4.

1 CONCEPT OF SIMILARITY
tn earlier classes, we have learnt about congruent figqe-s. Iuo gegmgtric
figqreq having the
same shape and size are known as congruent figrres. Note thatcon#uent figurei are ilike
in every respect. In this chapter, we shall study about similarity'of geoiiietric hgures.
Geometric figures having the same shape but different sizes are knovrm as similar figures.
Two congruent figures are always siinilar but similar figures need not be congruent as
discussed in the following illustrations.
ILLUSTRATION 1 Any two line segments are always similar but thry niiiliaibe congruent. They
are congrumt,if ttuir lengths are eqial.

Fig.4.1

ILLUSTRATION 2 Any two circles are similar bfit not necessarily congrumt . They are congruutt if
their radii are equal.

ILLU$TRATION3 (i) Any twosquhres aresiimilar.

o
Fig.4.2'
(See Fig.4.3lil),

Fis.4.3(i)
(i1) Any two equilateral triangles
If two figures are similar
are similar. (see Fig.
AA
4.3(iil.
Fig.4.3(ii)

one can be obtained from the other either by shrinking or by

stretching, without changing its shape. There is one-to-one correspondence between the
paits of'lwo similar figures [Fig. a.3 (ii)

4.1
 MATHEMATICS-X

4.2 SIMILAR POLYGONS

DEFINITION Ttnopolygons are said tobe similar to eachother, if
, (if;*sir rorresponding angles are equat, and
(i) the lengths of their corresponding sides are proportional'
If two polygons ABCDE and PQRST are similar, then from the above definition it follows
that:
Angle at A = Angle at P, Angle at B = Angle at Q, Angle at C = Angle at R,
Angle at D = Angle atS, Angle atE = Angle at T
DE EA
AB BC CD=37-=rF
and, pe.= eR = RS I ,'' ..,, :
If two polygons ABCDE and PQRST, are similar, we write AB)DE - PQRS?.
Here, the symbol'-'stands for'is similar to'.

A 4cm B P 6cm O

' Fig.4'4
NOTE 1 lt should be noted that similarity of polygons with more than thtee sides, the two
for the
conditions giaen in the definition are independent of each other i. e., either of lhe tyo c.onditions
without the other is not sufficientfor polygons with morctlutttkwe sides tobe similat.Inother words,
if the corresponding anglis of two polygotns are eqwal but lengths of their corresponding sides are not
proportional, the polygons need noiAe similar. Similarly, if tlrc conesponding angles of two
'polygons
are not equilbut length of the the corresponding sides are proportional, then the polygons
need not be similar.
NoTE 2 Triangles are special type.of potygons, trn caseof trianglesi if'eitherof the two canditions
gioen in the aboae defirtitionholds, then the other holds automatically.

EXERCTSE 4.1
1. Fill in theblanks using the correctword giveninbrackets:
(i) All circles are .......... (congruent, similar). .

(ii)Al1squareSare....'....(similar,congruent).
(iii) All .......... ttirttgles are simiiar (isoiceles, equilaterals):
(irrj f*o triangles ire similar, if their corresponding angles are'.....:.... (proportional,
equal)
(v) Two triangles are similar, if their corresponding sides arq .'..,;.... (groportional,
equal)
(vi) Two polygons of the same number of iides.a{e- simjlar.if (a) thiir corresponding
anSle.s aieand (b) their corresponding sides are .......... (equeil, proportionilLro,
TRIANGLES 43

2. Write the truth value (T/F) of each of the following statements:

(i) Any two similar figures are congruent.
(ii) Any two congruent figures are similar.
(iii) Two polygons are similar, if their corresponding sides are proportional.
(iv) Two polygons are similar if their corresponding angles aie proportional.
(v) Two triangles are similar if their corresponding sides are proportional.
(vi) Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are proportional.

ANSWEBS
1. (i) similar (ii) similar (iii) equilateral
(iv) proportional (v) proportional (vi) equal,proportional
2. (i) False (ii) True (iii) False
(iv) False (v) True (vi) True

4.3 SIMILAR TRIANGLES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

DEFINITION Two triangles are said to be similar, if their
(i) conesponding angles are equnl and,
(ii) corresponding sides are proportional.
It follows from this definition that two trianges ABC and DEF are similar, if
(l) ZA=ZD,ZB=ZE,ZC=IF and, (D
#='#=#

B CE F

Fig.4.5
\lgTE 1 ln
the later part of this chapter we shall shout that the lwo conditions gioen in the aboae
definition are not independent. In fact, if either of the two conditions holds, then the other holds
aatomatically. So any one of the tzuo anditions can be used to define similar triangles.
N9TE lf corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then they are known as equiangular
12
triangles.

4.4 SOME BASIC RESULTS ON PROPORTTONALITY

In this section, we shall discuss somebasic results onproportionality.
Let us first do the follgwing activity.
ACTlvtw DrawanyangleZXAYandmarkpirintsPl, P2,D,PsandBonitsarm AXsuchthat
AP1= PlPr= P2D = DP3= P3B = 1 unit.
Through point B, draw any line intersecting arm AY at point C. Also, through point D, draw
a lineparallel toBCto intersectAC atE.
 MATHEMATICS-X -
Wehave,
AD = APr+ P.tPr+ P2D = 3 units
and, DB =DPs+ P3B = 2 units.
. AD3
DB2
-=-
Now, measure AE and EC and find $.
EC
Youwillfindthat
AE3
EC2
-=- APIP2DPgBx
AD AE
DB EC
-=-
Fig.4.6
Thus,weobservethatin LABC if DE ll BC,then
AD AE
DB EC
We prove -=-
this result as a theorem known as basic proportionality theorem or Thale's
Theoremasgivenbelow.
THEOREM I (Basic proportionality Theorem or Thnles Theorem) If a line is drawn parallel to one side
of a triangleintasecting thc other two sides, thenit diaidesthe tutosides inthtsameratio.
I NCERI, CBSE 2002 C, 2005,2006 C, 2007,20p,8,200ir 20101
cIvEN A triangle ABC in which DE ll BC, and intersects A{ in D and AC in E.
'ADAE
TOPROVE
DB= EC
CONSTRUCTION ]oin BE, CD and draw EF I BA and DG L CA.
PRooF Since EF is perpendicular to AB. Therefore, EF is the height of triangles ADE and
DBE.

Now, Area(AADEI =
|O"r"rh"rgfrt) =f,tAr.rr1 A

and, Area(ADBE) =
](basexh"igh0 = ](Dr.rrl

Area(AADE)
Area(ADBQ
=fu*=fr
luo.err AD
"'(i)

Similarly,wehave
1Bc
Area(AADE)
-;(AE'rc) - AE Fis.4.7
.Area (ADEC) 1frC.
oCt EC
2'.
...(ii)

But,A DBE.andA DECareonttresqmebaseDEandbetr,veenthesameparallelsDEaldBC,,

Area (ADBE) = Area (ADEC)
11
Area(ADBE) Area(ADEC) [Taking reciprocals of both oides]
 TRIANGLE.S 4.5

' + f*to4?!] = f*!l*?P [MultiplyinsbothsidesbyArea'(a ADill

AD AE "
=r :-=-
DB Ec [Using(i)and(ii)]
e.E.D.
COROLLARY If in a L ABC, a tine DE ll BC, intersects AB in D and AC in E, then:

(r) AB AC AB AC
AD= E INcEnil Gi) DB = Ec
PRooI (i) From thebasic proportionality theorem, wehave
AD AE
DB= Ec
+ DB EC
[Taktngleciprocalsofbothsides]
-=-
' =+ ,*
#=r*#, tAdding l onbothsidesl
,4D+DB
4AD=AE AE+EC

AD AE
-=- r,

r (ii)Frqnthebasicproportiolrality.tlreorelnrwehave , , , :.
--=-
DB EC

=+ **r=!l+t
DB EC 1[Addinglonborh.oides]
AD+DB AE+EC
=.DB=EC

DB
-=- EC
Q.ED.
The above resulb can be summarised as follows: ,;
:
SUMIIARY If in aA ABC DE [ BC, and intersects AB in D and AC in
| E, then we have

(i) AD=
DB E
AE (ii) DB
AD=
EC
E
AB
Gii) AD= E
AC

' (rv) AB= AC (") pf = fC (vr) AB= AC

' ACTllrlTY DrawanyangleXAYandmarkpointsByB2,BeBnandBonltearmrtXsuchthat

AB1=BrBr=B2Bs=BsBa=BaB=lunit. Also,markpointsCyCyC3,CnandConarrrAYsuch

Fig.4.8.
4.6
MATHEMATICS-X

Weobserriethat ,

AB1 =t unit,ACl = 1pnit,

B1B = 4units, CrC = {.units,

. AE-=Aqr=1)
48 qc[ 4)
You can also see that B1C1 and BC are parallel to each
other.
Similarly, we observe that

# =
#(=3)*o Bzcztt*C ABIBzBgB+Bx
Fig.4.8
t',.
'

#= #(= i)*tB3c3 rrBC

BcB *(=*)*a
4B1 =
C+C\ 1 )
B4c4ttBc.

It follows from the above thrt if a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio,
-".-tiyrfy
then it is parallel to the third side of the triangle and it is.
This fact is stated and proved as a theorem given below and it is the converse of the basic
proportionality theorem.
THE0REM 2 (Conaerse of Basic Proportioyalig Theorem) If a line ilioides any two sides of a triangle
in thesameratio, then thelinemustbeparalled to the thirllside. tNCERfl
cIvEN A A ABC and a line I intersecting AB in D and AC in E, such tha, =
# #
PRooF If possible,let DE be not parallel to BC. Then, there must be another line parallel to
BC.LetDF llBC..
Since DF ll BC. Therefore, from Basic proportionality Theorem, we get
AD
+=_
AF
,iDBFC . . .(i)

But, AD= AE
(Given)
E. EC . ..(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
AF AE
FC EC
AF-AE
_+I---+1 on both.sides]
[Adding 1
FC EC
AF+FC AE+EC Fig.4.9
FC =+

EC
;+ AC. AC :

FC, Ee.
=+ FC=EC
TRIANGLES

ThisisptiiislbleonlywhenFandEcoincidei.e. DFisthelinq/itseli. But, DF BC.

ll

We shall now discuss some examples which will illustrate the applications of the results
discussedso'far. -- I

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
TYPCI BASED ON THE RESULT THAT THE LINE DRAWN PARALLEL TO ONE SIDE OF A
: TRIANGLE TNTERSECTTNG THE OTHER TWO STDES.DIVIDES THEM tN THE SAME RATIO.

EXAMPLE 1 In Fig 4.1.0, PQ is parallel to MN. Y = and KN = 20.4 cm. Find Ke.
# fi
SOLUIION h A K,fN,wehave
PQ llMN

. KP=KQ
PM QN [ByThale'sTheorem]
KP, _ I(Q
PM KN_KQ
4_ KQ
13 20.4 - KQ
.., "4(20.4 - I(Q) = 13 KQ

81.6- 4KQ= 13KQ

MN
Fig.4.10
+ 17 KQ = 81:6

Ke =
# ={.8cm
I
EXAMPLE2 Inagioena,ABC,DE llBCand
# =
f" Opr,r.6;findAE.
SOLUTION InAABCwehave
DE llBc
. AD AE
_=_
DB EC [ByThale'sTheorem]
AD AE
< DB AC_ AE
-=
AE
5 5.6- AE \
-=+
[...ac;5.6]
3 (5.6 - AE) = 549

=) 16.8-3AE=1AE
8AE = 16.8

AE+#cm=2.1cm.
 .: :1.:1;r":iirl'r:::ii j:::1i:;:€r,:-l:i1r;fiirt::lill:ltli:jri:iPitr:i: :

MATHE$f{I :.8
t3
s .In Fig.a.12.DE ll Bg: fAD = x,DB = x 2, AE
- * x +? a*d EC = x - l'M trE Mlyc 6
Ex.ArvrFUE
f, '! ll 'I C,l
C.,,:i::l
SQII.EIOI{ tnAABC,we}tave'&'
DE l!Bc
' eo' ae tBYThnldaflwrtnn!
5; = E :;1-irlf;i$.E.::: ijri::l''"r.'-''-
: r+2 .

+ ' 'uuitn:\1= 15; O(x + 21":"t'

+ Xo-r. 1.2-**x*4 .

* xn.l'err{ SG ,. 3r t&ftdli&
EXAMPLEatntig.4.l3,g{fiaa',y'lt=r-3'4C*2r'BMeX''|?"l4ryd
oalue$x.
SOLtmoh, InAr$C,w.eharre
Ltt{ Fry
/*' :E-"1-B&f
+
lffi!lr*!Y'tTlwrernl
;S€' Afre 'r 1, ':r;.:ri ,,$,

AL=BM
1 Ac- et BS-BM
r-3 x'2
=s' . - ffi5:6s):(r-A
x-l x- 2
+ 'i+3 r+5
:+ -=-
(r - 3)(r + 5) = (r - 2)(r'+ 3)
.:+ x2+?s-15-x2+x-6
+ x=9 :__
pc*r81E5 lrrr8. 4.!4,f'sf fl€e"ryf,e' ;

SOLUTION InAPRQwehave

i;

i: : ':..
lrr "
'..1 i: :: .,

Fig.4.14 :: ri. i:i

sr llQR' i).: i l .: ].
'8S*"'.FF t$yttraHsTh€rrctr,l
as [r
E6-
 .6^'-*;;+*-"--.*:g;"*,".**
ft, .,,-r ,,'f?
-1,

l^'
;'liE,
'i,4, +
--..r*
hq
i--:-
Ef,,-&;&iB 3i!qr ,'i1&r.,

i.!i .1 .+.-.-=
.*q
-+,
"iln,
.'1S -:..
.-i::i,jr:
,

l}'fr ,

rt *.rEs
*49r*i,tiil nniJ sr : I .:r ".'d i i ) ru;S r-:; ip Iln i $i'., r l, rt -r
tGtrffiq
ffi
#'
ns 1€',
s€e':
+t+

l' *''.' i3
r''
{+ .1tr
t+t- "
,, i..:i;.,i.., ,1... ,r**r.';;';S..& , ' ..'..
** sH+g*imi ' ---:t
-
)t
€
(}3
+*
Y-
:'l'

*ffiflhr*- sffi n-+ tyiqr,*" $'P; i', t Ss flttsArj:

i'$t':;"il rr .Bd, *rt *,S* ,il] gsrl.::+" i.-?r krrni h*
*i!!*rrln
pt .JI ,r H'I ,, fts-i
,
, , ti1$***1#;&*E!t**I',,
"./5S
wi"Llss *,,
il tf,H
!{T ST
id-t'
lvri \-T
:r f,\i

,3*;3$i$14
k. ffi'* iIS
?sY: :3?.:
..- ' , : '" ' ' '
1!
'j :w,(iit hnn i ii erroi rar-rFe Jrrlnq
., : :$].,.,,-,67
'\Y.
r:,.<'

.+8,
-ii4
V'r
Jt\

IXT
)1'x"S3'* r..t
,t a..,
. .'::: ..
 .:::;.1 :=*rq-!

4.r0 MATHEMATICS-X

PROOF InAPEF;wehave :: Pr;'

AB ilEr
. PA PB
+=+
AE BF [ByThale,sTheorem]
.: .,. i ...1
'._,._1._,.-

+ = *1 [Addinglonbothsides]
AE*, BF
PA+ AE=-PB+ B'F , ,,.

-AEBF
PE PF ...(0
AE BF
-=-
In APDC, wehav,e
Er llDC
PE PF
[By Basic Proportionality Thgo{err] ,''. . , ,:i .;:..:tr t, ...f(ii)

On dividing equation (i) by equation (il), we get

ryr
AE_BF
E =?F
'.:i '
' ,i,
"

ED FC
ED FC
- Ae-w
-=-
AE BF -'. ..

-EDFC-=-
EXAMPLE 8 kt X be any point on the side BQ.q!.a.!f{gmgj ,gft XfV *g. (rawn pgrllet t9
BA-and CA meeting CA, BA in M, N iespectioeiyi tvfN niiits BC produiia'iit t, proae thit
TXz=TBxTC.
. E; :1 .
SOLUTION InA T)QVl,wehave
xM llBN
TB=-TN ...(0
TX TM
InATMCwehave
xN llcM
TX ?N
TC=_TM .I
1.gi
c

From equations (i) arud (ii), we get -l:

:rri :iiti i :, i'l-i ri.:ri r':'i
TB TX
t'ti:i"li;;':!. - .1']: :!

rx
*=+

Tc , .': '-t ::'

!'.aE
./e
i
t; I ': r

:+ TX2 =TBxTC
:..]
\.*a ilrl i"'''i ll , ; lt'ji.:l f ).:,.ir,i'; j:"lij'
'E
i....1 r
 IT
fnIil$ffCtjg$r'. j:,. 4!Il

EXAMFLE 9 ABCD is a parallelogram, P b'a point on side BC qnd DP. whcn produced meetp.i4B
produedat L. Proaethat
DL
;:;,1,;.1;.:: :
.. DP DC AL
C)fr.=fr (ii) *= Dc .:.:;:"..r,
ei'frEN,'eparallelogr4mABCDinwhichPisapointonsideBCsuchtttatDP,piodlrcedmeets
ABproducedatL.
,I

TOPROV.E
i,
DP DC
(i) Til=E
l i "?i.,,r

(ii)
.i..BEi:;,.;i_AL,i .r:1,:i.
=
,.i.r,:' j

Dp DC
PRooF (i)'InA ALD wehaVe
BP llAD

- LBW
:lJr-:'
BA PD
-=-
.:r.,i I t:
BL PL
-=- A
BL
=,!L
DC-DP [ .'.dts= DCI
.:.. - i ... ,,....-....-...1i
. ' DP DC.. .'.-
__T _
.BL
PL,...
i*itidahb'of Uci th iidesl
(ii) Front'(i),wehave': .,
DP'-_ DC .. .:..; .!ij:.: r:...rj:
PL BL
:l1iDA r,.BL ii,i
=) DP- Dc
PL BL
DP
-=- AB
PL-BL
_+l=_*l
=3 DP AB

: PL DP + BL+ AB
DP =-- AB
lDPAB
DL AL
-=-
DL AL
L": AB = DC]
- .DP DC
ri'. -=- i -,'
-- j:iir
,i: BF
ro' jl" r iS. 4.1s, EF I AB ll Dq: P rgrl !ry!.
exawd'riu I
ED ,,fc: i,;i .. : l t,;
INCERT]
=:i t:1.;.'1i:.":l :1.::
SoLUTION iw"fiave,
EF llAB llDC
+ u il Pct'EP
TtiG;i{iieiE,w'ehava ',: i.,. .:
:."i :ir1
::r',:11r!l tlr! .;'.,- ..t:.:'.r. ."i .r .-i ..-...
-.
l.i i\ :: ,i'.
EP llDC
 *12

fherefore, Uybasic propbrtionality theo*em, we have

AE
in--AP
rc ...(i)
Agan, EFllAB llDC
* , rP llAB
Thtrs,i:n A QtB,wehave
FP llBA
Ttrerefore, by basic proportionality theor€m, we have
BF
_-_ ,4P
FCrc ... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
AE _
_.= BF
ED FC
ExAMpLEll rnFig.4.2o,ifpQ llBldndpR llCD.prooettut@#
= * Gl
ffi= #
ICBSE2O1OI
SOLUflON InAABCwehave
pe IJBC, , [Givent
l}rcrefore, by basic proportionality theorem, we have
AQ=N
AB AC ... (i)
[rAACD,wehave
PR llcD
1lhrcfore, by basic propofionality theorem, we have
AP
-r: . ,i..
AC-AR
AD ...(ii)
From (i) dnd (ii), we obtain that
AQ fi.n fi
AB= AD --' AD=AQ
AB
(ii) From(i)wehave
, , ,e
eR.
=
AB AD
AB AD
_=_
-AQAR
AQ+QB-AR+RD=r*@
=:) AQ AR -' AQ
.RD
=l+-=
gq_pR
.eR AQ AR

EXAMPLE 12 In Fig. 4.21., DE llAC ond Oi 11af.

proUe that
BE
EC-BC
CP [cBsE2msl
SOLUIION InA BPA,wehave
DC UAP [Given] E

Fig.4.21
 4.13
mrANCinb

Therefore, bybasic proportionality theorem, we have

BC
CP-BD
,'(i)
DA '

InA BC.r{,wehave
DE llAc [Given]
Therefore, by basic proportionality theorem, we have
BE _BD .. .(ii)
EC DA
From (i) and (ii), we get
BC BE BE BC
CP EC 'EC CP
-=-or,-=-:=
EXAMPLE 13 ln DE ll BC and CD ll
F ig. 4.22, EF' Proae that Aff = ABx'AF. ICBSE2007l
S0LUTION', LrA ABC wehave
DE llBC
AB AC .. .(i)
AD AE
-=-
InAADC,wehave
rE llDc
: AD AC .. .(i1)
AF AE
-=-
From(i)and (ii),weget
AB AD
ao=E
=+ Aff = ABx AF
Type lI PROBLEITIS BASED UPON PROPOBTIONALITYTTIEOREM AND ITS,CONVERSE

EXAMPLE 14 D and E are respectiaely the points on the sides AB and AC of a L'ABC such that
AB=S:5cm,AD=L.Acm,AC=7.2cmandAE=\.Scm,showtlwtDE llBC'',
SOLUTION Wehave, A
AB = 5.5 cm, AD = 1.4 cm, AC =7'2 cm and AE = 1'8 cm'
BD = AB- AB =(5.6- 1.4) cm = 4.2cm :

and,
Ee = AC- AP = (7.2- 1.8) cm = 5.4 cm
1 -AE L.8
Now' AD 1,4 1
= =-ifld-=-=-
DB Lz 3----EC 5.4 3
AD AE
lDBEC
-=- AB and AC of A ABC in the same ratio. rig. +.eg
Thus, DE divides sides
Therefore,by the converse of Basic Pro-portionality Theorem, we have
DE llBc
EXAMPLE 1s Any point X inside L, DEF is ioined to its vertices. From a point P inDX; PQ-:d::'"
parattettoDEmeeiingxratQandQRisdriwnparattettaEFmeeting*.f^fll'ri##$r[frl,

cIvEN A A DEF and a point X inside it. Point X isioined to thevertie es D, Eand F. F'is any
pointonDX. PA ll DE and QR ll Er.
 4.14
MATHEMATICS-X

roPRovE PR llDr
CONSTRUCTION JoinPR.
PROOF trAXED,wehave
PQ llDE
xP=xQ ...(i) [ByThale'sTheorem]
Ina xrE,wf,Ru.,"Q'
QR llEr E
. xQ=xR
QE RF ...(ii) [ByThale'sTheorem]
From (i) and (ii), we have
XP XR
-=*
Thus, in A XFD, points R and P are dividing sides XF and XD in the same ratio. Therefore, by
the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have
PR llDF
EXAMPLE16 Two triangles ABC and DBC lie on the same side of the base BC. Erom a point p ott
B::PllABandPR llBDaredrawn.TheymeetACineandDCinRrespiectiaely.proaethat
QR lleD
GI\rEN ABC and.DBC lie on the same side of the base BC. Points p,
A.-higgl"l pe e and R are
points on BC AC andCD
, respectively such that pR ll BD and ll AB.
roPRovE QR llAD
PROOF IrrAABCwehave

PQ llAB

. cP
PB=cQ
QA
.. .(i) [By Basic Proportionality Theorem]
InA BCD,wehave D

PR llBD
CP CR
PB. RD
...(ii) [ByThale's Theorem]
From (i) and (ii),wehave
CQ CR
_=_ BPC
QA RD Fig.4.25
Thus, in A ACD, Q and R are points on AC and CD respectively such that
CQ CR
QA RD
:+ QR IIAD [By the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem]
EXAMPLE 17 ABCD is a quadrilateral; P,
Q, R and S are the points of trisection of sides AB, BC, CD
alrd oa re.svectryely and are adiacent to A and C; proue that peRS isi parallelogiam.
gryry AquadrilatetalABCDinwhichP,Q,RandSarethepointsoftrisectionofsidesAB,
B C, CD and D Arespec tively ancl are adjacent to A and C.
roPRovE PQRSisaparallelogrami.e.,pe llSRand
eR llpS. .

CONSTRUCTION JoinAC
TRIANGLES 4.15

PRoor SinceP,Q,RandSarethepoinbofkisectionof,AB,BC,cDandDAreryeetively,
BP =2PA,BQ=2QC,DR= 2 RC
D
and, DS=2SA
InAADCwehave
DS 2SA DR 2RC
SA=+=2and,-,'i=---:=/
SA - -_-'' RC RC
DS DR
SARCS
-=-
:+ S and R divide the,sides DA and DC respectively
. in the same ratio.
:+ SR llAC ...(0
tBy the converse of Thale's Theorem]
brAABCwehave
BP zPA BO 2(T
PA
_=+

PA =2
and
#=# =,
BP _BQ
< 'pA ec
:+ ' , , P and Q divide the sides Bi and BC respectively in the same ratio,
=) PQ llAC . . .(i0 , [By the converse of Thale's lheorem]
From,equations (i) and (ii),'we have
.' 'SR llAC and PQ llec
*, SR llPQ
Siinilarly, by joining BD, we can prove that
+ QR llPs
Hence, PQRS is i parallelogram.
EXAMPLE 18 Let ABC be a triangle and D and E be tzoo points on side
AB such that AD = BE. lf DP llBC and Ee llAC, then proae that
PQ llAB.
SOLUTION InAABCwehave
DPllBCand EQIIAC
AD AP ,BE BQ
DB PC EA OC
-=-ancl_=_ Fig.4.27
AD _ AP ^_, AD BQ
_=_ancl IEA=ED+DA=ED+BE.=BD1
DB PC DB QC It'. eo = ne1 ]
AP _BQ
PC QC
:+ In a A ABC, P and Q divide sides cA and cB respectively in the same ratio.
PQ llAB.
4.16
MATHEMATIGS-X

EXAMpLE rg ln a :
L ABC, D anil E are points on sidrr AB and AC rupectiuely sttrjh tlwt BD * CE. lf

SOLUTION [rAABCwehave
/B= ZC
+ AC=.AB [Sides opposite to equal anghi
are eqtml]

+ AE+EC= AD +DB
+ AE+CE=AD+BD
=t AE+CE=AD +CE
+ AE=AD
Thus,wehave
AD=AEandBD=CE
. AD AE
BD
-=- CE
AD AE
lDBEC
-=-
+ DE llBC [By the converse of Thalels Theoreml
sxAlinruu zo In Fig. 4.2g, ABC is'a triangle in which AB = AC. Points D antE,are points on tlu
sidesABandAcrc$ecfioelysuchthatAD =ee'smwtwttlwpintsB;c'EanilDarqconqclic'
SOLUTION In order to frole that the points B,C,E and D'areconcyclic, it issufficimt to
showthatZ ABC+ICED=180" and ZACB+ZBDE=180.. ,A

LnAABCwehave
AB=ACandAD=AE
+ AB-AD=AC-AE
=+ DB=EC
Thus,wehave
AD=AEand DB=EC
AD AE gC
lDBEC
-=- Fig.4.29
+ DE llBc
[By the converse of Thale's Theorem] .:
:+ ZABC=ZADE [Cortesponding angles]
:+ I ABC+ ZBDE= Z ADE+ IBDE [Adding Z BDEonboth sides]
+ Z ABC+ ZBDE=180.
+ ZACB+ZBDE=180o l.; AB = AC .'. Z ABC = Z ACBI
Again, DE llBC
ZACB=ZAED
=
+ Z ACB+ ZCED= I AED + ICED [Adding Z CED onboth sides]
+ ZACB+ZCED=1g0o
 TRIAhIGTES ,
4:r7"

+ ZABC+ ZCED,=78O" l
[.,. Z ABC=ZACBI
Thus, BDEC is quadrilateral such that Z ACB + I BDE = 1g0o
and ' ZAW,+ ICED = 180o .: , , ,

Therefore,BDECisaryclicquadrilateral.Hence,B, C EandDareconcyclicpoints; , .. , . ,

EXAIVIPLE 2t fhe i;ide

ll of a triangle ABC is bisected at D; O is any point in AD.: BO and CO
producedmeet ACanil AB inEand F i*pectiaety a(f.Aailfraducedtixso
that Disthemti-paint
of OX. Prwe that AO : AX = AF : AB and shmt ttitt f f
11 AC.'
SOLUTION JoinBXandCX.
Wehave,
' BD=CDand OD=DX,
Thus, BCandOXbisecteachother.
+ OBXCisaparallelogram.
=i BX llCOand CX ll BO
+ Bx lf CFandCx ll BE
:+ BX llOFandCX ll OE
trAAB&wehave
Bx lloF
: AO
_=_ AE
,AX AB ...G)
LrAACX,wehave
cx lloE
AO AE
_=_ x
AX AC .. .(ii)
From equations (i) (ii), we get Fig.4.30
AE AE
_=_
AB AC
Thus, E.p{F ale Points onAB and ACsuch tfr{they divjde.AB and ACrespectively in the
same ratio. Therefore, by the converse of rhale's Theoiem FE
| | BC.

