Permission is granted for enforcing this textbook from the academic year 2018-19 in the

meeting, held on the date 29.12.2017, of the co-ordination committee constituted by the
Government resolution No: Abhyas-2116/(Pra.kra.43/16) S.D-4 dated 25.4.2016

SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
STANDARD TEN
PART – 2

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and

Curriculum Research, Pune.

The digital textbook can be obtained through

DIKSHA App on a smartphone by using the
Q.R Code given on title page of the textbook and
useful audio-visual teaching-learning material of
the relevant lesson will be available through the
Q.R Code given in each lesson of this textbook.
A
First Edition : 2018 © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
Reprint : 2021 Curriculum Research, Pune - 400 004.
The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book
should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director
Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
Research,'Balbharati', Senapati Bapat Marg. Pune 411 004

Science Subject Committee: Science Study Group :

Dr. Chandrashekhar Vasantrao Murumkar, Chairman Dr. Prabhakar Nagnath Kshirsagar
Dr. Vishnu Vaze
Dr. Dilip Sadashiv Joag, Member Dr. Prachi Rahul Choudhary
Dr. Sushama Dilip Joag, Member Dr. Shaikh Mahommed Waquioddim H.
Dr. Pushpa Khare, Member Dr. Ajay Digambar Mahajan
Dr. Gayatri Gorakhnath Choukade
Dr. Imtiaz Sirajuddin Mulla, Member Shri. Prashant Panditrao Kolse
Dr. Jaydeep Vinayak Sali, Member Shri. Sandip Popatlal Chordiya
Shri. Sachin Ashok Bartakke
Dr. Abhay Jere, Member
Smt. Shweta Dilip Thakur
Dr. Sulabha Nitin Vidhate, Member Shri. Rupesh Dinkar Thakur
Smt. Mrinalini Desai, Member Shri. Dayashankar Vishnu Vaidya
Shri. Sukumar Shrenik Navale
Shri. Gajanan Shivajirao Suryawanshi, Member
Shri. Gajanan Nagoraoji Mankar
Shir. Sudhir Yadavrao Kamble, Member Shri. Mohommed Atique Abdul Shaikh
Smt. Dipali Dhananjay Bhale, Member Smt. Anjali Lakshmikant Khadke
Smt. Manisha Rajendra Dahivelkar
Shir. Rajiv Arun Patole, Member Secretary
Smt. Jyoti Medpilwar
Smt. Dipti Chandansingh Bisht
Cover and Illustrations: Smt. Pushpalata Gawande
Shri. Vivekanand Shivshankar Patil Smt. Anita Patil
Smt. Kanchan Rajendra Sorate
Ashana Advani Shri. Rajesh Vamanrao Roman
Typesetting : Shri. Nagesh Bhimsevak Telgote
DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune Shri. Shankar Bhikan Rajput
Shri. Manoj Rahangdale
Shri. Hemant Achyut Lagvankar
Coordination: Smt. Jyoti Damodar Karane
Rajiv Arun Patole Shri. Vishwas Bhave
Special Officer for Science

Paper
Translation :
Dr. Jaydeep Vinayak Sali 70 GSM Creamwove
Shri. Sandip Popatlal Chordiya
Print Order :
Scrutiny :
Dr. Chandrashekhar V. Murumkar Printer :
Dr. Pushpa Khare

Production : Publisher :
Shri. Sachchitanand Aphale Shri. Vivek Uttam Gosavi
Chief Production Officer Controller
Shri. Rajendra Vispute Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau,
Production Officer Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400 025

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C
NATIONA��ANT���

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 Preface
Dear students
Welcome to Std X. We have great pleasure in offering you this Science and
Technology textbook based on the new syllabus. From the primary level till today, you
have studied science from various textbooks. In this textbook, you will be able to study the
fundamental concepts of science and technology from a different point of view through
the medium of the different branches of Science.
The basic purpose of this textbook Science and Technology Part-2 can be said to
be ‘Understand and explain to others’ the Science and Technology that relates to our
everyday life. While studying the concepts, principles and theories in science, do make
the effort to understand their connection with day to day affairs. While studying from
this textbook, use the sections ‘Can you recall?’ and ‘Can you tell?’ for revision. You
will learn science through the many activities given under the titles such as ‘Observe and
discuss.’ and ‘Try this’ or ‘Let’s try this. Make sure that you perform all these activities.
Activities like ‘Use your brain power!’, ‘Research’, ‘Think about it’ will stimulate your
power of thinking.
Many experiments have been included in the textbook. Carry out these experiments
yourself, following the given procedure and making your own observations. Ask your
teachers, parents or classmates for help whenever you need it, interesting information,
which reveals the science underlying the events we commonly observe and the technology
developed on its basis, has been given in details in this textbook through several activities.
In this world of rapidly developing technology, you have already become familiar with
computers and smartphones. While studying the textbook, make full and proper use of
the devices of information communication technology, which will make your studies
easier. For more effective studies, you can avail additional audio-visual material for
each chapter using the Q.R code through an App. This will definitely help you in your
studies.
While carrying out the given activities and experiments, take all precautions with
regard to handling apparatus, chemicals, etc. and encourage others to take the same
precautions.
It is expected that while carrying out activities or observation involving plants and
animals, you will also make efforts towards conservation of the environment. You must
of course take all the care to avoid causing any harm or injury to them.
Do tell us about the parts that you like, as well as about the difficulties that you face
as you read and study and understand this textbook.
Our west wishes for your academic progress.

(Dr. Sunil Magar)

Pune Director
Date: 18 March 2018, Gudhipadva Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Indian Solar Year : 27 phalgun 1939 and Curriculum Research, Pune

E
 For Teachers
• The real objective of science education is to learn to be able to think about events that
are happening around us, logically and with discretion.
• In view of the age group of Std X students, it would be appropriate now, in the process of
science education, to give freedom and scope to students’ own curiosity about the events
of the world, their propensity to go looking for the causes behind them and to their own
initiative and capacity to take the lead.
• As experimentation is necessary to learn the skills of observation, logic, estimation,
comparison and application of available data, which form a part of science education,
deliberate efforts must be made to develop these skills while dealing with laboratory
experiments give in the textbook. All observations that the students have noted should
be accepted and then they should be helped to achieve that the expected results.
• These two years in middle school lay the foundation of higher education in Science.
Hence, it is our duty and responsibility to enrich and enhance the student’s interest in
science. You all will of course always actively pursue the objective of developing their
creativity and imbuing them with a scientific temper.
• You can use ‘Let’s recall’ to review the previous knowledge for a lesson and ‘Can you
tell?’ to introduce a topic by eliciting all the knowledge that the students already have
about it from their own reading or experience. You may of course use any of your own
activities or questions for this purpose. Activities given under ‘Try this’ and ‘Let’s try
this’ help to explain the content of the lesson. The former are for students to do themselves
and the latter are those that you are expected to demonstrate. ‘Use your brain power!’
is meant for application of previous knowledge as well as the new lesson, and ‘Always
remember’ gives important suggestions/information or values. ‘Research’, ‘Find out’,
‘Do you know?’ ‘ Introduction to scientists’ and ‘Institutes at work’ are meant to give
some information about the world outside the textbook and to develop the habit of doing
independent reference work to obtain additional information.
• This textbook is not meant for reading and explaining in the classroom but guiding
students to learn the methods of gaining knowledge by carrying out the given activities.
An informal atmosphere in the classroom is required to achieve the aims of this textbook.
All students should be encouraged to participate in discussions, experiments and
activities. Special efforts should be made to organize presentations or report-reading in
the class based on students activities and projects, besides observing of Science Day and
other relevant occasions/days.
• The science and technology content of the textbook has been complemented with
Information Communication Technology. These activities are to be conducted under
your guidance along with the learning of various new scientific concepts.

Front and back covers : Pictures of various activities, experiments and concepts in the book.

DISCLAIMER Note : All attempts have been made to contact copy righters (©) but we have not heard from them.
We will be pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them.

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 Competency Statements Std X
The students are expected to achieve the following competency level after studying the text book
Science and Technology II
The Living World.
* To analyze the scientific information about heredity and state opinions about new hybrid species.
* To understand evolution theories or living and state there characteristics.
* To explain reproductive systems of plants and animals.
* To state importance of cell science by collection of information of cell on utility and various medical facilities.
* To understand production processes of various biotic factors by experiments and prove them scientifically.
* To collect and analyze useful data by observing diversity of animals through different tools.
* To describe animals in the surroundings on scientific basis and classify them.
* To develop awareness of hobbies like watching the things and their conservation.
* To present documentary on animals.
* To collect useful and scientific information on human reproductive system and explain effects on society.
* To eradicate superstitions and rigid customs prevailing in society.

Natural resources and disaster management

* To explain role of environmental guard by conservation of environment, various laws and rules.
* To adapt scientific life style in the role of environmental guard.
* Get attention of society towards negligence towards conservation of environment.
* To plan and implement programs about conservation of environment.
* To play self-role in disaster management considering international understanding, help and togetherness.

Diet and Nutrition

* To set up the experiments, projects in our environment in small scale considering advantages and
disadvantages of Biotechnology.
* To aware farmers and components of society by various graphs of Biotechnology.
* To take feedback of comparative study of progress of Biotechnology in India and the other countries.
* To find out various problems regarding conservation of ecosystems.
* To collect data on conservation of ecosystem and to take a distinct role to awake the society.
* To change one’s lifestyle by taking into account the various aspects and effects which endanger social health.
* To spread the roles of government and non-government organizations to nurture social health.

Energy
* By considering the serious consequences of the energy crisis, adopt proper lifestyle and motivating others to
decide their lifestyle accordingly.
* Explain the steps involved in the process of generation of electrical energy.
* To analyze the correlation of electricity generation processes and environment.
* Knows the importance of green energy and saves energy in daily life.

Information Communication Technology.

* Use of Information Communication Technology in daily life.
* Exchange of knowledge about science and Technology with the help of internet.
* Awareness about the proper use of information communication technology.
* Based on the information gathering, with various types of information related to Science and Technology. To
predict it. Ability of prediction on the basis of science and technology data collected from internet.
* To understand dangers (cybercrimes) while using information communication technology and take
precautions against them.
* Effective use of various systems developed through information communication technology in daily life.

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 CONTENT
No. Chapter Page No.

1. Heredity and Evolution 1

2. Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1 12
3. Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2 22
4. Environmental management 36
5. Towards Green Energy 47
6. Animal Classification 61
7. Introduction to Microbiology 77
8. Cell Biology and Biotechnology 88
9. Social health 101
10. Disaster Management 109

Academic Planning
Two separate books have been prepared for science and technology.
Science and technology part 2 contains ten chapters mainly related to Biology,
Environment, Microbiology, Biotechnology. While thinking about science
and technology, it is expected that an integrated approach will be taken while
teaching and a connection will be made between different components of science
and technology. In previous standards, we have studied various topics in science
and technology together. For technical ease two separate books of science and
technology part 1 and part 2 have been prepared, but it is necessary that an
integrated perspective be taken while teaching.
Out of the ten chapters included in textbook science and technology part 2,
the first five chapters are expected to be taught in the first session while the next
five chapters in the second session. At the end of a session, a written examination
for 40 marks and a practical examination for ten marks should be conducted.
Exercises and projects have been given at the end of every chapter in the text
book.
In view of evaluation, representative questions similar to those in the
activity sheets of language books are given in exercises. You may make similar
other questions for your use. The students should be evaluated based on these
questions. Detailed information about this will be given in separate evaluation
scheme.

H
 1. Heredity and Evolution
Ø Heredity and Hereditary Changes Ø Transcription, Translation &
Translocation
Ø Evolution Ø Evidences of Evolution
Ø Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Ø Lamarckism
Ø Speciation Ø Human Evolution

1. Which component of the cellular nucleus of living organisms

Can you recall? carries hereditary characters?
2. What do we call to the process of transfer of physical and
mental characters from parents to the progeny?
3. Which are the components the DNA molecule?
Heredity and hereditary changes
You know that heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to
another via genes. Gregor Johann Mendel is pioneer of the modern genetics. It took a long
time to understand the conclusions of his research about heredity. In 1901, the reasons behind
the sudden changes were understood due to the mutational theory of Hugo de Vries. Meanwhile
in 1902, Walter Sutton observed the paired chromosomes in the cells of grasshopper; until
then it was not known to anyone. Research started in the direction of finding the nature of
genetic material when it was proved that genes are carried via chromosomes. Through which
1944, trio of scientists Oswald Avery, Mclyn McCarty and Colin McLeod proved that except
viruses, all living organisms have DNA as genetic material.
In 1961, the French geneticists Francois Jacob and Jack Monod proposed a model for
process of protein synthesis with the help of DNA in bacterial cells. It helped to uncover the
genetic codes hidden in DNA. Thereby, the technique of recombinant DNA technology
emerged which has vast scope in the field of genetic engineering.
The science of heredity is useful for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hereditary
disorders, production of hybrid varieties of animals and plants and in industrial processes in
which microbes are used.

Transcription, Translation and Translocation

1. Sketch and explain the structure of DNA and various types of RNA.
Can you tell? 2. Explain the meaning of genetic disorders and give names of some
disorders.
With the help of RNA, the genes present in the form of DNA participate in the functioning
of cell and thereby control the structure and functioning of the body. Information about protein
synthesis is stored in the DNA and synthesis of appropriate proteins as per requirement is
necessary for body. These proteins are synthesized by DNA through the RNA. This is called
as ‘Central Dogma’. mRNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Only one
of the two strands of DNA is used in this process. The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA being
produced is always complementary to the DNA strand used for synthesis. Besides, there is
uracil in RNA instead of thymine of DNA. This process of RNA synthesis is called as
‘transcription’.

1
 ` The mRNA formed in nucleus comes in
RNA Polymerase RNA Nucleotides cytoplasm. It brings in the coded message
from DNA. The message contains the codes
for amino acids. The code for each amino
acid consists of three nucleotides. It is called
as ‘triplet codon’.
Dr Har Govind Khorana, a scientist of
Transcription Indian origin has made an important
contribution in discovery of triplet codons
for 20 amino acids. For this work, he has
1.1 Transcription
been awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1968,
along with two other scientists.
Nucleus
Each mRNA is made up of thousands of
triplet codons. As per the message on mRNA,
amino acids are supplied by the tRNA. For
this purpose, tRNA has ‘anticodon’ having
tRNA mRNA complementary sequence to the codon on
Amino Acid mRNA. This is called as ‘translation’. The
Ribosome
amino acids brought in by tRNA are bonded
together by peptide bonds with the help of
rRNA. During this process, the ribosome
mRNA Codon keeps on moving from one end of mRNA to
other end by the distance of one triplet codon.
1.2 Translation & Translocation This is called as ‘translocation’. Such many
chains come together to form complex
proteins. These proteins control various
Main Sequence functions in the body of living organisms
and their appearance too.
Living organisms can produce new
individuals like themselves due to genes
Replacement
only and some of those genes are transmitted
to the next generation without any changes.
Due to this, some of the characters of parents
are transmitted to their offsprings. However,
sometimes sudden changes occur in those
genes. Sometimes, any nucleotide of the
1.3 Mutation gene changes its position that causes a minor
change which is nothing but the ‘mutation’.
Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable. Ex. Mutation may cause
the genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia.

2
 1. What is the function of the appendix of our digestive system?
Can you recall? 2. Are our wisdom teeth really useful for chewing the food?
3. Why did the huge animals like dinosaur become extinct?
Evolution 4. Why are many species of animals and birds getting extinct?
Evolution is the gradual change occurring in living organisms over a long duration. This is
a very slow-going process through which development of organisms is achieved. All the stages
in changes occurred in various components ranging from stars and planets in space to the
biosphere present on the Earth should be included in the study of evolution. Formation of new
species due to changes in specific characters of several generations of living organisms as a
response to natural selection, is called as evolution.
3.5 billion years ago, life had been non Internet is my friend
existent on the Earth. At the beginning, there
may have been only simple elements in the Collect the information from internet
ocean on the Earth and simple type of organic about Big-Bang theory related with the
and inorganic compounds may have been formation of stars and planets and present it
formed from those. Complex compounds like in your class.
proteins and nucleic acids may have formed
over the long period from those simple A peek into History
compounds. First primitive type of cells may Many philosophers and religious scholars
have been formed from the mixture of different have written their views about formation of
types of organic and inorganic compounds. life. There seems to be a thorough discussion
Number of those cells may have increased at over the formation of Universe, in various
the cost of surrounding chemicals. There may cultures like Indian, Chinese, Roman,
had been some differences among those cells Greek, etc. Various cultures have noted
and according to the principle of natural different type of information about planets,
selection, some may have shown good growth stars, the ‘panchmahabhuta’, living
and some may have perished which could not organisms, etc. in the form of poetry, stories
adjust with the surrounding. and religious / sacred books.
At present, crores of species of plants and
animals with huge diversity regarding shape Theory of Evolution:
and complexity are present on the Earth. According to this theory, first living material
Animal diversity ranges from the unicellular (protoplasm) has been formed in ocean. In
Amoeba and Paramecium to man and giant due course of time, unicellular organism was
whale. The plant diversity consists of various formed. Gradually, changes occurred in the
species ranging from unicellular Chlorella to unicellular organisms from which larger and
the huge banyan tree. The life exists on Earth more complex organisms were formed. All
everywhere from equator to both the poles. those changes were slow and gradual. Duration
Organisms are present at all the places like of all these changes is at most 300 crore years.
air, water, land, rock, etc. Humans have Changes and development in living organisms
shown curiosity about origin of life and had been all round and multi-dimensional
reasons for such a great diversity in life and this led to evolution of different types
present on the Earth since ancient period. of organisms. Hence, this overall process is
Different theories about origin and evolution called as evolution which is organizational.
of life have been proposed till today of which Progressive development of plants and animals
theory of 'Gradual development of living from the ancestors having different structural
organisms is accepted. and functional organization is called evolution.

3
Evidences of evolution
Collective thinking upon all above mentioned theories implies that evolution
is everlasting process of changes. However, it needs proof to prove it. Following are
various proofs available in support of the theories mentioned above.
1. Morphological Evidences
Observe the following images and note the similarities between given
Try this animal images and plant images.
Various similarities like
structure of mouth, position of
eyes, structure of nostrils and
ear pinnae and thickly
distributed hairs on body are
seen in animals whereas
similarities in characters like
leaf shape, leaf venation, leaf
petiole, etc. occur in case of
plants. This indicates that there
are some similarities in those
groups and hence it proves that
their origin must be same and
1.4 Morphological evidences
must have common ancestors

2. Anatomical Evidences
If you carefully observe the
pictures, there doesn’t seem any
superficial similarity between human
hand, foreleg of ox, flipper of whale
and patagium of bat. Similarly, use of
each of those structures is different in
respective animals. However, there is
similarity in structure of bones and
joints in organs of each of those
Human foreleg Patagium Flipper
animals. This similarity indicates that
hand of ox of Bat of Whale those animals may have common
1.5 Structure of bones ancestor.

