Linear 

Algebraic/
Linear Algebraic/
Introduction
By
Dr Ali Ja arneh
Dr Ali Jawarneh

Dr Ali Jawarneh 1
 ‫ﺠﺒْﺮ آﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ وهﻮ ﻓﺮع‬ ‫اﻟ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت وﺟﺎء‬
‫ب ﻋﺎﻟﻢﻢ‬
‫ﻦ آﺘﺎب‬‫اﺳﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت واﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﺮﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ اﻟﺨﻮرازﻣﻲ‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺬي‬
‫واﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ( اﻟﺬ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟاﻟﺠﺒﺮ اﻟ ﻘﺎ ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺪم اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ إﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻠﻮل ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺮﻳﺪي أﺻﺪرﻩ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٩٨٣‬م ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬآﺮى‬

‫‪ ١٢٠٠‬ﻟﻤﻴﻼد اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‬ ‫‪١٦٣‬هـ ‪٧٨٠ -‬م‬ ‫أﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﻃﺒﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة‬ ‫‪٢٣٥‬هـ ‪٨٥٠ -‬م‬ ‫ﻋﺮاﻗﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻲ‬

‫اﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮن‬

‫‪Dr Ali Jawarneh‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
Introduction

− 12x1 + x 2 − x 3 = −20
− 2x1 − 4x 2 + 2x 3 = 10
x1 + 2x 2 + 2x 3 = 25

Dr Ali Jawarneh 3
 ⎡ − 12 1 − 1⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ − 20⎤
⎢ − 2 − 4 2 ⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ = ⎢ 10 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ x 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 25 ⎥⎦

Dr Ali Jawarneh 4
 ⎡ − 12 1 − 1 − 20⎤
~ ⎢
A = ⎢ −2 −4 2 10 ⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 1 2 2 25 ⎥⎦

Dr Ali Jawarneh 5
Dr Ali Jawarneh 6
Dr Ali Jawarneh 7
Dr Ali Jawarneh 8
Dr Ali Jawarneh 9
Dr Ali Jawarneh 10
Dr Ali Jawarneh 11
Dr Ali Jawarneh 12
Dr Ali Jawarneh 13
Dr Ali Jawarneh 14
Dr Ali Jawarneh 15
 (Transpose)

Dr Ali Jawarneh 16
Dr Ali Jawarneh 17
Dr Ali Jawarneh 18
 Every skew-Symmertic
matrix has all main
diagonal entries ZERO

Dr Ali Jawarneh 19
Dr Ali Jawarneh 20
 Unit matrix=Identity matrix

Dr Ali Jawarneh 21
 Banded Matrix:
It is a square matrix that has all elements equal to zero, with the
exception of a band centered on the main diagonal.

Example: Banded matrix has a bandwidth of 3

⎡a11 a12 0 0⎤
⎢a a 22 a 23 0 ⎥⎥
A= ⎢ 21

⎢ 0 a 32 a 33 a 34 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 a 43 a 44 ⎦

Dr Ali Jawarneh 22
 ⎡ a 22 − a12 ⎤
⎢− a ⎥
⎡a11 a12 ⎤ −1 ⎣ 21 a 11 ⎦
[ A] = ⎢ ⇒ =
a 22 ⎥⎦
[ A ]
⎣a 21 a11a 22 − a12a 21
Dr Ali Jawarneh 23
 Vector Norm
A norm is a real-valued function that provides a measure of the size or
length of vectors and matrices

n p

For vector: X p = ( ∑ x i )1 / p
i =1

Example:
The P Norm for the vector [8 − 5 9] if P
P-Norm P=4
4 is:
Solution:
n p

X 4 = ( ∑ x i )1 / p = (84 + 54 + 94 )1 / 4 = 10.3
i =1

Dr Ali Jawarneh 24
Determinants

Dr Ali Jawarneh 25
Dr Ali Jawarneh 26
 If a matrix is triangular (either upper or
lower), or diagonal matrix , its
determinant is just the product of the
diagonal elements

Dr Ali Jawarneh 27
 4 th Order Determinant
3 0 −1 2
1 3 −2 4 3 −2 4 1 −2 4 1 3
4 1 3 −2
D= = 3 2 − 1 3 − 0 0 − 1 3 + ( −1) 0 2 3 − 2 0 2 − 1
0 2 −1 3
0 1 4 1 1 4 1 0 4 1 0 1
1 0 1 4

Dr Ali Jawarneh 28
 y
( x − 4) 4 + ( y − 4) 2 = 5
y=x 2

x + y = 16
2 2

x2 + y 2 = 4
Linear Algebraic? x

Non-Linear Algebraic?
g

3x1 + 2x 2 = 18 y

− x1 + 2x 2 = 2
3
3x + 2y = 18
− x + 2y = 2
4 x
System solution: x=4, y=3
Dr Ali Jawarneh 29
 Singular
g System
y
x2 x2

x1
x1

No Solution Infinite Solutions

− 0.5 1 − 0.5 1
D= =0 D= =0
− 0.5 1 −1 2
For Both Cases :Determinant=0.0
Dr Ali Jawarneh 30
 ILL-Conditioned System
ILL‐Conditioned System: Small 
changes in coefficient of A 
result in large changes in the 
lt i l h i th
solution due to round‐off errors
Well-Conditioned System: Small changes in
coefficient of A result in small changes in
the solution

For Ill-conditioned: Determinant=close to zero

EXAMPLE:
y = 0 .5 x + 1 0 .5 x − y = − 1 0 .5 − 1
D= = −0.01
y = 0.49x + 1.1 0.49x − y = −1.1 0.49 − 1

Dr Ali Jawarneh 31