as showninFig.7.5.
 7.U MATHEMATICS_X

The cumulative frequency polygon is obtained by joining these points by line segments
as
showninFig.7.6.

l.,ri
100
t,
169.5,100)
i:,r+i,,]
90
.!4
59 ,5, 1) ,

80
,;1* l:ri:l

l:ll:l !
70 YI
a
c i:i:r:i:t
o
e60
o
o_ 39.5,1 t3 Jlis
o50 ,-IjiJ,i,i,i'1,1

oo ::iu-=re
Z:'i,rjl I
E40
3
:

(29.5,40 nit
z
30
: lz'$ 1fi1
20 ,t::fr rr: I
r(1gri i,2 0)
-i il

]:.t1:
10
i:iitlii:ii
,9 :i:i
t,5): 1

-0.5 9.5 19.5 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5

Age (in years) *-----a.
Fig. 7.6 Cumulative frequency polygon

7.8.3 SOME APPLTCATIONS OF OGIVES

Ogives can be used to find the median of a frequency distribution. In order to determine the
same/ we may use the following algorithms:

ALGORITHM 1

STEP I Draw any one of the two types offtequency curaes on the graph paper.

STEP II Compute
'2 *(, = Zfr) andmarkthe correspondingpoint ony-axis.
STEP III Draw a line paral.lel to x-ax.is, from the point marked in step ll, cutting the cumulatipe
frequency curae at apoint P (say).
STEP IV Draw perpendicular PM from P on the X-axis. The x-coordinate of point M giues the
median.

ALGORITHM 2
STEP I Draw less than type and greater than type cumulatioe
frequency afioes on the graph paper.
STE? II Mark the point of intersection of the two curaes drawn in step l. Let this point be p
srEP III Draw perpendicular PM from P on the X-axis. The x-coordinate of point M giaes the
Median.
Following examples will illustrate these algorithms.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE t Following is the age distribution of a group of students. Draw the cumulatizte
frequency polygon, cumilatiaefrequency curoe (lessihoritapb aianence obtain themedianaalue.
STATISTICS 7.55

Age Frequency Age Froquency

5-5 40 Lt -12 92

6-7 56 72-t3 80

7-8 6'0 13-14 64

8-9 66 14-75 44

9 -LO 84 15-16 2A
.

10-11 96 76.- 77 8

SOLUTION We first,prepate the cumulative'frequencytable by less'then method as given

below.

Age Frequency Ageless tlwn Ctmulatioefrequency

5-6 40 6 40

6-7 56 -: 7 96

'7-g 60 8 156
:

8-9 66
,f . g 222

9-10 84
ito 306

10-11 96' , ,,tt 402

1',l-12 92 t2 494
,13
12-t3 80 , 574

L3-1,4 64 638
't4-1,5 44 . ,1S 692.

15-L6 2A 16 702

76-17 I t7 71.0'

Other than the given class intervals, We assume a class 4-5 before the first class-interval 5-6
with zero frequency.
Now, we mark the upper class limits (including the imagined class) along X-axis on a
suitable scale and the iumulative frequencies along Y-axis on a suitable scale.
Thus, we plot the points (5, 0), (6, 4O), (7, 96), (8, 156), (9, 222i, (1ii, 305), (t1.,'402),
(12.,494), 1is, sf +1, (i4,638);, (15,682), ('1.6,702) artd, (17,710)'. These points are marked and
joined by line segmentg to obtain the cumulative frequency,polygon shown in Fig,7 .7 .
7.56 MATHEI\{AIICS-X

o
t-
t-

Nl
I
I
I

I
I

.(6
0)

t=
o)
o€'\
'F-
.sn
TL

888888888888888
F- r- (o (o'ii u) lit + c"j - N - = ;
suos.rod ro Jaqr"l.tnN

In order to obtain the cumulative frequency curr,/e, we draw a smooth curve passing through
the points discussed above"
The graph (Fig. 7.8) shows the total number of students as 710. The median is the age

correspondi.,g to {22= Zlg = 355 students. In order to find the meclian, we first locate the
point correspanding to 355th shrdent on Y-axis. Let the pointbe P. From this point draw a line
STATISTICS

Parallel to the X-axis cutting the curr,-e at Q. From tl"ris point Q draw
a line parallel to Y-axis
andmeetingX-axisatthepointM" Ther-coordinateof Mis 10.5 (SeeFig.7.8). Hence,median
is 10.5.