Can you tell? 1. Which are the different organs in body of organisms?
2. Is each of the organs useful to organism?

Use of ICT :
Collect the information of geological dating and Present it classroom.

4
3. Vestigial Organs
Degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms are called as vestigial
organs. In living organisms, sudden development of new tissues or organs for living in
changing environment is not possible. Instead, existing organs undergo gradual changes.
Mostly, a specific structure in the body is useful under certain situation. However, same
structure under different situation may become useless or even harmful. Such structure begins
to degenerate under such situation as per the principle of natural selection. It takes thousands
of years for a structure to disappear. Such organs are seen in different phases of disappearance
in different animals. Such organ, though non-functional in certain organisms, it may be
functional in other organisms i.e. it is not vestigial in other organisms.
Appendix, which is useless to human, is useful and Small
fully functional organ in ruminants. Similarly, muscles of Intestine
ear pinna, which are useless to human, are useful in
monkeys for movement of ear pinna. Various vestigial
organs like tail-bone (coccyx), wisdom teeth, and body
hairs are present in body of human being. Large
Intestine Appendix
Ear
muscles
Wisdom teeth

Tail bone
(Coccyx)

1.6 Vestigial organs

Observe and discuss. Observe the following pictures.

Use of ICT
Find how the
vestigial organs in
certain animals are
functional in others.
Present the
information in your
class and send it to
others.
1.7 Some fossils
4. Palaeontological Evidences
A question may arise in your mind that which organisms existed millions of years
ago? How can we tell this? Now this secret has been hidden in the Earth. Large number of
organisms get buried due to disasters like flood, earthquake, volcano, etc. Remnants and
impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground. These are called as fossils.
Study of fossils is an important aspect of study of evolution.
5
 Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only the
decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously. In case of dead bodies of plants and animals,
instead of remaining constant, the ratio between C-14 and C-12 changes continuously as
C-12 is non-radioactive. The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be
calculated by measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in
their body. This is ‘carbon dating’ method. It is used in palaeontology and anthropology
for determining the age of human fossils and manuscripts. Once the age of fossil been
determined by such technique, it becomes easy to deduce the information about other
erstwhile organisms. It seems that vertebrates have been slowly originated from
invertebrates.

Aves Introduction to Scientists

(Birds) Cenozoic Carbon dating method
Mammals era is based upon the
radioactive decay of
Mesozoic naturally occurring C-14
Reptiles and it is developed by
era
Willard Libby.
He has been awarded
Amphibia with Nobel Prize (1960)
Pisces for this invention. The age
Palaeozoic of the materials determined
era by this method are
published in the journal
Invertebrates
‘Radio Carbon’

1.8 Sedimentary rocks and fossils

5. Connecting Links

Observe and discuss.

Observe the following pictures and discuss the
characters observed.

Duckbill Platypus Lungfish Peripatus

1.9 Some animals with special characteristics
6
 Some plants and animals show some morphological characters by which they can be
related to two different groups; hence they are called as ‘connecting links’. Ex. In Peripatus,
characters like segmented body, thin cuticle, and parapodia-like organs are present.
Similarly, these animals show tracheal respiration and open circulatory system similar to
arthropods. This indicates that Peripatus is connecting link between annelida and arthropoda.
Similarly, duck billed platypus lays eggs like reptiles but shows relationship with mammals
too due to presence of mammary glands and hairs. Lung fish performs respiration with
lungs irrespective of being fish. These examples indicate that mammals are evolved from
reptiles and amphibians from fishes.

Observe and discuss. I

Carefully observe the stages of
embryonic development of
some animals shown in fig.
1.10
6. Embryological Evidences:
II
Comparative study of
embryonic developmental
stages of various vertebrates
given in the picture shows that
all embryos show extreme III
similarities during initial stages
and those similarities decrease
gradually. Similarities in initial Fish Salamander Tortoise Chicken Pig Cow Rabbit Man
stages indicate the common
origin of all these animals. 1.10 Embryos during different stages
Darwin’s theory of natural selection
Charles Darwin had collected innumerable specimens of plants and animals and
depending upon the observations of those specimens; he published the theory of natural
selection which preaches the survival of fittest. For this purpose, Darwin had published a
book titled ‘Origin of Species’. While explaining the concept, Darwin says that all the
organisms reproduce prolifically. All the organisms compete with each other in a life-
-threatening manner. In this competition, only those organisms sustain which show the
modifications essential for winning the competition. However, besides this, natural selection
also plays important role because nature selects only those organisms which are fit to live
and the rest perish. Sustaining and selected organisms can perform reproduction and thereby
give rise to the new species with their own specific characters. Darwin’s theory of natural
selection was widely accepted for long duration. However, some objections were raised
against the theory. Some of the main objections are-
1. Natural selection is not the only factor responsible for evolution.
2. Darwin did not mention any explanation about useful and useless modifications.
3. There is no explanation about slow changes and abrupt changes.
Irrespective of all these objections, Darwin’s work on evolution has been a milestone.
7
 Introduction to Scientists
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
This English biologist proposed the theory of evolution.
He showed that all the species of living organisms have been
gradually evolved over the period of thousands of years from
common ancestor. He proposed that principle of natural selection
is responsible for this evolution.

Lamarckism
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that morphological changes occurring in living
organisms are responsible for evolution and the reason behind those morphological changes
is activities or laziness of that organism. He called this concept as principle of ‘use or disuse
of organs’.
Further, he said that the neck of giraffe has become Introduction to Scientists
too long due to browsing on leaves of tall plants by
extending their neck for several generations; similarly,
shoulders of the ironsmith have become very strong due
to frequent hammering movements. Wings of birds like
ostrich and emu have become weak due to no use. Legs
of the birds like swan and duck have become useful for
swimming due to living in water and snakes have lost their
legs by modifications in their body for burrowing habit.
All these examples are types of ‘acquired characters’ and
are transferred from one to another generation. This is
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
called as theory of inheritance of acquired characters or
Lamarckism. Lamarck proposed that the
activities of the organisms
are responsible for their
evolution. This French
naturalist proposed that
each animal or plant
undergo some changes in
its life span and those
changes are transferred to
the next generation and
1.11 Giraffe
such changes occur in next
Development of organs due to specific activities or their subsequent generations too.
degeneration due to no use at all was widely accepted but
transfer of those characters from generation to generation
was rejected. Because it had been verified many times Internet is my friend
that modifications brought in us are not transferred to next
generation and thereby Lamarck’s theory was disproved. Collect the pictures and
information of various
The living organism can transfer the characters which it
species of monkeys from
has acquired, to the next generation. This is called ancestry of
internet.
acquired characters.
8
Speciation
Formation of new species of plants and animals is the effect of evolution. Species is
the group of organisms that can produce fertile individuals through natural reproduction.
Each species grows in specific geographical conditions. Their food, habitat, reproductive
ability and period is different. However, genetic variation is responsible for formation of
new species from earlier one. Besides, geographical and reproductive changes are also
responsible. Similarly, geographical or reproductive isolation also leads to speciation
Human Evolution
The biodiversity that is known today has been said to be formed from very simple
unicellular organism due to evolution. In this evolution, origin of human evolution can be
shown as per the picture given below. Last dinosaurs disappeared approximately seven
crore years ago. At that time, monkey-like animals are said to be evolved from some
ancestors who were more or less similar to the modern lemurs. Tail of these monkey-like
animals of Africa is said to be disappeared about 4 crore years ago. They developed due to
enlargement in brain their hands were also improved and thus ape-like animals were
evolved. Meanwhile, these ape-like animals reached the South and North-East Asia and
finally evolved into gibbon and orang-utan.
Remaining ape-like animals stayed in Africa and from them, gorilla and chimpanzee
evolved about 2.5 crore years ago. Evolution of some of the 2 crore year old species of apes
seems to be occurred in different way. They had to use their hands more for eating food and
other work.

man with erect posture

Cro-Magnon man
50,000 Years ago
20,00,000 Years ago

15,00,000 Years ago

1,50,000 Years ago

40,00000 Years ago
1,00,00000Years ago

Austrelopithecus

Skilled Human
Ancient animals like lemurs

2,50,00000 Years ago

Neanderthal
Rama pithecus
4,00,00000Years ago
7,00,00000Years ago

Dryopithecus
Egyptopithecus

1.12 Journey of human

Those apes started to live on land as the forests started to decline due to dry environment.
Their pelvic girdle developed in such a way that they started to stand in erect posture in
grasslands and thereby their hands became available for use, anytime. These first human-
-like animals with erect posture which were using their hands have evolved about 2 crore
years ago.
First record of human-like animal is with us in the form of ‘Ramapithecus’ ape from
North India and East Africa. Afterwards, this ape grown up in size and became more
intelligent and thus the ape of South Africa evolved about 40 lakh years ago.
9
 The morphology of these
human-like animals started to
appear like to be the member of
the genus Homo, about 20 lakh
years ago and thus skilled human
developed. About 15 lakh years
ago, human walking with erect
posture was evolved. It may have
existed in China and Indonesia of
Asian continent.
1.13 Development of human brain

Evolution of upright man continued in the direction

of developing its brain for the period of about 1 lakh
years and meanwhile it discovered the fire. Brain of 50
thousand year old man had been sufficiently evolved to
the extent that it could be considered as member of the
class- wise-man (Homo sapiens).
Neanderthal man can be considered as the first
example of wise-man. The Cro-Magnon man evolved
about 50 thousand years ago and afterwards, this
evolution had been faster than the earlier.
1.14 Neanderthal man
About 10 thousand years ago, wise-man started to practice the agriculture. It started
to rear the cattle-herds and established the cities. Cultural development took place. Art of

writing was invented about 5000 years ago and thus the history had been started. Modern
sciences emerged about 400 years ago and industrial society was established about 200
years ago and now we have reached at this stage, and still we are searching the details of
roots of human ancestry.

Exercise
1. Complete the following diagram. 2. Read the following statements and
justify the same in your own words
Morphological with the help of suitable examples.
a. Human evolution began
approximately 7 crore years ago.
b. Geographical and reproductive
Evidences isolation of organisms gradually
of leads to speciation.
Evolution c. Study of fossils is an important
aspect of study of evolution.
d. There is evidence of fatal
Similarities in
bones structure
science among chordates.

10
3. Complete the statements by choosing 6. Define vestigial organs. Write names
correct options from bracket. of some vestigial organs in human
(Gene, Mutation, Translocation, body and write the names of those
Transcription, Gradual development, animals in whom same organs are
Appendix) functional.
a. The causality behind the sudden
changes was understood due to -- -- 7. Answer the following questions.
principle of Hugo de Vries. a. How are the hereditary changes
b. The proof for the fact that protein responsible for evolution?
synthesis occurs through -- --- was b. Explain the process of formation of
given by George Beadle and complex proteins.
Edward Tatum. c. Explain the theory of evolution and
c. Transfer of information from mention the proof supporting it.
molecule of DNA to mRNA is d. Explain with suitable examples
called as -- -- -- process. importance of anatomical
d. Evolution means -- -- -- --. evidences in evolution.
e. Vestigial organ -- -- -- present in e. Define fossil. Explain importance
of fossils as proof of evolution.
human body is proof of evolution.
f. Write evolutionary history of
modern man.
4. Write short notes based upon the
information known to you. Project :
a. Lamarckism 1. Make a presentation on human
b. Darwin’s theory of natural selection. evolution using various computer
c. Embryology. softwares and arrange a group
d. Evolution. discussion over it in the class
e. Connecting link. room.
2. Read the book – ‘Pruthvivar
5. Define heredity. Explain the Manus Uparach’ written by Late
mechanism of hereditary changes. Dr. Sureshchandra Nadkarni and
note your opinion on evolution.

11
 2. Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1
Ø Living Organisms & Life Processes Ø Living Organisms & Energy
Production
Ø Some Nutrients & Energy Efficiency Ø Cell Division- A Life Process

1. How are the food stuffs and their nutrient contents useful
Can you recall? for body?
2. What is the importance of balanced diet for body?
3. Which different functions are performed by muscles in body?
4. What is the importance of digestive juices in digestive system?
5. Which system is in action for removal of waste materials produced in human body?
6. What is the role of circulatory system in energy production?
7. How are the various processes occurring in human body controlled? In how many
ways ?
Living Organisms and Life Processes
Various organ-systems are continuously performing their functions in human body.
Along with the various systems like digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and control
systems, different external and internal organs are performing their functions independently
but through a complete co-ordination. This overall system is in action in more or less same
way in all the organisms. Those are in need of continuous source of energy for this purpose.
Carbohydrates, fats and lipids are the main sources of this energy and it is harvested by the
mitochondria present in each cell. It is not like that only foodstuff is sufficient for energy
production but oxygen is also necessary. All these i.e. food stuffs and oxygen are transported
up to the cell via circulatory system. Besides, it is coordinated by the control system of the
body. i.e. each life process contributes in its own way in the process of energy production.
Functioning of all these life processes also requires the energy.
Human and other animals consume the fruits and vegetables. Plants are autotrophs.
They prepare their own food. They utilize some of the food for themselves whereas remaining
is stored in various parts like fruits, leaves, stem, roots, etc. We consume all these various
plant materials and obtain different nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
minerals, etc. Which food materials do we consume to obtain these nutrients?
We obtain the carbohydrates from milk, fruits, jaggary, cane sugar, vegetables,
potatoes, sweet potatoes, sweetmeats and cereals like wheat, maize, ragi, jowar, millet,
rice, etc. We get 4Kcal energy per gram of carbohydrates. Let us study the way by which
this energy is obtained.
Many players are seen consuming some food stuffs during breaks of the game.

Why may be the players consuming these food stuffs?

Use your brain power

Can you recall? 1. What is respiration? How does it occur?

12
Living organism and Energy production

Observe Observe and Label the diagram given beside.

In living organisms, respiration occurs at

two levels as body and cellular level.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
between body and surrounding in case of
respiration occurring at body level. In case
of respiration at cellular level, foodstuffs
are oxidized either with or without help of
oxygen.

Can you tell?

1. How many atoms of C, H and O are

respectively present in a molecule of
glucose?
2. Which types of chemical bonds are
present between all these atoms? 2.1 Human respiratory system
3. In terms of Chemistry what happens
actually when a molecule is oxidized?
Carbohydrates of the food that we consume everyday are mainly utilized for production
of energy required for daily need. This energy is obtained in the form of ATP. For this
purpose, glucose, a type of carbohydrates is oxidized step by step in the cells. This is
called as cellular respiration. Cellular respiration occurs among the living organisms by
two methods. Those two methods are aerobic respiration (oxygen is involved) and
anaerobic respiration (oxygen is not involved). In aerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized
in three steps.
1. Glycolysis
Process of glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm. A molecule of glucose is oxidized step by
step in this process and two molecules of each i.e. pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH2 and water
are formed.
Molecules of pyruvic acid formed in this process are converted into molecules of
Acetyl-Coenzyme-A. Two molecules of NADH2 and two molecules of CO2 are released
during this process.
2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
Both molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the mitochondria. Cyclic chain of reactions called
as tricarboxylic acid cycle is operated on it in the mitochondria. Acetyl part of acetyl-CoA
is completely oxidized through this cyclical process and molecules CO2, H2O, NADH2,
FADH2 are derived.

13
3. Electron transfer chain Pyruvic acid Fatty acids
reaction
Molecules of NADH2 and Acetyl Co A
FADH2 formed during all above
processes participate in electron TCA
transfer chain reaction. Due to Cycle
this, 3 molecules of ATP are
obtained from each NADH2
molecule and 2 molecules of ATP Outer Mitochondrial
from each FADH2 molecule. Membrane Inner Matrix
Besides ATP, water molecules Membrane
are also formed in this reaction. 2.2 Mitochondria and Tri-carboxylic acid cycle
Electron transfer chain reaction is
operated in mitochondria only.
Thus, a molecule of glucose ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is
is completely oxidized in aerobic energy-rich molecule and energy is
respiration and molecules of CO2 stored in the bonds by which phosphate
and H2O are produced along with groups are attached to each other.
energy. These molecules are stored in the cells
as per need. Chemically, ATP is
triphosphate molecule formed from
Always Remember. adenosine ribonucleoside. It contains
a nitrogenous compound-adenine,
NAD - Nicotinamide Adenine pentose sugar- ribose and three
dinucleotide phosphate groups. As per the need,
FAD - Flavin adenine dinucleotide energy is derived by breaking the
phosphate bond of ATP; hence ATP is
Both coenzymes are formed in the cells called as ‘energy currency’ of the cell.
and used in cellular respiration.

ATP ADP
Adenine Adenine
Phosphate bonds with
more energy
Inorganic Phosphate
Ribose
Ribose
3.3 ATP: Energy Currency Energy released

If there is insufficient amount of carbohydrates in body due to exceptional

conditions like fasting and hunger, then lipids and proteins are used for energy production.
In case of lipids, they are converted into fatty acids whereas proteins into amino acids.
Fatty acids and amino acids are converted into acetyl-CoA and energy is obtained
through complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA by the process of Krebs cycle in mitochondria.