EXAMPLE22 ln
AD BE
if z
6 =
Fig. 4.31,
n and CDE = z CED,prwe that L, CAB is isosceres.
SOLUTION InAABC,wehave
AD _BE
DC - EC [Given]
Therefore, by the converse of basic proportionality theorem, *e
have,
DE llAB
:+ ZCDE= ZCABandZCED= ZCBA
[Corresponding angles]
But, ZCDE=ZCED IGiven]
ICAB=ZCBA
Fig.431
= ZA=ZB
4.18 MATHEMATIES;X

:9 B€=AC [... Sides oppositeio equal angles are equal]

=+ L CAB is isosceles.
EXAMPLE 23 ln Fig. 4.32, if DE ll AQ and DF ll AR. Prooe thnlrgf I l:QR. INCERE.CBSE20oSI
SOLUTION InAPQA,wehave 'P'
. ,,DE llAQ ,,.
lGjvenl
Tlierefore;by basiiproportionality theorem, we have
PE PD ...(,
EQ DA
-=-
hrA PAR,wehave
DF llAD IGveri
Therefore, by basic proportionality theorem, we have
PD _PF
o. R
...(ii)
DA TR Fig.4.32
From (i) and (ii),wehave
PE _PF
EQ FR r,
=+ EF llQR [By the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem]
D',.
24 ln E = 2! and Z PST = Z PRQ. Protte that A PQR is an isosceles
EXAMPLE " 'sQ
Fig. 4.33,
TR
triangle. IN.ERTI
SOLUTION Wehave,
P
?S
sQ=Pr
rR
- t- I
Bv usins the converse of Basic
I ST llQR fniopo.tio"ulty Theorem ]
+ ZPST= IPQR lcorrespondinganglesl
+ 'ZPRQ,=ZPQR l': tPST=ZPnQ(Given)l
['.' Sides opposite to equal
' I
=+ PQ = PR I angtus aL equal J

:+ A PQR is isosceles.
ExAMpLE2s,lnFig.4.34,A,BandCarepointsonOP,OQandORrespectiuelysuchthatAB_llPQ
andBC ll QR.Showthnf AC ll PR. INCERT]
SOLUTION hrA OPQwehave
AB llPQ
OA
__=-OB ... (i)
AP BQ
InAOQR,we.have
Bc llQR
oB, .oc
,..(i0
BQ CR

Fig.4.34
 TRIANGI.ES
4.19
From(i)and(ii),weget
oA oc
#=a
Thus, z{ and c are points on sides
op and oR respectivery of AopR, such
OA&
_=_
that

:+ AP CR
eC llPR
[UsingtheconverseofBpTl

1. Irr,a AABC, D and E are points EXEBCiF,E 4.2

on the sides AB and AC respoctivery
DE llBc. such that
(i) If AD = 6 cm, DB = 9cm and AE g cm,
find1g. =

#= I undAC= 15cm,findAE.
Oil If -

(iii) If
# =f anaaC= 18cm,findeE.
(tv) lt AD = 4, AE = g, DB x 4,and
= - EC = 3x _79,find r
.(u) lt-AD = 8 cm, AB = 12 cm ,iaii = tZcm, find CE.
.(Tl I{AD = 4 crn, DB- = E.s"^ u"a ar
(vii) Il AD = 2 cm, AB= O u"a g
=;;;dil;6.'
aC = Jor, find AE.
"-
(viii) If EC=2.5cm
# =U1
"r,a ,hndAE.
(tx) It AD = x, DB = x 2, AE x + 2emd
- = EC = r _ 1, find the value of
r.
(x) If AD = 8r- 7,DB
=5x-3,aE:*y-3-.raic
(xi) If eD = 4x - 3, AE = gx i, AO I iirl iiliil*"
vatue of r.
- = U _1 and CE = 5r _ 3, find the volume r.
(xii) If AD = 2.5 cm,BD 3.0 cm and tcBsE 20021
= AE = 3.75 cm, ffnd the length of AC.

2' In a L ABC, D and lcBsE2006cl

E are points on the sides ,*B and
followingcases show thai Of .,{c respectivery. For each of the
f l BC:
(i) AB =.12 cm, AD = g cm, Ai= 12
cm and AC = Lg cm.
(O eB = 5.5 cm, AD = 1.4 cm, eC i.i-
(iii) eB = 10.8 cm, BD = 4.g cm, AC= 4.g"^and AE = 1.g cm.
=
cm and AE = 2.g cm.
(iv) AD =5.7 cm, BD = 9.5cm, AE
= 3J
3. In a L ABC, p and are points
e AB
"*;;;;:i;:;.''
on sides
pe liBc.lf Ap l.Q, g1n,Ae and AC
rcspectively, such that E
QC=3"*l"aAC=Ocm,frnd eeanafg. = cm,
= 2
I

.;-iifr?:rfxiil{:Td;ff:3i$,{#;#
s. hFig.4.35,stateif pe ll fr.
5. Mand Nare pointson t!9_9ides .Pe
and pR respectvely of
I
a A PQR. For each of the followingiases,
statre whetherMA/ F
II QR:
Fig.4.35
4.20 MATHEMATICS-X

(i) PM= 4cm,QM = 4.5cm,PN=4 cm,NR =4.5 cm

(ii) PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56cm, PM = 0.16 cm, PN = 0'32 cm
Z. t rltt tine segmen ts OA,OB, and OC, points L, M, N respectively are so chosen that
"ee BCbutneither ofl,M,Nnor of A,B,carecollinear.showthat
LMll AB and-aaru ll
LN ll Ac.
S. If D and E are points on sides A.B_ l"d AC respectively of " ,IfIS-:::\P'
DE ll BC and BD . cE. Prove that A ABC is isosceles.
[cBsE 2002 20091

AA'SWEFS
1. (i) 20cm (ii) 5.43cm (iii) 72cm (iv) 11cm (v) 5cm
(vi) 17cm (vii) 3cm (viii) 2qm (xi) r=4 (x) r=1
(xi) 1 (xii) 8.25cm 3. AB=6cm,PQ=2.4cm
4. DB=3.5cm,CE=4.8cm 5. No 6. (i) Yes (ii) Yes

HINTS TO SELECTED PNOBLEM

8. ByThale'sTheorem P = # - AD = AE
BD EC
Now BD=CEandAD=AE
AD+BD= AE+CE+ AB= AC

4.5 INTERNAL AND EXTEBNAL BISECTORS OF AN ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE

h this section, we will derive some properties of intemal and extemalbisectorsof anangle of
a triangle. These, properties will be stated and proved as theorerns
[.et us firstperform the following activity.

ACTIVITY Drawanyangle ZXAY andmarkpoints PyP2,P3,Pa,P5andBonitsarmAXsuch

thatAPl=P1P2=prp-= P3Pa=PaP5=pufi=lunit.Also,markpointsQt,Qz,Q3andConarm
AYsueh that AQr = QrQz= QzQs = Q3C = 1 unit.

Wehave,
AB
AC=942
=?
Drow bisectro r of. Z XAY tointersect BC at D.

Measure lengths BD and DC and compute

BD.
Yo,r*illfindthat
DC
BD3
DC2
-=- P3

. AB BD Fig.4.36
AC DC
-=-
Thismeansthattttebisector of Z Aof L,ABCdividesoppositesideBCrntherado AB:AC.
This fact is stated and proved as a theorem given below.
TRJANGLES 421

I
THEOBEM The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle,ilioides the opposite side .intetnatly in the
rat:io of the sides containing the angle.

cIvEN AAABCinwhich ADis theinternalbisector of / A

and meets BCinD,
BD AB i
TOPROVE
x, = Ac
coNSTRUcTIoN Draw CE lf DA tomeetBAproducedin E.
PROOF SinceCE ll DA and, ACcuts them.
...(l)
[Alternate angles]
and, , Z'1,= 24 .. .(ii)
[Corresponding angles]
But, Z'L= Z2 [... AD is the,bisector of Z A]
From(i)and(ii),weget ,BDC
23= Z4
Fig.4.37
Thus,inAACE,wehave
Z3= 14 a

+ AE=AC .. .(iii) [Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]

Now,inA BCE, wehave
DA ll cE
.BD , BA
IDcAE [Using Basic Proportionality Theorem]

lDcAc BD AB
t.; BA=AB andAE=AC (From (iii)l
-=_
Hence,
BD AB
DC= AC
In order to see whether the converse of the above theorem is true onhot; Let us perform the
following activity.
ACTIVITY Draw any an gle Z XAY and mark points P1, P2, P3, P" P5and B on its arm AX such
that APr = PlPr= Prpr= PgPa = PaP5 =P5B = 1 ulrit. Also, mafk,Points Qr, Q, and C on arm AY
such that AQ t = QrQz= Q2C = 1 unit. Join BC. Compute A B : AC.
Wehave,
AB = 6units and AC = Sunits.
AB62
AC 3 t
Divide BC into 3 (= 2 + 1) equal parts and mark the
points of division as R and D.
Wehave,
BD = BR + RD= 2 units and CD = 1 unit.
BD=? I

' cD 1 ' :l
That is D divides BC in the ratio 2 : 1. l Fig.4.38
 MATI-IEMATICS=X

loinAD and measure Z XAD arrd Z YAD.

You will find that Z XAD and Z YAD.That is, AD is the bisecto r of I BAC of L ABC.
Thismeansthatif DisapointonsideBCof AABCzuchthatitdividesBCinthe ratroAB:AC.
Then, AD is the bisector of Z A of L^ ABC.
Westate andprove this factas a theorem givenbelow

THEOREI/ 2 In a triangle ABC, if D is a point on BC such that ! =

g, proae that AD is the

oll
ln a triangle ABC, if D is a point on BC such that D diztides BC in the ratio AB : AC, then AD is the
bisectorof ZA
OR
If alinethrough oneaertex of a triangle diaides the opposite sides in the ratio oJother two sides, then
the line bisects the angle at the aertex.

cIvEN A L ABC,inwhichDisapointonBCsuchthat =
# #
TO PROVEADis thebisector of Z A.
CONSTRUCTION Produce BA to E such that AE = AC. Join EC.
PRooF hrAACE,wehave
AE= AC [By construction]
:+ 13= 14 ...(0
BD AB
Now, DC
=
AC
BD AB
_=_
-DCAE
Thus,inA BCE,wehave
BD BA
_=_
DC AE
Therefore, by the converse of Basic Proportionality
Theorem,wehave
DA ll cE
=e l'1, = Z 4 .. . (ii) [Corresponding angles]
and, Z2= Z3 ...(iii) [Altemateangles]
But, 13= Z4 [From(i)]
21,= Z2 tFrom(ii)and(iii)l BDC
Hence, ADisthebisectorof Z A. Fig.4.39
Q.E.D.
BEMARK In the pratious tzlo th*orems tne haae seen that the internal bisector of an angle of a triangle
dbides the opposite side in the ratio of the sides containing the angle and uice-aetsa. ln the
following
theorem, we shall proae that the bisector of the exterior of an angle of a triangle diaides the opposiie
sideexternallyintheratioofthesidescontainingtheangle. . ,, .
TRIANGLE$ L23

TI{EOBEM 3, The,externalbisector of an angleof a trianglediaidu the opposite side e*terlqlly,inthe

ratio of the sides containing the angle.
cIvEN A LABC, in which AD is the bisector of the . , ,:: , :.,
exterior of angle Z A and intersects BC produced
inD.

TOPROVE
BD AB
cD= AC
CONSTRUCTIoN'Draw CE | | DAmeetingeBinE.
PROOF SinceCE ll DAandACintersectsthem.
ZL= Z3
Also, CE f i E a and BK intersects therri.
22= Z4 c r'... ,D

21.= 22
l-'.' AD is the bisector of I Fig.4.40
But,
I zcex
'.
zL=zz )
Z3= Z4 :[From(i) and (ii)]
Thus,inAACE,wehave
23= 24
+ AE=AC
Now,inA BADwehave
Ec ll AD
. BD BA
CD EA [Using corollary of Basic P.roportional.ity .{heorenr
-=- J

BD AB
CD AE l.;BA=ABandEA=AEl
-=-
g .CDAC
BD AB
l...AE=AC,From(iii)l
-=-
Q.E.D.
Thefollowingexampleswillillustratetheapplicationsoftheaboveresults.
,,' : ..

ILLUSTBATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE t lnFig 4.41, AD isthebisector of ZA.lf BD =4cm,DC= 3 cmanit'AB = 5cm,
determineAC
SOLUTION Ir.L ABC, ADisthebisector of I A.
BD
_=_ .AE

DC AC
+
46
3AC
4AC=18
o
AC=lcrn=4.5cm.
.2
4.24 MATHEMATICS*X

EXAMPTE 2 .' In'Fig. 4.4?, ,4D is tlii bisectot$ I,BAC; I\,AB * tA cnr. AC = 74 cm snil W = 5 an>
ftndBDandDC.
SOLT TION LdtBD = xcrn. Then, DC= (6Lr)cm.
Since AD is tlre bisector of Z A.
.ABBD_=_
AC 'W
+ 10= r
74 6-x
+ !=
7 6-x'
+ 3A -Sx =7x [...AC=5.61
+ 12x= 30
h
Fig.4.42
= ,=i.=2.5cm
:+ BD = 2.5 cm and, DC = (5 - r) cm L (5 :2.S) cm = 3.5 cm
EXAMPLE L ' Tke bisecnr of interior Z A of L, ABC meets BC in D, and the biseetm of exterior Z A
meets BCproduced in E. Prooe that P = 2. :

cIvEN lni A,BC ADandAEar""?#f,rythebisecrorsof theinteriorandexteriorangles

atA
BD _CD
TOPROVE
BE CE
PROOF SinceADis theinternalbisector of ZA
meetingBCatD. ' l

AB
AC.-BD
DC
...(0
Since AE is the external bis ector of Z Ameeting
BCproducedinE.
AB
\ *=- BE
AC CE
. ..(ii)
From(i)and(ii),weget
, _E_
DC CE
BD _CD
- BE CE
EXAMPLE 4', If the itiagonal BD of a quadrilateral,AB1D bisects both lB:and Z.D, show that
AB AD
BCg-J-
cIvEN AquadrilateralAECDinwhichthediagonalBDbisecbz BandzD. :

TOPROVE
AB AD
fr.=
CD
CONSTKTTION |oinACintierseeting BD in O.
TRI.ANGLES. 4:25

PRoor I^ A ABC,BOis thebisector of Z B.

D c
AO.BA,
oc Bc
: 'ocBc OA AB
;. .(i)
-=-
In A ADC, DO is thebisector of Z D.
AO
*g-
DA
f,.r, : ':r':'. 1'!
OC DC
'

, Fig.4.44
+ OA AD
...(ii)
OC CD
-=-
From(i)and(ii),weget : l

AB
BC-AD
CD
EXAMPLE s ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = A.D. The bisectot of IBAC ind ZCAD
intersect thesidaBCandCD atthepointsEandE respectioety.Prooetlmt EF gD.
ll
cIYEN A quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = AD and the bisectors of Z BAC aYd, I CAD

roPRovE Er ll BD
CONSTRUCTION Join4C, BD and EF.
PRooF In L CAB, AEis thebisector of I BAC.
AC
"-?:. CE .....(i)
AB BE
In L ACD, AF is the bisector of Z CAD.
AC CF
.ADDF
AC CE A .B
+ J=-
AB DF l.; AD=ABI ...(ii)
Fig.4.45
From (i) and (ii), we get
CE CF
-=-
BE- DE
CE CF
- EB FD
-=-
Thus, in A CBD, E and F divide the sittes'CB and CD respectively in the same ratio. Therefore,
by the converse of Thale's Theorem, we have
EF llBD.
EXAMrLE6 O isanypoint insideatrianglcABC.Thebisectorof Z AOB, ZBOCand ZCOAmeet

ADxBExCF=DB xECxFA
SOLUTION l^L AOB, ODis thebisector of I AOB. ,

OA AD
OB
-=- DB
426 MATHEMATICS:X

ln L BOC, OE is thebisec tor of Z BOC.

OB BE
.. .(ii)
OC EC
hA COA, OJis thebisector af / COA.
OC CF'
...(ii0
OA FA.
Multiplying the correspending sides of (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
.oAoBocADBECF B ,,. E c
_x_x_=_-x_x_
.OBOCOADBECFA Fig.4.46

+ .ADBECF
l=-x-x-
DB EC FA
:+ DBx EC xFA= AD x BE x CF
:+ ADxBE xCF= DBxECxFA
EXA.MPLE 7 AD is a median of L ABC, The bisector of Z ADB and Z ADC weet AB anit AC in. E
andF respectiaely. Prouethat EF ll BC.
GIVEN In A ABC- AD is the median and DE and DF are the bisectors of I ADB and ./. ADC
respectively, meeting AB and AC in E and F respectively.
roPRovE EE llBC
PROOF In L ADB, DE is thebisector of I ADB.
AD _AE
...(D
DB EB
In L ADC, DF is thebisector of I ADC.
AD AF
'

DC
-+-
FC
AD AF ...(,U l': ao
aOisthemedianl e DC
DB
=
FC l:. = p6 l :.1

Fi1.4.47
From (i)and(ii),weget
AE-AF
EB FC
Thus, in A ABC, line segment EF divides the sides AB and AC in.the same ratio.

EXAMPLE 8 In L ABC, D is the mid-point of BC and ED is the bisector of the Z ADB and EF is
drawn paralleJ to BC cutting AC in E: Proae that I
EDF is a r,Lght angle , .

GIVEN A L ABC in which D is the mid-point of side BC and ED is the bisecto r of Z AbB;,
meeting AB in E. EF is drawn parallel to BC meeting AC in E
To PRovE I EDF is afightangle.
PROOF InL ADB, DEis thebisec tor of I ADB.
AD AE
DB
-=_ EB
TRIANGLES 4.27

AD
DC
AE
EB
...(i) 1... or = oc '.
['.' D is the mid-point of BCI
l
InAABCwehave
EF ll Bc

+ AE AF
-:= ...(ii)
= ==
EB FC
(i)
From and (ii), we get
AD _AF
DC FC
:+ InAeDC,DFdividesACintheratio'AD :DC
:+ Df isthebisxtorof I ADC B.DC
Thus, DE and DF are the bisectors of adjacent supplementary Fig.4.48
angles Z ADB:and Z ADC respectively.
Hence, Z EDFis a right angle.
ExAMrLE ln a quadrilateral ABCD, if bisectors of the I ABC and I ADC meet on the diagonal
9
Z BAD and'Z BCD will meet on the diagonal BD .
AC, prooe that the bisectors of :.
'

cIvEN ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the bisectors 9f I ABC and Z ADC meet on the
diagonalACatP.
To PRovE Bisectors of Z BAD arrd Z BCD meet on the diagonal BD
coNsTRUcTIoN |oin BP and DP. Let the bisector of ZBAD meet BD at Q. Join AQ
andCQ.
pRooF In order to prove that the bisectors of Z BAD and I BCD meet on the diagonal BD. It is
sufficient to prove that CQ is the bise ctor of Z BCD. For which we will prove tt-rat Q divides
BDintheratioBC:DC.
In L ABC, BP is the bis ectot of Z ABC.
AB AP ...(0
BC PC
In L ACD,DP is the bis eclor of I ADC.

. AD AP .. .(ii)
DC PC
-=-
From (i) and (ii), we get A
AB
BC-AD DC
AB BC
<ADDC .. .(iii) B
-=-
ln L ABD, AQ is the bise ctor of Z BAD.
Fig.4.49

[Byconstruction]

:+
AB
-. lp .'.(iv)
AD DQ
From (iii) and (iv), we get
BC BQ
<DCDQ
48 MATHEMATICS-X

Thus,inA CBD, QdividesBDintheratio CB: CD. Therefore, CQis thebisectorsof Z BCD.

Hence, bisectors of I BAD and I BCD meet on the diagonal BD.
EXAMPLE 10 lf the bisector of an angle of a triarcgle bisects the opposite side , proae that the triangle
isisosceles. ICBSE 20d21
cIvEN h A eBC, the bisector AD of z A bisects the side BC. A
TOPROVE ,48=AC
PROOF lnL ABC, ADis thebisector of Z A.

AB BD
Ag
-=_ Dc
AB ID is the mid-point of BCI
AC
-
-
I.
l.'. ao = ac l BDC
:+ AB= AC
Fig.4.50
Hence, the triangle ABC is isosceles.
EXAMPLEIl lnL'ABC,thebisectorof ZBmeetsACatD.AlinePQll ACneetsAB,BCandBDat
P, Q and Rrespectioely. Shout that
0 PR.BQ=QR.BP (ii) ABxCQ=BCxAP
GIVEN AABCinwhichBDisthebisector otZ'Band,alinePQ ll ACmeetsAB,BCaidBDatp,
Q and R respectively.
roPRovE (i) PR.BQ=QR.BP (ii) ABxCQ=BCx,4P
PRooF (i) hA BQfl BRis thebisectorof Z B.
BQ=QR
'BP PR
+ BQ.PR=BP.QR
PR. BQ= QR. BP
=
(i) hAABC,wehave
PQ ll Ac [Given]
AB
=) AP-cB
CQ
[ByThale'sTheorem]
Fig.4.51

:+ ABxCQ=BC.AP
EXAMPLE12 ln L, ABC, if AD is thebisector of Z A,proae that:
Area(AABD) AB
Area (AACD)
=
AC
SOLUTION Ir:.L ABC,AD is thebisectorof Z A.
AB _BD
AC DC
.. .(r)

FromA,draw ,tLIBC,
. Area (AABD) _ (1/2)BD.AL
Area (AACD) (1,/2)DC . AL
TRIANGIIES}; 4.29

Area(AABD) _ BD
+ A""a(AACD
- DC
Area(AABDI
+ - AB
.Ai*6r4cD-Ac [From(i)]

EXAMrLE 13 The bisectors of the angles B and C of a triangle ABC, meet the oVposite stdes in D rnd
E res.pectivel.y. WE ll BC" proae that the trtnngle is isoscela.
cIvEN AAABCinwhichthebisectorcof lBandZCmeetthe A
sidesACandAB atD and E respectively.
TOPROVE AB=AC
CoNSTRUCTTON JoinDE
PRooF ln L ABC, BDis thebisector of Z B.
,48 AD
BC=-DC
.. .(i)

lnLABC,CEisthebisector of ZC. B c
AC AE ...(ii) ' Fig'4'53
--=__
BC BE
Now DE ll BC
+' AE AD [Bytheconverseofrhale'sTheorem]' ...(iii)
=
BE-
- - \-DC
From (iii), we find the RHS of (i) and (ii) are equal. Therefore, their LFIS are alsg equal i. e.,
AB AC
BC BC
-=-
:+ AB=AC
Hence, A.ABCisisosceles.
EXAMpLE ril ln L ABC, Z B =2 Z C and thebisectm of Z B intersech AC at D. Prooe that
BD BC
DA BA
-=-.
SOLUIION h A ABC, bisec tor of Z B meets AC at D.

CD BC
AD BA
-=
BD
AD '# 123,3?trBr: BD=cDl

+ BD BC Fig.4.54
DA
-=- BA
EXAMPLEIs lnFig.4.55, Z BAC =9A", AD isitsbisector.If DE LAC,proae that
DE x(AB + AC)= AB x AC.
SOLUTION Itis given thatAD isthebisectorof I A of L' AEC.

, AB _BD
AC DC
+ AB-BD 1 onboth sides]
ng+t=Dc*t [Adding
4.30 MATHEMATICS-X

AB+ AC _BD+DC
AC DC

a AB+AC _BC
AC DC
...(i)
Ind'sCDEandCBr{,wehave,,,
. ZDCE=ZBCA=ZC ICommon]
ZBAC= ZDEC . [Eachequal.togO.J
' B ,:'r, ,,,., D , G
So, by AA-criterion of similarity, wL have
ACDE -ACBA Fig.4.5S

<
CD DE
CB BA
---
AB-B1
=+ DE DC
From (i) and (ii), we have
AB+ _=_AC
t
AB
AC DE
+ ,. DE x:(AB + AC)= /3,1a9
EXAMPLE 16 BO and CO are respectiaely the bisectors of Z B and Z C of L' ABC.,a'AO produced
meetsBCatP.Shuathat : .

(i) ABt . AO.

(ii) AC AO
(iii)
AB BP
_=_
rp'= b*r, cp=*' AC PC
(iv) APr's thebiseitoiof ZBAC:
soLUTroN (0 In A ABp, BO is the bisector of Z B
AB AO
BP OP
(ii) InA ACP, OCis thebisqtor of Z C
AC
CP-AOOP
(iii) Wehave,provedthat
AB AO .AC AO
-:=-=---ancl-=-
BP OP CP OP
:+ Aq
BP-Ac
CP
AB _BP
=5 AC PC
(iv) As proved aboiie that in A ABC, we have
AB= BP AP is the bisector oI ./ BAC.
-:- =+
-AC CP
EXERCTSE 4.3
1. In a A AB C, AD is the bisector of lA,meetrng side BC at D.
(, lf Bb = 2.5 cm, AB= 5 cmand AC = 4.2cm, find DC.
(ii) If BD =2cm,AB=Scmand DC=3cm,findAC.
(iii) If AB = 3.5 cm, AC = 4.2 cm and DC = 2.Bcm, find BD.
TRIANGLES 4.31

(iv) trfAB = 10cm, AC = 1.4cm and BC = 6cm, find BD and DC.

(v) If 4C= 4.Zcm,DC=5cmandBC=10cF,findeB. :

(vi) IfAB= 5.6cm,AC - 5cmand DC=3cm, find BC. lcBsE2001cl

:

(vii) If AD = 5.6 cm, BC = 6 cm an d BD = 3.2 cm, find AC. lcBsE2001cl

(viii) If AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 12 cm, find BD and DC. lcBsE200ll
2. In Fig. 4.57, AE is the bisector of the exterior ZCAD meeting BC produced in E. If
AB ='1,0 c.m, AC = 6 cm and BC: 12 cm, find CE.

Bl2CrcmE BDC
Fig.4.57 Fig.4.58

3. In Fig. 4.58, a ABC is a triangle zuch tha t

# =
ff ,, B = 7Oo, z C = 50o. Find.z BAD.

"ABBD
4. InA ABC (Fig. 4.59r,11 21. = Z2,provethat 46 =
DC.

BDC
Fig.4.59
5, D, E and F are the points on sides BC, CA and AB respectively of A ABC such that AD
bisects lA,BEbis*ts ZBand CFbisects ZC.lf AB=5cm,BC =8cmand CA =4cm,
determineAF,CEandBD.
6. In Fig. 4.6Q check whether AD is flre bise ctor of Z A of L, ABC
in each of the following:
(i) eB = 5 cm,AC = 10 cm, BD = 1.5 cm and CD = 3.5 cm
(ii) AB =4cm,AC= 5cm, BD =1.6cmand CD =2.4cm
(iii) dB = 8 cm,AC =24cm, BD = 6 cm and BC ='24 cm
(iv) AB =5cm,AC= 8cm, BD =L.icmand CD = 2cm
(v) AB = 5 cm,AC = 12cm, BD = 2.5cm and BC = 9 cm
7. In Fig. 4.60, AD bisects ZA, AB = 12 cm, AC = 20 cm and
BD=5cm,determineCD
4.32 MATHEMATICS-X

A'US}YEFS
] 1 (i) 2.1cm (ii) 7.5cm (ii| 2.3cm (iv) BD=2.5cm,DtC=3.5cm
(v) 2.8cm (vi) 5.8cm (vii) 4.9cm (viii) 75crn,4.5cm

2" 18. 3. 3Oo s. ar = I3cm, CE = *13"-, gp = {.*

9---
5. (i) No (ii) Yes (iii) Yes (rv) Yes (v) No
7. 8.33cm

H,NTS 10 SELECTED PROBLETTS

2. Since ztE is thebisector of the exterio r Z CAD.
BE AB 12+ x 10
--:==----...
CE AC =-+f x 6'-- =j.8.
5. SinceADisthebisecto rof Z A.
AB
AC-BDCD
5BD
4 BC-BD
:+ -5BD {*.
8-BD+
4=:-,-:=- 40- 5BD=4BD + 9BD=40 * BD=
9-':'
Since BE is thebisector of Z B.

AB AE
BC CE
AB= ------:-
AC-CE :=) 5 4-CE
= .:=
12
BC CE I CE -- = : = 13CE =32= CE - :-Cm
13
----' -

SinceCFis thebisector of the lC.

BC BF
CA AF
+ 1= U ,!' + 2=5- AF + 3AF=5=+AF= 9"rr,.
4 AF AF 3___

Lrthis section, we shall discuss somemore applications of basic proportionality theorem.

THE0iBEM I The line'drawn from the mid-point of one side of a triangle parallel to another side
bisectsthethirdside. .{NCERTI
GIVEN A A ABC in which D is the mid-point of side AB,and the line DE is drawn parallel to
BC,meetingAcinE.
TOPROVE E is the mid-point of AC i. e ., AE = EC.
PROOF LnAABCwehave
DE ll Bc
TRIANGLES 4.33

AD-AE
=) DB EC
[ByThale'sTheorem] ...(i)
But D is the mid-point of AB.
+ AD=DB
AD
<
DB
From(i)and(ii),weget
AE
===1=AE=EC.
Eg B
Hence, EbisecmAC.
Fig.4.61
Q.E.D.
\HEOfiEM2 Tlwlineioiningtlumid-pointsofhmsidaofafiiangleisparalleltothethirdsidc.tNCERTl
cIvEN A A ABC in which D and E are mid-points of sides AB and ac respectively.
roPRovE DEll BC.
A
PROor SinceD and E are mid-points of AB andAC respectively.

=+ !2 4E
DB=1*6 EC = r
:+ AD
DB-AE
EC
Thus, the line DE divides the sides AB and AC of A ABC in the
same ratio. Therefore, by the converse of Basic proportibnality Bc
Theorem,wehave Fig.4.62
DE ll Bc.

