Basic Soldering Lessons 1-9
Basic Soldering Lessons 1-9
To most people soldering is a very simple thing a hot iron and a little solder that’s about it it
we’re just soldering a couple of pipes together well maybe but soldering printed circuit boards
that’s another matter altogether
Today soldering has reached the level of a fine art and it’s become vital one in many fields. It
came into its own with the space age when incredible amounts of raw power had to be put
under precise electronic control everything depended on how reliable everyone of these little
soldered connections were
High reliability is what spelled ultimate success or failure and it was not only for ventures like
this. It had been demanded in many other settings as well. Anywhere that information was
vital when human lives depended on it and there was no room for failure.
Today all of us depend upon and except high reliability it’s no longer just in the very
sophisticated systems like this one.
We now find it everywhere in the common things we count with in the computer systems of
business and government and in all the kinds of consumer goods that incorporate electronic
circuits. They become part of our everyday life and we expect them to work right. With all of
them a basic procedure is the making of a reliable solder connection and how to do it is hat
you’re about to learn we’re going to watch an expert go though all the basic techniques you
need to know and then you’ need to know and then you’ll have a chance to practice them on
your own materials let me show you what we’re going to cover.
First, we’ll take a look at solder itself, the basic material in the process and we’ll see what it
contains. We’ll also find out about flux, what it does and the proper kind to use. We’ll cover
what actually happens when you solder, the meaning of wetting action and the necessary role
flux plays in removing oxides and soldering irons. You’ll learn not only how to match them to
the job but also many factors other than just tip temperature that affect how fast heat gets in
the work. You’ll learn what WPI stands for one of the secrets of real craftmanship and you’ll
learn how to recognize good solder joints and bad ones, what makes them acceptable or
unacceptable and what are each of the characteristics of the preferred solder joint.
The components we’ll be working with are ones you’ll encounter in today’s electronics on
both single and double sided circuit boards with various types of terminals and connecting
after we watch how to solder each one of them you’ll do it developing professional skill as you
go along and for your permanent reference we have student’s handbook available I provides
further details on each of the topics we’re going to cover.
So let’s begin we’ll start with the process itself connecting two pieces of metal together to
form a reliable electrical path why solder them in the first place we could them together with
nuts and bolts like this but them we’ve two problems first we can’t be assure of a good contact
to begin with and then later vibration will probably work it loose
Second, oxidation or corrosion will be continually occurring on the surfaces this will
progressively decrease the electrical conduction between the two a soldered connection does
away with both of these problems there’s no movement and no surface to oxidize we formed
a continuous conductive path from one to other what makes it possible are some very unusual
properties of solder itself so let us look at how it’s made: solder is a metal alloy made by
combining tin and lead in different proportions here the proportions are equal so it’s known as
50/50 solder, 50 percent 10 and 50 percent lead a 60/40 solder would consist of 60 percent tin
and 40 percent lead you can find these percentages marked on the various types of solder
available and sometimes only the tin percentage is shown the striking fact about solder is it’s
low melting point. Pure lead has a melting point of 620 degrees Fahrenheit pure tin a melting
point of 450 degrees but when you combine them into a 50/50 solder the melting point drops
to 420 degrees lower than either of the two metals alone and other ratios of solder have their
own particular melting points.
With most combinations melting downs not take place all at once 50/50 solder begins to
melt at 361 degrees but it’s not fully melted until the temperature reaches 420 degrees
between these two temperatures the solder exist in a plastic or semi liquid state some of it not
all of it has melted the plastic range is different for other combinations of tin and lead with
60/40 solder the range is much smaller than it is for the 50/50 and here is a special case the
63/37 ratio known as eutectic solder it has practically no plastic range and melts almost
instantly at 361 degrees
The most commonly used solder in electronics is the 60/40 type but because of its plastic
range you need to be very careful and not move the lead during cool-down which causes a
disturbed joint looking like this one. the solder has a rough irregular appearance and looks dull
instead bright and shiny. it’s one of the ypes of unacceptable joints that we’ll see in a few
minutes under some circumstances minimal heat may be desired and ir may be difficult to
maintain stable leads during cooling this is where eutectic solder is used, since it cools very
rapidly from a liquid to a solid state.