14
 Introduction To Scientists
Process of glycolysis was discovered by three scientists
Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jacob Parnas along with
their colleagues. For this purpose, they performed experiments on
muscles. Hence, glycolysis is also called as Embden-Meyerhof-
Parnas pathway (EMP pathway).
The cyclical reactions of tricarboxylic acid cycle were
discovered by Sir Hans Krebs. Hence, this cyclical process is also
Sir Hans Krebs
called as Krebs cycle. He has been awarded the Nobel Prize in
(1900-1981)
1953 for this discovery.
Process of energy production through Anaerobic respiration in living
aerobic respiration of carbohydrates, organisms/ cells
proteins and fats.
Glucose
Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins

Glycolysis
Pyruvic Pyruvic
Fatty acids Glycolysis Amino acids acid acid

Fermentation Pyruvic acid Fermentation

Pyruvic acid
Fermentation
Acetyl-CoA Alcohol Lactic acid
Different
Products
Krebs Cycle
Ex: Vinegar,
Yeast Vitamins, etc. Erythrocytes,
Muscle cells,
CO2 + H2O + Energy
Various
Microbes
Energy Production in Microorganisms through Anaerobic Respiration
Some organisms cannot live in presence of oxygen. Ex. Many bacteria. Such living
organisms have to perform anaerobic respiration for energy production. Glycolysis and
fermentation are two steps of anaerobic respiration. Glucose is incompletely oxidized and
less amount of energy is obtained in this type of respiration. Pyruvic acid produced through
glycolysis is converted into other organic acids or alcohol with the help of some enzymes
in this process. This is called as fermentation. Some higher plants, animals and aerobic
microorganisms also perform anaerobic respiration instead of aerobic respiration if there
is depletion in oxygen level in the surrounding.
Ex. Seeds perform anaerobic respiration if the soil is submerged under water during
germination. Similarly, our muscle cells also perform anaerobic respiration while
performing the exercise. Due to this, less amount of energy is produced in our body and
lactic acid accumulates due to which we feel tired.
15
 1. Which type of cellular respiration performs complete
Can you tell? oxidation of glucose?
2. Which cell organelle is necessary for complete oxidation of
glucose?
Energy from different food components
Excess of the carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscles in the form of glycogen.
What is the source of proteins? What are they made up of?
Proteins are the macromolecules formed by bonding together many amino acids.
Proteins of animal origin are called as ‘first class’ proteins. We get 4 Kcal of energy per
gram of proteins. Amino acids are obtained after digestion of proteins. Those amino acids
are absorbed in the body and transported up to each organ and cell via blood. From these
amino acids, organs and cells produce various proteins necessary for themselves and the
whole body. Those examples are given in the following diagram.

Skin:
Melanin , Always remember
Blood: keratin
Excess of amino acids
Haemoglobin, obtained from proteins are not
Antibodies Bones: Ossein
stored in the body. They are
broken down and the ammonia
Amino formed is eliminated out of the
Muscles: Acids Cells : body. If necessary, excess of
Actin and various proteins of proteins are converted into other
Myosin flexible cell membrane, useful substances like glucose
proteins various enzymes through the process of
Pancreas: gluconeogenesis.
Pituitary Gland : Insulin, Plants produce the necessary
Various Trypsin amino acids from minerals denovo
hormones and thereby produce different
proteins. An enzyme RUBISCO
2.4 Proteins and different amino acids obtained
present in the plant chloroplasts is
most abundant protein found in
Can you recall? nature.

From where do we obtain the lipids?

The substances formed by specific chemical bond between fatty acids and alcohol are
called as lipids. Digestion of lipids consumed by us is nothing but their conversion into
fatty acids and alcohol. Fatty acids are absorbed up and distributed everywhere within
the body. From those fatty acids, different cells produce various substances necessary to
themselves. Ex. the molecules called as phospholipids which are essential for producing
plasma membrane are formed from fatty acids. Besides, fatty acids are used for producing
hormones like progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, etc. and the covering
around the axons of nerve cells. We get 9 KCal of energy per gram of lipids. Excess of
lipids are stored in adipose connective tissue in the body.
16
 1. Many times, you cannot eat hot food due to inflammation /
Think: ulceration in mouth.
2. Some persons experience difficulty in night vision since their
childhood or adolescence.
Vitamins are a group of heterogeneous compounds of which, each is essential for
proper operation of various processes in the body. There are main six types of vitamins,
e.g. A, B, C, D, E and K. Out of these, A, D, E and K are fat-soluble whereas B and C are
water-soluble. We have seen that, FADH2 and NADH2 are produced in the processes like
glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Vitamins like riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and nicotinamide
(Vitamin B3) respectively are necessary for their production.
1. Many times, we experience dryness in mouth.
Use your brain power 2. Oral rehydration solution (Salt-sugar-water) is
frequently given to persons experiencing loose motions.
3. We sweat during summer and heavy exercise.

There is about 65 – 70% water in our body. Internet is my friend

Each cell contains 70% water weight by weight.
Blood-plasma also contains 90% of water. Collect information
Functioning of cells and thereby whole body 1. What are symptoms of diseases
disturbs even if there is a little loss of water from like night blindness, rickets,
the body. Hence, water is an essential nutrient. beriberi, neuritis, pellagra,
Along with all above mentioned nutrients, fibers anaemia, scurvy?
are also essential nutrients. In fact, we cannot 2. What do you mean by
digest the fibers. However, they help in the coenzymes?
digestion of other substances and egestion of 3. Find the full forms of FAD,
undigested substances. We obtain the fibers from FMN, NAD, NADP.
leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, etc. 4. How much quantity of each
vitamin is required every day?
Cell Division: An Essential Life Process
1. What happens to the cells of injured tissue?
Can you tell? 2. Whether new cells are formed during healing of wound?
3. Do the plants get injured when do we pluck the flowers? How are those wounds
healed?
4. How does the growth of any living organism occur? Does the number of cells in
their body increase? If yes, how?
5. How the new individual of a species is formed from existing one of same species?
Cell division is one of the very important properties of cells and living organisms. Due
to this property only, a new organism is formed from existing one, a multicellular organism
grows up and emaciated body can be restored.
There are two types of cell division as mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis occurs in somatic
cells and stem cells of the body whereas meiosis occurs in germ cells. Before study of cell
division, we should know the structural organization of cell that we have studied earlier.
Each cell has a nucleus. Besides, other cell organelles are also present. Let us study the
cell division with the help of this information.
17
 Before any type of cell division, the cell doubles up its chromosome number present
in its nucleus i.e. if chromosome number is 2n, it is doubled up to 4n.

Can you recall? What is the shape of chromosome? Give its names in the figure.

A pair of each type of chromosome is present

in 2n condition whereas single chromosome of each
type is present in n condition and their structure is
like the one shown in figure given beside.
Mitosis
Somatic cells and stem cells divide by mitosis.
Mitosis is completed through two main steps. Those
two steps are karyokinesis (nuclear division) and
2.5 Chromosome
cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Karyokinesis is
completed through four steps.
A. Prophase : In prophase, condensation of
basically thin thread-like chromosomes starts. Due
to this, they become short and thick and they start
to appear along with their pairs of sister chromatids. Chromosomes
Genetic Material
Centrioles duplicate and each centriole moves to
opposite poles of the cells. Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus start to disappear.
B. Metaphase : Nuclear membrane completely
disappears in metaphase. Chromosomes complete
their condensation and become clearly visible 4n
along with their sister chromatids. All chromosomes
are arranged parallel to equatorial plane (central
plane) of the cell. Special type of flexible protein
fibers (spindle fibers) are formed between
centromere of each chromosome and both centrioles. Metaphase
C. Anaphase : In anaphase, centromeres split and
Prophase
thereby sister chromatids of each chromosome
separate and they are pulled apart in opposite
directions with the help of spindle fibers. Separated
sister chromatids are called as daughter Anaphase
chromosomes. Chromosomes being pulled appear
like bunch of bananas. In this way, each set of
chromosomes reach at two opposite poles of the
2n
cell.
2n
Telophase

2n 2n
2.6 Mitosis

18
D. Telophase : The chromosomes which have reached at opposite poles of the cell now
start to decondense due to which they again become thread-like thin and invisible. Nuclear
membrane is formed around each set of chromosomes reached at poles. Thus, two daughter
nuclei are formed in a cell. Nucleolus also appears in each daughter nucleus. Spindle
fibers completely disappear.
In this way, karyokinesis completes and cytokinesis
begins.
The cytoplasm divides by cytokinesis and two
new cells are formed which are called as daughter
cells. In this process, a notch is formed at the equatorial
plane of the cell which deepens gradually and thereby
two new cells are formed. However, in case of plant
cells, instead of the notch, a cell plate is formed exactly
along midline of the cell and thus cytokinesis is 2.7 Cytokinesis
completed.
Mitosis is essential for growth of the body. Besides, it is necessary for restoration of
emaciated body, wound healing, formation of blood cells, etc.
Meiosis:

1 2 3

4 5
Prophase- I (1-5) Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

2.8 Meiosis Part-I

Meiosis is completed through two stages. Those two stages are meiosis-I and meiosis-
II. In meiosis-I, recombination / crossing over occur between homologous chromosomes
and thereafter those homologous chromosomes (Not sister chromatids) are divided into
two groups and thus two haploid cells are formed.

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

2.9 Meiosis Part -II

19
 Meiosis-II is just like mitosis. In this stage, the two haploid daughter cells formed in
meiosis-I undergo division by separation of recombined sister chromatids and four haploid
daughter cells are formed. Process of gamete production and spore formation occurs by
meiosis. In this type of cell division, four haploid (n) daughter cells are formed from one
diploid (2n) cell. During this cell division, crossing over occurs between the homologous
chromosomes and thereby genetic recombination occurs. Due to this, all the four daughter
cells are genetically different from parent cell and from each other too.

Apparatus : Conical flask, glass slides, cover slips, forceps, compound

Try this microscope, watch glass, etc.
Materials : a medium sized onion , iodine solution, etc.
Procedure : Take a medium sized onion. Keep it in a conical flask filled with water in
such a way that the roots of onion will be in contact with water. Observe the roots of onion
after 4 – 5 days. Cut the tips of some of the roots and put them in a watch glass. Pour some
drops of iodine in watch glass. Take one of the root tip on glass slide press it with the help
of forceps. Add 1 – 2 drops of water and carefully place cover slip over it in such a way
that air will not be trapped between. Observe the prepared glass slide under the compound
microscope. Which phase of cell division did you observe? Sketch its figure.
Various phases of cell division occurring in root tips of onion are shown in the following
figure. Which one of those could you see in the slide?

Use your brain power

1. What do you mean by diploid

(2n) cell?
2. What do you mean by haploid
(n) cell?
3. What do you mean by
homologous chromosomes?
4. Whether the gametes are
diploid or haploid? Why?
5. How are the haploid cells
formed?
6. What is the importance of
haploid cells? 2.10 Phases of mitosis in onion root tip

Use of ICT Books are my friend

Collect videos and photographs of
Read different Encyclopaedias of
different life processes in living
technical terms in biology and
organisms. Prepare a presentation and
anatomy and other reference books.
present it on the occasion of science
exhibition

20
 Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks and explain the c. With the help of suitable diagrams,
statements. explain the five stages of prophase-I
a. After complete oxidation of a glucose of meiosis.
molecules, ---- --- --- number of d. How all the life processes contribute to
ATP molecules are formed. the growth and development of the
b. At the end of glycolysis, ---- --- -- body?
molecules are obtained. e. Explain the Krebs cycle with reaction.
c. Genetic recombination occurs in -- 5. How energy is formed from oxidation
-- -- phase of prophase of meiosis-I. of carbohydrates, fats and proteins?
d. All chromosomes are arranged Correct the diagram given below.
parallel to equatorial plane of cell in
-- -- -- phase of mitosis. Pyruvic Acid
e. For formation of plasma membrane,
--- --- --- molecules are necessary.
f. Our muscle cells perform -- -- -- type
of respiration during exercise.
Acetyl Co-Enzyme A
2. Write definitions.
a. Nutrition. b. Nutrients
c. Proteins. d. Cellular respiration
e. Aerobic respiration.
f. Glycolysis. Lipid Glycolysis Amino acids
3. Distinguish between
a. Glycolysis and TCA cycle.
b. Mitosis and meiosis.
Proteins krebs cycle Fats
c. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
4. Give scientific reasons. Project :
a. Oxygen is necessary for complete With the help of information
oxidation of glucose. collected from internet, prepare the
b. Fibers are one of the important slides of various stages of mitosis
nutrients.
and observe under the compound
c. Cell division is one of the important
microscope.
properties of cells and organisms.
d. Sometimes, higher plants and
animals too perform anaerobic
respiration.
e. Krebs cycle is also known as citric
acid cycle.
5. Answer in detail.
a. Explain the glycolysis in detail.
b. With the help of suitable diagrams,
explain the mitosis in detail.

21
 3. Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2
Ø Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual reproduction.
Ø Reproduction and modern technology
Ø Reproductive health
Ø Population Explosion
1. Which are the important life processes in living organisms?
Can you recall? 2. Which life processes are essential for production of energy
required by body?
3. Which are main types of cell-division? What are the differences?
4. What is the role of chromosomes in cell-division?
We have studied various life processes in previous classes. All those life processes i.e.
nutrition, respiration, excretion, sensation & response (control & co-ordination), etc. are
essential to each living organism to remain alive. Besides these life processes, one more life
process occurs in living organisms; it is reproduction. However, reproduction does not help
the organism to remain alive but it helps to maintain the continuity of the species of that
organism.
a.
Observe
Observe the pictures and
tell the life process which you b.
identified.

d.
Can you tell? c.
3.1 Some Life processes
1. What do we mean by maintenance of species?
2. Whether the new organism is genetically exactly similar to earlier one that has produced
it?
3. Who determines whether the two organism of a species will be exactly similar or not?
4. What is the relationship between the cell division and formation of new organism of
same species by earlier existing organism?
Formation of new organism of same species by earlier existing organism is called as
reproduction. Reproduction is one of the various important characters of living organisms.
It is also one of the various reasons responsible for evolution of each species. In living
organisms, reproduction occurs mainly by two methods. Those two methods are- asexual
and sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction
Process of formation of new organism by an organism of same species without
involvement of gametes is called as asexual reproduction. As this reproduction does not
involve union of two different gametes, the new organism has exact genetic similarity with
the reproducing organism. This is uniparental reproduction and it occurs by mitotic cell
division. Absence of genetic recombination is a drawback whereas fast process is advantage
of this reproductive method.
22
A. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms
1. Binary Fission
Daughter Amoeba
Parent Amoeba
Try this
Activity 1 : Take a conical flask and collect the
water in it from a pond having stagnant water
and aquatic plants. Add some wheat grains
and aquatic plants to it. Keep it for 3 – 4 days
so that wheat grains & plants will decompose. 3.2 Simple binary fission: Amoeba
Early in the morning on fourth day, take a
glass slide and put a drop of that water over
it. Carefully, put a cover-slip on that drop and
observe under compound microscope.
You will be able to see many paramecia
performing the binary fission.
Prokaryotes (Bacteria), Protists (Amoeba,
Paramecium, Euglena, etc.) and eukaryotic Parent Paramecium
Daughter
cell-organelle like mitochondria and Paramecium
chloroplasts perform asexual reproduction by
binary fission. In this process, the parent cell 3.3 Transverse binary fission : Paramecium
divides to form two similar daughter cells.
Binary fission occurs either by mitosis or
amitosis.
Axis of fission / division is different in
different protists. Ex.: Amoeba divides in any
plane due to lack of specific shape; hence it is
called as ‘simple binary fission’. Paramecium
divides by ‘transverse binary fission’ whereas
Euglena by ‘longitudinal binary fission’.
Binary fission is usually performed by
living organisms during favourable conditions
i.e. availability of abundant food material.
3.4 Longitudinal binary fission: Euglena
2. Multiple Fission
Asexual reproduction by multiple fission is performed by Amoeba and other similar
protists. Amoeba stops the formation of pseudopodia and thereby movements whenever
there is lack of food or any other type of adverse condition. It becomes rounded and forms
protective covering around plasma membrane. Such encysted Amoeba or any other protist
is called as ‘Cyst’.
Many nuclei are formed by repeated nuclear divisions in the cyst. It is followed by
cytoplasmic division and thus, many amoebulae are formed. They remain encysted till
there are adverse conditions. Cyst breaks open on arrival of favourable conditions and
many amoebulae are released.
23
 Division of nucleus and Daughter
Parent Amoeba cytoplasm amoeba
Use your brain power

Does the parent

cell exist after asexual
Cyst reproduction- fission?
3.5 Multiple fission
3. Budding:
Activity 2 : Bring the active dry yeast
powder from market. Take 50 ml Bulge New Bud Daughter
Parent yeast
lukewarm water in a conical flask. Add yeast
cell
5 gm of active dry yeast powder and 10
gm table sugar to that water and mix
well the mixture. Keep the flask in warm
place and after an hour take a drop of
that mixture on a clean glass slide. Put
a cover-glass on that drop and observe it
3.6 Budding
under the compound microscope.
You will see the yeast cells performing budding i.e. a small bud coming out of many
parent cells. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding in yeast- a unicellular fungus. Yeast
cell produces two daughter nuclei by mitotic division, so as to reproduce by budding. This
yeast cell is called as parent cell. A small bulge appears on the surface of parent cell. This
bulge is actually a bud. One of the two daughter nuclei enters this bud. After sufficient
growth, bud separates from the parent cell and starts to live independently as a daughter
yeast cell.
B. Asexual reproduction in Multicellular organisms
1. Fragmentation: Spirogyra
This type of asexual reproduction occurs in multicellular
organisms. In this type of reproduction, the body of parent
organism breaks up into many fragments and each fragment
starts to live as an independent new organism. This type of
reproduction occurs in algae like Spirogyra, and sponges like
Sycon.
Whenever there is plenty of water and nutrients are
available to Spirogyra, its filaments grow up very fast and
break up into many small fragments. Each fragment starts
to live independently as a new Spirogyra fiber.If the body 3.7 Fragmentation
of Sycon breaks up accidentally into many fragments, each
fragment develops into new Sycon.
2. Regeneration
You may know that the wall lizard breaks up and
discards some part of its tail in emergency. Discarded part
is regenerated after a period. This is an example of limited
regeneration. However, under certain situations, an animal-
Planaria breaks up its body into two parts and thereafter each
part regenerates remaining part of the body and thus two new
Planaria are formed. This is called as regeneration. 3.8 Regeneration
24
3. Budding
In case of Hydra, under favourable
conditions, at specific part of its body, an
outgrowth is formed by repeated divisions of
regenerative cells of body wall. This outgrowth
is called as bud. Bud grows up progressively
and finally forms a small hydra. Dermal layers
and digestive cavity of the budding hydra are Hydra Bud
in continuity with those of parent hydra. Parent
hydra supplies nutrition to the budding hydra.
Nascent Hydra
Budding hydra separates from parent hydra and
starts to lead an independent life when it grows
up and becomes able to lead an independent life.
3.9 Budding
4. Vegetative Propagation
Reproduction in plants with the help of
vegetative parts like root, stem, leaf and bud is
called as vegetative reproduction. Vegetative
propagation in potatoes is performed with
the help of ‘eyes’ present on tuber whereas in
Bryophyllum it is performed with the help of buds Bryophyllum
present on leaf margin. In case of plants like
sugarcane & grasses, vegetative propagation
occurs with the help of buds present on nodes. Sweet
Potato

Try this 3.10 Vegetative

reproduction Potato
5. Spore Formation
Take a piece of wet bread or ‘bhakari’ and Sporangium
keep it in humid place. Fungus will grow on it Greenish
Layer
within 2 – 3 days. Observe the fungus under
compound microscope and draw its diagram. Spores
Fungi like Mucor have filamentous body. They
have sporangia. Once the spores are formed, Hyphae
sporangia burst and spores are released. Spores
germinate in moist and warm place and new
fungal colony is formed. Rhizoid
Piece of bread
3.11 Spore formation
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction always occurs with the help of two germ cells. Female gamete and
male gamete are those two germ cells. Two main processes occur in the sexual reproduction.
1. Gamete formation: Gametes are formed by the meiosis. In meiosis, chromosome
number is reduced to half; hence haploid gametes are formed.
25
2. Fertilization: A diploid zygote is formed in this process by union of haploid male and
female gametes. The zygote divides by mitosis and embryo is formed. The embryo develops
to form new individual.
Two parents i.e. male parent and female parent are involved in this type of reproduction.
Fusion of male gamete of male parent and female gamete of female parent occurs. Due to
this, new individual always has the recombined genes of both the parents. Hence, the new
individual shows similarities with the parents for some characters and has some characters
different than both parents. Diversity in living organisms occurs due to genetic variation.
Genetic variation helps the organisms to adjust with the changing environment and thereby
to maintain their existence. Due to this, plants and animals can save themselves from being
extinct.
1. What would have been happened if the male and female gametes
Let’s Think had been diploid?
2. What would have been happened if any of the cells in nature had
not been divided by meiosis?
A. Sexual reproduction in plants
Flower is structural unit of sexual reproduction in plants. It consists of four floral whorls
as calyx, corolla, androecium and gynaecium; arranged in sequence from outside to inside.
Androecium and gynoecium are called ‘essential whorls’ because they perform the function
of reproduction whereas calyx and corolla are called as ‘accessory whorls’ because they are
responsible for protection of inner whorls. Members of calyx are called as ‘sepals’ and they
are green coloured. Members of corolla are called as ‘petals’ and they are variously colored.