THEOREiI 3 Prooe thnt the diagonals of a tropezium dfuiite each oth* proportionally.
cIvEN A trapezium ABCD in which the diagonars 4c and BD intersect at E. :
TNCERII-'
'

ToPRovE
DE CE
=
EB EA,

PROOF [rAABDwehave
FE llAB
DE DF
[By Thale's TheoremJ ...(0
EB EA
InA CDA,wehave
FE llDc
cE _DF
= EA EA [ByThale'sTheoremJ ...(ii)
B
From(i)and(ii),weget
DE CE Figr.4.63
EB EA
-=_ - Q.E.D.
49 MATI{EMATICS-X

I lf the diagonals of a quaililateral dioide each other proportionally, then it is a

trapezinm. ' tNcEff,cBsE2oosl
GIVEN A quadrilatenl ABCD whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at E such that
DE CE
E= EA'
To PRoriE Quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium. For this it is sufficient to prove that eB I I DC.
CONSTRUCTION Draw EF I I BA, meetingADinF.
PROOF InAABD,wehave
EF llBe
DF DE
FA EB [ByThale'sTheoreml ...(i)
DE cE
But, - [Given] ...(ii)
EB EA
From(i)and (ii),weget
DF CE
FA EA
Thus, in a DCA. E and Falepoints on cA and DA respectively suctr that
DF
FA-CE
EA
Ttrerefore, by the converse of Basic proportionalityTheoreur, wehave
FE llDc
But, FEll BA [Byconshuction]
Dc ll BA
+ ABllDc
Fli:nce, ABCD, ib a trapezium.

Q.E.D.
T',EoREM 5--Any line parallel to the parallel sides of a trapezium dioides the
non-parallel sides
proportionally.
cIvEN A trapezium ABCD in which DC | | AB and EF is a line parallel to DC and .AB.

TOPROVE
AE BF
=
ED rc
coNsttucTroN |oin AC, meeting EF in G.
PROOF [rAADCwehave
EG llDC
AE AG
ED GC [ByThale'sTheorem] ...(i)
hrAABC,wehave
GF llAB
AG BF
[By Thale's Theorem] ...(ii)
GC
-=_ FC Fig.4.65
TRI.ANGIIS r,. 435

ED FC
-
=
-
' ' .:: , r':::' '' '
.,. .....:..i,-.,, i
,.

THEOREM 6 lf three or more parallel lines are intssected by two transtji*iials,: iioe'tlut''|'the
intercqts made W tlwm on the transoersals are proportlonal.
cMN Thnee parallel lines !, m, n which are cutby the transversals,AB'qnd GD'inR-€,4 end
E,F,Gdspectirely. i: : i i, .

PQ EF
TOPROVE =
oR FG

CONSTRUCTION Draw PL | | CD mqeting the lines mand m in

Mand Lrespectively.
PRooF ShcePE llMFandPM ll EF.
PMFE is a parallelog3am
+ PM=EF
Also, MF ff 'LGandMLllFG.
MLGFisaparallelogram
+ ML=FG
Fig:4.66
Now,inA PRL,wehave ,...i..r i

QM ll Rr 11 -
.:ir ."'
PQ
QR='Ptvt
[ByThale'sTheo.remJ
ML :,: ' i.

PQ, EF
= , , [Using(i)and(ii)]
QR FG . rt il '.

PQ TI.
Hence, = .FG
QR
., ' ' Q.EID.
COROLLARv If three'o, more paraltel straight tines qqke gQual interceptp on a giaen trqnswgal,
prwettiatthey'intmalceequalinterceptsoninyoth*transo*saL ,, ,.. ,: ., ., , j,i,i

PRooF Let,l, tn, nbe three parallel lines which make equal ihtercepts PQ and QR on a
transversal AB (see Fig. 4 .6q:Let CD be any other transvesaf slrtting I , m and n'at E, F and G
respectively. Thery
PQ EF :' r' lbytnebrcm6l'''...(i)
QR FG
But, PQ=QR.
pe=1
QR
From(i)and(ii),wegBt
El=t+EF=FG
FG
 MATHEMATICS-X

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE tPtooe tna.t
lhe
line segmants ioining the mid-points of the adjacmt sides of a
quadrilatoal form a parallelogr am.
GIYEI AquadrilateralABCDinwhichP,Q,RandSarethemid-pointsof sidesAB,BC,CD
and DA respectively.
TO PROVE PQRS is a parallelogram.
coNsTRUcTIoN IoinAC.
PROOF ln A ABC, P and e are the mid-points of AB and
BC
respectively.
Ac
PQ ll
In AACD, R and S are the mid-points of CO ,r,a'p.l
respectively.
sR llAc .. .(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
PB
PQ llACandsR ll'Ac
Fig.4.67
+ PQllsR
Similarly, by considering hiangles AB D and BCD
,we can prove that
Ps ll QR
Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.
EXAMpLE z In Fig. 4.69, p is the mid-point of BC and is the
Q mid_point of Ap. If BQ when
- produced meets AC at R, prwe that RA Ce.
=
! lcBsE2006CI
cIvEN A LABAin which p is the mid_point of BC,e is the
mid-point of BC, e is the mid-point oi Ap, suctr tiat ap
producedmeetsACatR.

TOPROVE Ra = 1C+
3
coNsTRUcTIoN DrawpS I I B&*"etingACatS.
PRooF krA BC& Pis themid-pointof BCandpS BR.
||

S is the mid-pointof CR.

:+ CS = SR ...(i)
hA APS, Qis themid-pointofApand eR | | pS.
Risthemid-pointofAS.
+ AR=p5
...(ii)
From (iland (ii), we get
/R=P5-56
=+ AC=AR+RS+SC=3AR

=+ eR =!eC=!ca
3 3 ---
TRIANGLES 437

EXAMpLES In Fig. 4. 69, AB ll DC. Find thc oaluc of x.

SOLUTION Since the diagonals of a trapezium divide each other proportionally.
AO BO ...(iii)
-=-
3x-79=-r-3
r-5 3
:+ 3(3r-19)=(r-5)(r-3)
+ 9x-57=x2-8r+15
+ 'x2 +4 = O
-77x
:+ (r-8)(r-9)=0
=t ;y-8 = 0or,t-9 = 0 + x = 8ot,x = 9

EXERCI,SE 4.4
1. (i) InFig.4.70,if AB ll CD, find the valueof x.
(ii) InFig.4.71,,tf AB ll CD, find the value of r.

D
Fig.4.70 Fig.4.71
(ur) InFig. 4.72,A8ll CD.lf OA-3x-19,08 =x-4,OC=x-3and OD =4, find"r.

Fr1.4.72

ArvslflEFs
1. (i) 3 (ii) 2 (iii) 11 oq8

4.7 CRITEBIA FOR SIMILARITY OF TRIA$IGLES .

In section 4. 3, we have defined similarity of two hiangles. Let us recall that two triangles are
similar iff (i) their corresponding aqgles are equaland (ii) their corresponding sides are
proportional. tr other words, two triangles ABC and DEF are similar, if
 438
MATHEMATICS:X

(i) ZA=ZD,ZB=ZE,ZC=ZF and, (ii)

AB BC CA
DE. EF
-=_=_ FA
Insuclra case,wewriteA ABC - L DEF
tn this shall make trse of the theorems discussed in earlier sections to derive
ryuoo 1ve
criteria for similar triangles which in turn will imply that either
some
of tn" uUo"" ;;;;;trt"*

AcnvlTY Draw two line segments BC and EF of two different lengths,

say 5 cm and 4 cm
respectively. At B and
9-"_g*qys_t
angles of some measures- say
-' 05" and is. .rp"u""ry.
Also,constructanglesof 55oand45" at-EandFrespectively.

Fig.4.73
Suppose rays BP and CQ intersect each other at A and rpys
ER andfs.intersect each other
at D.
Wehave,
. lA=L80'-(ZB+ ZQ- 180"-110"=70o
ffid, ZD=lffi -(lE+ lF)=180o-110o=70o
In triangles A BC andDEF,we observe that
Z.A= ZD,IB= ZE,IC= ZF
That is, corresponding angles of these two triangles are
equal. we also observe that
BC63
_=_=_=I.5
EF 42
Now, measure AB, DE,CA and FD and compute
#, ^O #
Youwill find that = = r.u
# #
lnus' AB BC CA
= =
DE EF FD
Itfollows from this activity thatif correspondingangles of two
kiangles dreequil, then their
correspondingsides arein the same ratio.
Thus, we have following criterion for similarity of two
triangles.
TRIA}TGLES 49

EOUTANGULARTRTANGLES Tltsotrianglesaresaidtobeequiangular,iftheirconespondingangles
areequal.
I
nltrlanEil, (AAASimilaily Cituion) lf two triangles are equiangular, thm they are similar.
GwEN TWo triangles ABC and DEF sudr that Z A = Z D, Z B = Z E and Z C = Z F.
TOPROVE AABC-ADEF INCETTTI
rROOF Recall that two triangles are similar iff their corresponding angles are equal and the
corresponding sides are proportional. Since corresponding angles are given equal, we must
prove that theiorresponding sides are proportional i.e .,
AB BC AC
DE- EF - DF,
-=-=-.
For this'purpose we divide the proof into three patts.
CASEr yJlrsnlff=DE.

Fig.4.74 Fig.4.75
Inthiscase,wehave
lA-- ZD,IB= lE, ZC= ZFandAB=DE
Therefore, by ASA congruence criteriory we have
LABC=LDEF
+ AB=DE,BC=EFandAC=DF
AB BC AC
DE EF
-=-=- DF
Hmce, LABC-LDEF.
CASEII WhenAB<DE.
Mark a point P on the line DE and Q on the line DF such that AB = DP and AC = DQ.loin PQ,
In triangles ABC and DPQ, we have
AB=DP, Z A= lD artdAC=DQ .:
L,ABC=L,DPQ [By SAS criterion of congruence]
+ IB=ZDPQ
But, ZB= lE= ZDEF
ZDPQ=aPgP
+ PQll EF [... Corresponding angles are equall

:+ DP ---..1
DO
[By corollary of Ttrale's Theorem]
=
DE
- DF

+ AB AC
DE DF
-=-
Similarly, we ca3 prove that
iriss
uerrimdri*$x
i .. "
I ,r :., f- ,;i, : li.i,]:i
...1I:r .: ; .1.

- ..:r::: :.1r' .1 ::..!.

: r.. '.; ...:

'f i :'
r:',

.ii.-t'l;1_! "I

..i,t :i.1.. ,:i'l

r-. 1; -::ir.:r,::l
B

Fig.dt.B Flg:1.77
'd8BC a"..' ... u

DE EF
-E-
,l

AB BC .",AC
_=_=_ 'a

DE EF ..'oF
Hene, LABC-[DEF. a 1t'

cAsEIu WhEIAB>DE.
tvlark a pint' olt dt" line DE producd and
l Q on the lirrc DF pr-oducea hr*r &at Dp = AB
kr trianglee ASC and Dpe, we have
,48 = Dp; t$C= Dteand z A = I D.
,i AAgC=dB@,
'....
:a' ,,.' IB*Z.DPQ
BuL Z.B= ZE= ZDEF :

ZDPQ= 2PgP
=+ PQ ll EF
DE DF
_=_
- DPDQ
.DEDF
_=_
- AB AC
-ABAC
*=-
1s", -ffi DF .,
=? r
Similarly, *e can ptove that

l: .:

Fio.'478 Fig. ie?g

i.ij , r::
".,r-!.i.;rr
l i ilil l li r', r:
TRIANGLES 4.47

AB BC'
_=_
DE EF
AB BC AC
DE EF DF
Hence, LABC-LDEE.
Q.E.D.
REMARK Itfolloutsfrom the abwe theorem that:
Two triangles are similar a They are equiangular.
COROLLARY (AA Similarity) If tzoo angles of one triangle are respectioely equal to two angles of
another triangle, thm the hm trinngle. s are similar.
PRooF Irt A ABC and A DEF be two triangles such that Z A = I D and Z B= Z E.
ln triangles A BC and DEF,we have
Z A+ Z B+ Z C= L80o and ZD+Z E+ Z F = l&0o
+ ZA+ZB+ZC=ZD+ZE+ZF
:+ ZD+ZE+ZC=ZD+ZE+ZFl.;ZA=ZDandZB=ZEl
:+ ZC=ZF.
ZA=ZD,ZB- {Eand ZC=ZF.
Thus, the two triangles are equiangular and hence they are similar.

Q.E.D.
In the above discussion we have seen that if three angles of one triangle are respectively
!9ual to three angles of another triangle, their corresponding sides are proportibnal ani
hence the triangles are similar. Now a natural question arises. Is the-converse of this
statement true? In other words, if the sides of a triangle are respectively proportional to the
sides of another triangle, is it true that their corresponding angles are
foual? For this, let us
perform the following activity:
Acrtvlw Draw two triangles ABC and DEF such that AB = 4.5 cm, BC =9 cm, CA = 12 crr.,
DE = 3 cm, EF = 5 cm and FD = 8 crn as shown in Fig. a.80 (i) and (ii).

9cm

(i) (ii)
Fig.4.80
Wehave,
ABBCCA3
_=_=_=_
DEEFFD2
That is ttre coresponding sides of triangles ABC and DEFare proportional.
4.4. MATHEi,1AT,ICS.X

Now,measurc ZA, ZB, ZC, ZD,lEandZF.Youwillobservethat /.A= l'D, ZB = ZE

and Z Z F i.e., the correspon{ing angles of two triangles are equal and heace they are
C=
similar. LetusnowPrcve thisresultas acritrerionof similarityof tr,rro triangles as a theorem.
TI//EOREM 2 (SSS Similarity Criterion) If the conesponding sides of two trinngles are proportional,
thmtheyaresimilar. iNCgBfI
ctvEN Two trianglesABCand DEFsuctrthat *DE= 5EF= 49
DE
TOPB,OVE AABC-ADEF
coNsTRUCnoN Let P and Q be points on DE and DFlespectively Sudr frut DP = AB and DQ
=AC.Ioin4
PROOF Wehave,
AB
DE-AC
.,

DF

=+ DP N)
DE DF t...rtB=DPand AC=DQI
-=--:
=t PQ ll EF [By the converse of Thale's Theorem]
+ ZDPQ=ZEardlDQP=ZF [Corresponding angles]
Thus, in triangles DPQ and DEF,we have
ZDPQ=ZEandZDQP=ZF

c
Fi9.4.81 i Fig.4.82
firerefore, by Az{-criterion of similarity, we havc.
ADPQ-ADEF .. .(i)

t DP PO
DE-E [Bydef.of similarity]
. ABPQ
DE EF l.;DP=ABl
AB Bc
But.
,DEEF -
PQ _BC
EF EF
+ PQ=BC
Thus, in triangles ABC and DPQ,we have
AB=PP,4g=DQandBC=PQ
Therefore, by SSS criterion of congruence, we have
AABC=A DPQ . .,(ii)
TRIANGLES 4.43

From (i) and (ii), we have

A, ABC = L, - L DEF
DPQ and A DPQ
e LABC-L^DPQandADPQ-A DEF [... A ABC =A
DPQa L, ABC - L DPQI
+ L ABC- LDEF Q.E.D.
In view of the above two theorems, we can also give the following definitions of the similarity
of two triangles.
DEFrNrrroN t Ttao tiangles are similar if their corresponding angles are equal i.e. they are
equiangular.
DEFrNrrroN z Two triangles are similar if their corresponding sides are proportional.
Inclass IX, we have leamt aboutvarious criteria for congmency of two triangles. We observe
that corresponding to SSS congruence criterion there is SSS similarity criterion. This
suggests uJto look-for a similarity criterion corresponding to SAS congruency criterion of
triangles. To checkthe existence of suchcriterion,letusperform the following activity:
ACTIVITY Draw two triangles ABC and DEF
such that AB = 6 cm, Z A = 60o, AC = 12 cm,
DE = 4 cm, ZD = 60o and DF = 8 cm as shownin
Fig.4.83.

we observe that equal to 32

# = ff {"u.t
and ZA (included between the sides AB and
AC) is equal to Z D (included between ttie sides
DE and DF). That is, one angle of a triangle is
equal to one angle of another triangle and sides
including those angles are inthe same ratio.
Now,measurc lB, ZC, ZEand ZF. Youwill D 4cm E
find that Z B = ZE and Z C= Z F.So,by AAA ( ii)
similarity criterion, we have
AABC-ADEF Fig.4.83
It follows from the above activity that, if one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the
other triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles
are similar. We prove the above observation as a theorem given below.
g ,5A5
THEOREM Similarity Criterion) lf in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides are
proportional anil the included angles are equal then the fioo trinnglu are similar. TNCERT]

cIvEN TWotriangles.4BCand DEFsuchthat Z A= ZDand #, =

#
TOPROVE AABC-ADEF
CONSTRUCTION Mark points P and Q on DE and DF respectively such that DP = AB and
DQ=AC.IoinPQ.
PROOF In triangles ABC and DPQ, we have
AB=DP,ZA= ZDandAC=DQ
Therefore, by SAS Criterion of Congruence, we have
L,ABC=L,DPQ "{i)
Now AB AC
DE= DF
 L-

4.U
MATHEMATICS.X

Fig.4.B4
"F19.4.85
+ DP DO-
DE
-; DF I.;AB =D?andrtC =Del
+ PQ ll EF
[By theconverseof Thale,sTheo(em]
+ Z DPQ= Z Eand ZDep=ZF[Correspondingangles]
Thus, in triangle Dpe and DEF, we have
ZDPQ=ZEandZDQ?=Z.F
Therefore, by.AAA-criterion of similirity, we have
LDPQ_LDEF
...(ii)
From(i)and(ii),weget
A ABC=A Dpeand LDpe - A DEF
+ LABC-LDpeandA DP?_ADEF
:+ LABC-LDEF
REMABK lf tato triangla ABC anil DEF are similar, Q.E.P.
thm
AB
_=_=_ BC AC
DE EF DF
. AB BC AC AB+BC+ AC
DE EF DF oE+Tr+op [Using ratio and proportion]
.' AB _ EC AC perimeter ol L,ABC
DE tr DF perimeterJ?aDE
r!:t, tlw!.triangtes are similar, thm their corresponiling sirles are proportional and they are
proportional to tlrc conesponding peimuers.

EXAMPLE t Examine:::!,!!,t of
.lriySta ,!.FiS.a.Aa o;i rtute which pair of triangles are
similar' Also, state the similartty ciiterioi used bylou for-;"*;;;;g the question
and write the

Fis. 4.86 (i)

F'
it
t
i
:,
ml#lffiE#x',j i*i'if .
4#. t

]:
;

ia Flg.4.8Q(li)
:!
; . {'i ...

,r I1,.
;' .i

ra ;1 -' ',-'

I
'
t
3cm
Di :. .'
2.5 cnt
r:
I
ia:j .
B
H F19.4.86(iv)
,:
i.

E.
Ei+ Fis.4.B6(iD
ffij
t'^
.-
SOLUflON (i) krtrianglesABCandPQR,weobsenethat
:'
ZA= ZQ=4Oo,ZB= ZP=60dlnd lC-AR*'W
F, L ABC - LQPR oaA PQR - A BAC or, A ACB -AQRP
e:' . (ii) h triangle PQR and DEF, we observe that
5
t
r.
t: PQ=gR=.PR=1 '"r r'i:-'
lt,
i-. DE EF DFz ""
i-. Therefore,bySSS-criterionof;imilarity,wehave -..,- .
a PeR - \DEF
(iii) In hiangles LrVfNand PQR, we have
'ii'i :., , , l, , ., r,.., . i - rj i
iM,=.2,F'=70o "- l-' . r:: j i.,:'rr':rr

',ritt- '
'f"

MATHEMATICS.X

MN* ML
But, pA pR
Therefore, these twotriangles arenotsimilar as they do not satisfy SAScriterionof similarity.
(iv) kr AtMNPand EFG, we observe that
NP MP. MN

Therefore, these two triangles are not similarly as they.do. notsatisfy SSS-criterion of
Similarity.
(v) In Als ABCandDEF, we have
ZA= Z D=80o
AB AC
But, Oe* W [...ACisnotgiven]
So,by S.A$<riterionof similarity these two triangles are not similar.
(vi) hA s DEFandMNP,wehave
ZD= lM=70o
lE= Z N=80o l.; I N= 180o - Z M - Z P =180o - 70e-30o - 80"1
So,by .AA-uiterion of similarity
ADET-AMNP.
EXAMPLE2 lnEig, 4.87,find Z F.
SOLUTION In triangles ABC and DEF, we have
AB _BC 94_ r
=
DFFEEDz
Therefore, by SSS-criterion of similarity, we haiie
AABC- ADEF

Fig.4.87

=) Z A= ZD, ZB= ZF andZC= ZE

=+ ZD=8O",ZF=60o
Hence, ZF =60.
,.
EXAMPLE3 InFig.4.88, LACB - LAPQ.lf BC=8 cm,PQ=4cm,BA=6.5 cm,AP =2.8cm,fin
CAandAQ.
TRIA'NG*ES-{: i: ' +.4V.

SOLUTION Wehave,
LACB-LAPQ
AC CB AB
AP PQ AQ
:s. AC CBan(l-
.CB= AB
.AP PQ PQ --AQ

:+ AC 8 .8 6.5
-=-afncl-=-
r2.84AAQ
49 5'5
= = 2and =2
2.8 AQ

=:) AC = (2x2.8)crr = 5.6cmand = 3.25cm :

^A=rycrn
EXAMPLE a In Fig.4.89, if LEDC - LEBA, tBEC -' 11.5o and ZEDC =70.. Fiiil LDEC,

SOLUTION Since BD is a line and EC is a ray on it.

IDEC+IBEC=L$} ,,i. .,.:
:+ IDEC =180" - 115o = 55o
But, . IAEB=IDEC [VerticiillyoppositeangLs]
ZAEB;'65"
InACDEwehave
: ZCDE+ZDEC+ZDC|7:1!9.,',,,,.., ,, , j
Fi(i.4.89

=+ 70" +.55o + ZDCE=780" i

=+ . lDCE=tr80o-135o=45o
It is given that L EDC - L EBA

ZEBA=.ZEDC,IEAB=ZECD
) ::,r
:+ ZEBA=7V andZEAB=AS" l'; ZECO= /. DCE=45"1
Hence, ZDEC=65, ZOCE=45,IEAB=4 ", ZAEB --65"and ZEBA=70".
EXAMPLES InHig.4.90,if K'POS- L,ROQ,prwethatPS ll QR. tNCERfl
SOLUTION Wehave,
APOS-AROQ
+ Z3=Z4andl1=22
Thus, PS and QR aretlrlo lines and the transveis;l'PR cuts them in sudr a way that 23 = 14
.'.
i.e.;;iilteintrie uhgles are eiitnl. t ' i: ;. -.i:j..,.-r :

Hence, PS llQR.
4,8 MATHEMATT.gF-X

Fig.4.90
EXAMPLE6 ln Fig. 4.90, if ps ll QR, prooe tharA
pOS - A ROQ.
SOLUTION Wehave,
Ps llQR [Given]
and transversal PR cuts them at Pand R.
Z3= Z4
Again, PS | | QR and transversal SQ cuts them at S and Q
Z2
Z'1, =
Also,' Z5= Z6 [Vertically opposite angles]
Thus, in A POS and QOR, w1 have
Zl= Z2i.e., ZS= ZQ
Z3=l4i.e.,ZP=ZR
and, Z5=Z6i,.e.,lPOS=Z.QOR
Therefore, by AAA-criterion of similarity, we have
APOS-AROQ.
EXAMPLE z In Fig. 4.97, QA and PB arc wrryndiculars to AB. lf Ao = l0 cm, Bo = 6 cm and
PB=9cm.FindAQ.
SOLUTION IntrianglesAOQ aadBOP,wehave
ZOAQ= 2 ggP [Eachequalto90J
I AOQ= 2 ggp [Vertically opposite angles]
Thereforg by AA- criterion of similarity
LAOQ- LBOP
. AO_oQ_AQ
- .BOOPBP
+ AO _AQ
BO BP
3'69 10 _AQ
Fig.4.91
7o'9
=5 AQ =
6
= 15 cm

EXAMPLE 8 A oertical stick

12 m long casts a shadow I m long on the ground. At the same time a
tower casts the qhadoq 40mlong on the*ground.Determinethcttiigtrt oyti, tqoer.
SOLUTION Let AB be the vertical stick and ACbe its shadow. Also, let DE be the vertical
tower and DF be its shadow. ]oin BC and EF. Let DE = r metres.
 ,
TRIANGLE u49

Wehave,
AB = LZm, AC= 8 m, and DF = 40 m.
InAABCandADEEwehave
2,4=ZD=90oandlC=ZF [Angular ek]vation of the suml
Tlrerefore, by AA- criterion of similarity
AABC-ADEF
: .DEDEAB AC
-=-
128L21
<x40x5::= - 3i1 3Z+X=60metfeS

Fig. 4.e2 FiO. +.!3 ,,

EXAMPLEg InFig.4.g4,.(. CAB=90" and AD LBC.lf Ae .='VSenllAB=7'maail:BD =7.251&'
fi1aeo i 1. ;. :, i
SOLUTION Wehave,
AB =Lm = 1(X) cm, AC = 75 cm and BD = 125 cm.
InA BACandA BDA,wehave
ZBAC= ZBDA [Eachequal to90"l
and, IB=ZB
Sd; by AA<riterion of similarity, we have
J .' ABAC-ABDA
{ BA AC
BD AD
-=- '75
s. 100
1?S
-=- AD
Fig'4'94
$ eo =l5lficm = 93.75cm
tp
EXAMpLE 10 -The p*imeters of two similar triangles are 30 cn anil 20.cm r*Ti,ectiaely . lf one side of
thefirst trinngle is 72 cm, detetmine the corresponding side of the second trianglo.'
SOLUTION Let A ABC and LDEF be two similar triangles of periineters{.?r an*,Pi
respectively. Also, letAB = L2 cm, Pr = 30 cm and Pr= 20 cm. Then,
ti50 MATHEMA]TGJX

ABBCACR ['.' Ratio of corresponding sides of similar triangfal

DE
-=-=-=-l-
EF, DF P2 I is equal to the ratio:of theiiperiinetere
'i'i'r'
J
: . i , ' : .' i
'
I1 ABN
--=j

DE P2

:+ t2 30
DE
-=: 20

gB =12x20 cm = 8 cm
= 30

EXAMPLE ttTlrc p*imeters of twy similar triangles ABC and PQR are respectiaely i6 cm anil
24 cm. lf PQ = 70 cm, find AB.
SOLUTION Since the ratio of the corresponding sides of similar triangles is sarne as the ratio
of theirperimeters.

.AB BC AC X;.]
- PQ QR PR vt:
-=-=_=_ I

AB35:
PQ
-=- 24
AB .35 r 'i;

10 24

+ AB=35x1ocm=15cm
EXAMPIE 12 In Fig. 4.95, if Z ADE = ZB show that L ADE - LAB,S. lf 4D = 3*8 cqp
AE: 3.6 cm, BE = 2.1 cm and BC = 4.2 cm,find,DE.
.'l::
,
"t'.:" ,,:' i", i':rt. a i:ii ' :1r.l'
SOLUTION IntrianglesADEandABC,wehave ij,
ZADE=ZB{Given)and,Z,A=,-u(4(Cqmrnon)"t,,j'',"",'.'':''i;
So, by A/-criterion o(sirAilarity, we have
i.A
AADE- AABC

t_

3-.,.
{3

+ ' DE'='#cm=2.8cm ,.,", .:fi9.4.95,,,:,

' irl:: I :
';
,i:li,il
o'

Ftrerte, ;'DE=?r8cm ',,

IRIA,NGIS. : s5t

. '"
ri'l
EI+MrLEI3 tnFig.4.e6,
# #=ir"fi:]ffi:sr*.'iira'riaiiwofDC:'
=
,$LUtreN.,In*AOBandACODwehave .ri l . ,, l

ZAOB= ICOD [Vertically opposite angles] A scm B

AO OB
-oc -oD
= [Given]

LAOB -/ ACOD ." . .. i

@, OD DC

::a 15 Fig.4.96
-=-
2N. [...A8=5cm]
=+ DC= 10cm
EXAMPLEI4 ln Fig. 4.97, if / A= Z C, then prwe that L AOB - L COD.
SOLUTION InhianglesAOBandCOD,wehave
t tt"t
and,
' Zl=Z2
. . ,'""''
,'ru,',..
i ;, ,:: . ,r::r.: ., ":,il: ..': "... ,.*-€.iY.rQ
[Verticaltyoppositbaiig$l

LAOB
'. i
- ACOD
..,. .A

Fig. 4.97
EX/\MPLE 15 In Fig.4.98, if AB L BC andDE L AC. kppallut L:aBC : a?tED. {qs$!sg] ,,
,

SOLUTTONIirA'sABCarudAEDwehave | ;.,
ZABC=ZAED=91o I '"l:. ; ri;::, '''" .*'. i,,, ,

ZBAC=ZEAD ;.i ,;r\l,[Edc*iiqtrhlto;ldt

Therefore,byz{A-aiterionofsimilarity,wehave ,:.-: ",.' .' r.
'

,AABC - A.aED. ,i,1 ,::;' I l : .', ... ! : :., 1 li rr:: .j 1'16"1'.:i.?::t

... .. .': :t.]ii r i|;

., t r'r,
"'*
 )

-
4:52 MATtrrE['tA?.rcS_-\f, ^f
SOLUTION In triangles RP-Q,and RTS, wehave
IKPQ= 2PVg [Givenl
I PRQ= ZTRS [Eachequa] toRl

Fig.4.99
Therefore, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
ARPQ-ARrS' ' 'r':

Sauh.r
.. :l
rz In Fig.4.ry.if
# = ff ana z7 = t2.Prwe that LPQ|- A TQR: tNcEmI
SOLUTION Wehave, T

Qf =Qn
PR QS tcivenl
Qr=PR i
"'(r)'
QR Qs
Wealsohave, /
Z't -- 22 [Givenl A1
=+ pR=pe [XE'lffif**'] ...rul
o
Fig.4.10o
From(i)and(ii),weget I

ff =rQ
QR_QS
PQ
+ -@.
0, = d* "'(iii)

gT eR
and ZPQS= ZTQR= lQ , i .