To someone from watching the soldering process for the first time it looks like the solder
simply sticks the metals together like some hot melt glue but what actually happens is far
different. As the hot solder comer into contact with the copper surface a metal solvent action
takes place: the surface dissolves and penetrates the copper surface, the molecules of solder
and coper blend together to form a new metal alloy, one that’s part copper and part solder
with characteristics all its own. This solvent action is called the wetting action. Wetting can only
occur if the surface of the copper is free from dirt and from any oxide film that forms when the
metal is exposed to air and the solder and work surface have to have reached the proper
temperature.
This copper plate looks clean but there is a thin film of oxide covering it when you apply
solder it acts like a drop of water on an oily surface the solder does not come into contact with
the copper. No solvent action takes place and solder can easily be removed. To have a good
solder bond the oxide must be removed and prevented from occurring during the soldering
process. For this, flux is used: when it melts it will remove the thin film or oxide the solder now
flows and the wetting action can take place when the metal cools it is a solid mass one that is
mechanically and electrically continuous and cannot be scraped off.
Many types of flux are available in paste and liquid form. The flux is used in electronic work
are basically rosin in a modified form and may contain mild activators in some cases to
accelerate their action. When flux is cool, it is relatively non corrosive and non conductive, but
when heated to it’s melted state I then becomes sufficiently active to remove all the surface
oxides and carry them away during soldering.
FLUKE
What is Ohm’s Law?1 (¿Qué es la ley de Ohm?2)
Ohm’s Law is a formula used to calculate La Ley de Ohm se usa para determinar la
the relationship between voltage, current relación entre tensión, corriente y resistencia
and resistance in an electrical circuit. en un circuito eléctrico.
To students of electronics, Ohm’s Law ( Para los estudiantes de electrónica, la ley
E=IR) is as fundamentally important as de Ohm ( E=IR) es tan fundamental como lo
Einstein’s Relativity equation ( E=mc 2) is to es la ecuación de Einstein ( E=mc 2) para los
physicists. físicos
E=I × R
When spelled out, it means Cuando se enuncia en forma explícita,
voltage=current ×resistance , or significa que
volts=amps× ohms, or V = A × Ω . tensión=corriente ×resistencia , o voltios=amperios × ohmio
.
Named for German physicist Georg Ohm La ley de Ohm recibió su nombre en honor
(1789-1854), Ohm’s Law addresses the key al físico alemán George Ohm (1789-1854) y
quantities at work in circuits: aborda las cantidades clave en
funcionamiento en los circuitos:
If two of these values are known, Si se conocen dos de estos valores, los
technicians can reconfigure Ohm’s Law to técnicos pueden reconfigurar la ley de Ohm
calculate the third. Just modify the pyramid para calcular el tercero. Simplemente, se
as follows: debe modificar la pirámide de la siguiente
manera:
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If you know voltage ( E ) and current ( I ) and Si conoce el voltaje ( E ) y la corriente ( I ) y
want to know resistance ( R ), X-out he R in quiere conocer la resistencia ( R ), suprima la (
the pyramid and calculate the remaining R )en la pirámide y calcule la ecuación
equation (see the first, or far left, pyramid restante (véase la pirámide primera o
above). izquierda de arriba).
Note: Resistance cannot be measured in an Nota: la resistencia no puede medirse en
operating circuit, so Ohm’s Law is especially un circuito en funcionamiento. Por lo tanto,
useful when it needs to be calculated. Rather para calcularla, la ley de Ohm es muy útil. En
than shutting off the circuit to measure lugar de desconectar el circuito para medir la
resistance, a technician can determine R resistencia, un técnico puede determinar la R
using the above variation of Ohm’s Law. mediante la variación por sobre la ley de
Ohm.