Corolla (Petals) Stigma

Gynoecium
Style Female
flower
Ovary

Anther
Androecium
Filament
Male
Calyx flower
(Sepals)
Pedicel
3.13 Papaya Flower
3.12 Parts of flower

A flower is called as ‘bisexual’ if both whorls i.e. androecium and gynoecium are
present in the same flower. Ex. Hibiscus. A flower is called as ‘unisexual’ if any one of
the abovementioned two whorls is present in the flower. If only androecium is present, it is
‘male flower’ and if only gynoecium is present, flower is ‘female flower’. Ex. Papaya.

26
 Many flowers have the stalk for support, called as ‘pedicel’ and such flowers are called
as ‘pedicellate’ whereas flower without stalk is called as ‘sessile’.
Androecium is male whorl and its members are called as stamens. Gynaecium is
female whorl and its members are called as carpels.
These may be separate or united. Ovary is present at the basal end of each carpel. A
hollow ‘style’ comes up from the ovary. Stigma is present at the tip of style. Ovary contains
one or many ovules. Embryo sac is formed in each ovule by meiosis. Each embryo sac
consists of a haploid egg cell and two haploid polar nuclei.
Pollen grains from anther are transferred to the stigma. This is called as pollination.
Pollination occurs with the help of abiotic agents (wind, water) and biotic agents
(insects and other animals). Stigma becomes sticky during pollination Pollens germinate
when they fall upon such sticky stigma i.e. a long pollen tube and two male gametes are
formed. The pollen tube carries male gametes. Pollen tube reaches the embryo sac via
style. Tip of the pollen tube bursts and two male gametes are released in embryo sac.
One male gamete unites with the egg cell to form zygote. This is fertilization. Second
male gamete unites with two polar nuclei and endosperm is formed. As two male nuclei
participate in this process, it is called as double fertilization.

Pollen grain
Stigma Egg cell
Male Pollen tube
Polar
Style Gametes Synergids Nuclei

Embryo
sac
Ovules Male
Ovary gametes
Antipodals

3.14 Double fertilization in angiosperms

Do you know?

When pollination involves only one flower or two

flowers borne on same plant, it is called as self-pollination
whereas if it involves two flowers borne on two plants of
same species, it is cross-pollination. While discovering the
new high yielding and resistant varieties of plants,
scientists bring about the pollination with the help of brush.

Use of ICT Make an video album of pollination and show it in the class.

27
 3.15 Seed germination

Try this
Take a suitable glass vessel like conical
flask or beaker. Add some garden soil in it
and sow some pulse grains in it in such a way
that you can observe them through glass.
Water it every day and record the changes.
Ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit after fertilization. Seeds fall upon the
ground when fruits break up and they germinate in the soil under favourable conditions.
Zygote develops at the cost of food stored in endosperm of seed and thus a new plantlet is
formed. This is called as seed germination.
B. Sexual reproduction in human being
1. Which different hormones control the functions of human
Can you recall?
reproductive system through chemical coordination?
2. Which hormones are responsible for changes in human body occurring during on set
of sexual maturity?
3. Why has the Government of India enacted the law to fix the minimum age of
marriage as 18 in girls and 21 in boys?
We have studied in the chapter of heredity and variation that men have XY sex-
chromosomes and women have XX sex-chromosomes. Reproductive system with specific
organs develops in the body of men and women due to these sex-chromosomes only.
X-chromosome is present in men and women whereas Y-chromosome is present in men
only. Now we shall study the structure and functions of human reproductive system.
Urinary bladder
Human male reproductive system
Male reproductive system of
humans consists of testes, various
ducts and glands. Testes are present
in the scrotum, outside the abdominal Seminal
vesicle
cavity. Testes contain numerous
seminiferous tubules. Germinal Prostate gland
Vas deferens Ejaculatory
epithelium present in the tubules
duct
divide by meiosis to produce sperms. Cowper's
Those sperms are sent forward through gland
various tubules. Sequence of those Urino genital
tubules is as- rete testes, vas eferens, duct
epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory Epididymis
duct and urinogenital duct. As the
sperms are pushed forwards from one
duct to next, they become mature and Scrotum
able to fertilize the ovum. Testis
Penis
3.16 Male reproductive system of human

28
 Seminal vesicles secrete their
secretion in ejaculatory ducts whereas
Surprising Facts
1. Length of each epididymis is about 6
prostate gland and Cowper’s glands
meters.
secrete their secretions in urinogenital
2. Length of a sperm is about 60 micrometers.
duct. Semen is formed of sperms and
3. Such a small sperm has to cross the distance
secretions of all these glands. Semen
of approximately 6.5 meter while passing
is ejaculated out through penis. All the
out of male reproductive system.
organs of male reproductive system
4. Sperm needs large amount of energy. For
are paired except urinogenital duct,
this purpose, fructose is present in the
prostate gland, penis & scrotum.
semen.
Human female reproductive system
All organs of female reproductive
Oviduct
system are in abdominal cavity. It
includes a pair of ovaries, a pair of
oviducts, single uterus and a vagina.
Besides, a pair of Bartholin's gland is
also present.
Generally, every month, an ovum
is released in abdominal cavity Ovary
alternately from each ovary. Free end
Uterus
of oviduct is funnel-like. An opening
is present at the center of it. Oocyte
enters the oviduct through that
opening. Cilia are present on inner
Vagina
surface of oviduct. These cilia push
the oocyte towards uterus.
3.17 Human female reproductive system
Gamete Formation
Both gametes i.e. sperm and ovum are formed by meiosis. Sperms are produced in
testes of men from beginning of maturation (puberty) till death. However, in case of women,
at the time of birth, there are 2 – 4 million immature oocytes in the ovaries of female
foetus. An oocyte matures and is released from ovary every month from the beginning of
maturity up to the age of menopause (approximately 45 years of age). Menopause is the
stoppage of functioning of female reproductive system. At the age of about 45 – 50 years,
secretion of hormones controlling the functions of female reproductive system either stops
or becomes irregular. This causes the menopause.
Fertilization
Formation of zygote by union of sperm and ovum is called as fertilization. Fertilization
is internal in humans. Semen is ejaculated in vagina during copulation. Sperms, in the
numbers of few millions start their journey by the route of vagina – uterus – oviduct. One
of those few million sperms fertilize the only ovum present in the oviduct.
From the age of puberty up the menopause (from 10 – 17 years of age up to 45 – 50
years), an ovum is released every month from the ovary. i.e. out of 2 – 4 million oocytes,
approximately only 400 oocytes are released up to the age of menopause. Remaining
oocytes undergo degeneration.
29
Sperms Oocyte
Oocytes released from ovaries during last
few months nearing the age of menopause are
40 – 50 years old. Their ability of division has
been diminished till now. Due to this, they cannot
complete meiotic division properly. If such oocytes
are fertilized, the new-borns produced from them
may be with some abnormalities like Down’s
syndrome.
3.18 Fertilization

Do you know?
1. The chromosome number in germ cells
producing the gametes are diploid i.e. 2n. It
includes 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of Sperms Oocytes
sex-chromosomes i.e. (44 + XX or 44 + XY).
(22 + X) or (22 + Y) (22 + X)
These germ cells divide by meiosis. Due to this,
gametes contain only haploid (n) number of
chromosomes i.e. (22 + X or 22 + Y). Two types
of sperms are produced as (22 + X) or (22 + Y) Girl (44 + XX) Boy (44 + XY)
whereas oocytes are produced of only one type 3.19 Sex determination in human being
as (22 + X).
2. Both, sperms and oocytes are produced by meiosis. In case of sperms, process of meiotic
division is completed before the sperms leave male reproductive tract. However, in case
of oocytes, process of meiotic division completes after ovulation; during fertilization in
oviduct.

Development and Birth

The zygote formed after fertilization in the
oviduct, undergoes repeated mitotic divisions and
embryo is formed. Meanwhile, it is pushed towards
uterus. Once it reaches the uterus, it is implanted and
further development occurs after implantation. An
organ called as placenta is formed for supply of food
material during the growth in uterus. Embryonic
development is completed approximately within
nine months after the fertilization.

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Weeks
3.20 Growth of an embryo

30
 Always remember Can you tell?

The man is totally responsible, whether the couple 1. Which hormone is released
will have a boy or a girl child. During zygote formation, from pituitary of mother
man contributes either X or Y chromosome to the once the foetal development
next generation, but woman contributes only X-sex is completed?
chromosome to the next generation. At the time of 2. Under the effect of that
fertilization, if X- chromosomes comes from male, the hormone, which organ of the
child will be a girl and if Y-chromosome comes then female reproductive system
the child will be a boy. Thinking of this, is it right to starts to contract and thereby
consider the mother responsible for a girl child? We
birth process (Parturition) is
all must take efforts to stop female foeticide.
facilitated?
Menstrual Cycle:
Female reproductive system undergoes some changes at puberty and those changes
repeat at the interval of every 28 – 30 days. These repetitive changes are called as
menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle is a natural process, controlled by four hormones. Those
four hormones are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen
and progesterone. One of the several follicles in the ovary starts to develop along with
the oocyte present in it, under the effect of follicle stimulating hormone. This developing
follicle secretes estrogen. Endometrium of the uterus starts to develop (during first cycle) or
regenerate (during subsequent cycles) under the effect of estrogen. Meanwhile, developing
follicle completes its development. It bursts under the effect of luteinizing hormone and
oocyte is released. This is called as ovulation. Remaining tissue of the burst follicle forms
the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum starts to secrete progesterone. Endometrial glands
secrete their secretion under the effect of progesterone. Such endometrium is ready for
implantation of embryo.
Pituitary gland
Changes in the
ovary during
menstruation
Corpus Corpus
Fully grown follicle luteum
Ovulation albicans

Progesterone and estrogen

Estrogen Beginning
of new
changes in Menstruation
the uterus
during
Menstruation

Period of Period of regeneration Period of secretions of

Menstruation of endometrium Ovulation period glands in endometrium
3.21 Menstrual cycle

31
 If oocyte is not fertilized within 24 hours, corpus luteum becomes inactive and
transforms into corpus albicans. Due to this, secretion of estrogen and progesterone stops
completely. Endometrium starts to degenerate in absence of these two hormones. Tissues
of degenerating endometrium and unfertilized ovum are discarded out through vagina.
This is accompanied with continuous bleeding. Bleeding continues approximately for five
days. This is called as menstruation.
Unless the oocyte is fertilized and embryo is implanted, this process is repeated every
month. If the embryo is implanted, repetition of this cycle is temporarily stopped till the
parturition and thereafter period of breast feeding. Menstrual cycle is a natural process
and the women experience severe pains during this period. Severe weakness is felt due to
heavy bleeding. There is higher possibility of infections too during this overall period. Due
to all such reasons, there is need of rest along with special personal hygiene.
Reproduction and Modern Technology
Many couples cannot have children due to various reasons. In case of women,
irregularity in menstrual cycle, difficulties in oocyte production, obstacles in the oviduct,
difficulties in implantation in uterus and many other reasons are responsible for this.
Absence of sperms in the semen, slow movement of sperms, anomalies in the sperms are
the reasons in case of males. But now with the help of advanced medical techniques like
IVF, Surrogacy, Sperm bank the childless couples can have a child. Sperms being
Micro pipette Ovum introduced
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) through micro
In this technique, fertilization is brought needle
about in the test-tube and the embryo formed is
implanted in uterus of woman at appropriate time.
IVF technique is used for having the child in case
of those childless couples who have problems like
less sperm count, obstacles in oviduct, etc.
Surrogacy 3.22 Fertilization in a test tube
Some women have problems in implantation
of embryo in uterus. Such women can take the
help of the modern remedial technique called as
surrogacy. In this technique, oocyte is collected
from the ovary of the woman having problem in
implantation in uterus. That oocyte is fertilized
in test-tube with the help of sperms collected
from her husband. The embryo formed from such
fertilization is implanted in the uterus of some other
woman having normal uterus. Such a woman, in
whose uterus the embryo is implanted, is called as
surrogate mother. 3.23 Surrogacy
Sperm Bank/ Semen Bank
There are various problems in sperm production as mentioned above, in case of many
men. So as to have the children in case of such couples, new concept of sperm bank has
been introduced. This concept is similar to blood bank. Semen ejaculated by the desired
men is collected after their thorough physical and medical check-up and stored in the sperm
bank.
32
 As per the wish of needful couple, oocyte of woman of the concerned couple is fertilized
by IVF technique using the semen from sperm bank. Resultant embryo is implanted in the
uterus of same woman. Name of the semen donor is strictly kept secret as per the law.
Twins
Two embryos develop simultaneously in
the same uterus and thus two offsprings are
delivered simultaneously. Such offsprings
are called as twins. Many couples have
twins. There are two main types of twins
as- monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins.
Monozygotic twins are formed from
single embryo. During early period of
embryonic development (within 8 days of
zygote formation), cells of that embryo
divide into two groups.
3.24 Twin girls: age 18 months
Those two groups develop as two separate embryos and thus monozygotic twins are
formed. Such twins are genetically exactly similar to each other. Due to this, such twins
are exactly similar in their appearance and their gender is also same i.e. both will be either
boys or girls.
In case of monozygotic twins, if the embryonic cells are divided into two groups 8
days after the zygote formation; there is high possibility of formation of conjoined twins
(Siamese twins). Such twins are born with some parts of body joined to each other. Some
organs are common in such twins.
Occasionally, two oocytes are released from the ovary of woman and both oocytes
are fertilized by two separate sperms and thus two zygotes are formed. Two embryos are
formed from those two zygotes and both of those embryos are separately implanted in the
uterus and thus dizygotic twins are delivered after complete development. Such twins are
genetically different and may be same of different by gender.
You may have read that sometimes a woman
Internet is my friend may deliver more than two offsprings at a time. Collect
more information from internet about reasons for such
incidences.
Reproductive health
A person’s state of being physical, mental and social strongness is called as health.
In our country, there seems to be lack of awareness regarding reproductive health due to
various reasons like social customs, traditions, illiteracy, shyness, etc. Especially, there
seems to be indifference towards the reproductive health of women.
Occurrence of menstrual cycle is related with reproductive and overall health of women.
Now a day, women are working at par with men. Due to this, they have to stay outdoors for
whole day. Bleeding occurs during menstrual cycle. Due to this, private organs (genitals)
need to be maintained clean time to time, otherwise, problems regarding reproductive
health may arise. Some problems regarding reproductive health may arise in men too. It is
essential to maintain the cleanliness of their genitals.
33
 Among the various sexual diseases, syphilis and gonorrhoea occur on large scale. Both
of these diseases are caused by bacteria. Occurrence of chancre (patches) on various parts of
body including genitals, rash, fever, inflammation of joints, alopecia, etc. are the symptoms
of syphilis. Painful and burning sensation during urination, oozing of pus through penis and
vagina, inflammation of urinary tract, anus, throat, eyes, etc. are symptoms of gonorrhoea.

Do you know? Year Population

Population Explosion 1901 238396327
Excessive growth of population within short duration
1911 252093390
1921 251321213
is called as population explosion. You may have realized 1931 278977238
from the table given besides about fast population growth of 1941 318660580
India. We have to face various problems like unemployment, 1951 358142161
decreasing per capita income and increasing loan, stress on 1961 439234771
natural resources, etc. There is only one solution for all such 1971 548159652
problems and it is population control. Family planning is 1981 683329097
essential for this. 1991 846421039
2001 1028610328
2011 1210854977

Get information Visit a public health center nearby your place and collect the
information through an interview of health officer about mean-
ing and various methods of family planning.

Exercise
1. Complete the following chart.