l'-

-t
I

=p: (u
tr) !i)
oa irc,)
I
e8,

qaaaaaaoooc)c)o.,o
q ro (O to
!r,
F..F- D
!Q a
a rf) rO S
o
{
ro o
cO C')
r!-)
6l -N LrJ
+
(:,
+
ro

suosJad lo JaqtunN

EXAMI'LE z
Tht following obserztations relate ta the height of a group of persons. Drazu the ttuo
types of unnulutiae
"frequency polygons and cumulatiae frequeniy ctiraes nnd detennine thr: median .
1- j-i-?-6>- -l i+ri,i ',.:l:ti9it!I.*;
'1._.::'
t, :li:, .:'

i
7.58

,Ii

140,143
t4g-t46
lffi.I#
149-152
152-15$j
155-158
158-161 i
t6l-764
164-167
1,67-17a
170-173
173-t7-6: 't\

776-179 Cr l1,
2@. jt $ s d2
179-782 06 638
Gther than the'gir6:daps mtetvdsircdssunb€ifudtffiat *#WSAors6 tffi gffit
classin&rvalf40-t4aw{th.zeroft-qWfqpi:t:;i"" * } l:*r;61r- xd$. r- i;* ",:ii ". yltt:rr*;:{+. - ' , : i{ j ,,
 STATISTICS Z.ss

Now, we mark the_upper class limits on X-axis and cumulative frequencies along y-axis
on
ilTt*P s1_af9.
{e ptotthe points (1.40, 0), (149,9), (t4G, L2), (14s;gi), (152,69)", (155,11,4),
(.158,L78), (1,51.,256), (164,341), (.t67,437), (170,5091,
(182,538).
$73,'5ig),1tzs, itzl, ofi ogi) ana

o
o.
c(!

o
o
E
!
c
o
c
s(u
o
o
-g
bo,
ET ct\
o
F!
o) o)
I
I
,
eE
o.
-l
tol o
o
6t oo
E6 u-
o
i:2 'e
o s5
-c
sr.9
too E
o5

PEEEHEEEHRREEE; Icuenbelg a^trelnun3

These qorlJt joined b{ lu1 segments to obtain the cumulative frequency polygon
$e as
showninFig -7.9 andby afreehand smoothcurve to obtainanogivebyless tfranmetilod as
shown in fig. 7.10.
7.@ MAHEMANCS-X

N
O--
€
o
@

!o,
;F

o
t\-6)
e
:,
o
@9
o
E
+^o
(o t,E
9lo
_t>
>lE
lE o
-lir
(olo N
-6& .E,
EAl!
Otr
6e(E
rf,-.!
-of
org
'-az.
E-E
F(E
c(U
E
Na
loa
Jo
STATISTICS 7.61

More than method: We prepare the cmulative frequency table by more than method as given
below:

Heigfitinems Frequency Heightmorethnn Cumulatioefrequency

L40 - 143 3 140 638
L43 - 146 9 143 535
146 -149 26 146 626
749 -152 31, 149 600-
152 - 155 45 L52 569
155 -158 64 155 524
158 -161 78 158 460
167 -164 85 "t67 382
1.64 -'t57 96 1,64 297
167 -170 72 167 201
170 -173 60 170 1.29
773 -176 43 173 69
176 -179 20 L76 26
t79 -L82 5 L79 6
Other than the given class intervals, we assume the class interval 182-185 with zero fre-
quency. :

Now,we mark the lowerclass limits on X-axis and thecumulative frequencies along Y-axis
onsuitablescalestoplotthepoints (1,40,638),(143,635),(146,626);, ('t49,600),(1,52,569),
(1,55,524),(158,460), (1.61,382),(t64,297),(L67,2O1),(170,729),(773,69),(176,26)and(179,
6). By joining thesepointsbylinesegments,weobtainthemore thantype frequencypolygon
as shown in Fig.7 .9. By joining these points by a free hand curve, we obtain more than type
cumulative frequency curve as shown in Fig. 7.10.
We find that the two types of cumulative frequency curves intersect at point P. From point P
perpendicular PM is drawn on X-axis. The value of height corresponding to M is '1.63.2 cm.
Hence, medianis 163.2 cm.