Now, if you know voltage ( E ) and Ahora, si usted conoce el voltaje ( E ) y la
resistance ( R ) and want to know current ( I ), resistencia ( R ) y quiere conocer la corriente (
X-out the I and calculate the remaining two I ), suprima la I y calcule con los dos símbolos
symbols (see the middle pyramid above). restantes (véase la pirámide media anterior).
And if you know current ( I ) and resistance Y si conoce la corriente ( I ) y la resistencia (
( R ) and want to know voltage ( E ), multiply R ) y quiere saber el voltaje ( E ), multiplique
the bottom halves of the pyramid (see the las mitades de la parte inferior de la pirámide
third, or far right, pyramid above). (véase la tercera pirámide o la ubicación en el
extremo derecho arriba).
Try a few sample calculations based on a Pruebe con algunos cálculos de ejemplo
simple series circuit, which includes just one basados en un circuito simple de la serie, que
source of voltage (battery) and resistance incluye una fuente de volteje (batería) y
(light). Two values are known in each resistencia (luz). Se conocen dos valores en
example. Use Ohm’s Law to calculate the cada ejemplo. Use la ley de Ohm para
third. calcular el tercero.
Example 1: Voltage ( E ) and resistance ( R ) Ejemplo 1: se conocen la tensión ( E ) y la
are known. resistencia ( R ).
What is the current in the circuit? ¿Cuál es la corriente en el circuito?
I =E /R=12V /6 Ω=2 A
When Ohm published his formula in 1827, Cuando Ohm publicó su fórmula en 1827,
his key finding that the amount of electric su descubrimiento fue que la cantidad de
current flowing through a conductor is corriente eléctrica que fluye a través de un
directly proportional to the voltage imposed conductor es directamente proporcional al
on it. In other words, one volt of pressure is voltaje impuesto sobre él. En otras palabras,
required to push one amp of current through es necesario un voltio de presión para
one ohm of resistance. empujar un ampere de corriente a través de
un ohmio de resistencia.
What to validate using Ohm’s Law La ley de Ohm puede usarse para validar:
Ohm’s Law can be used to validate the Valores estáticos de los componentes
static values of circuit components, current del circuito
levels, voltage supplies, and voltage drops. If, Niveles de corriente
for example, a test instrument detects a Suministros de voltaje
higher than normal current measurement, it Caídas de tensión
could mean that resistance has decreased or Si, por ejemplo, un instrumento de prueba
that voltage has increased, causing a high- detecta una medición de corriente más
voltage situation. This could indicate a supply elevada que la normal, puede significar que:
or circuit issue. La resistencia ha disminuido
El voltaje se ha incrementado,
provocando una situación de alta
tensión. Esto podría indicar un
problema con el suministro o un
problema en el circuito.
In direct current (dc) circuits, a lower than En los circuitos de corriente continua (CC),
normal current measurement could that the una medida de corriente inferior a la normal
voltage has decreased, or circuit resistance puede significar:
has increased. Possible causes for increased Aumentó la resistencia del circuito.
resistance are poor or loose connections, Posible causa: conexiones deficientes
corrosion and/or damage components. o flojas, corrosión o componentes
dañados.
El voltaje ha disminuido.
Loads within a circuit draw on electrical Las cargas existentes en un circuito
current. Loads can be any sort of component: absorben corriente eléctrica. Las cargas
small electrical devices, computers, pueden ser cualquier tipo componente:
household appliances or a large motor. Most aparatos eléctricos pequeños, ordenadores,
of these components (loads) have nameplate electrodomésticos o un motor grande. La
or information sticker attached. These mayoría de estos componentes (cargas)
nameplates provide safety certification and tienen una placa o pegatina informativa.
multiple reference numbers. Estas placas incluyen una certificación de
seguridad y varios números de referencia.