$b"by SAS'cri&rion of similarity, we have

aPQS-ATQR.
EXAMPLE ls ln Fig. 4.10L, AD anil CE are tuo allituiles of A ABC. Prqq?e-ttw!
(i) aAEr-AcDF (CI AABD-ACqE ,,
(iii) AaEF- LADB ' (i")'AFDC-aBEC '
; r-: r:: .i
INCERTI
SOLUTION (i) Intriangles AF.f, andCDF,wehave
IAEF=ZCDF=W [...CE LABandAD IBCI
 )

-
4:52 MATtrrE['tA?.rcS_-\f, ^f
SOLUTION In triangles RP-Q,and RTS, wehave
IKPQ= 2PVg [Givenl
I PRQ= ZTRS [Eachequa] toRl

Fig.4.99
Therefore, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
ARPQ-ARrS' ' 'r':

Sauh.r
.. :l
rz In Fig.4.ry.if
# = ff ana z7 = t2.Prwe that LPQ|- A TQR: tNcEmI
SOLUTION Wehave, T

Qf =Qn
PR QS tcivenl
Qr=PR i
"'(r)'
QR Qs
Wealsohave, /
Z't -- 22 [Givenl A1
=+ pR=pe [XE'lffif**'] ...rul
o
Fig.4.10o
From(i)and(ii),weget I

ff =rQ
QR_QS
PQ
+ -@.
0, = d* "'(iii)

gT eR
and ZPQS= ZTQR= lQ , i .

$b"by SAS'cri&rion of similarity, we have

aPQS-ATQR.
EXAMPLE ls ln Fig. 4.10L, AD anil CE are tuo allituiles of A ABC. Prqq?e-ttw!
(i) aAEr-AcDF (CI AABD-ACqE ,,
(iii) AaEF- LADB ' (i")'AFDC-aBEC '
; r-: r:: .i
INCERTI
SOLUTION (i) Intriangles AF.f, andCDF,wehave
IAEF=ZCDF=W [...CE LABandAD IBCI
TRfi[NGLES d.53

ZAFE=ZCFD IVef tr;illy gpposite iarjgesl

Thus, by AA-criterion of simiLarity, we have
AAEF - ACDF

Fb.4.to1
(i0 InA's r{BD and CBE, we have
. ZABD= ICBE= ZB ':: : '
f€tiitnnangle]
ZADB= ICEB=9{J" ['.'ADt Bcard CE 1/tB ]
Thus, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
AABD - ACBE :',:. .' '-. .l 1.

1i$ frra,s e EF and ADB,we have

I
Z AEF = ADB =%)" !:AD LBCind CEteBI
IFAE- ZDAB . [Courmcranglel
Thus, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have

I
(iv) InAfsfDCand BEC we have
ZFDC= Z BEC=90o t'.'aDl-BCand CELABI
IFCD.ZECB ; [Co ondnglel
Thus,by4A<riterionsf diirdlarity,wehave ..,
AFDC- A BEC
le If CD and GH (D and H lie on AB and FE) are r*peettuety bi*ctmsaf Z ACB arul
EXAMfLE
ZEGFandLABC-LFEG,prwethat i , lruCfnfl
(i) ADO{-AHGF (ii)
CD AC (iii) ADCB- LHGE
GH
-=_ FG

Fig. a.102 (i) Fig.4.102 (ii)

 '*E$?ry--ffi ffi 4SqlS::iii.1! +i@Eg?ry{r?:..r, _F
11

its* [email protected]

2-- 2
:+ tt=z3and,z2=14 o
.* d.!' il'i'. Cnard
i..ft1." rf areUisectuof
COantGH are,bisector of I ,..ttil
r ,:-1d.i
J
..'
\lL!
il!|Ll7e-;rq*.u*fi-_--
! Jl &vsl J
Tht&kta"s ACDanilFGH,*rehave TL\
""" .1
!!r1. ra
'\t. :i
i! '-!
.-.i---.-xr.*t
, ::1

.J:

E celr{Ptu ro In Fig. 4.70i, CD and GH are [email protected],1areffi& #ffi;i*#il EfC. I/'A

ABe -LEEG,prcoe-tlwt .:.3,,:s!,rilr.,""-),,11+, i,**')f,'.,i {$ffi,S
&
cD ,4ts
i-n;

GT{ =
TE
,SOfiIfiON ltisgiven&etCDaruncDqe '.:"' :.'i!r
"& .$.5i fi
2AD=AB and 2FH=FE ":*ft - ...(0
e,is@8rfirlfutA'.ltQGtr&,.#EG ::,1 .:! I hx* ri$. *{} }:i,ii:*; i).!.i! {"it itiiCi*\ !::i1i *, 3,1'11111:{:i
i

i;:.i.{::+"i, --:i{ti'.iil,*r' i";ru,

. * =
FE ,i".i,IFG
*= 5and, rA=rF,*,8*a;r[':2ff.,i.}$?"i
, EG ,
'-)*
j'.l ," ',, ,T
: - l-1Yr.l: , lil; li-ili, r,:t'. &1s"r ri ,-:i
;ri

':, ;"

rr-,.t-l

F.lg.4;t0tl
;: {r
s1*?
{*}SiI*QI.IE$l'r i : :,r #;56

Now
AB AC BC o !l:lii..:i" r'. .{:-

FE 1FG EG
2AD...AC BC
?.FH II FG .;ri'r
EG 'li ,! r,al r':. : i ::ti. ;.::".::'i:'i"L'
-=+=-+
AD ,i,,{e Bc
Fn : FG' EG
-=---
(0 kr,Afs ADCanilFHc,\gehave .,. .,;.., 1-.,,
,.' " :" JAC ^: 4D (,1

FH FG
and, ' IA=ZF
So, by SAS criterion of similarity, we have
AADC - AFHG
;,.;::,'r,'," ,'
6)'Wb,have; ....'
':
':
r.+.,* -rl, r r' l\A.frU,"rtcA FHG

+ DC AD
HG'FH
-=-
@ 1.'2AD
- .ll
GH 2:FH
-=-
:9
' cD= ia&
f--r
GH EE
(iii)'Wehave .1

AB .AC BC
FE .,FG EG -=!=--l--

CD AB

. CD rc,
I .'
GH_
-=-EG
AB AC BC
Agair,, tr=Id=15
zDB BC
= 2HE M
-=-
'DB'BC.' ,-,l
J +=-
HE EG
Fp{t(iv) afrd (v), we have

+
+-'

tNcErrl
 4.56
MATTIEMATTCS-X

SOLUTION (i) hA,sAEcandz{DB,wehave

Z AEC = Z ADB =W [... CE I AB and BD J_ACJ
an4 ZEAC=ZDAB [Eachequaltozdj
Therefore, by,&{-criterion of similarity,
we have
AAEC - A ADB
(ii) Wehave,
. AAEC- AADB
[Asprovedabove]
+ cA _EC
BA DB
=, o{=c$ Fig.4.104
AB DB
EXAMPLE 22 D is a point on the side BC of AABC such ttut Z ADC = Z prwe tlnt
BAC.
CA CB
CD= CAor,CA'-CBxCD. TNCERI,CBSE2oo4l

SOLUTION InA ABCandA DACwehave

ZADC= ZBACand"ZC= ZC
llherefore, by z{A-criterion of similarity,
we have
AABC - A DAC

:t AB BC
DA
-= AC-AC
DC
.CBU
- u, cD
-=_ Fig.4.105
EXAMPLE 23p
triangtes BEP and c PD, prooe that
litr i;f ? itsidering
cIvEN A A ABCin which BD I Acand CE 1 AB and BD and CE
intersectatP.
TOPROVE BPxPD=EpxpC
PROOF InA EpB andA DpC wehave

Z?DC
ZpEB=
[Eachequal to90J
ZEpB=ZD?C [Verticallyoppositeangles]
Thus, by z{Acitierion of similarity, we
have
AEPB -
ADPC
EP
DP=PB
PC Fig.4.106
:+ BPxpD=EpxpC
EXI\MPLE 24 Two triangles BAC
and BDC, right angted at A and D reswctioely,
sttubasBCandonilwinusideofBc.rfiaiini?it**ririi,pr*rrt*rapxpc=Dp are drawn on tlu

'! xpB.
tcBsEzfiXrcl
TRIANGLES 4.57

SOLUTION InAAPBandA DPC,wehave

ZA= Z D=90"
and, ZAPB=ZDPC [Vertically opposite angles]
Thus, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
AAPB - ADPC
:' '.
AP PB .. ' Ftg.4.1O7
+ ===:=
PP PC
+ AP x PC-DP.,xPB
EXAMPLE 25 P.aqd Q are,Wints on.sides AB and AC Tryectioely oI L ABC. If AP = 3 cttt, PB = 6
cm,,AQ=$slneUdQC=l0letn,ilwltlmtBC=3PQ. :

SOLUTION Wehave,
AB = Ap + pB =(3.+ 6) cm = 9 cm
and, AC=AQ+QC=(Q+10)cm=15cm.
N=?=1*dAQ=5=t
AB 9 3 AC 15 3. o
AP AO ,

-4
AB
-3---s
AC
Thus, in triangles,4PQ and, ABC, we have
AP AO
AB= fr. alr'tdZA= ZA [Common] Fig:4.108
Therefore, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we have
LAPQ- LABC
AP _W _AQ
AB BC AC
PQ AQ
--=J

't
BC AC
PQ5
- BC
-=- 15
:+ 3=1+BC=gpe
BC3
EXAMPLE 26 In Fig. 4.709, express i in terms af a, b anil c.
SOLUflON InA KPNandA KLiVf,wehave

+b* N*.--I
Fig.4.1o9
ZKNP= ZKML=46' I [Givenl
ZK= ZK i. [commonJ
,r :.f
A KNP- AKML [By dA-criterion of similarity]

\
 4.58
MATHEMATrcS-X

KA' NP Corresponding sides of similar trianglep are'proportional

KM ['.' ]
-=_ ML
+. c -x + X=.
ac
b+c -a b+c
:rry}til . Tlao.qoles fhe-tght a metresthe
the point of intersection of the lines
and b metres are p metres apart. Proae that the height of
top of mch pole
ioining to the foot of the owosite pole isiiaen
ab

sorutloN Let AB and CD be two poles of heigiits a metres and b meties respeCuvilv such
tna! tfe poles are p metres apart i.e. AC = p me*es. Suppose the lines AD ,",i fC
suchthatOL=kmeEes.
ut O -"lt
I,et CL = rand 1"4 =y. TheO X + y - p.
InAABCandALOCwehave
ICAB={CLO [Eachequaltog0!
ZC= ZC tCommonl
LCAB - LCLO [ByAA-criterionofsimilarityj b

CA AB
+=_

CL LO
p
xh=a
oh
4-- Fig. 4.110
a
...(0
InAAlOandAACOwehave
Z ALO= I ACD [Eachequal to90.]
ZA=ZA [Common]
AALO- AACD [By AA<riterion of similarityl
AL OL
AC
-=_ DC
uh
pb
oh
ll=!-
'b f.;AC=y+y=pl ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have

X+U='oh oh
"ab +'
,=rr(:.i) I':x+y=p1

L= h(s!)
lnu )
.ab
l7 metreS
=
a+b
-
TRMNGLES 4.59

Henc€, theheightof theintersectionof thelinesjoiningthetopo,f eagh:pole to thefo.ofof the

ab
orr?oiitepole is metres.
f,Ja
EXAMPLE2E ABCisatriingleinwhichAB=ACandDisapoint6nACsuchthatBe=ACxCD.
PrwethatBD=8C",
cIvEN A ABC in whi ch AB = AC and D is a point on the side AC such that
BC=ACxCD i

BD=gg
IpinBO
PROOF,Wehave,
BCz =ACxCD
BC
<CDBC -AC
,, ..:(i)
Thus,inA ABCandA BDC, wehave
AC
BC-BC
CD lFrom(i)l Fig. 4.111
and, ZC= ZC [Common]
:i. AABC- ABDC [By SAS criterion of similarityl
:+ AB BC
BD DC
-=_
AC BC
BD CD
.ACBD
<
'BC CD ,. .(ri)

BC BD
CD CD
-=-+BD=BC
sxAi{prs 2e In Fig. 4.LL2, z BAC =90o and segment AD r BC. proae that A,Dz = BD x DC.
SOLUTION InAABDandAACD,wehave
IADB= ZADC [Eachequal to90']

arid, IDBA= IEach equal to complement of I

zDAC LZ;;;;;'so. _ tBAD
.: ]]

Therefore, by z{-4-criterion of similarity, we have

^
DB A -
^
D Ac
[.. fo ir^? ;"ri*, "or) Fig. 4.112

DB DA r : In similar triangles qorr€spondlngaides are proporfional

DA DC
-=
;:
I ]

BD AD
_=-
Atr-tsDxDC
4,@ MATHEMATICS-x

EXAMPLE 30 ln L, ABC, if AD L BC and AD2 = BD x DC, prwe tlut Z BAC = 90".

SOLUTION Wehave,
Aff =BD x DC
AD x AD =BD xDC
AD BD
_=_
-N.AD
Thus, in L ABD and A ACD, we have
AD
_=_ BD
rc,AD
and, ZBDA= ICDA [Eachequal to90"] Fig. 4.113
So, by SAS-critrerion of similarity, we get
ADBA - A DAC
+ LDBAandA DACareequiangular
Zl= ZCarrdZ2= ZB
:+ ZL+ Z2= lB+ ZC
:+ Z A= ZB+ lC t.: Z7+ Z2= Z Al
But, ZA+ ZB+ ZC='1.80"
Z A+ ZA = 180o [.;ZB+ZC=ZAl
:+ 2ZA=180o+ZA=90o
Hence, ZBAC=90".
EXAMPLE3I The itiagonal BD of aparallelogramABCD intersects the segment AE at thepoint F,
whne E is any point on the side BC. Proae tlut DF x EF = EB x F A
SOLUTION InAAFDand LBFE,wehave
Z!=22 [Vertically opposite angles]
Z3= Z4 [Altemateangles]
%,by AA-aiterion of similarify, wE have
AFBE - AFDA
FB FE'
FD FA
FB EF
DF FA
Fig. 4.114
+ DFxEF=FBxFA
EXAMPLE 32 In a L, ABC, BD and CE are the altitudes. Proae that h, ADB and L, AEC are similar.
IsL,CDB- LBEC?
SOLUTION InA ABDandAAEC,wehave
ZADB=/ AEC [Eachequal to 90.]
Z BAD = Z EAC [Common]
So,by AAaiterion of similarity, we have
LBDA - L CEA or, L ADB - L AEC.
Clearly, L CDB is noi similar to A BEC, because they are not
equiangular.
 TRIANGLES
+{l
EXAMrLE 3s ln Fig. 4.176, ABCD is a trapezium with AB ll DC. If L AED is similar to t ef:C,
prooetlwtAD=BC.
SOLUTION InA EDCandA EBA,wehave
Z1=22 [AlternaEanglesl
Z3=,24 [Alteryateangles]
and, ZCED=ZAEB [Vertically opposite angles]
AEDC-'AEBA
ED EC
EB EA
.EDEB ,'c
EC EA .t i.
Fjg, {.116
It is given that L AED - L BEC
ED EA AD
EC EB
-=_=_ BC
...(ii)
From(i)and(ii),weget
EB EA
_=+

EA EB
=) (EB)z =(EA)2

=t EB=EA
Substituting EB = EA in (ii), we get
EA AD
EA
-=- BC
AD _a
<l
BC
+ AD=gg
,:-.
EXAMPLES{ IntrapeziumABcD,AB ll DCandDC=2AB.EF drawnparalleltoABcutsADinF

and BC in E such thnt

BE3
Ec = 4. EF at G. prooe l0
Diagonal DB intersects tlutT FE = AB.
SOLUTION InA DFGan d L DAB,wehave
l1= Z2 l': ee il Dc ll EF :. ltiid,zzarccorresponding angbsl
ZFDG= Z AD,B [Commonl A
%, by AA<iterion of similari ty, we have
ADFG - ADAB

: DF FG
. i'DA
-=- AB '''(i)
In trapezium ABCD, we have
EF \LAE ll'DC
AF, BE'
DF EC Fi1.4.117
 t.:

L&2 MATHBffi{l{ffiS.+X
:
. AF 3 .':.' . '. :

DF4
-=- #j,ffdffi
u"i1 il :.-
:

E+t*9+t
-DF ri
":il,-:!:':
l pnboth sidesl
f,

i
1,4 ',,.'.'.
;
AF+DF.
\.--:r-
7
F'\ -
' .1.. .. :.

=:) :

"',DF 4 "
-j 'i I f :,-; ..

'AD 7 ''.. ,'1 1

".

DF4 l, : -1.

DF 4 ;..:,
=i .:'-.-.
AD7;:
l

----.-,
From(i)and(ii),weget
Fdu'' 4
=.-
-AB7
+ rc =!,qg ...(iii)
7 ,f . .

InA BEGandA BCDwehave

ZBEG= ZBCD [Correspdniling angles]
ZB=lB " ...'.'[commonJ
ABEG - ABCD tBy aaitLiidil"tif similarityl
BE .EG
=+
BC CD
-=-
g=EG fBE3EC4EC4;8C71
| .-. :+ I +I=)
L -EC= -4'BE = - =+
BE = -g '' -BE=-3l
|

7CD - 3 -*
ii:

ec=9co , i-:
7
:i:i...1:i
tqqq;zi{(+yftt

::5
' rr = 19 er
7;
=+ , 7EF=10rt8
rx.C,rirr.ii"5si;^:;'Ihiou{hthe ffiid;point M of the side cD of a parallelogmm ffico;j1y_Y,i1e,BM is
drawnint*seetin!'A1inLandAbprduceitinE.Prweth*el=Znt {1; i'[€BSE2009l

I .
MC=MD
-1.
i
[
..' ffil urt] rrtd-ptint or co1
ICMB=ZEMD [Vertically opposite angles]
and, ZMBC=ZMED [Alternate angles]
TRIANGLE L63

So,byr{AS-criterion of congruence, we have

L,BMC=L,EMD
= BC=DE
Also, AD=BC [
... ABCD is a parallelogram] . . .(ii)
AD+DE=BC+BC
:+ AE=2BC ...(iiO
Now, in A AEL and A CBL we have
Z,4LE=ZCLB [Veffcally opiiosite angles]
ZEAL= ZBGL [Alternate angles]
'lio,by AA-citerion of similarity of triangles, u/e have
,.
AAEL- ACBL
ADE
EL AE
_=_
BL CB
+ EL 23,C
J=- [Usingequations(iii)l
BL BC
EL ^ "
C

= BL
-='2 Fig' 4'118
+ EL-2BL
EXAMPLE 36 E is a point on siile AD produced of a parattelogram ABCD anit BE intersects CD at F.
ProoethntL,ABE- ACFE: lNcERI,CBSE2oo8]
SOLUTION InA's ABEandCFB,wehave

c
Fis.4.11e
\
ZAEB=ZCBF \
\ [Altemateangtes]
ZA= ZC [Opposite angles of a parallelograml
\
Thus, by AA<iterion of similarity, we have
AABE-ACFB.
EHMPLE 37 Throagh the artex D of a parallelogram ABCD, a line is drawn to intirsect the sides
BA anil BC produced at E and F rapectioely. Prooe that

DA FB FC
AE BE CD
-=-=_
SoLUTION lnL's EAD andDCF,wehave
Zl= 12 I': AB I I OC .'. Corresporrding angles areequall
23= Z4 l': AD || BC.'. Correspondinganglesareequall
 :f!F
l1

*,rn MAITT.ETilfiBGS{X
,''; t' ii
Therefore,byeA.crihrimofsimihity,wetrave ' tt t: t -
AEAD-A DCF
EA AD DE
==
,rr: ,rjiPc: ,.,ii66., l:f:P:-:l.,.
-=-=- ;

,* *'1i
t Dc -cF
-=-
:+
. ':'" 43=g
AE €D.ii.t\ .
.."(i)

,lotg;{n6fie?Ed&drrd EtsE, we have

Z7=11
i :':.
[ConrW@h]-;ip.lr,:ir: i* ;'ii:*,i'fu* i.;ii i"i ,.i
Z3=Z'**

dl

rxal,rfln ra In fig:. 4.721, Ab:is4.right"Yi*Sl, rffi'xttgled ot B and D is the foot of the

perpadiailar drawn fron B m AC. I/DM-ISC* rNd DN I AB,'prwe tlwt
(0'Dnd=pivsifc , (ii) Alf=ffin*+ru,1 tNcEml

ABIBCmdDMTBC j ir{
"-+-i,.._;e},_*-!ra!
.iriA
:+ AB ll DM .: i &.S'E
:
$mikdr"ra+ek*p
:

:.. :.: r: r:je:; . : iFBJ i&&,*Od'rP4*;l*:44r;i

:+ CB ll DN *yri.rl .;"...r,:{;:16i a :r --j'l

Henrt, qqadrilateral BMDN is a rettangle.

, ',\. BM=iVD
(i)
,: ., .... !; ,: , 1
InAB&f}wehave'
Zl+
i:.rX1,1,,.1]11.,,;; :.r:.ii

Z.BMD+ Z2=.18O"
i tr*rii',*.1..n{.'nii,.51-u,,,*,
i,: :i3$
.{.
:,
N
fi}*t4, *i
r, y.:

,Fi , :i1* {tr.,

Z1+9A" + 22=780" ,:!.:i :{'fuig.#iar
,

:+ l'1.+ 22=90 :*..tla'aj : r'r i._;i,i i;X* g"lHi i.:;;,: g'lr,: k:., ::'1 i."j..:1,:a

'. .,r:1 : :: :'$i1, -.' : t , -..

';.1 'f flr'!

-:t ''i l,!- 1
, ; r ..-, -".4
.e' tr -l;
1

* TRIANGLES
4.55

Since BD I AC. Therefor,e,

Z2+ Z3=90p
Now, 21+ Z2=gOo md Z2+ 13 =9V
:+ Z1+ Z2= Z2+ l3
Z7= 23
AlW, ' lg+14=fl)o andZ2+ Z\=W
=+ Z3+24=22+23=22=14 :j.
Thus, in A's BMD and DMC,we have
Zl= l4
Z3and,12=
So,byee-criterionof similarifr,wehave I

' LBMD'-ADMC ':,

: .DMMC BM MD
_=_
DN DM . ;i'
'.' DM MC
+ D#=DNxMC
(ii) Pioceeding as in (i), we can prove that
ABND.-ADNE
BN_ND
= DN Ne "::rr :"
DM _DN
+
DN I
AN
=) DN =DMx AN
EXAMPLE 39' ln Fig. 4.722, AD and BE are respectfuely yrVendiculars
to BC and AC. Shwo that
0 AADC..ABEC (ii) CAxCE=CBxCD
(iii) AeBc-ADEC (iv) CDxAB =CAxDE
SOj.I..r{ION, (i) inA's ADC andBEC,wehave
ZADC=ZBEC=90o lG_ ivehl
/. ACD= ZBCE ICpni l'
So, by Ae-criterion of similarity, we have
LADC- t grc ::
(ii) Wehave,
AADCLABEC [Asprovedabove]
B
AC _DC
= BC EC Fi$;4.122, '

:+, CAxCE,+ CBxCD

:

(iii1 i1n OO ABC aad,DEC we have

i: -l:i: ir-r-": r r..
AC DC '
BC EC .ri , [Frorn(i)]
 #l!
4.6 MATHEMATI'CS-X -
It
AC BC
N, EC
-=--
Also, ZACB=ZDCE
So, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we have
AABC- ADEC [C-ommon]
(iv) Wehave
AABC-ADEC [Asprovedabove]
AB AC
<DED€,
+ ABxDC=ACxDE
==r CDxAB=CAxDE
EXAMrLE 40 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC and D is a podnt on AC such that
BC = AC x CD. Proae that BD = BC.
SOLUTION Wehave, A
BC=ACxCDand,AB=AC
BCx BC=ACxCDand ZB=ZC
=+
BC= CD arrdZB=ZC
-AC -BC..*1U_LV
BC DC andzB=lc
_=_
CA CB,
So, by SAS-ci'iterion of similarity, we have
ABCA- ADCB
BC CA
: .DCCBDB BA

-=-=-
CA BA.
.CBDB
-=-
BA DB
-' cA cB
-=-
.DB
l=- l..AB=ACl
= CB
+ DB
=CB+BD =BC
EXAMpLE 41 In Fig. A.izn, e is a ptiinf on side CB produgeil of an isosceles triangte ABC witlt
AB=AC.I1ADLBCauL EF L AC,prouethatLABD-AECF. TNCEBI,CBSE2Ol0I
SOLUTION It is given that A ABC is isosceles with
AB=AC
lB= ZC
Now, in A's ABD and ECF, we have
ZABD=ZECF l': ZB=ZCI
Z ADB= Z EFC = 90" I': AD L BCand EFJ- ACI
So, by 24.4-criterion of similarity, we have
AABD-AECF
,D:
F19.4.124
 l-!
TRIANGLE L$7

AB AD
.< EC EF
+ ,{BxEF = ADxEC
EHMPLE {2 lqt F ig. 4.725, L FEC L GBD anit Z I=Z 2. Prorry tlwt LADE i'i XEC:
=

Fig.4.125 , i:
f
SOLUfiON Wehave,
AFEC=AGBD
+ EC= BD ...(r)
Itisgiventhat
Z1= 22
+ AD=AE [Siaes opposite to gqual angles.ale-eguall ,..{ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
AE AD . ,r :i t l

EC BD
.. -=-
'
; " DEll BC [ByEteconvenseofbasicproportionaffiyiheo]eml
:+ ZL= Z3andZ'2=24 i r,.-.:' t:,.t'.r, .1 | :..