EXERCTSE 7.6
1. Draw an ogivebyless than method for the following data:
No.ofrooms: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.0
No.ofhouses:49222824128652
2. The marks scored by 750 students in an examination are given in the form of a frequency
distribution table:

Maflcs No.olstudents Marls No.ofstudents

600 - 640 16 760 - 800 172
640 - 680 45 800 - 840 59
680 - 720 156 840 - 800 18
720 - 760 284
 7.62 MAfi{EMATICS_X

Prepare a cumulative frequency tablebyless thanmethod and draw anogive.

3. Draw an ogive to represent the following frequency distribution:
Class-interval: 0-4 5-9 L0-14 15-19 20-24
No. of students: 2 61053
4. The monthly profits (in Rs.) of 100 shops are distributed as follows:
Profitspershop: 0 -50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 2S0 - 300
No. of shops: 72 L8 27 20 1.7 6
Draw the frequenry polygon for it.

Height No. of trees

Less than 7 26
Less than 14 57
Less than 21 92
Less than 28 134
Less than 35 2't6
Less than 42 287
Less than 49 347
Less than 56 360

,praw'less than' ogive and 'more than'ogive.

t-fi T\: ^T"rlPP.fjtt
eamed by 30 shops of a shopping complex in a locality give rise to the
following distribution:
Profit (in lakhs in Rs) Number of shops (frequency)
More thanor equal to 5 30
More than or equal to 10 28
More than or equal to 15 1,6
More thanorequal to20 1,4
More thanorequal to25 L0
More than or equal to 30 7
More than or equal to 35 3
Draw both ogives for the above data and hence obtain the median.
7. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory:
Daily income (in Rs): 100 - 120 120 - 1.40 140 - 160 160 - 180 180 - 200
Numberof workers: 12 1,4 8 6 1,0
Convert the above distribution to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution and
;!Ntvitsogive.
The following table gives production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a village:
-
'y' 55 60 -65 To
Prorluctionyield 50 - 55 - 60 6s - 70 - zs
rs - B0 inkgper
hectare:
Numberof farms: 2 8 '1,2
24 38 t5
Draw'less than' ogive and'more than' ogive.
STATISTICS
7.63

9. During the medical dreck-up of 35 students of a class, their weights were recorded as
follows:

Weight(inkg) Numberof students

Less than 38 0
Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 L4
Less than 48 28
Less than 50 32
Less than 52 35
Draw a less than type ogive for the given data. Hence, obtain the median weight from the
graph and verify the resultby using the formula. ICBSE 200eI

A'VSWEFS
6. Median = Rs 17.5lakh
7. Dailyincome (inRs) Cumulativefrequency
Less than - 120 t2
Less than - 140 ., 26
Less than - 160 34
Less than - 180" 40
'Lessthan-200
50
8. Production yield kgperhectare Cumulativeftequency
Morethan orequal to 50 100
More than or equal to 55 98
More than or equal to 60 90
More than or equal to 55 78
Morethanorequalto 70 54
More than or equal to 75 L6
9. 17.5kg

Very Short AnswerTlpe Quesilons (VSAOs)

Multiple Cholce Questtons enCAsl
Summary
t{SAOs
1. Definemean
2. What is the algebraic sum of deviations of a frequency distribution iboui its mean? '
3. Which measure of central tendency is given by the r-coord.inate ' of the point of intersec-
-- --- r --
tion of the 'more than' ogive and 'iess"than, ogive? rcrSi iOrigl
7.4 MATHEMATICS-X

4. What is the value of the median of the data using the graph in the following figure of less
than ogive_and more than ogive?

-35
o
5so
3
Eru
920
€rs
E
410
5
o
2 4 6 8101214161820
Marks+
Fig.7.11
5. Write the empirical relation between meary mode and median.
6. Which measure of central tendenry can be determined graphically?
7. Write the modal class for the following frequency distribution:
Class-interval: 10 - 15 15 -20 20 -25 25.30 30.35 35- 40
Frequency: 30 35 75 40 30 15
8. A student draws a cumulativg frequency curve for the marks obtained by 40 students of
a class as shown below Find the median marks obtained by the students of the class.

o
c^
!Pg
BE
c=
ot6
Er oo
EZ so
o20
f

t0
0 1020304050607080
upper limits ot dass int€rvals
(Marks)

