Introduction to Computer

Abstract
The basic components of computer hardware and software are described, related terms are
defined with examples related to the hospital, Department of Pharmacy. The hardware
components described are the main processing unit, the storage equipment, and the
input/output equipment. System software, software applications, computer language, and
computer attributes are defined for hospital pharmaceutical systems. Advances toward small-
scale computing increased processing capacity and reduced costs, and new software technology
can accelerate the development and deployment of the new system. Applications that are now
difficult to defend due to high development costs or low hospital benefits will be easier to
justify.

What is a computer?
A computer is a programmable electronic device that receives raw data as input and processes
it with set instructions to produce the result as output. You return to production immediately
after performing math and logic operations and can save production for future use. It can
operate from numerical and non-numerical calculations. The term "computer" comes from the
Latin word "computer" which means to calculate.
A computer is designed to run applications and provides real-time solutions with integrated
hardware and software components. It works with the help of programs and represents two-
digit decimals. It also has a memory that stores data, schedules, and processes the results. The
parts of the computer are called hardware, such as machines that contain cables, transistors,
circuits, hard drives. While programs and data are called software.
The diagnostic machine is believed to have been the first computer invented by Charles
Babbage in 1837. It used punch cards as unwritten memory. The father of the computer is also
named Charles Babbage.
The basic elements without a computer cannot work as follows:

 Processor: executes software and hardware instructions.

 Memory: this is the key memory for data transfer between the processor and
memory.
 Motherboard: is the part that connects all the other parts or components of the
computer.
 Storage Device: permanently stores data, such as the hard drive.
 Input Device: used to communicate with the computer or enter data, such as a
keyboard.
 Output Device: allows you to view output, for example. the screen

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Computer Types
 Micro Computer
 Mini Computer
 Mainframe Computer
 Super Computer
 Workstations

Micro Computer
It is a single-user computer with less speed and storage space than other models. It uses a processor as a
processor. The first microcomputer was built with an 8-bit processor chip. Common examples of
microcomputers include laptop computers, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), desktop
computers, and smartphones. Microcomputers are generally designed and developed for general use, such
as browsing, information search, Internet, MS Office, social networks, etc.

Mini Computer
Mini computers are also known as "mid-range computers." They are not designed for one person.
They are multi-user computers designed for one. These are multi-user computers designed to
support multiple users at the same time. Hence, they are commonly used by small businesses and
corporations. These computers are used by the unique operations of the company for special

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purposes. For example, the admissions department at a university may use a small computer to
monitor the admissions process.

Central computer
It is also a multi-user computer that can support thousands of users at the same time. They are
used by large companies and government agencies to run their businesses where they can store
and process large amounts of data. For example, banks, universities, and insurance companies
use central computers to store data for their clients, students, and policyholders.

Supercomputer
Supercomputers are the fastest and most expensive types of computers. They have a large
storage capacity and processing speed and can therefore execute millions of instructions per
second. Supercomputers are project specific and therefore used for specialized applications, such
as large-scale numerical problems in the disciplines of science and engineering, including
applications in electronics, petroleum engineering, meteorology, forecasting, medicine, research
space and much more. . For example, NASA uses supercomputers to launch, monitor, and
control space satellites for space exploration.

Work stations
There is a computer user. Although it is like a personal computer. It has a more powerful
processor and a higher quality screen than a microcomputer. In terms of storage capacity and
speed, it ranks among computers. Workstations are typically used for specialized applications
such as desktop publishing, software development, and engineering projects.

Paybacks of a Using Computer

Increase your productivity: A computer increases your productivity. For example, once
you have a basic understanding of word processing, you can quickly and easily create, edit,
archive, and print documents.

Internet Connections - Connects you to the Internet, allowing you to send email, browse
content, collect information, use social media, and much more. By connecting to the Internet,
you can also connect with your family members and long-distance travelers.

Storage: A computer allows you to store large amounts of information, for example, you can
store tasks, e-books, documents, movies, photos, songs, and much more.

Organized information and data: not only allow you to store data, but also allows you to
organize your data. For example, you can create different folders to store different data and
information so that you can find information quickly and easily.

Improve your skills: help to write well in English if you are not good at spelling and
grammar. Likewise, if you're not good at math and don't have a lot of memory, you can use a
computer to do calculations and store the results.

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Assistance for people with reduced mobility: can be used to help people with reduced
mobility, e.g., Stephen Hacking, how could he not speak. It can also be used to help blind people
by installing special software to read what is displayed on the screen.

Entertain You - You can use your computer to listen to songs, watch movies, play games,
and more.