Thus, in A's ADE and ABC we have

ZA=ZA
ll= 23 rr
l"'l
/.2= 24 '

%,by AAA-criterion of similarity, we have

OAOD::":
fi eroal tt\t Z A= / Cand-Z B= I
,

EXAMPLE43 lnFig. 4.1.26,ft = D. lNcERrl

$LLEION inA'sAODandCO&wehave ,r1 ;;1!

t, :':i',.:,',:.,.AA .,'OD.
'@,
-*- oB
I
oA oc
-OD
-=-
OB
A13b;' " Zl=12
So, Uy SaS-criterion of similarity, we have
AAOD - LCOB
lA=ZCandZB=ZD
 MATHEMA-IIIFr-X
4.6
Ac resPectiaely.such tlutPQ I I Bc'
EXAMpLE 44 ln a L ABC,let p and ebe pointson AB awt
P r oo e tlnt the median AD bisects P Q'
E'
soLUTIoN Suppose themedianAD intersectsPQat
Now PQ ll Bc ZC [Correspondingi angles]
:* ZAiE= ZBandlAQE=
So, in A's APE and ABD, we have A
' ZAPE= Z ABD
and, IPAE=ZBAD [Common]
AAPE- AABD
PE AE ...(0
BD AD
4=-

Similatlvwehave
' LAQE- LACD
, QE ...(ii) B
=AE
CD AD Fig.4.127
From(i) and (ii)weget
ltBD=g
CD

lBDBD
PE QE [..' ADis themedian "' BD = CDI

a
-=4

PE=QE
Hence,ADbisectsPQ.
EXAMPLE 45 ln F ig. 4.128, DEFG is a square and I B AC = 90"' Prwe that

(i) AAGF-ADBG (ii) AAGF-AErc

(iii) ADBG-AEFC M DE2=BDxEC ICBSE2oo9l

soLUTIoN (0 InAAGf andADBGwehave

B
Fig.4.128
'[Eachequal tolO'Q!
lG,tF=ZBDG
[CorresPonding angles]
and, ,IAGF=ZDBG
AAGT-ADBG [By AA-criterion of similaritYl

(i0 InAAGFand A EFC wehave

[Eachequal to90']
LFAG=ZCEF
[CorresPonding angles]
and, zAFG=ZECF similaritYl
AAGF -AEFC [BY AA-criterion of

(u0 Since AAGF - A DBG and L AGF - LEFC

ADBG-AEFC
TRIANCLEg 4,69

(iv) Wehave,
ADBG -AEFC [Using(iii)]
BD DG
EF EC
<DEECBD DE ['.' DEFG is a square .'. EF = DE, DG = DEI
-=- xEC
=+ DEz =BD
EXAMPLE 45 If a perpendicular is drawn from the oertex containing the right angle of a rigltt
triangle to the hypotenuse thm prwe tlut the trinngle on each side of the perpendicular are similar to
each other and to tlu original triangle. Also, proae tlut the square of the perpendicular is equal to the
praduct of the lengths of the hao parts of the hypotenuse.
cIvEN A right hiangle ABC right angled at B. B D L AC,
roPRovE (0 AADB- LBDC (ii) AADB- LABC
(iii) ABDC- LABC (iv) BD'=ADxDC
(v) AB2=ADxAC (vi) BC=CDxAC tcBsE200el
PRooF (i) Wehave,
A
IABD+ ZDBC=90o
Also, lC+ ZDBC+ ZBDC=180"
:+ ZC + ZDBC + 90" = 180o
:+ ZC+ Z DBC=90o
But, ZABD+ ZDBC=9Ae
.'. ZABD+ZDBC=ZC+ZDBC
c B
:+ IABD=ZC . ..(i)
Fig.4.129
Thus, inA ADB and A BDC, we have
Z ABD= lC [Frorn(i)]
and, IADB= ZBDC , [Eachequal to90']
So,by AA-similarity criteriorl we have
A ADB - ABDC
(ii) InA ADBand A ABC wehave
Z ADB= I A:BC :
['Eachequal to90o]
and, I A= ZA ' . r {Cmtrrmnf
So, by AA-similarity criteriory we have
AADB- AABC
.l

(m) InA BDCand A ABC, wehave

ZBDC= I ABC [Eachequal to90o]
ZC= ZC . '[Commonl
So, by AA-similarity criterion, we have
ABDC-AABC
(iv) From(i),wehhve
A ADB - ABDC
4.70 MATHEt,IATICSTX

AD BD
BD DC
:+ BD2 =ADxDC
(v) From(ii),wehave
AADB- AABC

<
AD AB
_=_
AB AC,
+ AB2 = ADx AC
(vi) From(iii),wehave
ABDC-AABC
:+ BC DC __,
-:--r-=-+BC2=CDxAC
AC BC
EXAMPLE 47 Prwe thnt the line segments joining the mid-points of the siiles of a triangle form four
triangles, each of whichis similar to the original triangle.
SOLUTION
cIvEN A ABC in which D, E, F are the mid-points of sides BC CA and AB respectively.
To PRovE Each of the triangles AFE, FBD, EDC and DEF is similar to A ABC.
PROOF Consider triangles AFE andABC.
Since F and E are mid-points of AB and AC respectively.
FE llBc
=+ Z,{EE= lB [Correspondingangles]
Thus,inA AFE and A ABC, we have
ZAFE=ZB
md, ZA=IA [Corynon]
, AAFE-AABC.
Similarly, we have
L FBD - A ABCand L EDC - L ABC.
Ngrtr,, we shall show thatA DEF - L ABC. B'D'C
Clearly,ED llArandDr ll EA. Fig.4.130
AF DE is a parallelogram.
-+.r l ' ZEDE= Z A [
... Opposite angles of a parallelogram are
equal]
Similarly BDEF is a parallelogram.
IDEF=ZB [... Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal]
Thus, in triangles DEF andABC, we have
ZEDF= ZAandZDEF= ZB
So, by AA=criterion of similarity, we have
ADEF-AABC.
Thus, each one of the triangl s AFE, FBD,EDC and DEF is similar toA ABG

EXAMPLE4e In L ABC, DE is parallel to base BC,with D on AB and E qt =

1, firO
AQ:. V #
BC
DE lcBsE2002cl
t31t5$I#$. 'fi7,1

sdtffioN InAABc,ilrefi3ys ,r'' : . " .' :

DEilBc
AB _AC
- AD', AE .:,.'-
Thus, in tiiangl$ AN, and ADE,,w€have :'' i::u;:"i I

.AB .AC
AD
-=- lA AE
an4 zA=
Therefore, hysAS<iEdon of similarity, we have
AEBC - AADE Fic.'tiI31
+ N.,.*,N
.AD DE
Itisgiventhat
' i_=_
AD2
DB3
DB3
AD2
+ U+t=9+l
AD2
4 DB+AD
_=_ 5
AD
AB5
AD2
From(i)and(ii),weget , r'l'

BCs !l- .:1 i

DE2
-*-
EXAMPLE49 In Fig.4.7J2, if AD L Bc ona
ffi = ff , pr*r rt*ri, i e,ili.* onsrrriioisl,
SOLUTION InA's BDAandADCwehave
DB DA
_=_
DA DC
and, :
2B6A= zADc
So, by SAS-criterion of siinilarity, we have
ABDA- AADC
IABiD= lCADarrd,ZBAD= ZACD'
'=, :/t ABD + IACD ZCAD + IBAD
=
=# lB + ZC= ZA
+ Z A + Z B + Z C =2 Z A [Adding ZA onbothsides]
i+ 2ZA=18O"
:+ lA=9O"
:' t' r'r::'j
:D AABCisarighttriingle.
4.72 MATHEMAtrICBIX

EXAMPLE so ln F ig. 4.733, if b, ABE

=
A, ACD, prooe tlwt L, ADE.- L ABC. INCENf,I
SOLUTION Itisgiventhat
A
AABE.=gACD

AB=,AC
and; AE=AD
AB
+=-
AC
=, AD AE

+ AB AD
AC AE c
Thus, in hiangles .ADE and ABC, we have Fig.,4.133
AB AD
AC
-=- AE
an4 ZBAC= ZDAE [Common],
Flence, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we have
AADE- AABC.
BD
D(AMPLEsI InFig.4.L34,ZACB=90o andCD I AB.Prooethat
-'--- "--- Y
cAz AD
SOLUTION In trianglesACD and ABC,wehave
ZADC= Z ACB [Each equal to 90"1
and, ZDAC=ZBAC [Common]
So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
AACD- AABC
AC AD
AB
-=- AC
+ AC=ABxAD .. .(i)
Lr A's BCD and BAC, we have
ZBDC = ZBCA
ZDBC= ZABC
So, by A,4-criterion of similarity, we have ADB
BCD-BAC
BC Fig.4.134
_BA
= BD BC
:+ BC =AB xBD ...(i0
Dividing(ii)by(i),weget ,

BC2 ABxBD
Ae = AB"AD
:. BCz BD
------=
AC'= -AD
EXAMPLE s2 Through the mid-point M of the sidc CD of a parallelogram ABCD, the line BM is
draan int*suting AC at L and AD produced at E. Prooe tlwt EL =2 BL.
 f-

fF&{hiH3[m"j ,. 1j'. ittB

SOLUTIOI{ InA's Bj\{CardEIVtD,r,ve&ave '.'i1,;; ;:.r,1.1 i.j ; ,,,1 , ii::ffl:ii':?{-
r:.,lt:;l:,i.-i ':], tr ,.::.i>,
": .,ri-:.rj,,:
l-'. .. .'
'a-,iri,-] ':1 .

.. --"-=i?i * :': r' ;:,-; t"'correspoa'd'a$$;*ua;d

:InAfs.AElandC8l,wehave' ' '. ' 'i''
: r

ZCLB
IALE= .,
ZEAL=ZBCL '

So, by zLt-criterion of similari$; ive have

AAEL-LCBL,.'.,
AE EL ..AI :
:

:+ i

BC BL
:

-=-.=- CL

:+ xI
=
.48 '". -1,.

BL BC

="
=)

EXEfrC'SE 4.5
1. In Fig. 4.1 96, L ACB -A APQ. lf BC = 8 cm,
pe 4 ryrrr, BA= 5.5 crn and Ap = 2.g cm, fi nd
=
CAandAQ.

t i:' 9t.j:. ,:.-t{ -:l

Fig.'4,136 : : r.:r:i:r :11:, -r . l'.

4.74 MATHEMATG-X

2. A vertical stick 10 cm long casts a shadow 8 cm lurg. At fte safi€:Sme a towcr castsa
. shadow 30 m long. Determine the height of the tower.
3. IaFig. 4.137, AB ll QR. Find thelertgthof PB.,

Og([n,Fl B6om.C
Fig. 4.137" Fig.4.138
4. InFig.4,.l38,Xy ll BC.Findttrelengthof XY. , . ...
,.
5. Inarightangled trianglewithsidesa and bandhypotenuseg, ttrcaltitudedrawnon the
hypotenuse is x. Prove that ab = cx.
6. In Fig. 4.139, Z ABCi'9O'and BD J. AC.IIBD = 8 ctn and AD = 4 cm,, find CD.

c
Fig.4.139 Fig.4,l40
7. In Fig. 4.140, ZAtsC = 90o and BD t lt
AC, AB.,= 5;-7 cm,rBD = 3,8 cm and
CD =5.4cm, find BC.
8. In Fig. 4|t 4't, DE | | BC such that AE = ( 1 / 4) AC. ll AB =5 cm, find AD.

Fig.4.141 Fi1.4.142
11 1
9. In Fig. 4.\42, PA, QB and RC are each perperidicular to AC. Prove that -+-
xz v
TRIANGLES 4,75

10. hrFig. 4.149,2A= I CED,provethatA CAB-A CED. Also,findthevalueof x.

t
E
2cm
B
--->gcm+-
Fig.4.143
11. The perimeters of two similar triangles are25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If one side of
first triangle is 9 cm, what is the corresponding side of the other hiangle? :i----
-i
lqBsE'2oo2cl
12. In AABC and A DEF, itis being given thah AB = Scm, BC = 4 cm and'CA = 4.2 cm;
DE = 10 cm, EF = 8 cm and FD =''.4 cm. If AL I BC and DM I EF, find AL : DM.
13. D and E are thepoints on the sidesAB andACrespectively of a A ABC suchthat AD = 8
cm, DB = 12 cm, AE = 6 cm and CE = 9 cm. Prove that BC = 5 / 2 DE.
14. Disthemid-pointof sideBCof a LABC.AD isbisectedatthepointEaridBEproduced
cuts AC at the point X. Prove that BE : EX = 3 : 1
15. ABCDisaparallelogramandAPQisa straightlinemeeting BCatPand DCproduced at
Q. prove that the rectangle obtained by BP and DQ is equal to the rectangle gontained by
ABandBC.
L5. ln L ABC, AL and CM are the perpendiculars from the vertices A and C to BC and AB
respectively. If AL and CM intersect at O, prove that :

(i) LoMA- LOLC llll

OA OM
oc
-=- oL
17. In Fig. 4.144, we have AB ll CD ll EF. If AB = 6 cm, CD = r crnr EF = 10 cm,
BD = 4 cm and DE = ! ctrtrcalculate the values of r and y.

Fi1.4.144
18. ABCD is aquadrilateral in which A D = BC.lf P, Q,R, S be the mid-poi nts of AB, AC, CD
and BD respectively,show thatPQRS is a rhombus.
4,76 MATHEMATrcS -*
19. In Fig. 4.745,if AB ! Bc, Dc L Bc and DE r AC,prove thatA cED - L ABc.

Fig.4.145
20. In an isosceles L ABC, the base AB is produced both the ways to p and such that
AP x BQ= /C. Prove tha t L APC - A BaQ.
e
21. A-girl.of hgigl 9-0 cm is walking away from the base of a lamp-post at a speed of
1.2 m/sec. If the lamp is 3.6 m above the ground, find the tengtlioi nur rr,uao'* uft*
4 seconds.
22. Diagonals AC and BD of atrapezium ABCD with AB
ll DC intersect each other at the
point o. using similarity criterion for two kiangles, show *,at.OC
I = 99.
OD
29. ItLABC and t ale^aytworight triangles, right angled at B andM respectively such
that I MAP = Z BAC.Prove thal

(i) g
^AB}-^AMP '-' PA=y
(ii)
MP
24. A vertical stick of length 5 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same time
a tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
TNCERTI
25. IrrFig. 4.1,45(a), L ABc isrightangledatcand DE L provethat A ABc
and hence find the lengths of AE and DE.
AB. - MDE

+
3cm
t
D

J",
I
B ----+ 12 cm <--- C

Fig.4.145 (a)

ANSWENS
1. CA=5.6cm,AQ=3.25cm 2.37.5m
3. 2cm 4. L.5cm 6. 16cm
7. 8.1cm 8. 1.5cm 10. 6
11. 5.4cm 12. 't:2 x7. x= 3.75cm; A=6.67 cft
21.1'6m 24. 42m. zs. DE = X.* and.,{E = E c*
13 13
---
 4?iF:

3. Use:AFAB-APQR
6. InA DBrt and A DC& we have
ZDBA= ZDCB

.i ADBA-ADCB

=+ _=_:=LI/r=_
CD BD AD.

9. InAPr{C,wehave
BQ ll AP

:+ BQ=cB
iY =cB
APCAxCA
hA.dC&wehave
BQ llcR
. BQ AB y -,48
---==-:
-' CR AC- -_-
z AC
Adding (i) and (ii),weget
AUCBAB
:f==_+_
xzACAC
:4
V V AB+BC
:r.==
xzAC
= !*!=AC
1
=a *a =t*1+1=
xzACxzxzy
10. hA CAB andA CED wehave
 MATIIEMAT.ICS-X

lt Ratio of the correspondingaidee= Rati.o gf perimeters.

22527
= -=-AX=-=5.4Cm
r155

AABC-ADEF
Now, usetheresultth'itinsimilar triangles theraHo of correspondingaltitudes issame
as the ra$o of corresponding sides.

AD AE
13. Clearlv = = 3 u.dZAiscommoninAABCand LADE

^ADE-^AB] = #i=#
15. Use the result A ABP - L QDAto prove tha t AB x BC = BP x DQ.
21. Let ABbe the lamp-post and CD be the girl after walkin g for 4seconds. Let DE be the
length of her shadow such that DE = x metr€s, BD = 1.2 x 4 = 4.8 m.
[rA's ABEand CDE, wehave
ZB=ZDandlE= ZE ''
So, byAA-similarity.criterion A ABE - A CDE

r. !!=g
DE CD*4'8+x
x =19*r=1.5m
0.9
22. See Ex.33 onpage 4.57
25. In trianglesABC andADE, we have
ZACB = ZAED = 90" and, ZBAC = ZDAE
Sio,by AAsimilarity criterion, we have
A ABC - MDE
AB
+ _AC
AD=BC
DE AE
+ 13125 y;AB2=AC2+ilC2=52+1221
-===-
3DEAE
+ oE={andAE=1I

4.8 i,lORE ON CHARACTERISTTC PROPERTIES

In the previous sectior; we have leamt about characteristic properties of similar triangles .

and their applications. In this sectiory we shall discuss some m.ore results as theorems
derived from the characteristic properties of similar triangles.
I If two triangles are equiangular, proae that the ratio of the corresponding sides is same
astlrcratiogf thecorrespondingmedians , ,' TNCERII
 .,';,'.:
TRIANGLE9,: r
4,gg

cMN TWo triangles ABC and DEF in which ZA = ZD, ZB = ZE, ZC = ZF,
AP and DQ are theii mediarB,
.:
D l::r

Fig. 4.146
AP
ToPRovE 4C =
EF DQ
PROOF Since equiangular kiangles are simi.lar.
..: AABC- ADEF
+ .... AB _BC :
DE EF.
.:
:

:- AB .zBP
_=_ ['; P and Q are mid- point*of EG andEF resgtively,l
-
DE 2EQ L.'. BC = 2BP and EF = 2EQ J
,
:

; ."
AB _BP
DE EQ . ..(iri)

Now, in A ABP and A DFQ, we have .:, :, ' - r:, ,.'

.i,i,r AB _Bp
DE EQ [From(ii)]
and, zB= zE irtlir"ti*rie,ia.
,,r[Giv,e{rl
So, by SAS<riterion of similarity, we have
AABP-LDEQ,, .

< AB AP
_=_
DE DQ, ...(iiO
From (i) and (iii), we get
BC AP
E=..EE:
-=- ! ,:
Hence, theratitiof thecorrespo4dingsidesissameas theratio of cordspondingmedians.

Q.E.D.
THT1EM i lf twa triangles arc eEliqngular, prooe that tte ratio of tbi
as the ratio of the corresptinding angle.bisector seyents. ' ! carrgsp,
': BSAme

cIvEN Two biangleg aBc ard DEF in which z e = z D, z B= z E, r zf; and AX, Dy are
c
thebisectors of I AandZ Drespectively. =
4,80 MATHEMATI€TTX

EYF,.
Flg.4.'149 .,,
, .
TOPROVE
E = Dy
PRooF Since egutdnghlar triangles are simil,ar.
AABC-ADEF
+
AB BC
DE
-=- EF
InAABXandDEY,wehave
lB= ZE
and, ZBAX=ZEDY
l,;
r^=tD+
So,byAlffiionofoimileffylwefusl4,, ",
AABX- ADEY
* AB AX
.(ii)
-DEDY-=- ..

From(i)and(ii),weget
BC AX
EF DY Q.E.D.
-=-
fi/flAnEng lftwotrianglesareequiangular,provethattluratiooftheconespo:ndiigiidesissame
as the ratio oftlu corresponding altitudes

lA=ZD,ZB=lE,ZC=lFandAL! BC,DMLEF j

Fig.4.150
 TAXANGLES
4.81

ToPRovE
BC ,4L
E m =
PROOF Since equiangular trianglm are sirnilar.
AABC- A DEF
::) BCAB
DE
-=- EF
h kiangle A LB and DME,we have
ZALB= ZDME
ZB= a2
So, by,,ad-aiterio,n of similarlty, we have
r.,, AALB-ADME
AB AL
- DE DM
-=-
From(i)and(ii),weget
BC AL
EF DM
.: ,'.ii: l:tl ,..*," ;ESE
rytEonEq4 lf.one_ angle.of a triangle.f lOuyt
to one angle of another triangle and:thb,biieiy5a*.oy
these eflud aingles diaide the oppositi side ii ratii,prwe that the $io;g!6 oreaimilar.
the same
cIvEN lwo triangles ABC and DEF in which Z A = z b.The bisectors Ap;, qa ;, z e
*a
ZDintel.sectBcandEFinpanderespecrivelysuO*rutff =#. : :

TOPROVE AABC-ADEF
PRooF We know thatthe bisectors of an angle of a hiangle intersects the opposite
side in the
angle
ratio of the sides containing the :-

i 'o'
, .,, Fig.4.152
.': APisthebisectotot Z A
,: BP .AB :

PC AC ..'(t)
@isthebisectorof ZD
EQ DE
Qr DF
-=_
BP
. "'Go
Eut,
PC=EQ
Qr
r'leiffi
 MATHEMATICS-X
4.82

Therefore, from (i)'and (ii), we get

AB
AC=DE
DF
Thus, in trianglesABC and DEF, wehave
;t AB
AC=9!
DF
[GivenJ
and, IA=ZD
So, by SAS'criterion of similarity, we get
LABC-LDEF '' .'' Q'ED'
'"':'"''
one-of these sidcs of.a' ttinngle aye respeetioely
THEOREM S lf noo sides and a median bisecting
propor tionat to the twaJidis';r; ;;;;; ;pioffi
*ain of another tiiangte' then the .i{fg,,

#: A ABc and A DEF in whicrr Ap and De are the medians suctr that'
#,='#t' =' #
TO-'PBOVE LABC'LDEF
PROOF Wehave,
. AB 'BC'' AP '.i r'

r DE- EF,. DQ
-=-=-
r-:'' 'l

1-^
AB ,BC AP BPC
_-_-=- ;'j, - i'
'.
:

DE 1rr, DQ , .: ,. :, ,ri,, Fig.4.154 . .

2 ...i1.
D
AB BP AP
lDEEQDQ
-=-=-
+ LABP-LDEQ [By SSS-similarity]
+ ZB=IE
Now, in A ABC and A DEF, we have
AB BC [Given]
DE EF
-=- E:'GlF
and, ag= ZE :

So, by SAS<riteridn of similiiity, we get , ' Fi93.155

AABC- A DEF o.E.D.
!

THEOREM 6 lf two sides anil a median bisecting the-third sile.'of f'ffiatugle:'ile;respectirtely

t'iart ondthe meiinn ttyo'triangles are
anothet triangle,thenthe
proportional to tlte corriiioiiing of
'similar.
are the' u'pdiane such 'that
crvEN Two triangles ABC and DEF in which AP and DQ
AB. AC AP
DE DF
-);a-=-
DQ
rQxFgvE LABC-LDEF
T.RIANGIES : .
483

CONSTRUCTION Produce AP to G so that P@= 4P. Iqis'CG.,Ahgi,pro&nperQe,tq l**fio that

QH=DQ.JoinFH.
PROOF InA APB and A GPC, wehave
BP--CP .. : [.,.APisthsmedianl
,Ap=Gp ,.j i.: ,, {By.construction]
and, Z APB= ZCPG [Verticallyoppositeangles]
So, by SAS-criterion of congruence, we have
L,APB=L,GPC
+ AB=GC .. .(r)
Again,InA DQEandA HQF, wehave
EQ=FQ [...DQisthemedian]
DQ=HQ [Byconskuction]
and, ZDQE=ZHQF [Verticallyoppositeangles]
So, by SAS-criterion of congruence, we have
ADQE=AHQF
+ DE=HF ...(ii)
AB AC AP
Now;
DE DF DQ
-=-=_ lGivarJ

GC AC AP l': ag = GCand DE = HF
HF DF DQ llrrom (i) and (ii))
-=-=_ Fig.4.157
GC AC 2AP
+ HF DF 2W
: K, AC AG
_=_=_
HF DF DH [':2AP=AGandZDQ=DH]
+ LAGC-LDHF [By SSS-cttterion of similarityl
:+ Zl= 12
t,

Similarly,wehave
Z3= Z4
/-1+23=22+24
:+ ZA=ZD .;:(iii)
Thus, inA ABC and A DEF, we have
ZA=ZD lFrom(iii)l
.ABAC
and' DE= DF i,. [Givenl
So, by SAs-criterion of similarity, we have
AABC- ADEF
Q.ED.
 MATHEfi{ATICS.X

In this section, we will diseuss some theorems concerning the ratio of'4reas'of similar

TrlEOREtt t The ratio of the areas of ttoo simitai *imgles are equal to the ratio of the Squares of any
ttw conesponding siiles. [N€ER1 CBSE 2fit0, 2002, 2004, 2006iq, 2008, 20101
GIVEN Two hiangles ABC and DEF such that A ABC - A D-EE
Area (AABC) e* BC2 AC2 ,

ToPRovE =
Ar""(aDEO De= ep'= DF'

Fig.4.158 Fi9.4.159
CONSTRUCTION DraweLLBCandDMIEF. ii ,

PRooF Since similar triangles are equiangular and their corresponding sides are
proportional. Therefore,
AABC- ADEF

lA=lD,ZB=ZE,ZC=ZFand DE EF
AB 8C ,AC
=+ .. .(r)
-=-=- DF
Thus, in A ALB and A DME we have
+ Z ALB= IDME [Each equal to 90']
and, ZB=ZE [From(i)l
So, by lA-criterion of similarity, we have
AALB - A DME
AL AB
.(ii)
DM DE
..

From (i) and (ii),weget

AB _AC _ AL
=BC ...(iiO
DE EF DF DM
Now,
Area(AABC)
,: Area (ADEfl

eq
Area (A ABC) _f,tnc"
Area (ADEF)
xDM)
|o,
+
Area (A AB0 BC AL
Area (A DEF) EF
=-V-
DIin
TRXANGIES"
"[t85

Area (AABC) BC BC
Arca(ADEfl EF EF [Fb-(iii),# =#]
.:: ii r .

Arca (A ABC) BC2

Ar@ (A DEF) -........:
. EFz 1i.ii.:
i'.
BC AB AC .,. i
But,
E!: DE. DF, . ..i
-=-=-
Bc2 A* Ac2
EFz DEz DF2
-=-=_
Area(AABC)'^r' BCz AC2
Hence, =-=_=_
Area (ADEF) Otz EF2 DFz
: Q.E.D.
T,iEOREI, 2 The areas of two similar trianglu are in the ratio of the squares of the conesponding
altitudes.
cIvEN Two triangles ABC and DEF such that A e BC - LDEF and AL i fC,
DMLEF. I "

Fig. 4.160 Fig.4.16t

ToPRovE A""r(ADE4=Dl,
PRooF Since the ratio of the areas of trpo similar hiangles is equal to the ratio of the squares
ofanytwocorrespondingsides. r .

"i
Area (AABC) ABl
'
,:
., Area (A'DEFI= DE2 '
...(i)

Now, in A ALB md ADME, wehave

ZALB= ZDME
and, ZB= lE
'So, by &{<riterion of similarity, we have

AALB - ADME
AB AL
DE DM
;
Atr AI}
_=_
-. DE2 DM2 .. .(ii)
 -a

"r[85 MAn:mft#SGSrCI(
-r
rg.n(0a$.!?::,*n, ** t ?B i;an tis;n
- M. . r.ri
r,i,,l, " .Aiigh(&q8q q..1 ti ,;uxri,{;..,r,* *:n
=
Ito ,,, t"111 *,i;.*:f: e.W,.
nlrirrra.s of two similar triengles are in the ntio;4iine $ffi*$f Fffi&rrespondiug
The arcas
medians. ..,.1i '{& :}* [NCEnfl
crvEN T\rvo trianglesABC and DEF such that 6 ABC - L Pef an&Sff b(&[€tfiSrm*fia*$$

roPRovE l@=6t - i$* \i

ii; .

PRooF Since the ratioof theareas of trn o sirailqr trirygles Qggual ,Bt|19 Le$g S the sguares
ofanytwocorrespordinssideo.
"ii : *.{;..*;;. #;;;j; .:,",,t*"i

')Y"'i t. h&T'ti*Er
'

Arda(AABC) AB?..
--
Area (ADEFJ ^DE' ',
- Eji
Now, AABC-ADEF
..
.. r.i "",;
?*, **fs 3;a
AB BC t ,l
.' ,";1:'' .''':''''
=+
DE EF
-=- -erat '' il'i".ll*1 ,* i - - '' li J{-:;i': '?'i
AB zBP BP -.:ll .. :,i',ri.i,."' r.4j-ilt'''- ':i{.il . .i'} :.t:,i ;i.;L@
=ri.;it: =E=FE;l+Ss,,r'..,
DE zEQ EQ' ,.i\. rrii;:.jr:i..r1,,...; ,.3..;:i;:.r..'
Thus, i;r biargles APB and DOE, we have
., AB
--- BP
!-, andZB=ZE
DE= EQ
So,by $Asciteriur of similarity, we have
A APB- ADQE

BP. 'AP
+ EQDQ
-=-
ftom (ii) and (iii),we get
AB-AP
DE DQ
=5 4=4
DE2 Dd
 t-

TRllrHrELES,.:

Fro.m(i) and (iv),we get' r,

AP2
'Area(IDEF)'" W
THEOilEI 4 The areas of two similar trinngla are in the ratio of the squares of fhe
anglebixctor*gtuttts, r:r""' '.'ii i
::iil
crvEN LABC- LDEFandAXandDYarebisectorofZA and ZDres$eCtively'''

r Fig-.4.164 "-, ,, ,

Area (AABC) A)*

ToPRovE A*"(aDEO = ffi
,. .!.
PRoOr Since the ratio of,the arbas of two similar
of any two correspondingstdgs.

; ., Area(AABC)
=!B: ...(,
Area(ADEF) ',DE2
:ir:r: "

Now LABC- LDEF

+ ZA=ZD

- ! ze=! zo
22
:+ ZBAX=IEDY
Thus, in triangles AB{and DEY, we have
IBAX=ZEDYandZB=lE
So, by AA+imilarity criterion, we have
:, AAtsX-A DEY,"
,i
: .DEDY AB AX -. :l
-=-
: A* Axz
----=-
DE2 DYz
From(i)and(ii),weget
Area(AABC) AP2
Area(ADEF)
=-D',i',2
a.Ep.
4.88 MATHEMATICS-X

IHEOBEN 5 If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, then the triangles are congruen! i;e. equal
and similar triangles arecongrumt. tNCEIfi, CBSE 200iCl
cIvEN Two hiangles ABCand DEF such that L ABc- A DEF and Area (L ABC)= Area
(^ DED.
ToPRovE wehavg
LABC=L,DEF
PROOF AABC-ADEF

=+ IA=ZD,lB=zE,zc=zranaff =#=#
In order to prove that A ABC = LDEF, it is sufficient to show that AB - DE, BC= EF and
AC=DF,
Now, Area (A ABC) = {1sa (A DEF)
Area (AABC)
'
- '=! -
Area (ADEF)

. AB2 BCz ACz _ l-.. Area (AABC) ABz Bc2 Ac21I

DEz EF2 DFz L Area(ADEF) DEz EF2 DF, )
=+ AB2 = DEz, BC2 = EFz and AC2 = DF2
+ AB=DE,BC=EFand AC=DF
Hence, A,ABC=L,DEE.
Q.E.D.

TLLUSTBATTVE EXAMPLES
ExAtIPrEl lf LABC-A,DEFsuchthatAB=l.2cmandDE=T.4cm.Finiltheratioof areasof
L,ABCandA^DEF.
SOLUTION We know that the ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the
squares of any two correspondingsides.

Area (AABC) AB,

.:. =
Area (ADEF) DEz

< Area (AABC) (1.2\2 ( D\2 s6

A*"(ADE4=tr$=|'*J =4s
EXAMPLE 2 In two similar triangles ABC and PQR, if their corresponding altitudes AD anil pS
are
in the ratio 4 : 9 , find the ratio of the areas of L, ABC and A peR.
SoLurIoN Since the areas of two similar triangles are in the ratio of the squares of the
corresponding altitudes.

Area (APQR) pS2

. Area (LABC) ( 4\2 M

-=.-,=- Area (apQR) I g ,/ 81 t'; AD:PS=4:91
Hence, Area (L ABC): Area (A PQR) = lg; gl
TRIANGI-ES

EXAMPLE3 lf L,ABCissimilartoLDEFsuchthatBC=3cm,'EF= cmandarcaof h,ABC=54

cm'. Determine the area of L DEF.
SOLUTION Since the ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the sguares
of any two corresponding sides.