' 'r"l: FigtT'12' ir

9. Write the median class for the following frequency distribution:
Class-interval: 0 - 10 10 -20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40-50 50 - 60 60 -70 70 - 80
Frequency: 5 81 7 t2 ',28' 20 10 10
10. In the graphical representation of a frequency distribution, if the distance between mode
and mean is k times the distance between median and mean, then write the y6lue of k.
11. Find the class marks of classes 10-25 and 35-55. TCBSE 2008I
12. ffiite the median class of the following distribution:
Classes: 0-10 70-20 20-30 gO-40 40-50 50-60 60-Z0
Frequency: 4 4 8 10 , 72 ,8 4 tCBSE2009l
STATISTICS 7.65

AA'SWEFS
2.zero 3. Median 4. 4 5. Mode=3Median-2Mean 6. Median
7.20-25 S. 50 9. 40-50 10. 3 1.7. 17.5,45 72.30-40
MCQs
Mark the correct alternatioe in each of the folluoing:
1. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
(a) Mean (b) Meelian (c) Mode (d) Standard deviation
2. The algebraic sum of the deviations of a frequency distribution from its mean is
(a) alwayspositive (b) alwaysnegative
(c) 0 (d) anon-zeronumber
3. The arithmetic mean of 1, 2,3, ..,, n is
h\ n+l .T n-L
(b\ " n
k); (d) 1+
4. For a
2
frequency distributiory
{a1
l+t1

mean, median and mode are connected by the relation

(a) Mode = 3Mean - 2Median (b) Mode = 2Median -3Mean
(c) Mode = 3Median-2Mean (d) Mode = 3Median + 2Mean
5. Which of the following cannot be determined graphically?
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Noneof these
5. The median of a given frequency distribution is found graphically with the help of
(a) Histogram (b) Frequencycurve
(c) Frequencypolygon (d) Ogive
7. The mode of a frequency distribution can be determined graphically from
(a) Histogram (b) Frequencypolygon
(c)' Ogive (d) Frequencycurve
8. Modeis
(a) leastfrequentvalue (b) middlemostvalue
(c) mostfrequentvalue (d) Noneofthese

9. The mean of n observations is X. tf ttre first item is increased by 1, second by 2 and so ory
then the new mean is

(a) X+n b) x+! G) -x++ (d) Noneof these

10. One of the methods of determining mode is

(a) Mode = 2Median - 3Mean (b) Mode = 2Median + 3Mean
(c) Mode = 3Median - 2Mean (d) Mode = 3Median + 2Mean
11. If the mean of the following distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is
Variable(x): L 2 3 4 5
Frequency:45y72
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 13 (d) 24
12. The relationship between mean, median and mode for a moderately skewed diskibution
is
(a) Mode = 2Median - 3Mean
7.6 MATHEMATXCS-X
.

(b) Mode = Median- 2Mean

(c) Mode=2Median-Mean
(d) Mode = 3Median - 2mean
.

1.3. Themeanofadiscretefrequencydistribution xi/fi;i=l,2,...,nisgivenby

o,* o);l,r,r', ,Y ^Y
i=7 i=l

14. If the arithmetic mean of r, x + 3, x + 6, x + 9, and x+ L2 is 10, the x

=
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4
15. If the median of the data: 24, 25, 26, x + Z, x+ 3, 3O 31, 34 is 2T.S ; then x
=
(a) 27 (b) 25 (c) 28 (d),30,. i

1'6.Ifthemedianofthe-data:6,7,x12,x,17,20,writteninascendingorder,is16.Thenr=
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) t7 (d) 18
17. The median of first l0 prime numbers is
(a) 11 (b) 12 ' 1c1 t3 (d) 14 1

18. If the mode of the data: 64, 60, 48, x, 43, 4g,' 49, 34 is 4l,then r + 3
=
@) aa (b) 4s (c) a6 (d) 4s I

19. If the mode of the data:'!,6, lS, \2, 7G, lS, x, 19, 17, 14 is15, then x
(a) 1s (b) 15 '(c)
1z r'e'
(O ' ' =
'

20.Themeanof7,3,4,5,7,4iJ,.rr.",..,*u"i!"g;i,,,.n,3,3,Phavemeanm_1and,
medianq.Then,p+q=
(a)a (b)s (Q6, (d)z i