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

1. Reproduction that occurs with the help 1. ………………………………...........
of somatic cells is called as asexual ……………………………….............…
reproduction. …………………………….....................
2 ………………………………………… 2. Male and female parent are necessary
………………………………….. for sexual reproduction.
3. This reproduction occurs with the help 3. ……………………………………...
of mitosis only. ……………………………......................
4. ………………………………............... 4. New individual formed by this method
……………………………….............… is genetically different from parents.
5. Asexual reproduction occurs in different 5. ………………………………..............
individuals by various methods like ……………………………….............…
binary fission, multiple fission, ……………………………....................
budding, fragmentation, regeneration, ……………………………….............…
vegetative propagation, spore ……………………………....................
production, etc. ……………………………….............…
……………………………....................
34
2. Fill in the blanks. 5. In case of sexual reproduction, new-born
a. In humans, sperm production occurs in show similarities about characters. Explain
the organ ----------------. this statement with suitable examples.
b. In humans, ------ chromosome is 6. Sketch the labelled diagrams.
responsible for maleness. a. Human male reproductive system.
c. In male and female reproductive b. Human female reproductive system.
system of human, ------------- gland is c. Flower with its sexual reproductive
same. organs.
d. Implantation of embryo occurs in ------ d. Menstrual cycle.
e. ---------- type of reproduction occurs 7. Give the names.
without fusion of gametes. a. Hormones related with male
f. Body breaks up into several fragments reproductive system.
and each fragment starts to live as a b. Hormones secreted by ovary of female
new individual. This is -- -- -- -- -- -- -- reproductive system.
type of reproduction. c. Types of twins.
g. Pollen grains are formed by -- ----- -- -- d. Any two sexual diseases.
-- division in locules of anthers. e. Methods of family planning.
3. Complete the paragraph with the help 8. Gender of child is determined by the
of words given in the bracket. male partner of couple. Explain with
(Luteinizing hormone, endometrium reasons whether this statement is true
of uterus, follicle stimulating hormone, or false.
estrogen, progesterone, corpus luteum) 9. Explain asexual reproduction in plants.
Growth of follicles present in the ovary 10. Modern techniques like surrogate mother,
occurs under the effect of ----- This sperm bank and IVF technique will help
follicle secretes estrogen. -- --- - -- -- the human beings. Justify this statement.
-- grows / regenerates under the effect 11. Explain sexual reproduction in plants.
of estrogen. Under the effect of --- ---, Activity :
fully grown up follicle bursts, ovulation 1. Collect the official data about present
occurs and -- --- -- -- is formed from and a decade old population of various
remaining part of follicle. It secrets --- Asian countries and plot a graph of
--- -- -- and --- --- -- -- --. Under the that data. With the help of it, draw your
effect of these hormones, glands of -- -- conclusions about demographic changes.
-- -- are activated and it becomes ready 2. With the help of your teacher, compose
for implantation. and present a road show to increase
4. Answer the following questions in short. the awareness about prenatal gender
a. Explain with examples types of detection and gender bias.
asexual reproduction in unicellular
organism.
b. Explain the concept of IVF.
c. Which precautions will you follow
to maintain the reproductive health?
d. What is menstrual cycle? Describe it
in brief.

35
 4. Environmental management
Ecosystem – A review
Ø   Environment and Eco-system
Ø  
Environment Conservation
Ø   Environment management
Ø  
Biodiversity hotspots
Ø  

1. What is ecosystem? Which are its different components?

Can you recall?
2. Which are the types of consumers? What are the criteria for
their classification?
3. What may be the relationship between lake and birds on tree?
4. What is difference between food chain and food web?

Think and Answer

1. Write the name and category of each of the
component shown in picture.
2. What is necessary to convert this picture
into food web? Why?

Ecosystem A review
Ecosystem is formed by biotic and abiotic
factors and their interactions with each other.
Each factor plays very important role in the
ecosystem. Producers like plants are important.
Herbivores like deer, goats, sheep, cattle,
horses, camels, etc. feeding upon producers are
also important. Predators like lion and tiger 4.1 Food chain
which prevent the overpopulation of herbivores
are also equally important. A question may
arise in our mind that whether the caterpillars Think:
found in nature, organisms present in filthy
places, termites, insects present in dung, are If fallen foliage in forest, dead
really useful? However, those organisms are trees, and carcasses in and around
also important though they are dirty. They are villages had not been decomposed for
responsible for cleaning the environment. years……
It means that our existence is due to these
factors present around us. Hence, we should Discuss
care for these factors.
‘Jivo Jivasya Jivanam’

1. Which are different trophic levels in food chain?

Can you recall?
2. What is energy pyramid?

36
 A bird building nest on a tree feeds upon the fishes in nearby
Let's Think pond. Whether this bird is part of both i.e. tree as well as pond
ecosystem?
Fill up the blank boxes and display the completed chart in
Complete the chart
classroom.

Ecosystem

Abiotic components

Physical factor Autotrophic

Air, water, vapour, Producer Animals Decomposers

minerals, soil,
sunlight

Inorganic substances
Tertiary
Proteins, consumer
Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Carbohydrates,
Calcium, Iron, fats
Sodium, Potassium

Paddy is cultivated on large scale in various states of South India. Paddy fields are
frequently attacked by grasshoppers. Similarly, frogs are also present in large number in
the mud of paddy fields, to feed upon grasshoppers and snakes are also present therein to
feed upon their favourite food- frogs.
However, if frog population declines all of a sudden,
1. What will be the effect on paddy crop?
Let's Think 2. Number of which consumers will decline and which will increase?
3. What will be overall effect on that ecosystem?

1. What is environment?
Can you tell?
2. What is included in environment?
Relationship between Environment and Ecosystem
Environment is a broad concept. Physical, chemical and biological factors affecting
the living organisms in any possible way is collectively called as environment. In short,
environment is the condition in surrounding. It includes many biotic, abiotic, natural and
artificial factors. There are two main types of environment. One is natural environment
and other is artificial environment.
37
 Natural environment consists of air, atmosphere, water, land, living organisms, etc.
Continuous interactions occur between biotic and abiotic factors. Their interactions are
very important. Artificial environment is also affecting the natural environment directly
or indirectly. Basically, environment consists of two basic factors- 1. Biotic factors,
2. Abiotic factors. The science that deals with the study of interactions between biotic and
abiotic factors of the environment is called as ecology. Basic functional unit used to study
the ecology is called as ecosystem.
Environment consists of many ecosystems. We have studied some ecosystems in
earlier classes. A small pond is an ecosystem whereas the Earth is largest ecosystem. In
brief, biotic and abiotic factors occupying a definite geographical area and their interactions
collectively constitute the ecosystem.

Can you recall? Which cycles are operated in environment? What is their
importance?
Environmental balance is maintained through continuous operation of various natural
cycles like water cycle, carbon cycle, gaseous cycles like nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, etc.
Environmental balance is also maintained due to various food chains of ecosystem.
Human existence is totally impossible without the existence of nature. Hence, it is
basic responsibility of human being to preserve the nature without disturbing its balance.
It is said that we have got this Earth planet on lease from our future generations and not
as an ancestral property from our ancestors. Hence we should not forget to conserve it
for ourselves and for future generations.

Environmental Conservation
1. Which factors affect the environment? How?
Can you tell? 2. What will happen if number of consumers in environment goes
on increasing gradually?
3. What will be the effect of industry established on river bank on the river ecosystem?
When some natural factors of environment and some artificial polluted factors harm
the environment, it creates imbalance between various factors of the environment and
ultimately affects the existence of biotic factors.
Observe the environment around you.
Observe and fill the information Complete the following flow chart.

Factors affecting environment

“The Earth is
sufficient to satisfy
Natural factors Manmade factors everyone’s need but
not the greed.”
- Mahatma Gandhi
Earthquakes ................. Deforestation......................
.................................. ......................................
38
 At present, many environmental problems have been arisen due to effect of various
natural and artificial factors on the Earth. Environmental pollution is one of those main
factors. Generally, contamination of any material is its pollution. Unnecessary and
unacceptable change in the surrounding environment due to natural events or human
activities are called as environmental pollution. i.e. direct or indirect changes in physical,
chemical and biological properties of air, water and soil which will be harmful to humans
and other living beings is environmental pollution. Various reasons like population
explosion, fast industrialization, and indiscriminate use of natural resources, deforestation,
and unplanned urbanization are responsible for environmental pollution.
1. Which are the types of pollution?
Can you recall? 2. What do we mean by natural and artificial pollution?
Pollution is a broad concept.
Various types of pollutions like
that of air, water, sound, soil,
thermal, light, pollution occur
around us. Ultimate adverse
effect of all these is on existence
of all the living organisms and
out of this, environmental
conservation has become the need
of hour.
4.2 Fog and pollution in city- A problem
We have studied the air pollution, water pollution and soil
Complete the Chart
pollution in detail in earlier classes. Based on that, complete
the following chart.
Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution
Compo- Gases : CO2, CO, Hydro-
nents carbons, Sulphur, NOx,
Hydrogen sulphide, etc.
Solid : dust, ash, carbon,
lead, asbestos, etc.
Source Industrial wastes,
Domestic waste,
Sewage, Chemicals
discharged from
Industries, Pesticides
used in agriculture.
Effect Soil erosion, Retarded
growth of plants/ crops,
Nutritional deficiency etc.
Control
Measure

39
 Do you know?
Radioactive pollution: Radioactive pollution can occur due to two reasons as natural and
artificial. UV and IR radiations are natural radiations whereas X-rays and radiations from
atomic energy plants are artificial radiations. Chernobyl, Windscale, and Three Miles Island
mishaps are the major mishaps of the world till present. Thousands of people have been
affected for long term due to these accidents. Some of the effects of radiations are as follows-
1. Cancerous ulceration occurs due to higher radiations of X-rays.
2. Tissues in the body are destroyed.
3. Genetic changes occur.
4. Vision is adversely affected.

Use your brain power Why is it said that pollution control is important?
Need of environmental conservation
General public is not aware about the rules of A peek into the history
environment conservation. There should be large In 1972, United Nations
scale participation of the people in environment Environment Program (UNEP)
conservation. It will be possible to answer the has been established in a
environmental problems only if environmental conference arranged on human
protection-conservation becomes an effective and environment in which
public movement. For this purpose, values like environmental problems were
positive attitude and affection towards environment, discussed. Afterwards, in India,
knowledge about it, etc. should be inculcated among a separate environmental
the children since their childhood. This will help department had been established
to make the future generations more aware about after through discussion on
environmental conservation and protection. So as to environmental problems.
achieve this, it is necessary to increase the awareness Ministry of environment and
through education. forests is involved in planning,
Today, all the developed, developing and inducting and increasing
underdeveloped countries have accepted the awareness about environment
responsibility of environmental protection. Their and forest through various
efforts are in that direction. They have defined the programs since 1985.
future plans about environmental protection and have
constituted the necessary laws.

Complete the Chart

Need of To solve the
To maintain the Environmental natural and
Nowadays, we are observing balance in nature conservation artificial
the environmental degradation problems
everywhere. Complete the flow
chart given besides with the help
of environment.

40
Environmental Conservation. Our social responsibility
Since existence of human, there is interrelationship between human and environment.
Human stepped on the Earth long after formation of Earth. On the Earth, human being
proved its superiority as compared to other animals with the help of characters like
intelligence, memory, imaginary ability, etc. Human established domination over the
nature. Human utilized all the natural resources as much as possible. In an attempt to live
a satisfactory life, human kept on snatching from the nature as much as possible and this
led to increase in problems. From this entire scenario, we can understand that human has
crucial role in maintaining the environmental balance. If human has disturbed the
environmental balance, then human itself only can conserve and improve the quality of
nature. Many times, general public is unknown that its activities are harmful to environment
and thereby unknowingly many activities happen.

Search How do butterflies contribute to environmental balance?

Do You Know? Let’s Discuss

Collect the information about Chipko
Laws enacted about environmental Movement and discuss between two
conservation: groups of your class about its importance
Forest Conservation Act, 1980. in present situation.
The land reserved for forest
conservation has been prohibited to
use for any other purpose by this law. Internet is my friend
Ex. Permission of central government 1. Sound Pollution (Control & Prevention)
is compulsory for mining activities. Rule, 2000.
Any person who disobeys this law is 2. Biomedical Waste (Management &
entitled to imprisonment for 15 days. Handling) Rule, 1998.
3. E-waste (Management & Handling) Rule,
Environmental Conservation Act, 2011.
1986.
Purpose of this act is to control Always remember
the pollution and punish the persons
or institutes harming the environment. As per wildlife protection Act 1972
Any person or factory is prohibited by As per clause 49 A, trading of rare
this act from releasing the pollutants in animals has been completely banned.
atmosphere beyond a permissible limit. As per clause 49 B, use of articles
The person breaching this rule is entitled prepared from skin or organs of wild
for either five year imprisonment or animals has been banned.
fine up to Rs. 1 lakh. National Green As per clause 49 C, disclosure of the
Tribunal has been established in stock of artefacts made form rare wild
2010 for effective implementation of animals is compulsory.
environment related laws.

41
 The big story of a small man
Jadav Molai Payeng is a highly capable person in Assam.
Born in 1963, he is working as a forest worker since the age of
16 years. Once, large number of snakes died in the flood of
Brahmaputra River flowing by the village. As a preventive
measure, Molai planted 20 bamboo plantlets. In 1979, the
local Social Forestry Department began a social afforestation
project on 200 hectares of land. ‘Molai’ was one of the few
forest workers who were looking after that project. Molai
continued to plant the trees even after completion of the project.
As a result of his continuous work of planting and caring for
the trees, the barren area witnessed the forest cover over the
1360 acres.
Today, this jungle in Kokilamukh of Jorhat district of Assam is the result of the hard work
for 30 years. He has been awarded with the prestigious ‘Padmashree’ award by government
of India for this unparallel work. Now, it is well known as ‘Molai Jungle’. Many people
come together to destroy the forest, but a single person, if determined, can establish a
new forest!
Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity
Most harmful effect of the environmental pollution occurs on the living organisms.
Have you seen some examples of this in your area? Our living world had been richly
diverse. It consisted of varieties of plants and animals. However, we are not able to see
some specific animals about which we had listened from our earlier generations. Who is
responsible for this?
Biodiversity is the richness of living organisms in nature due to presence of varieties
of organisms, ecosystems and genetic variations within a species. Biodiversity occurs at
three different levels.
Genetic Diversity
Occurrence of diversity among the organisms of same species is genetic diversity. Ex.
Each human being is different from other. Possibility of wiping out the species arises if
there is decrease in the diversity within the species whose members involve in sexual
reproduction.
Species Diversity
Innumerable species of organisms occur in the nature. This is called as species diversity.
Species diversity includes various types of plants, animals and microbes.
Ecosystem Diversity
Many ecosystems are present in each region. Ecosystem is formed through the
interaction between plants, animals, their habitat and changes in the environment. Each
ecosystem has its own characteristic animals, plants, microbes and abiotic factors.
Ecosystems are also of two types are natural and artificial.

There should be positive attitude of human being towards the environment for
welfare of entire living world. For this purpose, following roles are important. You can
be a conservator, organizer, guide, plant-friend, etc. Describe about the role you wish to
perform and your plans for that role.

42
 Sacred Groves
The forest conserved in the name of god
and considered to be sacred is called as
sacred grove. These are in fact ‘sanctuaries’
conserved by the society and not by the
government forest department. As it has
been conserved in the name of god, it has
special protection. These clusters of thick
forests are present not only in Western Ghats
4.3 Sacred grove of India but in the entire country.
More than 13000 sacred groves have been reported in India. Where are such sacred
groves in Maharashtra? Make a list and visit with your teachers.
Some symbols are given below. Find the meaning of those
Enlist and discuss symbols in relation to environment conservation. Make a list
of other such symbols.
How can biodiversity be conserved?
1. Protecting the rare species of organisms.
2. Establishing national parks and sanctuaries.
3. Declaring some regions as ‘bioreserves’.
4. Projects for conservation of special species.
Stick here a
5. Conserving all plants and animals.
symbol known to
6. Observing the rules.
you.
7. Maintaining record of traditional knowledge.

Till now, we have studied the rules and regulations about environmental conservation
and protection, in this lesson. Many people in the society are voluntarily coming together
to perform this noble work. Many institutes at state, national and international level are
involved in this work.
Voluntary Organizations International Environment
1. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. Organizations
2. CPR environment group, New Chennai. 1. International Union for Conservation of
3. Gandhi Peace Foundation, Environment Nature (IUCN), Gland VD, Switzerland.
Cell, Delhi. 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
4. Chipko Centre, Tehri Garhwal. Change (IPCC), Geneva.
5. Centre for Environment Education, 3. United Nations Environment Program,
Ahmadabad. Geneva.
6. Kerala Science Literature Council, 4. World Wildlife Fund, New York.
Trivandrum. 5. Bird Life International, Cambridge.
7. Indian Agro Industries Foundation, Pune. 6. Green Climate Fund, Songdo, S. Korea
8. Vikram Sarabhai Community Science
Centre, Ahmadabad.
Green Peace is world’s largest organization engaged in environmental activities. More
than 25 lakh people from 26 different countries are members of this organization.
Collect more information about the work of above mentioned organizations.

43
 Attempts at various levels are performed for conserving
Think and Answer environment. Role of the person is defined as per these levels.
Some roles are given below. Which role would you like to
per form? Why ?

Control Production
Conservation
1. Preventing the harm. 1. Revival of harmed
Conserving the available
2. Stopping the harmful factors of environment.
resources
activities. 2. Attempting innovation.
3. Changing the mindset.

Awareness
Preservation My Role in Environment 1. Education
1. Preserving whatever 2. Guidance
has been leftover. 3. Awareness
2. Remedies to prevent 4. Imitation
Prevention
further loss. 5. Organization
1. Preventing possible
3. Preserving unknown 6. Participation
harms.
regions.
2. Designing new plans
3. Factors harmful to
environment

Hotspots of Biodiversity
34 highly sensitive biodiversity spots are reported all over the world. Such areas had
once occupied 15.7% area of the Earth. At present, 86% of the sensitive areas are already
destroyed. Presently, only 2.3% area of the Earth has been left over with sensitive spots. It
includes 1,50,000 plant species which are 50% of the world count.
As far as India is considered, out of 135 species of animals, 85 species are found in
the jungles of eastern region. About 1,500 endemic plant species are found in western
ghat. Out of the total plant species in the entire world, 50,000 are endemic. Collect more
information about locations of these hotspots present in the world.

Three Endangered Heritage Places of the Country

The Western Ghat spread over the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamilnadu
and Kerala has been endangered due to mining industry and search for natural gas.
Habitats of Asiatic lion and wild bison of this region have been under threat.
Manas sanctuary of the Assam is under threat due to dams and indiscriminate use of
water. Tiger and rhino of that region are under threat.
Sunderban sanctuary of West Bengal is reserved for tigers. However, the tiger
population and overall local environment is seriously challenged by dams, deforestation,
excessive fishing, trenches dug for same, etc.