Area(AABC) BC2
Area(ADEF)
= EF,

54 32
Area(ADEF) 42

+ Area (A DEF),9
54\16
= = 96 cm2

EXAMPLE 4
If L ABC - L DEF such thot area of L^ ABC is 9 cm2 and the arm of L, DEF is 76 cm?
and BC = 2.7 cm. Find the length of EF.
SOLUTION Wehave,
Area (AABC) BC2
Area (ADEF)
=-EFz
e _ (2.L)2
16 EF2
4x2'1cm
9 =2'1 + EF - = 2.8cm
4EF3
EXAMPLE s lnFig.4.166,PB andQAareperpmdicularsto segment AB.lf PO =5 cm,QO=7 cm
and Arm L POB = lfi cm' find the area of L, QOA.
SOLUTION LrA OAQandA OBBwehave
lA=ZB [!achequal to90']
ZAOQ= 7ggP
, ,,.,..
So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have e
LAOQ - LBOP
Area (AAOQ) Oe
Area (ABOP)
=-oP2
Area (AAOQ) 72
P
1s0 52 Fig.4.166

=e Area(AAOQ) =2x150cm2 =294cr,-l

25
EXAMPLE 5 Prooe that the area of the triangle BCE desuibed on one side BC of a square ABCD frs
base is one half the area of the similar triangle ACF ilescribd on the iliagonal AC as base.
SOLUTION ABCD is a square. L BCEis described on side BC is similar to A ACF described
ondiagonalAC.
Since ABCD is a square. Thereforg
AB=BS=CD=DA and, AC= JTBC [... Diagqnal = J1 (Side)]
Now, ABCE -LACF
4.90 MATHEMATICS-X

Area (ABCE) BC2

Area (AACF)
=-AC2
Area (ABCE) BC2 1
=-=_
Area (AACF) 6l-zncf 2

ABI
+ Area(ABCE) =
]ar"u(AACF) Fig.4.167
EXAMPLE 7 Proae that the arm of the equilateral ttrinngle described on the side of a square is half the
areaof the equilateral triangle described on its diagonal. TNCERTI
cIvEN A square ABCD. Equilateral triangles A BCE and
A ACFhavebeendescribed on sideBC and diagonalAC
respectively. '

1,
ToPRovE Area(A BC!) =,. Area (AACF)
PROOF Since A BCE and L ACF are equilateral.
Therefore, they are equiangular (each angle being equal
to 60o) and hence
ABCE-AACF
Fig.4.168
Area (ABCEI AC'
=
Ar"" (AACO Ae
Area (ABCE) BC2 l': ABCD is a square I
Area(AACF) d-Zaqz a AC =,fzec )
[.'. diagonal = .,D1side)
Area(ABCE) _ 1
Area (AACF) 2
EXAMPLE 8 Equilateral trinnglesare drawn on thesides gf qrtsht triangle. Show thatthe armof the
trinngle on tlulaypotmuse is equal to the sum of the nreas of triangles onthe other two sides.

crvEN 34, right angled triangle ABC with right angle at B. Equilateral trianglj:i;,,'&?
and RAC are described on sides AB, BC and CA respectively.
ToPRovE Area (A PAB) + Area (A QBQ =41"u (A RAC)

Fig.4.169
TRIANGI-ES 4.9X

PROOF Since triangl es PAB, QBC and RAC are equilateral. Therefore, they are equiangular
and hence similar.

Area(APAB) Area(AQBC) AB'=

... *' = *g
Area(ARAC) Area(ARAC) AC2 ACz

Area(APAB) . Area(AQBC)
-_ --E-
AB2 +BCz
=+ -
Area (A&{c) A*" (AR {c)

Area (APAB) Area (AQBC) ACz ^ l'; LABCis a right angled hianglel
+ * qCl = =r
Ar"" (A&4C) er"u t^n Ae lwithZB=9Oo :.AC2 = egz +BC2 )
Area'(A PAB) + Arba (AQBC)
Area (ARAC)
=f
+ Area (A PAB) + Area (A QBC) = Area (A RAC)
EXAMPLEe InFig.4.LT0,ABCDisatrapezittminwhichAB ll oianaae*2DC.Determineihe
L, AOBand LCOD.
ratioof theareasof INCENT]
SOLUTION IntriangleAOB andCOD,wehave DC
Z AOB=Z COD [Vertically opposite angles]
and, IOAB=ZOCD [Altemateangles]
So, by AA-criterion of simiLarity, we have
LAOB-LCOD
Area (AAOB) AB2
:, (ACOD)
Area DCz Fig.4.170

Area (AAOB) (2DC)2 4

: =-=-
Area (ACOD) (DCF 1

Hence, Area(A AOB):Area(A COD)=+: t.

EXAMPLE ro In the trapezium ABCD, AB llCD and AB = 2 CD. If the area of I AOB ='84 cm',
findtheareaof LCOD. reBsE 200s1
SOLUTION Fromexampleg,wehave
Area(AAOB) 4
-
Area(ACOD) 1

u4
--=-
Area (ACOD) t
+ Area (A COD) =2'!. cmz .: t, ;,
EXAMPLE 11 D, E, F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectio,ely of a L, ABC.
Determine the ratio of the areas of L DEE and L, ABC. INCERT]
SOLUTION Since D and E are themid-points of the sides BC andABtespectivelyof. L ABC.
Therefore,
DE llBA
+ DE llFA .. .(i)
1:92 MATHEMATICS-X

,lDC
Fi9.4.171 , .:

Since D and F are mid-points of the sides BC and AB respective[y oI A A.BC Therefore,
DF llCA+DF llAE .. .(ii)
From (i), and (ii), we conclude that.AFDE is a parallelogram.

Nortr, inA DEF and A ABC we have

ZFDE= Z A [Opposite,angles of, par4llelogr a$ AFDEN
and, ZDEF=ZB [Opposite angles of pard'Ilelogram BDEFI
So, by z{rt-sitrdlarity criterion, we have
LDEFTLABC
Area (ADEF) DE: _ 0/zAB)2 _
=+ Area (AABC)= enz AB2
1

[,
,, =f,n
4 )
Hence, Area (A DEF): Area (A ABC) = 1 :4
EXAMPLE 12 D and E are points on the sides AB anil AC respectiaely of a L ABC such that

DE ll BC and diaiiles L, ABC into two parts, equal in area, Firut

ry
AB
lNCERT,CBSE2000l
SOLUTION Wehave,

+ Area (A ADE) + Area (A ADE) = Area (hapeziumBCED) +Area (A.,tDE) :

=) 2Area(AADE)=drc3 (LABC) ...(i)

I;nA ADEandA ABC wehave ..
Z ADE= ZB l'.' DE ll BC .'. Z ADE =Z B(Corresponding anglesl
and, IA=ZA [CommoriJ A
AADE- A ABC

(AdDE) _ AD2
+ t{rea
Area (AABC) @
Area (AADE) AD2
=+
2Area (LADE)
=-.AB2
1 ( AD,\2
=)
2 [ar) Fig.4.172
glg!fg,E$,1;13,.,,
lrel

+
ADl
--- l"
AB= -l-
.E ,.
=t Ag = .llAO ," . i, ,., i...,., r 'ti,..
.:r..:,i. .ir.!.

=+ AB =.|Z(AB: BD).,
='r (,12 -l)AB = 42BD :

BD .11-t 2-,11 ': ':': ;''j'i'

" '

EXAMPLE 1s Two isosceles triongla luoe equal ontical"aqglu,,wil tltfurrrqs.4q.intlp7glis

l6z2s..Fittdtheratiooftheirconapondingheights. . ,"t6sUitmOl
SOLUTION ["et A ABC and A DEF be the given triangles such that AB.*AC and DE = DF,
ZA=lD
.,i,
and.
Arer(AflBC)g _t0
_____-__i-__l______a
..,.G)
Area(ADEF) %
DrawALlBCandDMl. EF.
::?ll
Notr, AE*AC,DE=DF ;i
i,,.i;,'':

AB DE
+ =1".d =1
: AC, . DF
i ,,.- - ,A

Mi
Fig. 4.173 F19.4.174 i
AB
ir€t -DE
.,#r':,, .
AB AC
- !! ,' i

DE DF
Thus, in triangles ABC and DEF, we hav€
AB AC and, lA
:i:
DE= -:
DF
= ZD
So, by &{S-sirnilarity criterion, we have
A ABC-ADEF
Area(AABC) AL'=
=) Area(ADE$= DMz
r* r ::'.,:::'i:.i
:+ !$' r' d[21.
.,',' , -=--DM'
115
l--- :a l
4T
{${

+ AL _4
DM5
ftrence, AL:DM =4:5.

Do\MpLEl4 tnFig4.775,DE ll BCnndAD:DB=S:4. rrra

SOLUTION InAABCwehave
I{!8S82000.! ffiffi.,,
ijr.,. -:; r i:\r .i.jil.
DE ll Bc -
+ Z ADE= Z ABCerltdl AED= ZACB S
tdrr"speei'ga"sbli
,ttsC)Si6if;h|:i'ii: :l:l!$1 .'p1i ';',11"';';;1;:ri-li .',!',,;+sg1 r,"..;.1' ti .3i''-{rtda}-T
r"i :11'l.rt1. 1iirir:rri,i:1r, ;1'.ir-i'r ii.rtii1t,.:*t:,.riit trciffidl
:i,.,1, ;|.1: tzlADBs,zf,flB&j rli;: a:i;; r':;,.:'rJ i:a.irr;j* ';r{i:3 r*C {&'i .f: t}1.-r.* . : ii r',, ,..-, :::,, j !ei-r,! i.; , rl.l:.
dnd, ZAED=ZACB "i
. i '11 :i

...: LAED-LABC
+ AD DE
AB BC
-=_
Wehave,
li i;lli :ir #lI ,y..':::

AD5
+=-
DB4 .1i
.I, ,.,rr#\
DB4

,l'<'\
F
4D5..
-=-.
DB 4,1' r
1j
fl Y
AD 5'
-+l=:#l j;
i
,''l
DB+AD| g.
= - !
\
/:/si c
AD,' 5i
----i
1.

'ir'I Fis'\4.17s
AB :'9 Ab 5 \
1

I
'\ \\
AD'_ 5 ,^ AE .-e- .-
-=---=- $" r , , *ri" " - '*---.....'--.\
1

gE*= q
gC - g 1o';i ;r ili:l ii\ i t* :tt:l
InA DFEandA CFB,wehave dil rj
-' '_ :: -- ' {:'::
11=23 [Alterftfrte iriGCrior angles]
22=24 tVerticaff] epfi &jte anglesl
Therefore, by z4z{*imilarity criterion, we havg {(- ;.;
.-: 1,is:t-i, ir.1r'1 I i..i i:r:l* i-i ."L a,d,:{i:.siit ; :i, :.r: rl.i
ADFE- ACFB ,h| ,:r
rt .al\
i. il,i :. "l:

'
rrr
I l1j
Area (ACFB) BC2 ':; .,.'oii 1,". + L:ix:lii : r.1,' it ir* Iiinia-i :. i:. .i ri, f*:
"
.)f.*,:
i,:,r..
(ADFE) f S \2 ?s
Area 'ji,
=ttt=- -U ,"]j..rlj:t:rtusing(i)!
Area(ACFB)-[eJ
,r,', ,,4.1qj,.;r.,..c;
EXAMPL-E15 InFig.4J!76,XY |l ACandXYdiaidutriangularregionAB,Qiatohgpartsequat
: : ;1j ji Ax
inaria.oeirmine r.,,ll itusrzooal+:i
fi.
TRIANGLES' ]

495

SOLUTION Wehave,
xy ll Ac
and, Area(A BXn=Area(quad. XICA)

Now XY ll ACand BA isa transversal.

:+ ZBXY=ZBAC
Thus, in A's BAC and BXY, we have
/ XBY=ZABA
Z BXY= Z BAC
Therefore, r{A-criterion of similarity, we tuve
ABAC- ABXY
Area (A-BAC)
_ BA2
A'*GES - BF
BA2
-^ BXz , tUsing(i)l
aA = Jinx + BA = ,12 @A - Ax)
6/1-tlnA= ^li. Ax
AX J1-t
AB JZ

EXERCTSE 4.6
1. TrianglesABCand DEF arcsimilar.
(i) If area (L ABq= 16 cm2,.area (A DEQ = 25 cm2 and BC =2.3cm, find EF.
(ii) If area (A'ABC).= 9 cm2, area (A DEO = 64 cm2 and DE = 5.:l,cm, firid AB.
(ii0 lf AC = 19 cm and pF = 8.cm, find the ratio of the area of two triangles.
(vi) If are a (A, ABC) = 36 cm2,area (A DEF) =64 cm2 and DE 6.2"*,tfiij af
= .
(v) If AB = 12 cm and DE = 1.4.-c+, tf9 ratio of the areas of A ABC and a DEF.
I -{1d
,'T^trg..^4117X:
++CB,: LAPQ. If BC = L0 cm, pe = 5 cm, BA = 6.5sm and
AP = 2'8 cm, find cA and Ae. Arso,find the area (L AcB): area (A Ap
e).

c
: Fig.4.1i7
4.96 MATHEMATICS-X

3. The areas of two similar triangles are 81 cm2 and 49 cm2 respectively- Find the ratioof
their corresponding heights. What is the ratio of their corresponding medians?
4. The areas of two similar triangles are 169 cmz and 121 cm2 respectively. If the longest side
of the larger triangle is 26 cm, find the longest side of the smaller triangle.
5. Two isosceles triangles have equal vertical angles and their areas are in the ratio 36 : 25.
Find the ratio of their corresponding heights.
6. The areas of two similar triangles are 25 cm2 and 36 cm2 respectively. If the altitude of the
first triangle is 2.4 cm, find the corresponding altitude of the other.
7. Thecorrespondingaltitudesof twosimilar trianglesare6cmand9 cm respectively. Find
the ratio of their areas.
8. ABC is a triangle in w lict. ZA = 90o, AN L BC, BC =12 cm and AC = 5 cm. Find the ratio
of the areas of A ANC and L ABC.
9. InFig. 4.L78,D8ll BC
(0 if pe = 4 cm,''BC= 6 cm and Area (L ADE) = 1.6 cm2,find the area of A ABC.
(ii) If DE=4cm,BC=8cmandArea (LADE)=2 cmz,findthe areaof LABC.
(iiil If DE : BC = 3 : 5. Calculate the ratio of the areas of LADE and the trapezium
BCED.

Fig.4.178 Fig.4.179

10. In A ABC, D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. Find the ratio of the
areasofA ADEandLABC.
L1. In Fig. 4.179, LABC and A DBC are on the same base BC.If AD and BC intersect at O,
prorithut INcERr, cgbu 2ooo,2oo5l
Area (AABC) AO
=
Area(ADBC) DO
12. ABCDisatrapeziuminwhichAB.ll CD.ThediagonalsACandBDintersectatO.Prove
that : (i) L AOB - L COD (i0 If OA =6cm, OC = 8cm,
Find:
Area(AAOB) Area (AAOD)
(a) (b)
Area (ACOD) Area (ACOD)
13. In L, ABC, P divides the side AB such that AP : PB = l. : 2. Q is a point in AC such that
PQ I I BC. Find the ratio of the areas of A APQ and trapezium BPQC.
14. The areas of two similar triangles are 100 cm2 and 49 cm2 respectively. If the altitude of
thebigger triangle is 5 cm, find thecorresponding altitude of the other. [CBSE 2002]
TRIANGLES 4.97

15. The areas of two similar triangles are121. cm2 and 64 9m2 respectively. If the median of
the first triangle is L2.1. cm, find the corresponding median of the other. TCBSE 20011
L5. lf L ABc - A DEF such that AB = 5 cm, area (A aBc) = 20 cm2 and area (A DEF) 4s cm2,
=
determineDE.
17. rn L ABC,PQ is a line segment intersecting AB at P and AC at such that
e pe | | BC and
PQ divides A ABC into two parts equal in area. Find {.
18. The areas of two similar triangles ABC and PQR are in fit
ratio q : 16.1f BC = 4.5 cm, find
thelengthof QR. tcBsE 20041
19. ABCis a triangle and PQ is a straight line meeting AB in P and AC in Q. If AP = I crr.,
PB = 3 cm, AQ = 1.5 cm, QC = 4.5 m, prove that area of A APQ is one- sixteenth of the area
of A,ABC. lcBsE 200s1
20. If D is a point on the side AB of L, ABCsuch that AD : DB = 3.2 and E is a point on BC such
thatDEllAC.FindtheratioofareasofAABCandABDE. ICBSE2006Cl
21. It d,ABC and ABDE are equilateral triangles, where D is the niid point of BC,find the
ratioof areasof AABC and MDE. ICBSE2010I
22. AD is an altitude of an equilateral hiangle ABC. On AD as base, another equilateral
triangleADEisconstructed.ProvethatArea(A ADE):Area(AABC)=3:4.ICBSE2010l

ANSWERS
1. (i) cm (ii) 1.9125 cm (iii) 361 : 64 (iv) 4.65 (v) 36:49
2.875
2. 5.6cm,3.25cm,4:1 3.9:7;9:7 4.22cm
5.
8. 25 :744 9. (i) 36 cm2, (ii) 100 cm2, (iii) 9 : t 6
10. 1.:4 tz.@* (u); 13.1:8
14. 3.5cm 15. 8.8cm 1.5.7.5cm

rz. 0:1 18. 6cm. 20.25:4 21. 4:1.

JZ

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

3. Since the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares
of
their corre,sponding altitudes and is also equal to tlie ratio of the squares of their
corresponding medians. Hence,
ratio of altitudes = 9 :7 = ratio of medians.
4. Wehave,

1,69 262
121, (Side of the smaller triangle)2

13 26
1-- Side = 22cm
11 Side of the smaller triangle
8. Wehave,
- 4l93giyc) ACz 25
^ANC ^ABC= Are.a (A ABC) BC2 1,M
9. (i) InA ADEandA ABC wehave
ZADE=ZB [Correspondingangles ('.' DE | | BC)]
4.98 MATHEMATICS-X

ZA=ZA [Common]
Area(A ADE) DEz
LADE - LABC + Area (A ABC)
=+

BC2
Area (A ADE) g
/:::\ _ DEz _ 32 _
Area (A ABC) BC2 52 25
Let Area (A ADE) - 9r sq. units and Area (A ABC) = 25r sq, units.
.'. Area (trap.B CED) = Area (A ABC) a Area (L ADE) - 25x -9x = L6x
10. Since D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. Therefote, DE ll BC.
Consequently,wehave
Area (A ADE) AD2. AD2 1
LADE - LABC
= Area (A ABC)
=-="---=
AB' (2ADY 4
11.. Draw A L L Bcand DM l- BC. In A ALO and A,DMO, we have
Z ALO = Z DMO=90" and, I AOL= Z DOM
AALO - ADMO
AL AO
.(i)
DM DO
-=_
..

. Area (LABC)_ (1/2)BCxAL AL AO

lusing(i)l
Area (A DBC) (1, / 2) BC x DM
-- DM DO

4.10 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

In this section, we shall prove an important theorem known as Pythagoras Theorem. This
Theorem is also known as Baudhayan Theorem.
THEOREM 1 ln a right angled triangle, tlw square of the hypoterurse is equal to tlrc stnn of tlte squares
of the other two sides. lNcERT, CBSE 2001, 2002, 2004, 2001 2006C, 2009, 2010I
cIvEN A right-angled triangle ABC in which Z B = 90".
To PRovE (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2
i.e, + BC"
ACz = AB2
CONSTRUCTION FromB draw BD I AC,

Fig.4.180
PROOF In triangles A DB and ABC, we have
Z ADB= Z ABC [Each equal to 90']
and, ZA=ZA [Common]
So, by.4,4-similarity criterion, we have
AADB- AABC
AD A8,""
= * =i ['.' In similar hiangles corresponding sides are proportional]
 TRIANGLES
4,.99

:+ AB2=ADxAC ...(0
In triangles BDC and ABC,we havb
ZCDB= Z ABC
[Eachequal to 90.]
ffid, zc= zc ICommon]
Sn,by AA-similarity criteriory we have
ABDC-AABC
+ DC BC
= ['.' In sirnilar triangles corresponding sides are proportiural ]
BC AC
=+ BC = AC x DC ...(ii)
Adding'equations (i) and (ii), we get
ABz+BC =AD xAC+AC xDC
:+ AB2 +BCz= AC(AD +DC)
+ AB2+BC=ACxAC
:+ AB2+BC2=AC
Hence, AC=n32agg
Q.E.D.
The converse of the above theorem is also true as proved below.
THEaHEM 2(Contterse of PythagoragTheorem) In a triangle, if the square
of one side is equal to the
sumofthesquaresoftheothertwosides,thmtheangleoppditiiotnesliie*a"rtglttangle. '
INCERA CBSE 2U)oC, 2006C, 2oog, 2otol
cIvEN A triangleABC such that AC2 = ABz + BC
A

Fig.4.t81 . Fig.4.182 i
coNsrRUCTIoN Construct a hiangle DEF such that DE = AB,Ei= BC and z E
=90o.
PRooF order to prove tha t Z B =90o,itis sufficient to show that A iBC A DEE For this
-In - we
proceed as follows :

Since A DEF is a right angled triangle with right angle at E. Therefore, by pythagoras
theorem,wehave
DF=2BzaBP
=+ DF=4gz aggz I'.' pf = AB and EF 7 BC (By construction)l
=+ DF=AC [... ABz +B.C'= AC(Given)]
:+ DF=49 ...(,
Thus, in A ABC and A DEE wehave
AB=DE,BC=EF
[ByconstrtrctionJ
,
and, AC=DF
[Fromequation(i)]
LABC=L,DEF
4.100 MATHEMATICS-X

+ lB= Z E=90"
Hence, A ABC isa righttriangleright-angled at B.
Q.E.D.

4.10.1 SOME TMPORTANT RESULTS BASED UPON PYTHAGORASTHEOREM

THEOREM (Result on obtuse trinngle) In Fig.4.1"83, L ABC is an obtuse triangle, obtuse-angled at
1

B. lf AD L CB, prooe that AC = AB2 + BC + 2 BC x BD. INCERT]

cIvEN An obtuse triangle ABC, obtuse-angled at B and AD is perpendicular to CB produced.
To PRovE AC = A* + BCz +2 BC x BD'
pROOF Since A ADB is a right triangle right-angled at D. Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem,
wehave
AB2=AD2+DB2
Again, A ADC is a right.triangle rigtt-angled at D.
Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem, we have
Ae=ADz+DC
+ AC=Aff+(DB+BC)2
=+ ACz=ADz +DBz +BC2+2BC'BD
+ n( =1AD2 + DB21+BC?+2BC'BD
+ ACz = AB2 + BCz + 2 BC . BD [Using (i)] Fig. 4.1 83
Hence, AC=ABz +BC +2BC'BD
REMARK ln the abooe theorem BD is known as the projation of AB otr BC and the theorem can also be

statedas:
ln an obtuse trinngle, the squnre ofthe side oppositeto obtuse angle is equal to the sum ofthe squares of
other two sides plus twice the product of one side and the proiection of other on first .

THEOREM2(Resultonacutetriangle) InFig.4.LS4,lBofL,ABCisanacuteangleandADLBC,
prooethatAC2=ABz +BC2-2BCxBD INCERTI
cIvEN A A ABC in which Z B is an acute angle and AD L BC
TOPROVE AC = AB2 + BC2_ 2BC X BD,
pRooF Since A ADB is a right hiangle right-angled at D. So, by Pythagoras theorem, we have
AB2 =Aff +Bff ...(0
Again, A ADC is a right triangle right-angled at D.
So, by Pythagoras theorem, we have
AC=AD2 +DC
+ AC=AD2+(BC-BDf
:+ AC2=ADl+(BC2+ BD}-}BC'BD)
+ n(=1Aoz +BDz)+qC-2BC.BD
=+ AC = ABz +BC2-28C. BD lusing(01
Herrce, AC=AB2 +BC-znC'no
Q.E.D.
TRIANGLES 4.101

REMARK In the aboae theorem BD is known as the projection of AB on BC and the theorem can also
be stated as:
ln acute triangle, tlre square of theside opposite to an acute angle is equal to the sum of the squares of
.an
other two sidu minus twice the product of one side and the projection of other onfirst.
THEOfiEM 3 Proue that in any triangle, the sum of the squares of aiy two sides is equal to twice the
ofluffof thc third side together with ttoice the square of the medianwhichbisecis tlrc third side.
square
cIvEN A A ABCinwhichADisa median.

roPRovE AB + AC.=2eO'.Z(|ac)'
or, AB2 + AC =2(AD2 + BO2)
CONSIBUCTION DrawAEl- BC.
PRooF Since Z AED = 90o. Therefore, in A ADE, we have
ZADE<90"=+ ZADB>90'
Thus, A ADB is an obtuse-angled triangle and AADC is an
acute-angled triangle.
A ABDisobtuse-angledat Dand AE lBDproduced. Therefore,
by theorem 1, we have
DE
AB2=ADz+BD2 +2BDxDE ...(i) Fig.4.185
A ACD is acute-angled at D and AE l- CD.Therefore, by theorem 2, we have
AC = AD2 + oC -zDC x DE
j AC=AD2 +BD|-LBDxDE [...CD = BDI .. .(ii)
Addingequations (i) and (ii), weget
A* + AC =2(Aoz + Bo2)

=+ ABz+Ac=z{eo'.(Ti}

ABz + ACz =2 AD2+ r(irc)'

AB2 +AC2 =2Aff +28D2
AB2 + AC2 =2(AD2 +BD2)
Q.E.D.
THEoREIil 4 Prooe that three times the sum of the squares of the sides of a triangle is equal to
four
times the sum of the squares of the medians of the triangle.
cIvEN A A ABC in which AD, BE and CF are three medians.
ropRovE 3(ABz +BC +CA21=41ilD2 +BE2 +CF)
PRooF Since in any triangle, the sum of the squares of arry two sides is equal to twice the
square of half of the third side together with twice the square of the mediarr.bGecting it. '
Therefore, taking AD as the median bisecting side BC, we have
AE + AC2 =Z(ADL +BD2)
4.102 MATHEMATICS_X

:+ A* +
{eo,. (T
ACz=z t

i}
=+ AB2+ACz=z{eo'-+'}
:+ zlanz + aC', =l ,noo' .rrr'l ...(i)
Similarly, by taking BE and CF respectively as the medians, we
get BDC
2(AB2+BC'?) =(48E2+aC) ...(ii) Fig.4.186
and, 2(AC +BC2) = (ACFZ + Anz) . . .(iii)

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

4(AB2 +BC2 + AC)=A(AD2 +BEz +CF2) +(BC + AC2 + AB2)
+ g(ABz +BC2+AC\=4(AD2 +BE2 +CF)
Hence, 3 (A* + BC2 + AC1= 4.44p2 + BEz + CF)
e.E.D.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 Aright trinnglehas hypotenuse of lmgthp cmand oneside of length q cm.If p- q = 1,
firrd the length of the third side of the triangle.
SOLUTION Let the third side be x cm. Then, by Pythagoras theorem, we have
p'-q'**'
:+ x'=p'-Q'=@-q)(p+q)=p+q I':p-q=tl
x=Jp+q=Jzq+L 1.., p - q = 7 ...p = q + 1.1

Hence, the length of the third side is ,tZq + 1, ctrr.

EXAMPLE z The sides of certain triangles are giaen below. Determine which of them are right

(i) a = 6 cm, b = 8 cm and c = 10 cm (ii) a = 5 cm,b = 8 cm and c ='1.'/.. cm.

SOLUTION (i) Wehave,
a=6cm,b=8cmandc=10cm
Here, the larger side is c = 10 cm.
Wehave, a' + b2 = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 1OO = cz
So, the triangle with the given sides is a right triangle
(ii) Here, the larger side is c = 11 cm.
Clearly, a2 + b' = 25 + 64 = 89 * c2
So, the triangle with the given sides is not a right triangle. ;

EXAMPIE 3 A mcn goes 1-0 m due east and then 24 m due nortk. Eind the distance from the starting
point.
SOLUTION Let the initial position of the man be O and his final position be B. Since the man
goes 10 m due east and then 24 m due north. Therefore, A AOB isi rigtrt t"iarrgle right-angled
at A such that OA =10 m and AB = 24m.
I

TRIANGLES 4;ttX!

Fig.a.iez
BlPythagorastheorem,wehave /

OB2=OA2+AB| j; '.'
=+ OBz = 1.02 + 242 = 700 + 576 = 676
=e OB = .ldd = 26m
Fhncgthernanis,atadistanceof26mfromtheshrHngpoinf;, ',,., ', ,,ir' i ' ,,"
EXAMPLE4 Aladderisplacedinsuchawnythdtitsfoot'isatailtstorce'ofsmfromawdllandits
tip reaches a windout L2 m abute the ground. Determine tlv length of the laddu.
soLlmoN LetABbetheladderand Bbethewindow.Ihery,, i '. .. : ,. , .

A 5m c
Fig. 4.188
ti :.
BC=\2mandAC=5m .,, ,.r.r r,.
Since A ABC is a right triangle right- angled at C
=AC +BCz
AB2
=+ A
=5,+!22*L69,,
+ A#=13m
Hence,thelengthoftheladderistS,t '.,1..,.,t,,,..",.,,,,.,,.'..,',, ' ,,"' ,..,,,-', " 'ir : '

EXAMPLE s A tadder 25 m loyg. re-achela winilout of a buitding 20 ru qbooe the ground, Deterulnle
the distance of the foot of the laddir from tlw building. ,
soLUTIoN Suppose that AB is the ladder, B !s the yindow andtB is thi'building.Then,
triangleABCisarighttrianglewithright-angleatCJ'': I i'j i

,i.t Li'!
Ad = ACz +BC2
4.1o4 MATTIEMAI{C€+X

c
Flq.4.1Ae
:+ Z* = AC +ZG
+ AC=625-4N=225
=) /t9={frm=15m
Hence, the foot of the ladder is at a distance 15 m from the building.
EXAMPLE 5 A ladder 75 m long reaches a
-wirdwo
whictt,is g m afuae tfu graund on one sidc of e
stteet, IQeping its foot at tlu sawe point, the lddu is turned to other siaioy t*e street to rmci* a
window 72 mhigh. Find tlu width of the street.
sollrfloN ktABbethewidthsf Oiesh€etandebe thcfootof theladder. LetDandEbethe
windows at heights of9 m and 12 m respectively from the ground. Then, CD and EF are the
two positions of the ladder.
Clearly, AD =9m, BE = 72m,CD= CE = 15 m.
IlrAACD,wehave
Cff =AC + AD2
=i 152=AC2 +*
:+ ACz =2?S-gl =lM 12m
=+ AC=72m
InA BCE,wehave CB
CEz =BCz + BE2 Fig. 4.190
:+ "1"52=BC2 +l*
:+ BCz = 2ZS - 144 = g1
+ BC=9m
Hence, widthof thestreet=AB= AC + CB = (12+9) m= 21 m.
qAyr-E ?- The hypotmuse of a rigltt triangte is 6 m more than the twice of the slnrtest side. If the
thirdside is2mless thanthehypotenux,findthesida of thc triangle.
,

SOLUTION [.et the shortestsidebe rmetres in length. Then,

Hypotenuse - (b +6) m and, Third sidl = (2r + 4) m
By tlthagoras theorern, we have
(2x+6)2=f+(2x+412
=+ 4f +24x+ 36 = x2 + 4x2+ 15r + 15 i
l- gx-2o=o
i
:+
+ (x-10)(x+2)=g
TRIANGLES 4.105

:+ ,f=10Ot,X=-2
+ .r=10 [
...r cannotbe negative]
Flence, the sides of the hiangle are 10 m, 26 m and 24 m.
EXAMPLE a P and Q are the mid-points of the siiles CA and CB respeetioely of a L, ABC, right
angleil at C. Proae that :
(i) 4AQt'=qAC+BC lcBsE2010l
(n) 4BF=ABC+AC tcBsE2001l
Gii) a(AQ'z+ BP\= 5n117 tNcERI, CBSE 2001, 2oo6CI
SOLUTION (i) SinceA AQCisarighttriangleright-angledatC.
Ad =AC + QC
4AQ'=4AC +4QC2 [Multiplying both sides by 4l
< aAff=ans! +QQC)2
4 4AQ'=4ACz + BCz [...8C =ZQCI a
(ii) Since A BPC is a right triangle right-angled at C.
BF =BCz + CPz
:+
+
=+
4BF = 4BC2 +
4BP=48C2 +(2CPf
4BP2 = 4BC + AC2
4Cf

(iii) From (i) and (ii), we have

[Multiplyingbothsidesby4]

4Adl =4AC +BC and, 4Bf =aBC + AC

I... AC=2CPI /y
A Aff + 4 BP2 = (4 AC2 + fC) + g BC + ACz)

:+ a@C +Bt*1=51eC +BC'?)