Technicians refer to nameplates on Los técnicos se refieren a las placas de
components to learn standard voltage and identificación de los componentes para
current values. During testing, if technicians conocer el voltaje y los valores de corriente
find that customary values do nor register on estándar. Durante la prueba, si los técnicos
their digital multimeters or clamp meters, notan que los valores tradicionales no se
they can use Ohm’s Law to detect what part registran en los multímetros digitales o los
of a circuit is faltering and from that medidores de pinzas, pueden usar la le ley de
determine where a problem may lie. Ohm para detectar qué parte de un circuito
funciona anormalmente y, a partir de eso,
determinar dónde puede haber un problema.
The basic science of circuits (Ciencia bá sica de los circuitos)
Circuits, like all matter, are made of atoms. Los circuitos, como oda materia, están
Atoms consist of subatomic particles: compuestos por átomos. Los átomos se
componen de partículas subatómicas:
Protons (with a positive electrical Protones (con carga eléctrica
charge) positiva)
Neutrons (no charge) Neutrones (sin carga)
Electrons (negatively charged) Electrones (con carga negativa)
Atoms remain bound together by forces of Los átomos permanecen enlazados entre
attraction between an atom’s nucleus and sí por fuerzas de atracción entre el núcleo y
electrons in its outer shell. When influenced los electrones de un átomo en su capa
by voltage, atoms in a circuit begin to reform exterior. Cuando los átomos en un circuito
and their components exert a potential of son influenciados por la tensión, comienzan a
attraction known as a potential difference. reformarse y sus componentes ejercen un
Mutually attracted loose electrons move potencial de atracción conocida como una
toward protons, creating a flow of electrons diferencia de potencial. Los electrones libres
(current). Any material in the circuit that mutuamente atraídos avanzan hacia los
restricts this flow is considered resistance. protones y crean un flujo de electrones
(corriente). Cualquier material en el circuito
que restringe este flujo se considera como
resistencia.
Reference: Digital Multimeter Principles by Referencia: Digital Multímeter Principles
Glen A. Mazur, American Technical (Principio de los multímetros digitales) por
Publishers. Glen A. Mazur, American Technical Publisher.
What is continuity?3 (¿Qué es la continuidad?4)
Continuity is the presence of a complete La continuidad es la existencia de un
path for current flow. A closed switch that is camino completo para el flujo de la corriente.
operational, for example, has continuity. Un interruptor cerrado que está en
funcionamiento, por ejemplo, tiene
continuidad.
A continuity test is a quick check to see if a Una prueba de continuidad es una
circuit is open or closed. Only a closed, comprobación rápida para ver si un circuito
complete circuit (one that is switched ON) está abierto o cerrado. Solo un circuito
has continuity. cerrado y completo (conectado) tiene
continuidad.
During a continuity test, a digital Durante una prueba de continuidad, un
multimeter sends a small current through the multímetro digital envía una pequeña
circuit to measure resistance in the circuit. corriente por el circuito par medir la
resistencia en el circuito.
A meter with a continuity beeper briefly Un medidor con un indicador acústico de
sounds off when it detects a closed circuit. continuidad deja de sonar brevemente
The level of resistance needed to trigger the cuando detecta un circuito cerrado. El nivel
beeper varies by meter, but most will indicate de resistencia necesarios para desencadenar
continuity with a measurement between 0-50 la alarma varía según cada medidor, pero la
ohms. mayoría indica continuidad con una medición
entre 0 y 50 ohmios.
The audio signal speeds the measuring La señal de audio acelera el proceso de
process since technicians do not have to look medición, a que los técnicos no tienen que
at the meter during testing. mirar el medidor durante la prueba.
Continuity testing determines: Las pruebas de continuidad determinan:
If a fuse is good or blow. Si un fusible está en buen estado o
If conductors are open or shorted. fundido.
If switches are operating properly. Si los conductores están abiertos o en
If circuit path are clear cortocircuito.
(accomplished by circuit or Si los interruptores están
conductor tracing). funcionando correctamente.
Si los trayectos del circuito están
despejados (se logra mediante el
trazado del circuito o conductor).