44
 Collect the names of extinct birds and animals of India and tell
Recall a little those names to others.
Classification of Threatened Species
1. Endangered Species
Either number of these organisms is declined or their
habitat is shrunk to such an extent that they can be extinct in
near future if conservative measures are not implemented.
Example, Lion tailed monkey, lesser florican.
2. Rare Species
Number of these organisms is considerably declined. 4.4 Lion-tailed Monkey
Organisms of these species being endemic may become
extinct very fast. Example, Red panda, Musk deer.
3. Vulnerable Species
Number of these organisms is extremely less and
continues to decline. Continuous decline in their number is
worrisome reason. Example, Tiger, Lion.
4. Indeterminate Species
These organisms appear to be endangered 4.5 Red Panda
but due to their some behavioural habits (like
Specialty of the Day
shyness) there is no definite and substantial
information. Example, Giant squirrel 22 May: World Biodiversity Day
nd

(Shekhru). Survey the plants and animals in your

area. Maintain a record about their
characteristics.

Do you know?
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) prepares the ‘Red List’
that contains the names of endangered species from different countries. Pink pages of
this book contain the names of endangered species while green pages contain the names
of previously endangered but presently safe species.

Always remember
Think
Always Remember
World Wildlife Fund
Let us remember…. Let us behave accordingly……
1. Destroying a plant is to destroy everything. (WWF) published a survey in
2. Practice afforestation to conserve environment. 2008. According to it, about
3. Forest is Wealth. 30% of animal species have
4. Environmental protection is value education. become extinct over the period
5. Provident use of paper is prevention of of 35 years (1975 – 2005).
deforestation. What will happen in future if
6. To practice the environmental protection is to this continues as it is?
development of human society.
7. Pure air, pure water is key to healthy life.

45
 Exercise
1. Reorganize the following d. How the biodiversity can be
food chain. Describe the conserved?
ecosystem to which it belongs. e. What do we learn from the story of
Grasshopper – Snake – Paddy field – Jadav Molai Peyang?
Eagle – Frog. f. Write the names of biodiversity hot
2. Explain the statement- ‘we have got this spots.
Earth planet on lease from our future f. Which are the reasons for
generations and not as an ancestral endangering the many species of
property from our ancestors.’ plants and animals? How can we
3. Write short notes. save those?
a. Environmental Conservation. 7. What are the meanings of following
symbols? Write your role accordingly?
b. Chipko Movement of Bishnoi.
c. Biodiversity.
d. Sacred Groves.
e. Disaster and its management.
4. How will you justify that overcoming
the pollution is a powerful way Project:
of environmental management? Make a presentation on pollution
5. Which projects will you run in relation of Ganga and Yamuna Rivers and
to environmental conservation? How? effects of air pollution on Tajmahal.
6. Answer the following.
a. Write the factors affecting
environment.
b. Why does the human beings have
important place in environment?
c. Write the types and examples of
biodiversity.
-: A Pledge for Life :-
I am aware that the diversity on the Earth is for the existence of me, my family
and the entire mankind. I am aware about the responsibility of conserving and protect-
ing the rich diversity. I am aware about the fast declining number of wildlife, plants
and animals. I am accepting the responsibility of judicious use of natural resources
and management of biodiversity.
I pledge for adopting the following principles for happy and satisfactory life of all
organisms on the Earth.
I will always try for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources.
I will make the change that I am expecting.
I will be committed for safety of entire life on the Earth.
I will educate the people about benefits of conservation and co-existence.

46
 5. Towards Green Energy

Ø Use of various energy sources

Ø Generation of electrical energy
Ø Process of generation of electricity and environment

Can you recall? Let’s Discuss

1. What is Energy? Make a list of the work that we do in our
2. What are different types of Energy? day to day life using energy. Which forms of
3. What are different forms of Energy? energy do we use to do this work? Discuss
with your friends.
Energy and use of energy
In modern civilization, energy has become a primary need along with food, cloth and
shelter. We need energy in different forms for diverse types of works. The energy that
we need may be in the form of mechanical energy, chemical energy, sound energy, light
energy or heat energy. How do we get these different forms of energy?

Make a table Make a table based on forms of energy and corresponding devices.

We know that energy can be converted from one form to another. Different sources of
energy are used to the different forms of energy necessary for us. In previous standards
we have learnt about energy, sources of energy and various concepts related to them.
Here we will learn about various sources that are now used for the generation of electrical
energy, the methods that are used for this, the scientific principles that are used there, the
advantages and disadvantages of these methods and also what is meant by green energy.

1. Where do we use electrical energy in our day-to-day life?

Can you tell? 2. How Electric energy is produced ?

Generation of electrical energy

Most of the electric power plants are based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
invented by Michael Faraday. According to this principle, whenever magnetic field around
a conductor changes, a potential difference is generated across the conductor.
The field around a conductor can be changed in two ways. If a conductor is stationary
and magnet is rotating, the field around the conductor changes or if a magnet is stationary,
but the conductor is moving then also the field around the conductor will change. Thus, in
both these cases, a potential difference is created across the conductor. (Figure 5.1). The
electrical power generating machine based on this principle is called electric generator.

47
 Such large generators are used in commercial power generation plants. Turbine is used
to rotate the magnet in the generator. A turbine has blades .When a flow of liquid or gas is
directed on the blades of the turbine, it rotates (see Figure 5.2). because of the kinetic energy
of the flow.This turbine is connected to electric generator. Thus the magnet in electric gener-
ator starts rotating and electric energy is produced (Fig.5.3)
Lines of flux Nozzle
Coil Blade
Voltmeter High
Velocity
Induced steam
emf

Wheel
Rotating Shaft
magnetic
field 5.1Electromagnetic Induction 5.2 Steam turbine
generated electrical
energy This method of electric energy generation can
be represented as below.
Thus, to generate electricity based on the
principle of electromagnetic induction, we need a
generator. To rotate the generator we need a turbine
Rotating and to drive the turbine, we need an energy source.
Electric Based on which type of energy source is used to
magnet rotate the turbine, there are different types of power
generating stations. The design of the turbine used
5.3 Schematic of electric generator in different types of power stations is also different.

Proper energy source to run turbine Turbine Generator Electrical energy

5.4 Flow chart showing generation of electrical energy

Thermal energy based electric power station
In this the turbine is rotated using steam. Water is heated in a boiler. Using the ther-
mal energy released due to burning of coal. Steam of very high temperature and pressure
is generated. The energy in the steam drives the turbine. Thus, the generator connected
to the turbine rotates and electrical energy is produced. The steam is converted back into
water and the water is re-circulated to the boiler. This is shown in flow chart in fig 5.5

Boiler for conversion Generator Electrical

Fuel Coal Steam turbine
of water to steam energy

System for converting steam back to water

5.5 Flow chart showing generation of electrical energy using thermal energy
48
 Since thermal energy is used here to generate electrical energy, such power plants are
called thermal power plants. In thermal power plants, the chemical energy in the coal is
converted into electrical energy through several steps which are shown in figure 5.6.
Kinetic
Chemical energy Thermal Kinetic Energy Electrical
energy
in coal energy in turbine energy
in steam
5.6 Energy transformation in thermal power plant

1. Why the energy in the coal is called as

Let's Think chemical energy?
2. Why steam is used to rotate the turbine?
Stack
vapour and hot air

Combustion gases to stack

Generator
Cooling tower
Fuel Condenser
Air Warm water
Pump

Boiler Turbine Pump Cooled water

5.7 Schematics of Thermal power plant
If you see a thermal power station, you will observe two types of towers there. What
are they? If you observe the schematic of the thermal power station in Figure 5.7 , you will
get answer to this question.
Compare the schematic of the thermal power station with the block diagram above
and you will understand how the boiler, turbine, generator and the condenser are arranged
in the power station.
After combustion of fuel (here, coal) in the boiler, the emitted gases are released to the
atmosphere through very high tower. Once the turbine is rotated using the steam at high
temperature and high pressure, steam temperature and pressure decreases. This steam is
converted back to water by taking out heat from it (i.e.by cooling it) . This is done in the
condenser using water in the cooling tower. The water in cooling tower is circulated through
the condenser. Heat energy in the steam is given to the water and the steam condenses
back to water. The heat absorbed by the water is then released to atmosphere through
vapour and heated air through cooling tower. Although, thermal power generation is a
major way of electricity generation today, it suffers from certain problems
Use of ICT
Prepare a presentation about thermal power plant using computerized presenta-
tion, animation, video, pictures, etc. Send it to others and upload on You Tube.

49
Problems
1. Air pollution due to burning Do you know?
of coal: Burning of coal results
in emission of gases like carbon Some major thermal power plants in India and
dioxide, sulphur oxide and nitrogen their capacity
oxide which are harmful to the Place State Capacity (MW)
health. Vindhyanagar Madhya Pradesh 4760
2. Along with the emission of Mundra Gujarat 4,620
gases due to burning of coal, soot Mundra Gujarat 4,000
particles are also released into Tamnaar Chhattisgarh 3,400
the environment. This may cause
Chandrapur Maharashtra 3,340
serious health problems related to
the respiratory system.
3. The reserves of fuel used in this method i.e. coal are limited. Therefore, in future,
there will be limitations on the availability of the coal.
Power plant based on Nuclear Energy
In the power plant based on nuclear energy also , steam turbine is used to rotate the
generator. However, here, the energy released by fission of nuclei of atoms like Uranium or
Plutonium is used to generate the steam of high temperature and high pressure. The energy
in the steam rotates the turbine, which in turn drives the generator producing electricity.
The flow chart of nuclear power plant is shown in fig 5.8 .

Nuclear reactor System for steam Electrical

generation from Steam turbine Generator
for nuclear
water energy
fission

Fuel: Uranium or Plutonium System for conversion of steam back into water
5.8 Nuclear power plant
Thus, here nuclear energy is converted into thermal energy, thermal energy is
converted into kinetic energy of steam, kinetic energy of steam is converted into kinetic
energy of turbine and finally the kinetic energy of the turbine is converted into electrical
energy .The step-by-step transformation of energy is shown in figure 5.5.
Nuclear Thermal Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Electrical
energy energy in steam in turbine Energy
5.9 Energy transformation in nuclear power plant

Can you tell? How does nuclear fission take place?

When neutron is bombarded on atom of Uranium - 235 , it absorbs the neutron and
converts into its isotope Uranium - 236. Uranium - 236 being extremely unstable converts
into atoms of Barium and Krypton through a process of fission releasing three neutrons
and 200 MeV energy. The three neutrons generated in this process cause fission of three
other Uranium - 235 atoms releasing more energy.
50
 The neutrons released in this reaction release more energy through fission of more
uranium nuclei. This process of fission of Uranium -235 atoms continues and is called
the chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, a controlled chain reaction results in release
of thermal energy, which is used for electric energy generation.

Internet is my friend Nuclear Fission

Complete the following table for some
important nuclear power plants in India. Neutron absorption

Place State Capacity (MW)

Kudankulam ......... ..........
Tarapur ......... ..........
Ravatabhata ......... ..........
Kaiga ......... ..........
Boiler 5.10 Nuclear fission (Chain reaction)

Turbine
Generator
Nuclear Control pods
reactor
Pump

Pump Warm water

Condenser Cooling tower

5.11 Schematic diagram of nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant does not use fossil fuel like coal. Therefore, problems like air
pollution do not arise. Also, if sufficient nuclear fuel is available, this can be a good source
of electrical energy. However, there are few problems associated with nuclear power
generation.
Problems:
1. The products after fission of nuclear fuel are also radioactive and emit harmful radiations.
The products are called as nuclear waste. How to dispose the nuclear waste safely is a big
challenge before the scientists.
2. An accident in nuclear power plant can be very fatal. This is because the accident may
result in release of very harmful radiations.

Compare
Observe the schematic of thermal power plant and the nuclear power plant. Discuss
what are the similarities and differences between the two?

51
Power generation plant based on energy of natural gas
In this plant, the turbine is run by a gas at very high temperature and pressure generated
by combustion of natural gas. A flow chart showing various stages in the power generation
plant based on natural gas energy is shown in figure 5.12.
Compressor for Combustion Electrical
Gas turbine Generator
pressurised air chamber energy

5.12 Arrangement in power plant based on energy

Natural gas of natural gas
There are three main sections in this type of plant. Pressurised air is introduced into
the combustion chamber using a compressor. In the combustion chamber the natural gas
burns in presence of the air. The gas at very high temperature and pressure generated in
this chamber runs the turbine. The turbine then drives the generator to produce electricity.
Step-by-step transformation of energy in this plant is shown in fig 5.13.

Chemical energy Kinetic energy generated due Kinetic energy Electrical

in natural gas to combustion of natural gas in turbine energy

5.13 Transformation of energy in power plant using energy of natural gas

The efficiency of this type of power generation plant is higher than that of power
generation plant based on coal. Moreover, since the natural gas does not contain sulphur,
burning of natural gas results in less pollution. The schematic of power plant based on
natural gas is given in figure 5.14.
Emission of
hot gases Let's Think
Combustion
Fuel
chamber Which electricity
Generator generation process
is eco-friendly and
Gas which not?
turbine
Electrical energy

5.14 Schematic of power plant based on natural gas

Some natural gas based power plants and

their capacity
Place State Capacity(MW) Always remember
Samaralkota Andhra Pradesh 2620 Though use of energy is unavoidable
Anjanvel Maharashtra 2,220
in our day to day life, it is necessary to
Bavanaa Delhi 1,500
Kondapalli Andhra Pradesh 1466 use it carefully and only in the required
amount.

52
Electric energy generation and environment Towards environment
Electricity generation based on fossil fuels like coal, ऊर्जा
friendly energy…..towards
natural gas and nuclear fuels like uranium and plutonium are
not environment friendly. It means, that if electrical energy green energy:
is generated using these fuels, it can lead to environmental There are other ways of
degradation. electricity production which
ऊर्जा
1. We have seen that burning of fossil fuels like coal, and avoids above problems.
natural gas leads to emission of certain gases and soot Electricity generation from
particles. This results in air pollution. Incomplete combustion water reservoir, wind,
of fuels leads to formation of carbon monoxide. It adversely sunlight, biofuels etc. are the
affects our health. Increase in percentage of carbon dioxide examples of such methods.
in the air due to burning of fuels affects environment ऊर्जा The energy sources used
severely. The phenomena of global warming is an example in such options i.e. water-
of this. Nitrogen dioxide generated due to burning of fuels reservoir, wind, sunlight,
like coal, diesel, petrol, etc. leads to problems like acid-rain. biofuel are never-ending i.e
Soot particles generated due to incomplete burning of fossil are perpetual. Moreover, use
fuel cause air pollution. It can lead to problems related to of these sources do not lead
respiratory system, like asthama. to environmental problems
2. It took millions of years for formation of fossil fuels like discussed above. Therefore,
coal, crude oils and natural gases (LPG and CNG). Also, the electricity generation
reserves of these fuels are limited. They are going to deplete through these sources can be
in future. It is said that with the current speed of their use, called environment friendly.
the coal reserves in the world would last for another about We can also call the energy
200 years or so and the natural gas reserves for about 200- generated by these processes
300 years. as green energy. Looking at
3. We have also discussed above about the problems in use the problems in electricity
of nuclear energy like the disposal of nuclear waste and generation using fuels
possibility of disaster due to accident in nuclear power plant. like coal, natural gas and
Considering all these points, it can be said that the nuclear fuels, the world
is now heading towards
energy generation from fossil fuels and nuclear fuels are
environment friendly energy
not environment friendly. i.e. green energy.

Hydroelectric Energy
Kinetic energy in flowing water or the potential energy in water reservoir is a conventional
source of energy. In hydroelectric power plant, the potential energy in water stored in dam
is converted into kinetic energy of water. Fast flowing water is brought from the dam to the
turbine at the bottom of the dam. The kinetic energy of the flowing water drives the turbine.
The turbine in turn drives the generator to generate electricity.
The block diagram showing different components of hydroelectric power plant is shown in
figure 5.15

Water reservoir with Electrical

Water turbine Generator
potential energy energy

5.15 Different stages in hydroelectric power plant

53
Electricity generation using wind-energy

Potential energy Kinetic energy in Kinetic energy Electrical

in water flowing water in turbine energy

5.16 Energy Transformation in hydroelectric power plant

The schematic of hydroelectric plant is shown in Figure 5.17. Water from about middle of the
total height of the dam is taken to the turbine, as shown by point B in the diagram.

Power house
Wall
A Generator

Sluice gates
B
Reservoir

C Penstock
Turbine

5.17 Schematic diagram of Hydroelectric power plant

Use your brain power
Since no fuel is burnt in hydroelectric
1.With reference to point B, potential energy plant, no air pollution due to combustion of
of how much water reservoir in the dam fuel results. However, considering the issues
will be converted into kinetic energy? like forced migration of large community,
2.What will be the effect on electricity submerging of forests and fertile land,
generation, if the channel taking water to adverse effect on living creatures in the river,
turbine starts at point A? it has always been a point of debate whether
3.What will be the effect on electricity the hydroelectricity is environment friendly
generation, if the channel taking water to or not. What is your opinion about it?
turbine starts at point C?
Advantages of hydroelectric power Problems associated with hydroelectric
generation power plant
1. Since no fuel is burnt in hydroelectric 1. The back-water due to storage of water
power generation, there is no pollution in dam may submerge villages or towns
resulting from combustion of fuels. in that area. This leads to the problems of
2. If there is sufficient water storage in the rehabilitation of the displaced population.
dam, it is possible to generate electricity as Moreover, this can also submerge forests
and when necessary. as well as fertile land.
3. Although water reservoir is used for power 2. The obstruction of the flow of river water
generation, it can be replenished during may have adverse effect on living world
rainy season leading to uninterrupted in the river.
power generation.
54
 Do you know?
Some major hydroelectric plants in India
and their capacity (MW)
Place State Capacity (MW)
Tehari Uttarakhand 2400
Koyana Maharashtra 1960
Srishailam Andhra Pradesh 1670
Nathpa Zakri Himachal Pradesh 1500 5.18 Koyana Dam

What is lake tapping? Why

Find out it takes place?

The kinetic energy in wind has been used since long for lifting of water, for driving
floor mill etc. The wind energy can also be used for electricity generation. The machine
which converts the kinetic energy of wind to electrical energy is called wind-turbine. As
the wind strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades rotate. The axel of the turbine is
connected to electric generator through a gear-box. The function of the gear-box is to
increase the rotations per unit time. Thus, the rotating blades drive the turbine and the
turbine in turn drives the generator to generate electricity. Various stages in the wind-
energy generation system can be shown in figure 5.19 and schematics of a wind mill is
shown in figure 5.20.

Wind with Wind Turbine

required Gear box Generator
with large fins Shaft
velocity

Air
Electrical
energy Generator
Shaft
5.19 Stages in electric generator Bearing
using wind energy Support
Blades
The energy conversion process is
5.20 Schematic of wind mill
shown in figure 5.21.