:+ t@d +BF)=5492 [maarc,wehave A* = AC2 + BCI)

EXAMPLE s ln Fig. 4.1.92, ABC is a right triangle right-angled at B. AD qnd CE are thb two
medians draam from A nnd C respectioely. If AC = 5 cm and AD = rn, fina the loqth of
S
SOLUTION Since A ABD is a right triangle right-angled at B. Therefore,
AD2 =AB2 +BDz

+ Aff=AB'* f lg)'
[z] r"'BD= DCI

+ Ad=Aff*l.ee
Agairy A BCE is a right triangle right angled at B.
CEz =BCz +BE2

+ CE2 =BCz +
ffl [...8E= EAI
4.106 MATHEMAHCS-X

=+ cEz =BCz *
f,. en, .. .(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

ed + *!
CEz = AB2 ae+ BC2+
I on
E
=) Aff+Cn'=
i1eS2+BC2)

+ 5"
AA+CE =; AC [...A ABC is right triangle :. AC = ABz + AC2]

=+ t*i +cE2 =1,*

,r'=ry-f; =n
=+ CE = .l2O cm = 2rE cm
EXAMPLE 10 ABC is a.rghtlligr.tSle
{ght-altgled gt B. Let D anil E be any" points on AB and BC
respectioely.ProaethntAE +Cd =4( iDEr' . tCrsbzoozC,iooll
SOLUTION Since A ABE is right triangle, right-angled at B.
^
AEz =AB2 +BEz .G)
Again, A DBC is right hiangle right-angled at B.
CDz=BDz +BCz ;.(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
D
AE +CDz =(AB2+BEz)+1no2 +nCz)
=+, At + CDz = (AB2 + BCz) + 18F.2 + nDz)
Using $thagoras theorem in A z{BC and L DBE, we have BEc
AC = AB2+ BC2 and DEz = BEz + BD2 Fig. +.rss
AE2 +CD2=AC2 +DlEz i
.t
Hencg AEz +CD2=AC?+DET

lIlM1lE 11 The perpendicular AD oyt ihe base'EC'of a L,'ABC interse.els'BC at D so'that

DB = 3 CD. Proae that 2 AB2 = 2 AC + BC2.
tNCrnf crsE 2oot2o@l
SOLUTION Wehave,
DB=3gP
BC=BD+DC
B9=SCP +CD :

:+ BC=4CD

+ CD= :
1
BC
4

13
CD= -BCand BD=3gp=
f,nC ...(,
 TRIANGLES

Since A ABD is a right triangle right-angled at D.

=ADz +BD2
AB2 .. .(ri)
Similarly, A ACD is a right triangle right angled at D.
AC= ADz +Cff .'.(u0

*'
' '
.r,,1"1;t1r.. irt:r: r);.'..i:.ii.i!..",:.::

, .r: ''f r-frt*n(i)GD=ig€,tsDs,48

r x-l i:.r.i

i r.1t" (i"c.f
e,ff -ac=(
,,r:,i. :: i:i , r, . i.; j.l, i.rii:: ; r I :,. j: :1.,

[i]362
= a#-ae=\sC'-
16 ' [s 1'::"'"'
' ,a

+ Atr-Ae=lecz
2
=e , 2(AB2-AC)=BC'
1 2AB2 =ZAC +BCz
ExAMPLE 12 eeClsr,rgi niangte rigttt-angledatC.LetBC = a,CA=b, AB =cAidletpbe the
lmgthofpe"rpmdicukrftokconAB,proaetfui,,,,,,r,.,,,i,.,,...,;i,.-,
:'.j:,,r,i.r,;r.-,ii,i:irr :.r::-rr,..J.r,:,.;.

cp=sfi [cBsE2002l 1 ' ''

p2= 1*
1
(i) (ii)
\-t i' 8
SOLUTION LetCDLAB.TheTCD=p. :'.'::"r,,::: .i:r:
-Jl

Area of =| et". fr"id,O

A ABC

L..- --. I
=+ Areaof A ABC=;@rxCD)=
,A
Also,

Areaof A ABC=|tra* e9=f,ab

11
-cP=-Ab
2', 2
:+ Cp =Ab

( au\2 .
:+ l:l =a'+bz
\p )
a2b2 1
=) T=a2+b2
p-
'1.
:+ a2 +b2

7 -7F-
=
 l-
:

1
MATHEMA-IICE+fr.

1 1 1 ': i::."i:r' 'il:

=t
fti
--:=:T-

.'. , -,:.,,.,-t , 1r.. :,,.r, ,, . r.,,1., ...,;

: I
_=_+_1 1
'
P2 a2'8
EXAMPLE 13 Prwe that three times the squsre of amy side of an: eqailat*fll.bknyte is €qtual to four
t,Wstlesquareof thcaltituile. ICBSEZ002I
SOLUTION [.et ABC be an equilateral hiangle and,let.4D J- BC.
InA ADB and A.ADC, we have
AB=AC [GivenJ
ZB= ZC [Eachequal ftt 50'l
and, ZADB=ZADC [Eachequal to90t
L, ADB=A ADC
+ BD=DC

= BD=DC=lnc
Since A ADB is a right triangle right-angled at D.
ABz=ADz +Bff

. a :!'l

f.' BC = ABI

+ -,
3AB2=4AD2
i
EHMPLE 14 ln an equilateral triangle with siile a, prate that ,: : .i

(i) Altitude =* IcBsE2001cl (ii) Area =Sr, tNcERI,cBsEzoo2l

SOLUTION Let ABC be an equilateral triangle the length of whose each side is a units. Draw-
AD L BC.Then, D is the mid-point of BC.

Since A ABD is a right triangle right-angled at D. :

, ,\,
+ -ttu -[zJ+l
4a2=ADz*l
 i?&t* : .'.: ':
: _ l_'
I i:,'

rni -r i
. ,v'-/:LLl'lg
fet*. i .,:!
3d
1*: 4 4
:

is Aa*E

*EC +

:
SJ r Jii *;
ii i*: $"{1.Ei is:r-ii:i3!* s€ 5&.&- A h*r, {131.. r, srfiiE
I
.a{n f

i. i .

... &$€'

.e
t}.Sr.,tx:::i ,..si&&, . u*&
t11} "E ir: "-
.;ri r. *
h+. .*:':#i
:**t gn ,11i .-,,fi $ $iBU$..]t!!.$n} s-$ ElqF4ArB
'' i- --.il,,
-,. .: 't
. tf,fl *:[],
-:it -.1 -:
(rr]
.l
|i q3s *:T&*'tY}. -Hj.. i;}
, ***rll$q*vt*;

Aff *4( * 4g
Ad-'2*d
ExurMpLE ro ln an igoecela truagk ABC s ig* .
ACprwttut Bff-Cff=zCD.iD i
&ffi' s{fieartDats*-#t

E
4.110 MATHEMATICS.X

AB2=ADz+Bd
'
=t ACZ=AD2+BD2 l.;AB=ACl
:+ (AD+CD)2=AD2+Bd
+ Ad +CDz +2AD'CD=AD2+BD|
+ BD2-CD2 =2CD. AD
EXAMPLE 17 ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and D is any point in BC, Proae tiiat
A*_ADz =BD.CD lcBsE2q,sl
SOLUTION DrawAEI'tsC
InAAEBandA AEC,wehave
AB = AC,
AE=AE [Common]
and, lB= I C l.: AB=ACl
L,AEB=LAEC
:+ BE=CE
Since A AED and L ABE are right triangles right-angled at E. DEC
Therefore, Fig.4.200
Aff =AE2 +DEz andAb2=AEz +BEz
+ e*-lo2=BE2-DE2 ":

+ A**ADz=(BE+DE)(BE-DE)
:+ AB2-ADT=(CE+DE)(BE-DE) [...8E = CE]
:+ AB2-AD2=CD.BD !

EXAMPLE 18 ln L, ABC, AD isperpmdicular to BC. Prooe that:

$) AB2 + CDz= ACz + BD2 [cBsE2oo&rmgl Gi) ABz -BDZ=AC -cDz
SOLUTION Since triangles ABD and ACD are right triangles right-angled at D.

D:
Fig.4.201

AB2 =AD2+BD2 ...(0

and, AC=ADZ+CD2 ...(i')

AB2_AC2=BD2_1D, :. .

+ A* + CD2= AC + BDz and,Anz -Bd= AC2 -CDz

 TRIANGLES
4.111

ExlMTlE From a point O in the interior of n L ABC, perpendiculars OD, OE and

1e
to the sides BC, CA and AB rqspectioely. proae that :
OF are drawn

$) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = OA2 + OB2 + OC - OO2 - OEz - OF,

(ii) AF'z + BD2 + CEz = AEz + CD2 + BF
tN€ERrl
SOLUTION Let obe a point in the interior of A ABC and let oD l_ BC,OE tcA and oF L AB.
(i) In right triangles A OFA, LODB and A OEC, wehave
- OA'=AF+OF
OB2 = BDz+ODz ' :"'
and, OCz = CE2 + OE2
Addingall these results, we get
OAz +OB2+OC2=AF2 +BD2+CE2 +OF +ODz+.OEz
:+ AF2+BD2+CE2=OA2+OB2+OC2-OD2-OE2-oFz
(ii) Inright triangles A ODB and L ODC,wehave
OB2=OD2+BDz'
and, OCz =ODz + CD2
OBz - OC2 = (OD2 + BD2) - (ODz + CD2)
+ oB2 -oC2 = BD2 -CD2
Similarly,wehave
oC2-oA2=cE2-AEz DC
and, oA2 -OB2= AF2 -BF2 Fig.4.2OQ

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

Q* - oC) + @C - o Ary + 10 A, - oBrl = pff _ ci1 + (CE -: AE2).+ (AF _ np)
=) (BD2 + CE2 + - (AE2 + CD2 + BF1 = g
AF2)

=) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + BF2 + CDz

EXAMPLE 20 A point O in the interior of a rectangle ABCD is joined with each of the aertices A, B, C
andD.Prooethat oB2+od=oC+oa'z tNcLnf Cnsuiooscf
SoLUTIoN Let ABCDbe the given rectangle and let O be a point within it .loin
OA, OB, OC
and OD.
Through O, draw EOF | | AB. Then, ABFE is a rectangle.
In right triangles A OEA and A OFC we have

AA2 = OE2 + AE2 and OC2 = OF2 + CF2

= OA2+OCz=(OEz+AEy+1Of,+CFy
= OAz + OC2 = OEz + OFz + AE2 + CF2 .. .(i)
Now, in right triangles A OFB and A ODE, we have
OB2 = OFz +FB2 and ODz = OE2 + DE2

OB2 + OD2 = (OF2 + FB2) + (OEz + DE2)

=) OB2 + OD2 = OE2 + OF2 + DE? + BF2
Fig.4.203
4.1L2 MATHEMATICS.X

:+ O* +Off=OEI+OFL +CF+AE? [... DE=CFand AE=BFl ...(i0

From(i)and(ii),weg9t
O,* + OCz =OB2 + OD2
EXAMPLE2I ABCD is a rhombus. Prme tlnt A8 + BC + Cff + D,* = AC + Bd
tNcEnr,cBsE2oosl
SOLUTTON Let the diagonals AC and BD of rhombus aBCD intersect at O.
Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
Z AOB = Z BOC = Z COD = Z DOA= fl)o andAO = CO,BA = OD.
Since A AOB is a right triangle right-angled at O.
AB2 =OAz +OB2 c

=+ ^n=(f,o.)'.( i4' [;".:i=ffi]

=) 4AB2= AC2 +BDz ...(0
Similarly,wehave
4BC =ACz +BDz ...(ii)
4CDz =ACz +BDz ...(iii)
and, AAff=AC +BD2 ...(1v) B

Adding all these results, we get Fig.4.204

4 (ABz + BC + Cff +AD') = * (eC + BD2'1
:+ AB2 +BCz +CDz+DAL =ACz +BD2
EXAMPLE 22 ln a trinngle ABC, AC > AB, D is thc mid-point of BC and AE I BC. Prwe that :

(l AC=AD'+nC'or+lec'z INCERTI

g) A*=AD'-BC.or+lnc' lcBsE2005cl

gn) AB2+AC'=ZeO'+|BC
SOLUTION Wehave, Z AED=90",

i.e, Z ADEisacuteand Z ADCisobtuse'

(i) InA ADC, ZADCisanobtuseangle.
AC = AD2 + DC + 2DC' DE

.(1"1 .
Ac= ADz
' f,nc'oe
ACz=ADz+lnc'*Bc'DE

ACz = ADz + BC.DE* lec' ...(0

(i0 ln L ABD, Z ADE is an acute angle.

A* =AD2 +BDT_ZBD.DE
 t-

TRIANGLES 4.113

+ AB'=AD2.(}*I +z.lnc.or,

=r A* = Ad + lec'-sc.ae
:+ et = ed -Bc.DE * |4 nc, .. .(i1)
(iii) From(i) and (ii),weget

Aff + AC2 =2Aff +

l. rr'
EXAMPLE2s Inanequilat*altriangte ABCthesideBCisfrsected atD, Protxtlwt 9 ADz =7 A*
soLUTIoN lret ABC be an equilateral triang.b and let D be a point on BC such that
1
BD =;3--'
BC,
A tNcERrl
DawAEIBC.IoinAD.
ht A ztE&andA AEC wehave AB =,4C,
ZAEB=ZAEC=9O" : :. ,.
and, AE=AE i

AAEB-AAEC
:+ BE=EC \' B D.E. C
Thus,wehave i' i '
Fig' rl'206

BD= Z BC,DC =
JJi? ; BCand BE=pg =.iBC . ..(r)

Since Z C = 60o. Therefore,AADCisanacute triang,e.

Aff=AC+DC-ZDCxEC

=+ Aff=AC*(!rr\'
(3 ) -z*?acxlrcl
3 2 lusrns(i)I

= Aff = en'+ f,
'
en'-! ea' [.; AB=BC=ACl
+e* -oe*
=, ADz =gan:,+
99 =L eg
=) 9AD2=7A82
EXAMPLE24 Ino L, ABC,AD LBCandAD2 =BD x CD.prwethat A.ABCisarighttriangle.
lcBsE 2006cI
SOLUTION hrrighttrianglesADBandADCwehave
AB2=AD2 +BDz ...(i)
4,t14 MATHEMAT{ESJX

i9.4.207
and, ACz = ADz + DC? .,. .. ,(ii)
Adding(i)and(ii),weget, ,; .
AB2 + AC2=2AD2 xBD2 +DCz
+' Atr+AC=ZBDxCD+BDT+CDT [.; AD'- BD xCD (Given)J
:+ A8 + AC=(BD +CD12=gg2
Thus,inAABC,wehave
AB2 + ACz =BC2
Hence,AABCisarighttriangleright-angledatA.:..'.:
EXAMPLE 2s In a I ABC, the angles at B and C are acute, If BE and CF be itrawnperpendiculars on
AC and AB respectiuely,prooe that
BC=ABxBF+ACxCE
SOLUTION lr:.( ABC,Z B isacuteand CFI-AB.
AC = AB2 + BC2 -2 AB. BE ,', . .(i)
Similarly in A ABC, Z B is acute and BE L AC.
aB = nC + AC2 -z AC. CE ...(ri)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get B c
_2 _2 Fig.4.208
AC2 + AB2 = AB2 + BC2 AB. BF +BCz + AC2 AC. CE
:

2BC2-2(AB. BF + AC.CE) =O
=
2BCz =2(AB. BF + AC.CE)
=
+ BCz=AB.BF +AC.CE
EXAMPLE 26 ln Fig. 4.209, D and E trisect BC. Prooe that 8 A*= 3 AC + 5Aff lcBsE2006cI
SOLUTION Since D and E are the points of trisectionof BC.
Therefore,
BD=DE=CE.
Let BD = DE = CE = x.Then, BE = 2xand BC = 3x.
ln right triangles ABD, ABE and ABC,we have
+ AD2 = ABz +B;Dz

= Aff=AB2 +f ...(i)
AEz = AB2 +BEz
AE=AB2 +4x2 .. .(ii)
DE
Fig.4.209
 l-1F

TRIANG,LES 4115

and, AC=AB2+BCz
+ . ACz = AB2 +9x2 ...(iiO
Now 8AE4 Ae-5 ADz =8(AB2 ++x2)-3
(AB2 +9x21-s (AB2 + xz)
+ 8AE2-IAC2-IAD2=0
= I AE2 --3 ACz + 5 AD2
EXAMPLE2T ABCisarighttriangleright-angleilatCandAC= JggC.Proaethat Z ABC=60o.
soLUTIoN Let D be the mid-polnt olAB. Ioin CD. Since ABC is a right triangfe:iight-angled
atC.
Aff = AC +BC2

:+ e* = (.llecf +Bc'z l';Ac= ,EBC(Given)l

=+ AB2 =4BC
!+ AB=2BC
1
But, BD=;ABL.e,AB=2BD
BD=BC
We know that the mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right hiangle BC
is equidistant from the veitices.' Eig.4.210
CD= AD =BD
+ CD=BC [...8D=BC]
'Thus,inABCDwehave
BD =CD=BC
+ A BCDisequilateral
:+ ZABC=60" . :,
EXAMPLE 28 ln a right triangle if a perpendicular from the right angte f o the hypotenuse ,
is drawn
prooe that the square of the perpmdicular is equal to the rectangle contained by the koo segments of the

crvEu ArighthiangleABCright-angledatA,AD.l11. "

TOPROVEAD2=BDxCD I ' ,

Fig. 4.211

PRooF Since A ABD and A ACD are right Uiangles.

AB2=AD2 +BDz . ..(r)
and, AC2=ADz+CDz .. .(ii)
4.116 MATHEMAIIG-X

Aciding equations (i) and (ii), we get .

A*+AC=2AD2+BDz+Cff
=+ BC=ZAc +BD2+CDz ['; aABCisrigttt-angledatA :. ABz + ACz = BCz]
:+ (BD+CD)'z=ZA*+BDL+CD|
+ BDz+Cff+?BDxCD=2Aff +BDz+CDz
+ ZBDxCD=2ADZ
+ AA=BDxCD
Hence, AU=BDxCD.
EXAMPLE 29 ABC is an isosceles triangle right-angleit at B. Similar triangtei ACD and ABE are
constructedon,sidsACandAB.Fittdtheratbtutweentlearusof A,ABEar'dAfll?;2001,20021

SOLUTION l-etr{B= BC=x.

It is given that A ABC is right-angled at B.
AC= AB2 +BCz
= AC =xz + x2
+ AC= Ji.x
Itisgiventhat
AABE-AACD
Area (AABE) AB2
- =-
Area (AACD) ACz

(AABEI *'
+ Area
Area (AACD)
=W
Area (A.,{BE) L

Area(AitCD) 2
'^P
EXAMPLE 30 and Q are points on the siilu CA and CB respectiaely of A, ABC right apgkd at C.

SOLUTION In right-angled trianglesACQ and PCB, we have

Fig.4.219
Ad = AC2 + CQ2 and PBz = P;Cz + CBz
+ Aff +BF=@C +CQ1+ (PC + CB'z)
TRIANGLES 4.717

:+ Ad + eP = 1eC + eC\ + (PC2 + ac\

f By P5rthapras ttmrem, we have I
:+ Ad +BP?=AB?+PQ? BC2 =AB2andPCz+ =PQz)
faC2+ QCz
EXAMrLE s1 ABC is a righNangleit triangle rigfit angld at A. A eirele is inscribed in it fhe lmgths
of the two sida containing tl* right angle are 6 cm and I cm. Find tlu radius $ the circle
tcBsE2002l
SOLUTION UsingPythagorastheoreminA BACwehave

BC=AB2+AC
+ BCz = 62 +82 = 100

=t BC = L0cm
Now,
Area of A ABC=Area of A OAB+Area of A OBC + Are*of A OCA' " "

1 1 1 1-

1 1 1 1.-
+ Nx5xS= r(6xr)+ r(10xr)+7(8xr)
+ 48=2411r=zcm
S(AMrLE 32 . ABC is an iswcel*;,triaagle w*h eC = BC, $ ABz * ZAff, pran'that L ABC is rig**
triangle. INCERT,CBS_E2@]
SOLUTION WbhAVE,
AC=BCandABz =2AC
Now A* =ZAC
:+ A*=ACL+ACI
=+ AE = AC +BCz :.
[...' AC = BC..(Gitr€nfi
+ A ABCis a right triangle right-angled at C.
ExAIlrPLEss InA PQR, QMLPRandPR'?-PQ3=Q* Prow,tlntQlvf=PMxM8 INCEIfl
SoLUTION InA PQR,wehave
PRz-PQ2 = QR'
 4.118
MATHEMATMgX

PR2=PQ'+QR2 .,.,' l

A PQR is a right.triangle right-angled at

e.
12+ 23=90" ,'

Fig.4.215

Also, Z'1,+ 22=90" l.; Zt tvtp=99"1

Z'1,= Z3
Similarly, we have
22= Z4
Thus, in A's PMQ andQMR, we have
Z'1.= Z3andZ2= Z4
So, by 24,4-criterion for similarity, we have
LPMQ- LQMR
PM
-- MO
-'-<
=:a -
QM MR
=+ QM'= PMx MR.
EXAMPLE 34 Proae that the sum of the squares of the diagonals of parallelogram
a is equal to the
sum of the squares ofits sides I [NcERr]
soLUTIoN WeknowthatifaDisamedianofAABCthen
A* + ACz =2ADz + .

lrr, [See Example22 (iii)]

Since diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. Dc
Therefore, BO and DO are mediarrsif rriangles ABC ahd f,DC
respectively.' ';
o
1
AB2 +BC2 =ZBd +
2
AC '''o
and, Aff+CDz=lDOz+
1,
ACz ..:(i, A
, Fig.4.2'16
Adding (i) and (ii), we have ' ),
AB2 +BCz +CD2 + Aff =2@a2 +D ),+ AC ,., .,

AB + BC2 + cb' + eb, = z( 1 go, +

(4
!4 norJ* ji, . -
r
l'.'Do= l2)rrl
)-- 'J
L
A* + BCz +CD2 + ADz =AC2 +BD2
TRIANGLES 4.1t9

EXAMPLE 3sln a right triangle ABC right-aangled at C, P and Qare the points on the iides CA and
CB respectiaely, which diaide these sides in the ratio 2 : 1.. proae that

$) 9AQ'z=9AC2+ABC? (ii) gBpz=98C2+4AC (iii) 9(Aer+ oF1=lgABz

SOLUTION It is given that P divides CA in the ratio 2 : l. Therefore,
2
CP=,AC ...(i)
Also, Q divides CB in the ratio 2 :1.
2
QC= BC ...(ii)
,
(i) Applying Pythagoras theorem in right-angled triangle
ACQ,wehave
Ad =eC + ACz
_4 BQ c
= Ae'=j nC2+aC2 [Using(ii)] Fig.4.217
9 AQz =48C2 +9 AC2 ., .(iii)
(ii) Applying^Pythagoras theorem in right hiangle BCp, we have
BF=BCz+CP2
:+ Bp2 =BCz *!9 eC, [Using(i)]
+ 9BP=98C2+4A1 ...(iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
9(AQ' + AF1 = L3(BC2 + AC2)
+ 9(AQ'+BP2)=";3AB2 \ y;nC=aC +AB2l
EXAMPLE 36 If A be the area of a right triangle and b one of the sides containing the right angle,

proae thnt the length of the att it ude on the hypo t enu* i, $ .
Jb4 + +e2
SOLUTION Let PQR be a right triangle right-angled at Q such that
QR = b and A = Area of
APQR
Draw QNperpendicular to PR.
Wehave,
A = Area of A POR
t
1
A=z (QR x PQ)
1
A=, (bx PQ)
2A
+ PQ=b ...(i)
Now, in A's PNQ and PQR, we have
Z PNQ= '. PPP [Each equal to 90']
and, ZQPN= ZQPR [Common]
So, by z4r{-criterion of similarity, we have
APNQ-APQR
4.120 MATHEMANCS-X

PQ=NQ
.(ii)
= PR QR
..

Applying Pythagoras theorem in A PQR, we have

PQ2+QR2=PR2
4A2 -i
^'='
= ,b' + b'' = PR2

pa=
^lae2
!an =#
b
From (i) and (ii), we have
2A
DxPR=NQ
b

+ No =2n
PR
.Ab
= NQ=+
J4A2 +ba

EXERCTSE 4.7
1. If thesides of a triangle are 3 cm,4 cm and 5cmlong, determine whether the triangle is
a right-angled triangle.
a The sides of certain triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right
triangles.
(i) a = 7 cm,b= 24cmand c = 25 cm
(ii) n = 9 cm,b= 15cmand c = 18 cm
(iii) a = 1.6 cm, b = 3.8cm and c = 4 cm
(iv) a = 8 cm, b = 10 cm and c = 6 cm
3. A man goes 15 metres due west and then 8 metres due north. How far is he from the
starting point?
4. A ladder 17 m long reaches a window of a building 15 m above the ground. Find the
distance of the foot of the ladder from the building.
5. Twopoles of heights6m and ll mstandonaplaneground.If the distancebetweentheir
feet is 12 m, find the distance between their tops. TNCERT,CBSE2OO2CI
6. Inanisosceles triangleABC, AB = AC=25cm,BC = 14cm. Calculate the altitude fromA
onBC.
7. The footof aladder is 5 mawayfroma wallandits top reaches a windowSmabove the
ground. If the ladder is shifted in such a way that its foot is 8 m away from the wall, to
what height does its tip reach?
8. Two poles of height 9 m and 14 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between their
feet is L2 m, find the distance between their tops.
9. Usrng Pythagoras theorem determine the length of AD in terms of 0 and c shown in
Fig.4.219.
TRIA\IGT.ES 4.127

Fig.4.219

10. A triangle has sides 5 ctn, 12 cm and 13 cm. Find the length to one decinral place, of tlre
perpendicular from the opposite vertex to the side whose length is 13 cm.
11, ABCD is a square. F is the mid-point of AB. BE is one third of BC. tf the area of
A FBE =1O8cm2, find thelengthof AC.
12. In an isosceles triangle ABC, if AB = AC = 13cm and the altitude from a on BC is 5 cm,
find BC.
13. In a L ABC, AB = BC = CA = Zaand AD l- BC. Prove that
(i) AD=aJ5 (ii) Area(AA3lC)= &, a2
14. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 2{ em and 10 cm, Find each side of the
rhombus.
15. Each side of a rhombus is 10 cm. If one of its diagonals is 15 cm find the length of the
otherdiagonal.
1.5. In an acute-angled triangle, express a median in terms of its sides.
17. Calculate the height of an equilateral triangle eachof whose sides measures 12 cm.
L8. In right-angled triangle ABC in which Z C = 90 , if D is the mid-point of BC, prove that
AB2=4AD24Ae. [cBsE 2010]
19. In Fig. 4.220, D isthe mid-point of side BC and AE .l BC. If BC A

-a,AC=b,AB=c,ED = x,AD =p andAE= Ir,prove that:

(i) b2=p2*n** (ii) f -r**
{ c2=
!
(iii) b'? * r'=2p'* 4
2
20. In Fig.4.22'1., Z B <9Oo and segment AD LBC, show that
(i) b'=h2+a2+f -2ax
(ig b'=t+e'*2ax

F19.4.221
4.122 MATHEMATICS-X

21. InA ABC, Z Aisobtuse,PBtACand QC lAB.provethat

(i) ABXAQ=ACXAP (ii) BCr= (ACxCp+ABxBe)
22, rn a right AB9 right-angled at c, if D is the mid-point of BC, prove that
^L
BCz=4(AD2_AC1,
23. In a quadrilateral AB cD, z B = 90o, Ad = AB2 + BC + cff , prove that I ACD = 90"
24. InanequilateralA ABC,ADLBC,prove thatADz=38D2 ICBSE2002CI
25. L ABD is a right triangle right-angled at A and AC I BD. Show that
G) AB2=BC.BD (ii) ACz=BC.DC
(iii) AB2 BD
AD'? =BD.GD
2d. A guy wire artached to a verricar pole of heisht ,,
-t,, l-5;; * nu" , ,o-j:::X '

to the othqr end. How far from the base of the pole should the stake be driven so that the

XffJ:li":ftlr"r rn airport and flies due north at a speed of 1000*r*. o,'il"tlrfl

"r. time, another aeroplane leaves the same airport and flies due west at a speed of l

1200km/hr.Howfarapartwillbetherwoplanesafte, 1] hours? i1 INCERTI i

28. Determine whether the triangle having sides (a - 1) cm, 2.6 cm and (n + L ) cm is a right
angled triangle. ICBSE 20i0I

ANSWERS
1. No 2. (i), (iv) 3. !7 rn
4. 8m 5. 13m 6.24m
bc
7. 6m 8. 13m 9. r- + C-,
"10-
10. 4.6cm 11. 50.904cm 1'1. 24cm

14. 13cm 15. 12cm 1..6.