Continuity testing should be attempted Las pruebas de continuidad deben
only when voltage is NOT present in the realizarse solo cuando NO hay tensión en el
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circuit being tested. circuito sometido a prueba.
Continuty testing safety (Seguridad)
Always unplug the device or turn off the Desenchufe siempre el aparato o
main circuit breaker before attempting a desconecte el interruptor principal antes de
continuity test. Ensure that all capacitors are intentar una prueba de continuidad.
safely discharged. Asegúrese de que todos los condensadores
estén descargados con seguridad.
If voltage contact IS made while in Si el contacto con la tensión se efectúa
continuity, most meters provide overload durante la prueba dde continuidad, la
protection in ohms up to the meter’s voltage mayoría de los medidores ofrecen protección
rating. For most Fluke instruments, that is para la sobrecarga en ohmios hasta la tensión
1000 V ac. nominal del medidor. Para la mayoría de los
instrumentos de Fluke, es de 1,000 V CA.
Referencia: Digital Multimeter Principles
(Principios de los multímetros digitales) por
Glenn A. Mazur, American Technical
Publishers.
How to Test for Continuity with a Digital Multimeter 5 (Có mo probar
continuidad6)
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detected. If the circuit is open (the (continuidad). Si el circuito está
switch is in the OFF position), the abierto (el interruptor está en la
DMM will not beep. posición APAGADO), el multímetro
digital no emitirá un pitido.
5. When finished, turn the multimeter 7. Cuando termine, gire el multímetro a
OFF to preserve battery life. APAGADO para preservar la vida útil
de la batería.
Informació n general de las pruebas de continuidad
Continuity is the presence of a La continuidad es la presencia de una
complete path for current flow. A ruta completa para el flujo de
circuit is complete when its switch is corriente. El circuito está completo
closed cuando el interruptor está cerrado.
A digital multimeter’s Continuity Test El modo Prueba de continuidad de un
Mode can be used to test switches, multímetro digital se puede usar para
fuses, electrical connections, probar los interruptores, los fusibles,
conductors and other components. A las conexiones eléctricas, los
good fuse, for example, should have conductores y otros componentes.
continuity. Un fusible bueno, por ejemplo, debe
tener continuidad.
A DMM emits an audible response (a El multímetro digital emite una
beep) when it detects a complete respuesta sonora (un pitido) cuando
path. detecta una ruta completa.
The beep, an audible indicator, El pitido, un indicador sonoro,
permits technicians to focus on permite a los técnicos concentrarse
testing procedures without looking at en los procedimientos de prueba sin
the multimeter display. tener que mirar la pantalla del
multímetro.
When testing for continuity, a Cuando se realizan pruebas de
multimeter beeps based on the continuidad, el multímetro emite
resistance of the component being pitidos basados en la resistencia del
tested. That resistance is determined elemento que está probando. Esa
by the range setting of the resistencia es determinada por el
multimeter. Examples: ajuste de rango del multímetro.
Ejemplos:
o If the range is set to 400.0 Ω, o Si el intervalo se establece en
a multimeter typically beeps 400.0 Ω, un multímetro
if the component has a normalmente emite un pitido
resistance of 200 Ω or less si el componente tiene una
resistencia de 40 Ω o menos.
o If the range is set 4.000 k Ω, o Si el intervalo se establece en
a multimeter typically beeps 4000 k Ω, un multímetro
if the component has a normalmente emite un pirido
resistance of 200 Ω or less. si el componente tiene una
resistencia de 200 Ω o
menos.
The lowest range setting should be El ajuste del rango más bajo se debe
used when testing circuits usar con los componentes del circuito
components that should have low- de pruebas que deban tener un valor
resistance value such as electrical de resistencia bajo, como las
connections or switch contacts. conexiones eléctricas o los contactos
del interruptor.
Common DMM audiable responses
Input range Beeper oni f
400.0 Ω ¿ 40 Ω
4.000 k Ω ¿ 200 Ω
40.00 Ω ¿ 20 k Ω
400.0 k Ω ¿ 20 k Ω
4.000 M Ω ¿ 200 k Ω
40.00 M Ω ¿ 200 k Ω
Referencia: Digital Multímeter Principles (Principio de los multímetros digitales) por Glen A.