Computer History
The primitives used the first counting apparatus. They used sticks, stones and bones as
buttresses. As human attitudes and technology improved over time, more computer equipment
was developed. Some of the most popular IT tools have been developed. Some of the more
popular computing devices are described below, starting from the first to the last;

Abacus
History of the computer lab with the birth of cancer considered the first computer. The abacus is
said to have been invented by the Chinese about 4,000 years ago.
This was a wooden frame with a metal rod with attached pearls. The company transported the
pearl rubber according to certain rules for calculating invoices. The abacus is still used in some
countries like China, Russia, and Japan.

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Napier Bones
It was a portable calculator invented by John Napier (1550-1617) of Merchiston. In this
calculator, he used 9 different ivory stripes or numbers numbered for multiplication and division.
So, the device will look like a "Napier bone". The decimal point was also used by the machine.

Pascaline
Pascaline is also called a calculator or plug-in machine. It was invented by a French
mathematician and philosopher between 1642 and 1644. It is believed that this was the first
mechanical and automatic calculator.
This machine was invented by Pascal to help his father, an accountant. He could only make
additions and deductions. It was a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. When the
wheel is rotated one turn, it rotates the adjacent wheel. At the top of the wheels is a row of
windows to read the amounts.

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Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel
It was developed by the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673.
He improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. This makes it easier to use a digital
mechanical calculator called a pedometer because it consists of perforated drums rather than
gears.

Difference Engine
It was designed by Charles Babbage in the early 18s, known as the "father of the modern
computer". It was a mechanical computer for simple calculations. The design of the steam
calculator was the solution to the logarithm of the plate

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Analytical Engine
This calculator was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. A mechanical computer used
punching cards as input. It can solve all mathematical problems and store information as a
permanent memory.

Tabulating Machine
Hollerith, an American statistician, invented it in 1890. It was a mechanical tablet based on
punch cards. You can log statistics and log or support data. This machine was used in the 1890s
in the U.S. Census. Hollerith founded the Hollerith Tablet Company and later became the
International Business Machine (IBM).

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Differential Analyzer
It was the first electronic computer to be introduced in the 1930s in the United States. It was a
similar tool invented by Vannevar Bush. This drug has a vacuum to modify the electrical signal
to perform the calculations. He was able to perform 25 calculations.

Mark I
The next big change in computer history began in 1937 when Howard Aiken tried to develop a
machine capable of big computing. In 1944, the Mark I computer was built in collaboration with
IBM and Hardwar. It was the first programmable digital computer.

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Computer generation
Computer generation refers to the specific development of the computer over time. In 1946,
electronic methods called counting circuits were developed. It replaced the previous calculator
with gears and other mechanical components.

First generation computer

First generation computers (1946-1959) were slow, huge, and expensive. In these computers, the
core components of the processor and memory were used with vacuum tubes. These computers
were mainly based on batch operating systems and punch cards. In the first generation, ribbons
and paper were used as production and input devices.
Some popular first-generation computers;
 ENIAC (electronic and computer numerical integrator)
 EDVAC (Single Switching Electronic Automated Computer)
 UNIVACI (Complete Automated Computer)
 IBM-701
 IBM-650

The Second Generation of The Computer

The second generation (1959-1965) was the era of computer transmitters. These computers used
low-cost, contracted, and less power transistors; transistor computers were faster than first
generation computers.
In this generation, magnetic cores were used as main storage disks and magnetic disks as
additional tapes. These computers used language combinations and programming languages such

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as COBOL and FORTRAN, as well as batch processing and a multi-application operating
system.
Some popular second-generation computers;
 IBM 1620
 IBM 7094
 CDC 1604
 CDC 3600
 UNIVAC 1108

The Third Generation of The Computer

Third generation computers used integrated circuits instead of transistors. An integrated circuit
can contain several clocks, which increases the performance of the computer and reduces costs.
The computer is more reliable, more efficient and less in size. These computers are more
reliable, more efficient and smaller in size. These laptops used remote processing, time sharing,
and programming as their operating system. High-level programming languages such as
FORTRON-II - IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL / 1, ALGOL-68 have also been used in this
generation.
Some of the third-generation are popular;
 IBM-360 series
 Honeywell-6000 series
 PDP (processing of personal data)
 IBM-370/168
 TDC-316

Computational Power Generation

Generation Circuit Computing (1971-1980) uses integrated circuits and large escalators (VLSI);
chips that control millions of transistors and other circuit components. These chips have been
used to make this generation more compact, more powerful, more expensive, and more efficient.
These computer portals use operating systems of distribution systems used and share in real time.
In this generation it is used to use programming languages such as C, C ++, DBASE.
The following are some of the most popular computer generation components;

 DEC 10
 STAR 1000
 PDP 11
 CRAY-1(Super Computer)
 CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

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Fifth Generation of Computers
In the generation of generating computing (from the 1980s to modern), ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale
Integration) has been replicated with VLSI technology. It enabled the production of processor
chips with tens of millions of electronic components. Portal computing software is portal
computing hardware used for parallel processing and AI (artificial intelligence) software. The
programming tools used in this generation are C, C ++, Java, .Net, etc.
Following are some of the most popular fifth generation computers;

 Desktop
 Laptop
 Notebook
 Ultrabook
 Chromebook

Application Of Computer in Our Society

Laser computers are used today. A continuation of a list of various systems of diaa information
system applets.