Kinetic Energy in wind Kinetic energy in turbine Electric energy

5.21Transformation of energy in an electric generator using wind energy

Wind turbines with capacity right from less than 1 kW to about 7 MW (7000 kW)
are commercially available. Depending on the wind velocity available at the site of
installation, wind-turbine with specific capacity is selected. The wind velocity at specific
location depends on many geographical factors.
55
 Wind velocity is usually high on sea shores and that environment is appropriate for
installation of wind turbine. Wind-energy is a clean energy source. However, the wind-ve-
locity necessary for wind-energy generation is not available everywhere. In that sense, use
of wind-energy is limited.

Get information
Blade length : 100 m
Capacity: 6000-7000 kW
Get information about
Blade length : 50 m major wind-power
Capacity: 2000 kW
stations in India and
their capacity. Make a
Blade length : 1.5m
table of their location,
Capacity: 2 kW state and their power
generation capacity in
MW.

Home Wind Offshore Wind

Farm turbine
5.22 Wind turbines of different capacities

Electric Energy generation using solar energy

Using the energy in the Sunlight, electric energy can be generated in two ways:
1. In all the above methods of electricity generation we have studied, the electric generator
is driven by using some source of energy and electricity is generated by making use of
the principle of electromagnetic induction. However, electrical energy can be generated
directly from solar radiation without using generator and without using the principle of
electromagnetic induction. This happens in solar photovoltaic cells. Solar photovoltaic
cells convert the solar energy directly into electrical energy.
2. In the second method, the energy in solar radiation is converted into thermal energy first.
Then a turbine-generator system is driven using that thermal energy to generate electricity.
1.Solar photovoltaic cell
Solar photovoltaic cell converts the solar radiation energy directly into electrical
energy. This is called solar photovoltaic effect. The electrical energy generated through
this energy transformation process is DC in nature. These solar cells are made of a special
type of material called semiconductor (e.g. silicon). A silicon solar cell of dimension 1 cm2
generates current of about 30 mA and potential difference of about 0.5 V. Thus, a silicon
solar cell of dimension 100 cm2 will generate about 3 A (30 mA/cm2 X 100 cm2=3000
mA= 3 A) current and 0.5 V. Remember that the potential difference available from a
solar cell is independent of its area.

Photovoltaic effect
Energy in Sunlight DC Electric power

56
 If two solar cells are connected in series as Cell 1 Cell 2
shown in figure 5.23, the potential difference
obtained from this combination is addition of
- +
the potential differences of individual solar
cells. However, the current generated from
this combination is equal to the current from
an individual cell. It means that when solar I = I1= I2
cells are connected in series, currents from VTotal= V1+V2
the individual cells are not added. Similarly
as shown in figure 5.24, if two solar cells are 5. 23 Solar cells in series
connected in parallel, the current generated
from this combination is the summation of Cell 1
the currents from an individual solar cells. I1
However, the potential difference obtained
from this combination is the same as the - +
potential difference obtained from individual
cell. Thus, if two solar cells are connected in
parallel, the potential differences from the two I2
cells are not added. Cell 2
In this way, by connecting many solar cells - +
in series and in parallel solar panels generating
required current and potential difference are I = I1+ I2
V =V1 = V2
made. See Figure 5.25. For example, if 36 5.24 Solar cells in parallel
solar cells, each of size 100 cm2 are connected
in series in a solar panel, it will give potential
difference of 18 V and current of 3 A. Many
such panels are connected together to generate
electricity on larger scale. A good solar cell
can have an efficiency of around 15%. It
means that if a solar panel receives power of
100 watt from solar radiation, the electrical
power output from the panel will be 15 watt. 5.25 A solar panel made from 36 solar cells
Many solar panels are connected in series
and in parallel to generate required current Array
and potential difference. As shown in Figure Strings in parallel
Module
5.26, solar cell is the basic unit in solar electric cells in series
plant . Many solar cells come together to form String
a solar panel. Many solar panels connected in modules in series
series form a solar strings, and, many solar Cell
strings connected in parallel form a solar
array. As we can obtain as much electrical
power as needed, they are used in applications
which need marginal power (e.g. calculators
that run on solar energy) to power station of
MW capacity.
5.26 Solar cell to solar array

57
 The power available from the solar cells is DC. So, in applications which need DC
power , e.g. electric lights based on Light Emitting Diodes, the energy can be directly used.
However, since the energy from solar cell is available only in presence of sunlight, the
energy has to be stored in batteries for use at later time.

However, most of the equipment in domestic

as well as industrial use run on AC power. In Battery
such case, the DC solar power must be converted Solar cell
to AC power using an electronic device called
inverter(Figure 5.27). Electric equipment
working on AC Inverter
power

Energy from light 5.27 Conversion of energy generated

by cells to AC form by using inverter
Power grid
We have seen that many solar panels
Inverter and can be connected together to generate
Transformer
whatever energy we need. As shown in
Figure 5.28, the DC power generated
from these panels is first converted into
AC power. A transformer transforms the
voltage and current levels of the generated
Solar power and then it is fed into the electricity
Array distribution network. Figure 5.28 is a
schematic diagram of solar photovoltaic
5.28 Schematic of solar photovoltaic station power station.
In this way, electricity is generated
Find out without any fuel combustion and so with-
out any air pollution. However, since the
Gather information about major solar energy is generated using solar radiation,
photovoltaic power generating plants and solar cells can generate electricity during
their capacity in India. day-time only.

Solar Thermal power plant

We have seen that thermal energy generated from coal and nuclear fuel can be used
to generate electricity. Thermal energy can also be generated from solar radiation and can
be used for electricity production. Different stages in such solar thermal power plant are
as shown in figure 5.29
Concentrators Absorber for absorbing Electric
Steam Electric
for collecting the concentrated energy
turbine generator
sunlight sunlight

5.29 Different stages in solar thermal power plant

58
 As shown in Figure 5.30 , many reflectors reflect and concentrate solar radiation on
absorbers. There solar energy is converted into heat energy. Using this heat energy steam
is generated to drive the turbine and generator.
Power grid
Solar energy
Solar energy
Steam

Flow of hot water

Absorber Turbine
Generator

Condenser
Steam Water
Cooling
Solar panel Pump tower
Reflector
5.29 Schematic of solar thermal power plant

Do you know?
Energy sources use for electrical power generation in the world.
Sources World (%) India (%)
Coal 41 60
Natural Gas 22 08
Hydroelectric 16 14
Nuclear energy 11 02
Petroleum 04 0.3
Renewable sources (wind, solar etc.) 06 15.7
Total 100 100

Exercise
1. Remake the table taking into account 2. Which fuel is used in thermal power
relation between entries in three plant? What are the problems asso-
ciated with this type of power gener-
columns.
ation?
I II III 3. Other than thermal power plant,
Coal Potential energy Wind electricity
which power plants use thermal en-
ergy for power generation? In what
plant
different ways is the thermal energy
Uranium Kinetic Energy Hydro electric obtained?
plant 4. Which type/types of power genera-
Water Nuclear Energy Thermal plant tion involve maximum number of
Reservoir steps of energy conversion? In which
Wind Thermal Energy Nuclear power power generation is the number
plant minimum?
59
5. Solve the following crossword puzzle. 11. Give scientific reasons
a. Maximum energy generation in India a. The construction of turbine is different
is done using..... energy. for different types of power plants.
b. ...... energy is a renewable source of b. It is absolutely necessary to control the
energy fission reaction in nuclear power plants.
c.Solar energy can be called.... energy. c. Hydroelectric energy, solar energy and
d .... energy of wind is used in wind wind energy are called renewable
mills. energies.
e. ..... energy of water in dams is used d. It is possible to produce energy from
for generation of electricity. mW to MW using solar photovoltaic
a b cells.
12. Draw a schematic diagram of solar
d thermal electric energy generation.
c 13. Give your opinion about whether
hydroelectric plants are environment
friendly or not?
14. Draw neat and labelled diagrams.
a. Energy transformation in solar thermal
e electric energy generation.
b. One solar panel produces a potential
difference of 18 V and current of 3A.
Describe how you can obtain a potential
6. Explain the difference.
difference of 72 Volts and current of 9
a. Conventional and Non-conventional
A with a solar array using solar panels.
Sources of energy.
You can use sign of a battery for a solar
b Thermal electricity generation and
panel.
solar thermal electricity generation.
15. Write short note on
7. What is meant by green energy?
Electrical energy generation and
Which energy sources can be called as
environment.
green energy sources and why? Give
Project :
example.
1.Gather information about solar
8. Explain the following sentences.
light, solar water heating system and
a. Energy obtained from fossil fuels is
solar cooker.
not green energy.
2.Gather information about a power
b. Saving energy is the need of the hour.
plant near your locality by vising the
9. Answer the following questions.
a. How can we get the required amount plant.
of energy by connecting solar
panels?
b. What are the advantages and
limitations of solar energy?
10. Explain with diagram step-by-step
energy conversion in
a. Thermal power plant
b. Nuclear Power Plant
c. Solar thermal power plant
d. Hydroelectric power plant
60
 6. Animal Classification
Ø History of animal classification
Ø New (method) system of animal classification.
Ø Kingdom- Animalia.

Can you recall? Which criteria are used for classification of organisms?

You have studied the classification of living organisms in earlier classes. The living
organisms present around us are mainly plants and animals. We have studied the criteria
of their classification. With the help of that, complete the following chart.
Living organisms

Kingdom: Monera
Unicellular Multicellular
organisms organisms

Kingdom: -----------

Kingdom: Animalia

Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Fungi

6.1 Classification of living organisms

Can you recall? How the plants are classified?
We have studied the plants classification in last year. It helped us to understand the
diversity of plants around us.
You must be looking varieties of animals around you. Some animals are too small
whereas some are too big. Some animals are terrestrial where as some are aquatic. Some
animals crawl on land, some swim in water whereas some fly in air. Some animals have
scales on skin whereas some have feathers or hairs. In this way, there is huge diversity
among the animals too. According to recent studies, estimated number of animal species
on earth is approximately 7 million. It is impossible to study each and every species.
However, if groups and sub-groups of animals are formed depending upon the similarities
& differences, it will make it very easy to study such vast variety of animals.
61
 Formation of groups and sub-groups of animals depending upon similarities and
differences among animals is called as animal classification.

History of animal classification

Time to time, different scientists have tried
to classify the animals. Greek philosopher Benefits of animal classification
Aristotle was the first to perform the animal 1. Study of animals becomes
classification. Aristotle classified the animals convenient.
according to the criteria like body size, 2. Study of few animals from a
habits and habitats. Further, as per the new group helps to understand about
developments in sciences, references were that entire animal group.
changed and thereby the criteria of animal 3. It gives idea about animal
classification too. Classification proposed evolution.
by Aristotle is known as ‘Artificial method’. 4. Animals can be easily identified
Besides Aristotle, artificial method of with great accuracy.
classification was followed by Theophrastus, 5. It helps to understand the
Pliny, John Ray, Linnaeus, etc. Later on, relationship of animals with
‘Natural system of classification’ was followed. other living organisms.
Natural system of classification was based on 6. It helps to understand the
various criteria like body organization, types of habitat of each animal and it's
cells, chromosomes, bio-chemical properties, exact role in the nature.
etc. By the time, system of classification based 7. It helps to understand various
on evolution was also brought into practice. It adaptations shown by animals.
was used by Dobzhansky and Meyer. Recently,
Carl Woese has also proposed the animal
classification

Traditional method of animal classification

Traditionally, depending upon presence or absence of the notochord, the animal
kingdom has been divided into two groups- Non-chordates and Chordates.

A. Non-Chordates : Characters of non-chordate animals are as follows

1. Body is not supported by rod-like notochord.
2. Pharyngeal gill-slits are absent.
3. Nerve cord; if present, it is on ventral side. It is solid & paired.
4. Heart, if present, it is on dorsal side.

Non-chordates are classified / divided into ten phyla. Those phyla are- Protozoa,
Porifera, Coelentarata / Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Hemichordata

62
Chordates : Characters of chordates are as follows
1. Body is supported by notochord.
2. Pharyngeal gill-slits or lungs are present for respiration.
3. Nerve cord is present on dorsal side of body. It is hollow.
4. Heart is present on ventral side of body.

Notochord Nerve chord

Muscle
Notochord is a long rod like
supporting structure present on
dorsal side of animal body. It
keeps the nerve tissue isolated from
remaining body. Mouth
Anus Gill slits
Tail fin
6.2 Characteristics of Chordates
Do you know?

All chordate animals are grouped together in a single phylum and the name of
phylum is same i.e. Phylum- Chordata. This phylum has been divided into three
subphyla as- Urochordata, Cephalochordata & Vertebrata. Sub-phylum Vertebrata has
been further divided into six classes as- Class: Cyclostomata, Class: Pisces, Class:
Amphibia, Class: Reptilia, Class: Aves and Class: Mammalia.

1. Protozoa 6. Annelida
Sub Kingdom
2. Porifera 7. Arthropoda
Non-
Phylum 3. Cnidaria 8. Mollusca
chordates
4.Platyhelminthes 9. Echinodermata
5.Aschelminthes 10. Hemichordata
Kingdom:
Animalia

Sub 1. Urochordata 1.Cyclostomata

Kingdom: Phylum- 2. Pisces
Chordates Chordata
3. Amphibia
Class

2. Cephalochordata
4. Reptilia
3. Vertebrata 5. Aves
Subphylum 6. Mammalia
6.3 Conventional System of Animal Classification
This system of animal classification was in practice till now. However, now a days, new
system of classification is followed. We will study this new system of animal classification
in brief.
At present, according to the five kingdom classification system of Robert Whittaker, all
multicellular animals are included in Kingdom: Animalia. This system of classification is
based upon some criteria like Body organization, Body symmetry, Body cavity, Germinal
layers, Segmentation, etc.
63
Criteria for new system of classification
A. Grades of organization Do you know?
Body of animals is made up of cells. In
In unicellular organisms all the
case of multicellular animals, many cells
functions of life are performed by same
are performing different functions in their
cell. Body organization of these unicellular
body.
organisms is called 'Protoplasmic grade'
In case of multicellular of organization
animals, if tissues are not formed, Amoeba Paramecium
their body organization is called
as ‘Cellular grade organization’.
Ex. Phylum-Porifera.
In case of some animals,
cells come together to form
tissues with the help of which all 6.4 Protoplasmic-grade organization.
the body functions are performed.
Such animals show ‘Cell - tissue Outlet (Osculla)
grade’ organization. Ex. Animals
from phylum- Cnidaria. Spicule
Flat worms show ‘Tissue- Amoebocyte
Organ grade’ organization. In Ostium
this type of organization, tissues Non living
are organized to form some part
organs. However, complete Sycon
organ systems are not formed.

Collar cells
6.5 Cellular grade organization

Pharynx
Planaria
Bell Gastrovascular
Tube Gonads Cavity
Muscle ring
Mouth
Intestine
Tentacle Eye spot

Oral arms Ganglia Nerve chord

Mouth

Jellyfish

6.6 Cell -Tissue grade organization 6.7 Tissue -Organ grade organization
64
 Body organization of human has been shown in the following figure.
Observe Use appropriate labels in that figure. Which organs are present in
human body?
Besides the four types of body organizations
mentioned above, Remaining all animals show
‘Organ - system grade organization’ in which
different organs are joined together to form organ
system that performs specific functions. Ex. Crab,
Frog, Human, etc.
B. Body Symmetry
Take the pictures of human body and spongilla
and try to take an imaginary section through
specific plane of their bodies so as to get two equal
halves.
What did you observe?
6.8 Organ- System grade of organization
In imaginary sense, if body of any animal is cut through imaginary axis of body,
it may or may not produce two equal halves. Depending upon this property, there are
different types of animal bodies.
Asymmetrical Body : In case of such body, there is no any such imaginary axis of the
body through which we can get two equal halves. Ex. some sponges.
Radial symmetry : In this type of body, if imaginary cut passes through central axis but
any plane of body, it gives two equal halves. Ex. Star fish. In case of this animal, there are
five different planes passing through central axis of body through which we can get two
equal halves.
Bilateral symmetry: In this type of body, there is only one such imaginary axis of body
through which we can get two equal halves. Ex. Insects, fishes, frog, birds, human, etc.
Asymmetrical body Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry

6.9 Types of body symmetry

C. Germ Layers: Diploblastic and triploblastic
In case of multicellular animals, germ layers Endoderm
are formed during initial period of their embryonic
development and from those germ layers only,
different tissues are formed in the body. In case of
some animals, only two germ layers [Endoderm &
ectoderm] are formed. Ex.: All Cnidarians. In most Dead layer Ectoderm Mesoderm
of all the remaining animals, three germ layers are
formed i.e. mesoderm besides endoderm & ectoderm. 6.10 Diploblastic and triploblastic

65
D. Body cavity (Coelom) Coelom
Cavity between the body wall and internal Ectoderm
organs is called as body cavity/coelom. In case
of multicellular animals, during initial period
of their embryonic development, body cavity Mesoderm
Endoderm
is formed from either mesoderm. Such type of
body cavity is present in animals of phylum Eucoelomates
Annelida and all phyla coming after Annelida.
Such animals are called as eucoelomate Ectoderm
(animals with true body cavity). Body cavity is
absent in case of animals from phyla Porifera, Pseudocoelom
Mesoderm
Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes. Such animals
are called as acoelomate. In case of animals Endoderm
from phylum Aschelminthes, they have body Pseudocoelomates
cavity but it is not formed by the above
mentioned two ways. Hence those animals are Ectoderm
called as pseudocoelomates. Mesoderm
E. Body Segmentation
If the body of animals is divided into
small, similar units, then such body is called as Endoderm
segmented body and each small unit is called Acoelomates
as segment. Ex. Animals like earthworm from
6.11 Animal types as per body cavity
phylum Annelida.
Kingdom Body organization Body symmetry Body cavity Phylum
(Coelom)

Kingdom: Cellular Asymmetrical

1. Porifera
Animalia grade body
(Multicel-
lular organ- Radial
Tissue / 2. Cnidaria
isms without symmetry
organ /
cell wall)
organ-system Acoelomate 3. Platyhelminthes
grade Bilateral
symmetry 4. Aschelminthes
Pseudocoelomate
5. Annelida

king 6. Arthropoda
dom Eucoelomate
-An 7. Mollusca
ima
lia
8. Echinodermata

9. Hemichordata

With the help of above mentioned criteria, animals are classified . 10. Chordata

66
Phylum- Porifera
1. These animals are with simplest body plan and are
called as ‘Sponges’. They bear numerous pores on
their body. Those pores are called as ‘Ostia’ and
‘Oscula’.
2. These are aquatic animals. Most of them are marine
and few are fresh water dwellers.
Spongila
3. Most of the animals have asymmetrical body.
4. These animals have special types of cells- collar cells.
5. These animals are always attached to substratum, Collar cells
Osculum
hence do not show locomotion. Hence, they are
referred as sedentary animals.
6. Their spongy body is supported by spicules or spongin
fibres. Spicules are made up of calcium carbonate or
silica.
7. These animals feed upon small organisms taken in
their body along with water. Water is taken in through Ostia
ostia and given out through oscula.
8. These animals reproduce by budding, an asexual
method and / or by sexual method. Besides, they have
good ability of regeneration. Sycon sponge
Examples: Sycon, Euspongia (Bath sponge), 6.12 Animals in Porifera phylum
Hyalonema, Euplectella, etc.
Phylum - Coelenterata/Cnidaria
1. Body of these animals is cylindrical or
umbrella-like. If it is cylindrical, it is called Tentacles
as ‘Polyp’ and if it is umbrella like, it called Mouth
as ‘Medusa’. Testes
2. Most of these animals are marine. Only few
Body
are fresh-water dwellers.
3. Body of these animals is radially symmetrical
Ovary New bud
& diploblastic.
4. Cnidoblast bearing tentacles are present Hydra
around the mouth. Tentacles are useful for
capturing the prey whereas cnidoblasts Tentacles
Coral
inject the toxin in the body of prey.
Sea anemone
Those are useful for protection too.
Examples: Hydra, Adamsia (Sea anemone),
Physalia (Portuguese- man-of war),
Aurelia (Jelly fish), Corals, etc.