21. If themeanof afrequencydistribution,isS.l,andUixi =132+Sk, Zfi

='2[,thenk=
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

(a) x+U=21 (b) r+A=.79

(c) r-V=19 (d) x-A=21, :i

23. The mean of n observations is x . If the first observatiort is increased by l, the second by

(a) t+ (2n+1) ' I 15) i-+-.1,11 .' i

(c) r+ (n+1) (d) I-";1

24. Ifthemeanof.firstn naturelnumborir *; thehn= ., ..i ,, . ,.

(a)s O)4 (c)e ' ,o,ro

 ---._

STATISTICS
7.67

25' The arithmetic mean and mode of a data are,24 and 12 respectively, then
its median is
(a) 25 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) zz
26. The mean of first z odd naturalnumber is

(a) n+l
2 @,
n
k)n (d)nz

27. The mean of first n 'ddi natural numbers ,, then z =

*",,
(a) e (b) 81 (c\ 27 (d) 18
28' If the difference of mode and median of a data is 24, then the difference of median and
meanis
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 8 (d) 36
29. If the arithmetic mean of 7, B, x,11, 14 is r, then r
=
(a) 9 &) q.s (c) 10 (d) 10.s
30. If mode of a series exceeds its qgan by 12, then mode exceeds the median by
@)a (b)8 (c)6- (d)10
31. If the mean of first n nafural number is 15, then n
=
(a) 15 (b) 30 (c) la (d) 2e
32' If the mean of observations x1t x2t..., .r,, is r, thenthe meanof x.t + (1, x2
t a1 ..;, x; * o
is

ai x
(a) (b\ r-a (c) x+a (d) -o
33' Mean of a certain number of observations is f . If each observation is divided
by
m (m * 0) and increased by r, then the mean of new observation
is

If ui =
14.
#,Zfiui = 20,Zfi =1.00, then , = '

(a) 23 (b) 24 (c) zr (d) 2s

gs. if 35isremovedfromthedata:3o,l4,gs,g6,g7,gg,39,40,thenthemedianincreasesby
(a) 2 (b) 1.5 (c) 1 (d) 0.s
ii
A'VSlryERS
1. (d) 2.,(c) 3. (a) q- (c) s. (a) 6. (d)
7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10, G) 11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (d) ls. (b) 76. (c) 17, O) 18. (c)
le. (a) 20. (o 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. O) 2a. @)
2s. (c) zQ. G) 27. (b) 28. (a) 2e. (c) 30. (b)
sl. (o 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35',,(d)
7.6 MATI{EMATICS_X

SUMMABY
1.. Three measures of central value are:
(i) Mean (ii) Median and (iii) Mode
2- Meaniscomputedbyfollowingmethods:
(i) Directmethod (ii) Short-cutMethod (iii) Step-deviationmethod.
3. If a variate X takes values x1tx2r...rr, with corresponding frequencies fi,fr,...,
J, respectively, then the arithmetic mean of these values is given by
1nn
X= *Zf,*,, wherew= X/,
lY i=t i=l
1n
Aho, X-^*r}_f,A,, wheredi =xi-A.
i=1
The number A is called the assumed mean.

If ut,h
= !- -!,i = 1,2,...,fl.Then,
(t n 'l

x = A* ft{+ Ef,u,l
'J
[N';-.
4. The median is the middle value of a distribution i.e. median of a distribution is the value
of the variable which divides it into two equal parts.
The median of a grouped or continuous frequency dishibution may be computed by
using the following formula:
N-r
2 xlt, where
lvledian =l+ ;
T
I = lower limit of the median class
/= frequency of the median class
/r = width of the median class.
F = cumulative freguency of the class preceding the median class.

and, N =fi=1 f,
5. Mode is the value of the variable which has the maximum frequency. The mode of a
continuous or grouped frequency distribution maybe computedby using the following
formula:
(_(
1* J Jt
Mode =
2f-fr-h x Il, where
/ = lower limit of the modal class.
/= frequency of the modal class
ft = width of the modal class
I = frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2= fuequ9l6y of the class following the modal class.
6. Three measures of central value are connected by the following relation:
Mode = 3 Median-2Mean
7. Ogive(s) can be used to find the median of a frequency distribution.