 Deal
 Banks
 Sure
 Education
 Marketing
 Slavic Services
 Engineering design
 SEO
 Traffic system
 Communication
 Government

Business
Thanks to the speed, accuracy, reliability, and flexibility of the computer, it has become an
essential part of the entire business organization. The computer can be used in a professional
association for payroll, budgets, sales analysis, financial forecasting, management, employees,
databases, inventory maintenance, and more.

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Banking Services
Banking today is completely dependent on computers. Banks offer the following services, which
are completely computer-dependent.
Almost all bank executives, such as opening, closing, deposits, overdrafts, interest-bearing
stocks, and other reliable records, are managed by the computer. It is even easier for customers
to manage the bank with an ATM.

Insurance
Computers are also useful for insurance companies if they keep all their files up to date.
Stockbrokers use computers a lot for their work. They maintain a database of all customers,
which includes the method of continuing the policy, the start date of the bond, the next due date
of the bond installment, the due date, the interest date, interest expense, benefits, bonuses, etc.

Education
The computer has provided many opportunities for the education system. The computer provides
a device in the education system called Computer-Based Education (CBE). CBE includes
supervision, transfer, and evaluation of studies. Computer teaching is rapidly increasing in the
number of students. The educational institution uses several methods to use student computers.

Marketing
Use advertising computers to create art and graphics, write and edit them before printing and
publishing to streaming media. Usually, people can shop online on a computer for the products
they need.

Health care
Computers are an important part of hospital and laboratory outpatient departments. Computers
are used in hospitals to keep records of tests and drugs. It is also used in the screening and
diagnosis of various diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasound, and computed tomography are performed
using computer systems.
Here are some of the main areas of health care where computers are used:
 Diagnostic system: Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of the
disease.
 Laboratory Diagnostic System: All tests are performed and reports are prepared using
computers.
 Patient Monitoring System: Computers are used to monitor the patient for abnormalities
such as cardiac arrest, ECG, etc.
 Medication Information System: Computer searches for drug labels, expiration date, side
effects of harmful drugs, etc.
 Surgery: Computers are also used to perform surgery.

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Engineering Design
Computers are also used for engineering purposes. CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM
(Computer-Aided Manufacturing) are two main areas of engineering that create and modify
technical drawings. Some areas
 Civil engineering: Load and load analysis is required in the design of ships, buildings,
aircraft, and other products.
 Industrial Engineering: Information Technology deals with the design, implementation,
and development of integrated systems for people, materials, and equipment.
 Architectural work: Computers help in city design, building design, determining the
range of buildings on-site with the help of 2D and 3D drawings.

Military
Computers are mainly used in defense, modern tanks, missiles, weapons, and so on. The military
also uses control systems. It can be used for missile control, military exchanges, military
operations, and planning, smart weapons, etc.

Traffic System
Today, road traffic is controlled by computer systems. With CCTV, they could see the whole
city from a computer screen.

Communication
Communication conveys a message, idea, image, or speech that is understood and understood
clearly and correctly by those for whom it was intended. Email, social media, Usenet, FTP,
features, video conferencing, etc. The main area is in the category of computer system
communication.

The Government
Computers play an important role in the management system. Government. Some key areas. in
this category:
 Appropriations
 sales tax department
 The income tax office
 Percentage of men and women
 Computerization of electoral lists
 Computerization of the driving license system
 Computerization of the PAN card
 Weather forecast
 Keep all compositions in one place. STB.

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Conclusion
Computers greatly improve the writing process. Computers and the Internet can provide in-depth
assistance in accessing nearly various primary and secondary resources. Furthermore, computers
have improved the writer's ability to recycle and modify his thesis. The computer has provided
the writer with better writing techniques. It is a new medium for the writer, in every sense of the
word; through development, modification, recycling, final draft, presentation, and finally
communication
While computers are an exciting technology with many benefits and applications, evolution is
moving away from the technology that has been around for centuries. Today, the computer is
part of daily life when digital clocks are in their simplest form or computers are more complex in
managing the world's networks, networks, and electricity. Computers are a relatively new
invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and their impact on our daily life has
only been in the last thirty years. PCs were introduced recently, in the early 1980s. Today, the
computer has had such an impact on our society.

References

Abhyankar, A. K. C- Aditi

Martin, James’s 2nd ed PHI

Sinha, P. K/ Sinha, P. 4th ed BPB

Tanenbaum, Andrew. S. 3rd ed PHI

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