Mazur, American Technical Publisher.
¿Qué es corriente? (What is current?)
La corriente es la velocidad a la que un flujo Current is the rate at which electrons flow
de electrones pasa por un punto de un past a point in a complete electrical circuit. At
circuito eléctrico comple. Del modo más its most basic, current =flow .
básico, corriente =flujo .
Un amperio ( AM −pir ) o A es la unidad An ampere ( AM −pir ), or amp , is the
internacional para la medición de la international unit used for measuring current.
corriente. Expresa la cantidad de electrones It expresses the quantity of electrons
(a veces llamada “carga eléctrica”) que pasan (sometimes called “electrical charge”) flowing
por punto en un circuito durante un tiempo past a point in a circuit over a given time.
determinado.
(
¿Qué es tensió n?7
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source. alimentación.
Voltage is either alternating current (ac) La tensión es de corriente alterna (CA) o de
voltage or direct current (dc) voltage. Ways corriente continua (CC). Mientras en las que
they differ: se diferencian:
~
Alternating current voltaje (represented on a digital multimeter by V ) [Tensión de corriente
~
alterna (representada en un multímetro digital por V )]:
Flows in evenly since waves, as Fluye en ondas senoidales onduladas
shown below: uniformemente, como se muestra a
continuación:
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capacitancia
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resistencia
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diodos
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frecuencia
Có mo aprovechar al má ximo las herramientas bá sicas como multímetros y
pinzas de corriente8
Medida de Corriente. En serie
La medida de corriente con un multímetro generalmente implica colocar el multímetro en
serie con el circuito cuya corriente desea medir.
La corriente que puede medir un multímetro directamente suele ser normalmente pequeña,
por ejemplo, hasta 10 A .
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6,000 A/0,001 A
Rango/resolución
Amperios de CA de 10,00 A/0,01 A
verdadero valor eficaz (de 45 1,5 % +3
Hz a 500 Hz) Precisión Sobrecarga continua de 10 A
durante 30 segundos máximo
Tensión de
Exactitud la carga
Función Rango Resolución
(típica)
Modelo 83 Modelo 87
mA 60,00 mA 0,01 mA ± ( 1,2% +2 )
5
± ( 1,0 %+2 ) 1,8 mV /mA
A 400,0 m A 6 0,1 mA ± ( 1,2% +2 )5 ± ( 1,0 %+2 ) 1,8 mV /mA
(de 45 Hz a 2kHz) 6,000 A 0,001 A 5 ± ( 1,0 %+2 ) 0,03 V / A
0,01 A ± ( 1,2% +2 ) 0,03 V / A
10,00 A 4 ± ( 1,0 %+2 )
± ( 1,2% +2 )5
mA 60,00 mA 0,01 mA ± ( 0,4 % +4 ) ± ( 0,2 %+ 4 ) 1,8 mV /mA
400,0 m A 6 0,1 mA ± ( 0,4 % +2 ) ± ( 0,2 %+2 ) 1,8 mV /mA
6,000 A 0,001 A ± ( 0,4 % +4 ) ± ( 0,2 %+ 4 ) 0,03 V / A
10,00 A 4 0,01 A ± ( 0,4 % +2 ) ± ( 0,2 %+2 ) 0.03 V / A
μA 600,0 μA 0,1 μA ± ( 1,2% +2 )
5
± ( 1,0 %+2 ) 100 μV /μA
(de 45 Hz a 2 kHz) 6000 μA 1 μA ± ( 1,2% +2 )5 ± ( 1,0 %+2 ) 100 μV /μA
600,0 μA 0,1 μA ± ( 0,4 % +4 ) ± ( 0,2 %+ 4 ) 100 μV /μA
6000 μA 1 μA ± ( 0,4 % +2 ) ± ( 0,2 %+2 ) 100 μV /μA