2A* +zAC2 -BC2

1.7. 10.39 cm 26. 6JVm

27. 2343km(Approx) 28. yes

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

5. Find the hypotenuse of a right triangle havingtwo sides (11 - d) m = 5 m and 12 m.
6. Let D be the foot of the perpendicular from A on BC. Thery
L^ABD=ACD

Now, apply Pythagoras theorem in A ABD.

9. Area of L ABC =
11
, (AB x AC) = )bc
TRIANGLES 4.723

Also, Area oILABC= 1 (BCx AD)

2

AreaofA ABC=!,{62 a s Ap
"

iJmxAD=f,ur-AD=#
L0. Let AB = 5 cm, BC = 12 cm and AC = 13 cm. Then, ACz = ABz + BC. Ttris proves that A ABC
is a right triangle, right-angled at B. Let BD be the length of perpendicular from B on AC.
Now,
1L
Area A ABC= ;1nC BA) = ;(12 x 5) =30cm2
"
Also, Area otL,ABC=f,.orxBD=]trr. BD) + (13xBD)=30=ro= fl"rr,.
13. First prove that A ABD = L ACD and then use Phythagoras theorem inA ABD to
findAD.
14. Let ABCD be a rhombus in which AC = 24 cm and BD = 10 cm. Suppose the diagonals
intersect at O. Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
Therefore, L OAB is a right triangle, right-angled at O such that
11
OA =, AC = 1.2cm and OB = rBD = 5 cm.

Using Pythagoras theorem, we have

= 122 + 52 = 169 + AB= 13 cm.
AB2 = OA2 + OB2
16. Let ABC be an acute angled triangle and let AD be a median. Then,
AB2 + ACz =2(AD2 + BD2) [See Theorem 3 on page 4.101]
2AB2 +2Ac2 -BC2
AD2 =
4
18. In right triangles AB C and, ADC,we have

ABz = AC2 +BC2 " '(i)

and, Ad=AC+CD2 ...(ii)
Now,
AB2=ACz+BC2

+ AB2=AC?+4CDZ
[...
., = BD =irr)
:+ AB2=ACz +4(AD2-AC2) [Using(ii)]
+ AB2 =Aeff -seC
HEVISION EXERCISE
L. In each of the figures L4.222 (i)-(iv)] givenbelow, line segment is drawn parallel to one
a
side of the triangle and the lengths of certain line-segments are marked. Find the value of
r in each of the following :
 t*:.{
:'i ::.::

Ae*

Et#*i*l:,,;;r..
t i.:. -r '-. *

1,..

:q-i;; #; git*[ +$;,af i3$.,**,i,,* j f. i1r;i;f.{s1.,5

9'lXP, fi -+*:i":1

1i-iuif::

.f*'tiai ,ti
'.,1,i-r,rfo,, rit
+:; -r;,,,}i.,;,g.j fi -:i.1 i . ;.1, .&1
j ai,,fi,;.,, ,i ':,:$4 ", -.' i r r. I ;'i-1, iri
u*ipniil lj id,:ri'; *'' ,'ri lii i:'-i:J i;.*t*s;:**r.it
.f .l .. **;S*'€1-,-"1},:f". ;'" }l'i i'

i!,,,f.,
*l.*1** *.:&{-t *u
"
*i**. ?$3?6*t Y. Jr*'3$ i',t& i).19 13 *ri. ::r- { . 6}'}

C, '!t-,'":. iirrL j
$,yp$ *;r ]* j , *rr.";*srll !rir, i i;. . i
Fi$4.m r rr{
t'3.
i. .:,

In a ABc, poffi P and Q are ur cd mj CAropu*ty"rdr#dCrfir.&fo, cr = ro

:t.i:
cm,CB='30cmffidCQ=25crt IsPO llAE? :
"i' -'F" ={i' l;ii;' )
{. In $Eg. 4,224, ffi-i$ @. Pete,tmiru tse *#$ff.

l i,li: r. . i i '

*rrri.' j j 14r.r
- it-..i i. i.r.ri\a: 1-l
i.:a,

,,ti:l:&.i.",{{}F,.&,*: &' ir' I

]:.l',.,:.:1.":};t]:.1;.]:1J.
-:1-1'1-:"'1' :'':"-*
r ij :t, i :;'i.ta' : i r i.$"ltij. r-li.t9:l.rr:.'f.tl.$,i&i5d .S lilit$. t$,**,i*gi},*i ts;!:,' {#ir&.'d,i
TRIAFTCLES 4.125

5. In Fig. 4.225, given that A.dBC -'A PQRand quad;{BCD - quad'P€Rg [}eiermire the
values of x, y, z in each case.

(l) (ii) ffi)

5. tn L ABC, P and Q are points on sides AB and AC respectivdy such that

PQ I I BC. lt AP = 4 cm, PB = 6 cm and PQ = 3 cm, deter-rnine BC.
7. In each of the following figures, you find two triangles. trdicate whether the triangles
are similar. Give reasons in support of your answer.

(ii) (iii)

(iv)
12

l
\,,

(v)
5

Fig.4,.22,6
I2

(r,r)

8. In A PQR, M and N are points on sides PQ and PR respectively such that PM = 15 cm and
NR = 8 cm. If PQ = 25 cm and PR = 20 cm state whether M{
I I QR,
,,
9. In A ABC P and Q are points on sides.AB and AC respectively such that PQ || BC.Tf AP =
3 cm,PB = 5 cm and AC = 8 cm, find AQ.
 4.126
MATHEMAT,ICS-X
L0: In Fig.4. 222, A AMB - L CMD
;determine MD in terms of r; y andz.

Fi1.4.227
1.1. In A, ABC, the bisector of Z A intersects BC in D. If AB = 18 cm, AC = 1.5 cm and
BC =22cm, find BD
12. InFig.4.228,l
ll m
(i) Name. pairs of similar triangles with proper correspondence;
lhree
similarities. write

(ii) e
PQ=at;_ac
Prove that
PR RQ

Fi1.4.228 Fi1.4.229
13. InFig.4.229,AB ll DCprovethat
(i) LDMU- LBMV
(ii) DMxBV=Bi*DU
'1'4.
ABCD isa trapezium in_w-hi_ch lB DC p
|| and-e
that PQ ll AB.rf pD = tB,Be= gs ana Te points on sides AD andBC such
eC = G;ffi;;5.""'""
L5' In L ABC, D and E are points on sides AB and
ADxEC=AErbB.prorr"tfratOf -'r--.-":'*.
AC respectively such that
llBC.
16' ABCD is a trapezium having aB
diagonals, divides the two diig.nars
ll D9. prove that o, the point of intersection of
i" *r" r"u*u;;i;. ffi;rove that
ar(A,OCD) 1 .-
,, (L}AB) = ,, if AB =3CD.
17' Corresponding sides of two triangles
are in the ratio 2 : l.lfthe area of the
it irrg", il;;gi;. "' '
hiangle is 48 cm,, determine the arEa smaller
"r "
}SIANGI.ES e'lfl
18.
:

19.

20. -ii

25.

,r* a':,,"

Ft6,.4.A2
4,128 MATHEMATICS_X

26. In A ABC, Z A = 60o. Pr6ve that B Cz =AB2 + AC'- AB, AC.

27. In L ABC, ZC is an obtuse angle. AD L Bcand AB2 = AC2 +3 BC2. Prove that BC = CD.
1
28. A point D is on the side BC of an equilateral triangle ABC such that DC = BC. Prove
i
thatAD2= 13CD2.
29. InA ABC,if BD L.ACand BCz =2AC'CD, thenprovethatAB=AC.
30. In a quadrilateral ABCD,given that Z A + I D = 90". Prove that A C + BDz = ADz + BC2.
31. In A ABC, given that AB = AC and BD L AC. Prove that BC = 2 AC' CD
32. ABCD isa rectangle. Points M and N are on BD such that AM J- BD and CN J- BD. Prove
thatBlrt +BM= Dlrt +Dlri'z.
33. In L ABC, AD is a median. Prove that AB2 +AC = 2 A'D2 + 2 DCz .
34. Prove that in an equilateral triangle, three times the square of 4 side is equal to four times
the square of its altitudes.
35. InA ABC, Z ABC =135o. Prove that AC = AB2 + BC2 + 4 ar (L, ABC)
35. InaquadrilateralABCD,lB=90'.lfAD?=AB2+BC+CD2thenprovethat lACb=90'
37. In a triangle ABC, N is a point on AC such that BN I AC ' If BM = AN' NC, prove that
Z B=90".
38. Nazima is fly fishing in a stream. The tip of her fishing rod is 1.8 m above the,surface of
the water and the fly at the end of the string rests on the water 3.6 m away and 2.4 m from
a point directly under the tip of the rod. Assuming that her string (from the tip of her rod
to the fly) is taut, how much string does she have out (See Fig. 4.233)? If she pulls the
string at the rate of 5 cm per second, what will the horizontal distance of the fly from her
after l2seconds.

E
1.2m

ANSWERS
1
1,. (i) cd (ii) 1
a
(iii) 8' (iv) ;
n
2.2 3. No

35 16
4. ^ t-j (i) x= 2t 15
(ii) 28
r =;rA 35 35
15
5.
-.4=- 2 5 2'- i
TRIANGLES
4.129

6. 7.5 cm 7. (i) yes (ii) Yes (iii) Yes (iv) Yes (v) Yes (vi) No'"
xz
8. Yes 9. 3cm 10. ,,7. L2 14. ffi
v 12.108cm2
18. 5cm 19. gfficnrL2 22. 8cm, 12cm, L6crn
24, (i) x=6,! =2 Ji ,z=3J-5, (ii) x = 5,y =2,15 ,z=3 ,ti 25. 10.
,T'NTS TO SELECTED PROBLETT
30. Extend AB and CD to intersect at O.
Now,ZAOD=90o
+ AC = OAz + OC and.BDz = OB2 + Off
+ ACz + Bff = (OA2 + ODz) + (OB2 + OC1 = apz * grz

Very
_lhort An_swer Type euestions ( VSAOs)
Multiple Chotce euesflons ([fCOs)
Summary

thefououting questions either inoneword or one sentence or asper

!:::,::,oof
questions:
requiremmt of the

1. State basic proportionality theorem and its converse.

2. hr the adjoining figure, find AC.

Fig.4.234
3. In the adjoining figure, if AD is the bisector of ZA, whatis AC?
4.130 MATFIEIiiAIICS-X

4. State AAA similarity criterion.

5. State SSS similarity criterion.
6. State SAS similarity criterion.
7. In the adioining figure, DE is parallel to BC and AD = 1 cnt, BD =2cm.What is the ratio
of the area of L, ABC to the area of L ADE?
8. In the figuie given below DE ll BC. Il AD {C = 5 cm. Find AE.
= 2.4.cm, DB = 3.5 cm and
9. If the areas of two similar triangles ABC and PQR are in the iatio 9 : 16 and
BC = 4.5 cm, what is the length of QR?
10. The areas of two similar triangles are 1.69 cm2 arid 121 cm2 respectively.'If the longest
side of the larger triangle is 26cm, what is the length of the longest side of the smaller
triangle?
:t:., ttABCand DEF.,are similar triangles such that ZA.* 57o and ZE = 73", what is the
measureof ZC?
12. If the altitude of two similar trianglesatein therdtio"2:3;what is the ratio of their areas?
ABBCCA3 Area
13. If AABCand A DEF are two trianglessuchthat
*= i = iD= 7, thenwrite
(AABQ: Area (ADEF).
14. If A ABC and A DEF are similar triangles such that AB = 3 cm, BC = 2 cm CA = 2.5 cm and
EF = 4 cm, write the perimeter of LDEF.
15.
16. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 30 cm and 40 cm. Find the side of the
rhombG. lcBsE2ooSl

area(A APQ)
17. 'In Fig. 4.236, PQ ll BC and AP : PB = 1 : 2. Find lcBsE 20081
area(A ABC)

Fig.4.236

18. InEig.4.237, Lfut = LN = 45o.Expressrintermsofa,bandcwherea,b,c arelengthsof

LM, MN and and NI( respectively.
ffi,ffir.
l-: . a

$Tici*

l b;*t n*'j. X * &i}fu:*i*** *H&*rffiS"*36$gt&

.:

rilf
.!."-fi, r+.+.a.a : r,:q

$ rdTrsepof,em
19. InFig. {23E,
W=Zrr+TB.{srandSThF{
ArcR.
i*riir EetrJi .j,t tr l**ir},sgr* &$ *ffi, n+ .. t*iffii

"r!

s; Infig.{.239, AA toa m**ffi

&{e?iffie-* .*^.* -.'-:.ie*..;.*;F 6-***-***---,-*
,..s::i: .{}f smp* i* . r*f*S',-S, f.r* r .f
$: ; qC mp*l .&{ ms*$i.*t *fil,*' .&* .&s
'B**g
q+s PT

t*l
nr:{,f .$$ rwS "gS ,&f .ag
: *'*
ry1*,!ti*..'
- _:

k*rxteltcitt*d$: r

g \s.f.r ;.* "$*&t+& t*r*l

ffit*t'*selffie*&-.d
hnrrr;rr8 wli g4 mffi rmoMe n
e:: #aqp rgarst'
*r:n**''-'
s{e t*" -
crw -
mffi:{qr-':':1:
.r:iniilr;, s{$$.,}i B?& # * t* **s1A . * : &+i.*sx Mt gi $e W*gt**$rafi;rsie *i** }c) **fiifr , B
*.134 MATtilElv{AHC9*X

21:':InFig;4.24f,, DEll'BC in AABC'suchthatBC=8cm;AB=6cmandDr{=1:5'cm.Find

DE.

Fb.4.S40
.l .. : ,: ...' ,. . 1;.: . .''i;r:i i..: :': ::

Zl. In Fig.4 .241, DE ll BC and A D =

't ;BD.ltBC = 4.5 cm, find DE. tcBsE 20101

1. 20cm a 4cqr 7. 9:l &_ 2crt 9. 6tm 10.

11.500 12. 429 " 19, 9:16 14. l5cut 16. 25cm t7.
:

d3:b+ c
19. 1:9 2ti. Scrn 21. 2crr zt. 1.5cnr

tffiOc
Mark the corect alternnlioe in each of tlu follouting: .- t. ._:

1. A vertical stick 20 m l6ng casts a shadow i0 nriiliiirg iii

tfre gr6uhd. At the same time, a
tower casts a shadow 50 m longon the ground. Thbheightif tte tower is
(a) 100m (b) t20m (c) 25m (d)'2ffim.
2. Sides of two similar hiangles are in tlre ratio 4 : 9 . Arcas of drEee Uiangles are in tlre ratio.
(a) 2:3 (b) 4:9 (c) 81 : 16
(d) 16 : ,:i 81
TRIANGLES 4.133

3. Theareasoftwosimilartrianglesareinrespeetivelygcm2and16cm2.Therati,ooftheir
corresponding sides is
(a) 3:4 @) a:3 (c) 2:3 (d) a:5
4. The areas of two similar triangles A ABC and A DEF are144 cm2 and 8t cm2 respectively.
If the longest side of larger A ABC be 35 cm, then. the longest side of the smallei triangfe
A DEFis
(a) 20cm (b) 26cm (c) 27cm (d) 30cm
5. A ABC an d L BDEare two equilateral hiangles such that D is the mid-point of BC. The
ratio of the areas of triangles ABC and BDE is
(a)2:1 (b\L:2 (c)4:1 (d)1:a
5. TwoisoscelestriangleshaveequalanglesandtheirareasareintheratioT6:25.Theratio
of their corresponding heights is

7. It LABC and L DEF are similar such that 2 AB = DE and BC = 8 cm, then EF =
(a) 16cm (b) 12cm (c) 8cm (d) 4cm.
8. If AABC and ADEF are two triangles such that
Area (A ABC) : Area (A DEF) =
#,=#=#=1,then
(a) 2:5 @) a:25 (c) 4: 15 (d) 8: 125
9. AABCissuchthatAB=3cm,BC=2cmand cA=2.5cm. rf LDEF - A ABCand EF =4
cm, thenperimeterof A DEFis
(a) 7.5cm (b) 15cm (c) 22.5cm (d) 30cm.
10. XY is drawn parallel to the base BC of a AABC cutting AB at X and AC atY.If
AB = 4BX and YC = Zcm, then AY =
(a) 2cm (b) 4cm (c) 6cm (d) 8crn.
11. Two poles of height 5 m and 11 m stand vertically upright on a plane ground. If the
distance between their foot is L2 m, the distance between their topi is
(a) 12m (b) 1am (c) 13m. (d) l1m
12. l^ L ABC, a line XY parallel to BC cuts AB at X and AC at Y. If BY bisects Z XYC, then
(a) BC=CY (b) BC=BY (c) BC*Cy (d) BC*By
13. In L ABC,D and E are points on side.4B and ACrespectively such that DE | | BC and
AD : DB = 3 : L. If EA =3.3 cm, then AC =
(a) l.1cm (b) 4cm (c) 4.4cm (d) 5.5cm
14. In hiangles ABCand DEF,I A= Z E = 40",A8: ED =AC; EFand Z F =6i",thenZ B =
(a) 35" (b) 65" (c) 75' (d) 85.
15. rf ABC and DEF are. similar triangles such that z A = 42" and r E = 83", then
ZC=
(a) 50" (b) 60" (c) 70' (d) 80"
16. lf D,E,Farethemid-pointsof sidesBC,CAandABrespectivelyof AABC thentheratio
of the areas of triangles DEF and ABC is
(a)1:a @)1,:2 (c)2:3 (d)a:S
17. In a A ABC, Z A = 90", AB = 5 cm and AC = 12 cm. If AD LBC then AD =

(u)
T .* tu) # "," 1"1 ffi cm (d)
f "-
4JA MATHEMATICS-X

18. In an equilateral triangle z{BC, if AD L BC, then

(a) 2AB2=3Atr b) 4AB2=3AD2
(c) 3AB2= 4Ad @) 3AB2=2AD2
19. If A ABC is an equilateral triangle such that AD LBC, then ADz =
3^
@) ;De b) 2Dc2 (c) 3cD2
(d) 4Dcz
20. In a A ABC, perpendicular AD from A on BC meets BC a t D.lf BD = 8 cm, DC = 2 cm and
AD=4cm, then
(a) A ABC is isosceles (b) A ABC is equilateral
(c) ACa2AB . (d) AABCisright-angledatA.
21. In a L ABC, point D is on side AB and, point E is on side AC, such that BCED is a
trapezium. If DE :BC = 3 : .5, then Area ( A ADE) : Area ( tr BCED) =
(a)3:4 (b)9:1,6 (c)3:5 (d)9:25
22.lnaL,ABC,ADis thebisector of ZBAC.lf AB=6cm,AC= 5cmand BD = 3cm,then
DC=
(a) 1L.3 cm (b) 2.5 cm
(c) 3 : 5 cm (d) Noneof these.
23. In a A AB:C, AD is thebisector of Z B AC. lt AB = 8 cm, BD = 6 cm and DC = 3 cm. Find AC
(a) 4cm (b) 5cm (c) 3cm (d) 8cm
24. ABCDis a trapezium such that BC | | AD and AB = 4cm. If the diagonals AC and BD
intersect at o such that
# =
#, =], tn"r, ac =
(a) 7cm (b) 8cm (c) 9cm (d) 6cm
25. lf ABC is an isosceles triangle and D is a point on BC such that AD I BC, then
(a) AB2 - AD2 = BD. DC b) AB2 - ADz - gpz - pgz
(c) AB2+AD2=BD.DC (il AB2+AD2=BD2-DC2

26. L ABC is a right triangle right-angled at A andAD lBC. fh"r,- I? =

'DC-
( AB\2 AB ( AB\2 AB
(") Pt *
IAC ) k)
IAD ) {a) *
27. lf ABC is a right triangle right-angled at B and M, N are the mid-points of AB and BC
respectively, then4 (AN2+ CMz)=

(a) 4AC2 (b) sAc2 (c) Zor, (d) 6Ac2

*. side CA of ar, uq.rilateral triangl e ABCsuch that BE I CA, then
N:r:ftryUr.l
(a) 2BE2 (b) 3 BE2 g) +Aez (d) 6 BE2
29. In a right triangle ABC right-angled at B, it P and Q are points on ttre sides AB and AC
respectively, then
(a) AQ2+ CP2=2(AC2+ pe21 b) z(AC + Cp\= AC2+ pez
(c) AQ2+ Cp2=AC+pQ2 (O AQ+
"=L(eC+pQ).
 TRIANGLES 4.135

30. If in AABCand LDEF,

#,=#, then AABC - ADEF when

(a) lA = ZF (b) ZA = ZD (c) ZB = ZD (d) lB = ZE

31. IfintwotrianglesAB Cand,DEF,

#=#= ff, tn"r,

(a) AFDE- LCAB (b) LFDE - LAB3

(c) ACBA - LFDE (d) LBCA - LEDE
32. LABC - LDEF, ar(AABC) = 9cm2, ar(ADEF) = 16cm2. If BC = 2.1 cm, then the
' measure of EFis
(a) 2.8cm (b) 4.2cm (c) 2.5cm (d) 4.1cm .

33. The length of the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle whose one side is 4.,[ cm is
(a) 12cm (b) 8cm (c) S.Ecrn (d) U.Ecm
a 34. A
Tul goes 24 m due west and then 7 m due north. How far is he from the starting
point?
(a) 31m (b) 17m (c) 25m (d) 26m
35. AABC - LDEE.If BC=3cm,EF=4cmand ar(AABC) = 54cm2, then ar(ADEF) =
(a) 108 cm2 (b) 96 cm2 (c) 48 cm2 (d) 100 cm2
36. LABC - APQR such that ar(AABC) = 4ar(APQR). If BC
=t}cm,theneR =
, (a) 9cm (b) 10cm (c) dcm (d) 8cm
37. Theareasof twosimilartriangles arel2Tcm2and64cm2respectively.If themedianof
the first triangle is 12.1 cm; then the corresponding median o? the other triangle is
(a) tlcm O) 8.8cm (c) 11.1cm (d) 8,1cm
38. If AABC - LDEF suchthatDE=3cm,EF= Zcm,DF =2.5cm,BC=4cm,thenperimeter
of AABC is
(a) 18cm (b) 20cm (c) 12cm (d) 15cm
39. In an equilateral triangle ABC if AD LBC thenAd =
(a) CD2 b) 2ctr (c) 3CDr2 (d) 4cDz
40. InanequilateraltriangleABCif ADjBC,then
.
(a) 5AB2 =4AD2 b) gAB2 = 4Aff
(c) 4AB2 = 3AD2 (d) 2A* = jAD2
41. lt LABC - LDEF such that AB =9.']., cm and DE = 6.5 cm. If the perimeter of LDEF
is25cm, then theperimeterof AABC is
(a) 35cm O) 30cm (c) 34cm (e 35cm
42. In an isosceles triangle ABC if AC = BC and ABz = 2AC,then ZC =
(a) 30" (b) 45. (c) 90" (d) 60"
 t

*.106 MAXI{EI,G#II$aX
1

{3.. A eBC is an isoseeles triangle in which

. ::..:.., :,i::.,
lc = w .;lf AGe
.r: r.' j, t't-:;. .
d c*n, ttren rtB =
.1111 :
- ... - 11.:: t:.: ., :, i . ]-r-

(a) 6.Ecrn (b) 6cm (c) 2J6'cm '(d) 4Jf cm

:
If in two triangles ABC and DEF, z A = zE, z B = lF, then which of the following is
not true?
jr':,',i ..r., :
,..i .ir'.! *;i;, '.j..':,;:"ri'::i ..:. ii'r,r;;: ' i.

(a)
BCACABrcABACBCAB
(b)
DF=DE OE=DF (c) SF=DE (o DF=Ei.,.
In an isoeceles triangle ABC,,it.4B 4Q= 25 gm and BC = 14 ccr,,then tb meastre of
altitudefromAonBCis!i:''i:"'):r =
:.::l ' '(a),20csr (b), 22cm,,, , , ,{d" l.SSt' ,r,:., (d} '!ftqql'
K. lnBig. 4,242the mesures of lD and. ZF are rerpectively
(a), 50.,40" (b)'20o,306, : (c)"fto,5oo,, (4."$(F;!0q..
,.:

72
':' ,:rit;- ,,'
Fig.aEai
ez. In Fl$. 4.243, the ir*ftreof'rfoi,whldi DFd,jtii fs
(a) 4 (b) I

Fb.4348.
InFig. 4.244,it /.ADE= Zz{BC;tlurr'€Es: r,l
(a) 2
 TRIANGLES
4.87
49; LrFig' 4'24s, Rsil DBfl pe:ttcp='pD.*'llcmaridDR=p,4=3cm,Ttrenthevaluesof
r and y are respectively
(a) 12, 1,0 (b) t4, 6 (c) 10, 7 (d) 76,a

'ts,E
F,ig,iaeo

50. InFig. 4.246,if.p}ll CFand

Dp ll EF, tnur,
ff =

(")
i o); (c)
i
--- B

r29

Fi$.4.246

1. (a) 2. (d) 3, (a) 4rvswE ?S

4: (c) s.. (c) 6. (a)
7.(d) ,8. (b) e. (b)
13. (c)
10. (c) xl. (c) 12. {a}
la. (c) ls. (a) 16. (a) L7.,(b)
le. (c) 18. (c)
20. (d) 21; ,(d) ,2?. ,(b) 23. (a) 24.,@l
25. (a) 26. (b) 27; (b) 28.,{a} 29.: (c) 30. (c)
 4.138 MATHEMARCS-X

31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 3a. (c) 35. (b) 36. (c)
37. (b) 38. (d) 3e. (c) 40. (b) 41^. (d) 42. (c)
43. (a) 44. (b) 4s. (d) 46. (b) 47. (a) a8. (c)
49. (d) s0. (b)

ixi#ff"l"
figures.
2. All congruent figures are similar,but the converse is not true.
3. Two polygons having the same number of sides are similar, if
(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are proportional (i. e., in the same ratio).
4. lt a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in
distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
5. If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the
third side of the triangle.
5. The internal bisectorof an angle of a-triangle divides the opposite side intemally in the
ratio of the sides containing the angle.
7. If a line through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite side in the ratio of other two
--
sides, then the line bisects the angle at the vertex.
8. The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side externally in the
ratio of the sides containing the angle.
9. The line drawn fro-m the mid-point of one side of a triangle is parallel of another side
bisects the third side.
10. The line ioining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.
11. The diagonals of a trapezium divide each other proportionally.
12. If the.diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other proportionally, then it is a
trapezium.
13. Any line parallel to the parallel sides of a trapezium divides the non-parallel sides
proportionally.
14. If three or more parallel lines are intersected by two transversals, then the intercepts
made by them on the transversals are proportional.
15. AAA Similarity criterion: If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equafl, then the
triangles are similar.
16. AA Simitarity *iterion: If.T tt"9 triangles, two angles of one triangle are rebpectively
equal to the two angles of the other triangle; then ttre trro triangles ire similar.
17. SSS Similarity c-riterion: lf in two triangles, corresponding sides are in the same ratio, then
the two triangles 4re similar.
18. If o-ne- angle of a triangles is- equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides
including these angles are in the iame ratio, thei the triangles are siiilar.
19. If two triangles are equiangular, then
(i) the ratio of the corresponding sides is sarne as the ratio of corresponding medians.
(ii) the ratio of the corresponding sides is same as theratio of the corresponiing angle
bisector segments.
TRTANGLES 4.139

(iii) the ratio of the corresponding sides is same as the ratio of the corresponding
altitudes.
20. If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the bisectors of
these equal angles divide the opposite side in the same ratioi then the triangles are
similar.
21. If two sides and a median bisecting one of these sides of a triangle are respectively
proportional to the tw_o sides and the corresponding median of another triangle, then
the triangles are similar.
22. If two sides and a median bisecting the third side of a triangle are respectively
proportional to the two sides and the corresponding median of another triangle, then
the triangles are similar.
23. The ratio of the areas of two siniilar triangles is equal to the ratio of
(i) the squares of any two corresponding sides.
(ii) the squares of the corresponding altitudes.
(iii) the squares of the corresponding medians.
(iv) the squares of the corresiondiniangle bisector segments
24. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, then the triangles are congruent i.e., equal
and similar triangles congruent.
25. If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the
hypotenuse, then the triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the
whole. triangle and also to each other.
26. PythagorasTheorem: In a right triangle, the square of the hypotermse ii equal to the sum
of the squares of the other two sides.
27. Conaerse of PythagorasTheorem: If in a triangle, square of one side is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to first side is a right angle.
28. In any hiangle, the sum of the squares of any two sides is equal to twice the square of half
of the third side together with the twice of the square of the median which bisects the
third side.
29. Three times the sum of the squares of the sides of a triangle is equal to four times the sum
of the squares of the medians of the triangle.
30. Three times the sguare of any side of an equilateral triangle is equal to four times the
square of the altitude.