6.13 Animals in Cnidaria phylum

67
 Do you know?
Bath sponge: This is black coloured and somewhat round-shaped
animal. Its body is mainly made up of fibers of a protein- spongin and
due to this, they have good water-holding capacity. It was used for
bathing during old days. Besides, it was also used for manufacturing
of pillows and cushions. These were also used as wetting material
for sticking postal stamps and counting the currency notes.

Phylum - Platyhelminthes Mouth

1. Body of these animals is slender & flat like Genital Oral sucker
a leaf or strip. Hence, they are called as aperture
‘flatworms’. Ventral
Leaf like body
sucker
2. Most of these animals are endoparasites.
Few are free-living & aquatic.
Liver fluke
3. Body is acoelomate & bilaterally
symmetrical.
4. These are triploblastic i.e. their body is made Excretory pore
up of three germ layers- endoderm, ectoderm Planaria
& mesoderm.
5. These animals are hermaphrodite i.e. male
and female reproductive systems are present Tape worm
in the same animal body.
Examples: Planaria, Liver fluke,Tape worm,
etc. 6.14 Animals in phylum Platyhelminthes

Surprising information
Coral reefs are present in ocean. These reefs are actually colonies
of specific cnidarians. A precious stone called ‘Coral’ (पोवळा) and
the coral powder (प्रवाळ भस्म) used in ayurveda is derived from these
reefs. Collect more information about these corals from internet.

Phylum- Aschelminthes
1. Body of these animals is long thread-like or Mouth
cylindrical. Hence, they are called as round Genital
worms. aperture
2. These animals are either free living or Mouth Female
endoparasites. Free living animals are either Ascaris
Male
aquatic or terrestrial. Ascaris
3. Body of these animals is triploblastic and
pseudocoelomate. hole
4. Body of these animals is non-segmented and hole
covered with tough cuticle.
5. These animals are unisexual. Tail Tail
Examples: Ascaris (Intestinal worm), Filarial 6.15 Animals in phylum
worm, Loa loa (Eye worm), etc. Aschelminthes
68
 Internet is my friend
Collect the Information
1. How does the infection of tapeworm in man, liver fluke in grazing animals like
goat and sheep occur and what are their preventive measures?
2. How does the infection of round worms like Ascaris, Filarial worm and plant
nematodes occur and what are their preventive measures and treatment?

Phylum - Annelida
1. Body of these animals is long, cylindrical and metamerically segmented.
2. Most of the animals are free-living, but few are ectoparasites. Free-living animals
may be marine or fresh water dwellers or terrestrial.
3. These animals are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and eucoelomate.
4. They have setae or parapodia or suckers for locomotion.
5. Their body is covered with special cuticle.
6. These animals are either hermaphrodite or unisexual.
Examples: Earthworm, Leech, Nereis, etc.

Segment Tentacle
Clitellum Mouth Anus Mouth
Anus
Parapodia

Earthworm
Mouth Leech Nereis
Anus

6.16 Animals in phylum Annelida

1. Why is earthworm called as friend of farmers?

Get Information 2. How may be the leech used in ayurvedic system of treatment?

Phylum- Arthropoda
1. These animals have jointed appendages. Hence they are called as arthropods.
2. Planet Earth has highest number of animals from this phylum. Hence, this is largest
phylum with highly successful animals in animal kingdom.
3. These animals are found in all types of habitats ranging from deepest oceans to
highest mountains.
4. Body of these animals is triploblastic, eucoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical and
segmented.
5. Chitinous exoskeleton is present around their body.
6. These animals are unisexual.
Examples: Crab, spider, scorpion, millipede, centipede, cockroach, butterfly, honey
bee, etc.
69
 Centipede Wings Thorax
Head
Find out

What is chitin?
Antennae

Abdomen
Legs
Scorpion Cockroach
Butterfly

6.17 Animals in phylum Arthropoda

Let's Think

1. What types of benefit & harm occur to human from animals of phylum- Arthropoda?
2. Which are the animals from phylum Arthropoda those have shortest & longest
lifespan?
3. Why has it been said that only insects directly compete with humans for food?

Phylum- Mollusca Siphon

1. Body of these animals is soft and slimy. Hence
they are referred as mollusc.
Eye
2. This is second largest phylum in animal
kingdom.
3. These animals are aquatic or terrestrial. Most Tentacle
of the aquatic molluscs are marine, but few
are fresh water dwellers too.
4. Body of these animals is triploblastic, Octopus Sucker
eucoelomate, non-segmented and soft. Except
animals like snail, their body shows bilateral
symmetry. Their body is divided into three
divisions like head, foot and visceral mass.
5. Visceral mass is covered with mantle. This
mantle secretes a hard, calcareous shell. This
shell may be external or internal or even
Bivalve Snail
absent in some cases.
6. These animals are unisexual.
Examples: Bivalve, Snail, Octopus, etc. 6.18 Animals in phylum Mollusca

Surprising Information! Books are my friend

1. Octopus is most clever animal among all
non-chordates. It can change its colour. Collect the information about pearl
2. It can perform three types of locomotions production from bivalves by reading
like swimming, creeping & walking. appropriate books.

70
Phylum- Echinodermata
1. Calcareous spines are present on the body of these animals; hence they are called as
echinoderms.
2. These animals are found only in ocean.
3. Their body is triploblastic, eucoelomate. And it is radially symmetrical in adult
stage. However, they show bilateral symmetry in larval stage.
4. They perform locomotion with the help of tube-feet. Tube feet are also useful for
capturing the prey. Some animals are sedentary.
5. They have skeleton made up of calcareous spines and / or ossicles (plates).
6. These animals have good ability of regeneration.
7. These animals are mostly unisexual.
Examples: Star fish, sea-urchin, brittle star, sea-cucumber, etc.

Star fish Sea-cucumber Sea-urchin

6.19 Animals in phylum Echinodermata

In certain situations, star fish can break apart its body

Do you know?
parts and regenerate those later on.

Phylum- Hemichordata
1. Body of these animals is divided into three Proboscis
parts as proboscis, collar & trunk.
2. Notochord is present in proboscis Collar
region only. Hence, they are called as
hemichordates.
3. These animals are also called as ‘acorn Balanoglossus
worms’.
4. These are marine animals, live in burrows
in sand.
5. They have one to many pharyngeal gill Saccoglossus
slits. Trunk
6. They are unisexual or some may be
hermaphrodite.
Ex.: Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus. 6.20 Animals in phylum Hemichordata

Through the view point of evolution, Balanoglossus is considered as connecting link

between non-chordates and chordates. This animal shows the characters of both the
groups.

71
Phylum- Chordata
These animals have supporting notochord in their body. All chordates are included in
the same phylum. The phylum Chordata is classified in to three subphyla. Following are
important characters of phylum Chordata
1. Notochord is present in the body during at least any developmental stage.
2. Pharyngeal gill slits are present in the body during at least any developmental stage.
3. Single, tubular spinal cord is present on dorsal side of body.
4. Heart is present on ventral side of body.
A. Sub phylum - Urochordata
1. These are marine animals.
2. Their body is covered by skin-like Branchial Atrial aperture
test or tunic. aperture
3. Larvae of these animals are freely
swimming and notochord is present Tunic
in only tail region of larvae. Hence,
they are called as Urochordata.
4. Larvae metamorphose into adults Body
after settling down at bottom of the
sea.
5. Generally, these animals are Foot
hermaphrodite.
Examples: Herdmania, Doliolum, Doliolum Herdmania
Oikopleura, etc.
6.21 Animals in Sub- phylum Urochordata

Notochord
B. Sub phylum -Cephalochordata
Segmental Muscles
Nerve chord 1. These are small, fish-like, marine
animals.
2. Notochord is present throughout the
body length.
3. Pharynx is very large and contains
Liver Intestine Anus
Pharyngeal gills gill-slits.
Gonads 4. These animals are unisexual.
Ex.: Amphioxus.
6.21 Animals in Sub- phylum Cephalochordata

C. Sub phylum -Vertebrata/Craniata

1. In these animals, notochord is replaced by vertebral column.
2. In these animals, head is well developed.
3. Brain is protected by cranium.
4. Endoskeleton is either cartilaginous or bony.
5. Some chordates are jaw-less (Agnatha) whereas some are with jaws (Gnathostomata).
72
Subphylum- Vertebrata is divided into six classes as follows-
a. Class- Cyclostomata
Eye
1. These animals have jaw-less mouth
provided with sucker.
2. Their skin is soft and without any scale. Body Sucker
Gill slits
3. Paired appendages are absent.
4. Endoskeleton is cartilaginous.
5. Most of the animals are ectoparasites.
Examples: Petromyzon, Myxine, etc.
b. Class- Pisces
1. These are cold blooded 6.23 : Class Cyclostomata-Petromyzon
(Poikilotherms) aquatic animals
living in marine and fresh waters.
2. Body is spindle shaped to minimize
water-resistance. Lateral line
3. They have paired & un-paired fins Dorsal fin
for swimming. Tail fin is useful as Eye
a steering organ during swimming. Caudal
fin
4. Exoskeleton is in the form of
scales & endoskeleton is either
Mouth Ventral fin
cartilaginous or bony. Pelvic fin
5. Respiration occurs with gills. Gill slits
Pectoral fin
Examples.: Rohu, Pomfret, Sea
6.24 Class Pisces : Scoliodon (Dog fish)
horse, Shark, Electric ray, Sting
ray, etc.
c. Class- Amphibia Mouth Nares
1. These animals are strictly aquatic during
Trunk Tympanum
larval life and perform only aquatic respiration
whereas they can live in water as well as on Soft skin
land during adult life and can perform aquatic
as well as aerial respiration.
Fore arm
2. They have two pairs of appendages. Digits
are without claws.
3. Exoskeleton is absent. Skin is without
any derivative and usually kept moist for Frog
respiration. Leg
4. External ear is absent but tympanum is Rough skin
present.
5. Neck is absent. Eyes are prominent with eye Toad
lids.
Ex.: Frog, Toad, Salamander, etc. 6.25 Class Amphibia: Frog and Toad

73
d. Class- Reptilia
1. According to the course of animal evolution, Eyes
Tail
these are first true terrestrial animals with Scaly skin
creeping movement.
2. These are cold blooded (poikilotherms)
animals.
3. They creep on the land as their body cannot be
lifted up.
4. Their skin is dry and scaly. Legs
5. Neck is present between head & trunk.
6. External ear is absent. 6.26 Class-Reptilia : Wall lizard
7. Digits are provided with claws.
Examples: Tortoise, Lizard, Snake, etc.
e. Class- Aves Head
1. These vertebrates are completely adapted for
aerial life. Eyes
2. These are warm blooded (Homeotherms) i.e. Neck
Beak
they can maintain their body temperature
constant.
3. Their body is spindle-shaped to minimize air
resistance during flight.
4. Forelimbs are modified into wings. Digits are
covered with scales and bear claws.
5. Exoskeleton is present in the form of feathers. Claws
6. Neck is present between head and trunk.
7. Jaws are modified into beak.
Examples: Peacock, Parrot, Pigeon, Duck,
Penguin, etc. 6.27 Class- Aves: Pigeon
f. Class- Mammalia Eyes
1. Presence of mammary glands is typical
character of mammalia.
2. These animals are warm blooded.
3. Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail.
4. Digits are provided with nails, claws, or
hooves. Patagium
Body Legs
5. Exoskeleton is in the form of hairs or fur.
Examples: Elephant, Human, Kangaroo,
6.28 Class-Mammalia: Bat
Dolphin, Bat, etc.

Use your brain power

1. Animals like ghariyal & crocodile live in water as well as on land. Are they am-
phibians or reptiles?
2. Animals like whale, walrus live in water (ocean). Whether they are included in
pisces or mammalia?

74
 Use of Information Technology
Prepare the presentation of Always remember
animal classification using video clips
downloaded from internet. Varieties of animals are found
in our surroundings. We should be
Books are My Friends cautious about not causing any harm
Read the book- The Animal Kingdom: to animals during their studies and
Libbie Hyman and some other similar observations.
books.

Exercise
1. Identify me. d. To which phylum does Cockroach
a. I am diploblastic & acoelomate. belong? Justify your answer with
Which phylum do I belong to? scientific reasons.
b. My body is radially symmetrical. 6. Give scientific reasons.
Water vascular system is present in a. Though tortoise lives on land as well
my body. I am referred as fish as in water, it cannot be included in
though I am not. What is my name? class- Amphibia.
c. I live in your small intestine. b. Our body irritates if it comes in
Pseudocoelom is present in my contact with jelly fish.
thread like body. In which phylum c. All vertebrates are chordates but all
will you include me? chordates are not vertebrates.
d. Though I am multicellular, there are d. Balanoglossus is connecting link
no tissues in my body. What is the between non-chordates & chordates.
name of my phylum? e. Body temperature of reptiles is not
2. Write the characters of each of the constant.
following animals with the help of 7. Answer the following questions by
classification chart. choosing correct option.
Bath sponge, grasshopper, rohu, a. Which special cells are present in
penguin, frog, lizard, elephant, jellyfish. the body of sponges (Porifera)?
3. Write in brief about progressive 1. Collar cells. 2. Cnidoblasts.
changes in animal classification. 3. Germ cells. 4. Ectodermal cells.
4. What is the exact difference between b. Which of the following animals’
grades of organization and symmetry? body shows bilateral symmetry?
Explain with examples. 1. Star fish. 2. Jelly fish.
5. Answer in brief. 3. Earthworm. 4. Sponge.
a. Give scientific classification of c. Which of the following animals can
shark up to class. regenerate it’s broken body part?
b. Write four distinguishing characters 1. Cockroach. 2. Frog.
of phylum- Echinodermata. 3. Sparrow. 4. Star fish.
c. Distinguish between butterfly and d. Bat is included in which class?
bat with the help of four 1. Amphibia. 2. Reptilia.
distinguishing properties. 3. Aves. 4. Mammalia.

75
8. Complete the following chart. 11. Label the following.
Body cavity Germ Layer Phylum

Absent ------------- Porifera

Absent Triploblastic -----------
Pseudocoelom ------------- Aschel-
minthes.
Present ------------- Arthropoda

9. Complete the following chart.

Type Character Example Project :
In each week, on a specific day of your
Cyclostomata convenience, observe the animals present
around your school & residence. Perform this
Gill respiration
activity for six months. Keep datewise record of
Amphibia your observations. After the observation period
of six months, analyze your observations with
Whale respect to seasons. With the help of your teacher,
Poikilotherms classify the reported animals.

10. Sketch, label and classify

Hydra, Jellyfish, Planaria, Round worm,
Butterfly, Earthworm, Octopus, Star fish,
Shark, Frog, Wall lizard, Pigeon.

Photos with courtesy of : Shri Suresh Isave

76
 7. Introduction to Microbiology
Ø Applied Microbiology
Ø Industrial Microbiology
Ø Products

1. Which different microbes are useful to us?

Can you recall?
2. Which different products can be produced with the help of
microbes?
Applied Microbiology
Branch of biology in which study of the enzymes related to some prokaryotes and
eukaryotic microbes, proteins, applied genetics, molecular biology, etc. is performed; is
called as applied microbiology. This study is used for the society and various products like
food and medicines are produced on large scale with the help of microorganisms.

Industrial microbiology
This science is related to commercial use of microbes in which various economic,
social and environment related processes and products are included. Various microbial
processes useful for this purpose are carried out.

Industrial Microbiology: main features

A. Various productions with the help of fermentation process. Ex. Bread, cheese, wine,
raw material for chemicals, enzymes, nutrients, medicines, etc.
B. Use of microbes for garbage management and pollution control.

We use the fermentation process while conversion of milk into

Can you recall?
yoghurt. Which microbes are useful for this process?

Products
A. Dairy Products
Since ancient days, milk is converted into various products for its preservation purpose.
Ex. Cheese, butter, cream, kefir, yoghurt, etc. Water content and acidity of the milk changes
during formation of these products and texture, taste and flavour is improved.
These processes are performed on large scale with more skill. For production of most
of the milk products, bacteria in milk itself are used; only cheese is produced with the help
of fungi. Basic process for production of yoghurt, cheese and cream is same. Milk is
pasteurized at the beginning to destroy unwanted microbes. It is then fermented with the
help of lactobacilli. In this process, lactose sugar of the milk is converted into lactic acid
and milk proteins are coagulated with the help of lactic acid. Besides, compounds with
taste and flavour are also formed. Ex. Diacetyl has the flavour of butter.

77
2. Yoghurt Products
Yoghurt is a milk product produced with the help of lactobacilli (inoculant). For
maintaining the protein content, condensed milk powder is mixed with milk to be fermented
for industrial production of yoghurt. Milk is boiled and once it cools to warm temperature,
bacterial strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii are added to it
in 1:1 proportion. Lactic acid is formed due to Streptococcus that makes the proteins to gel out
that gives dense consistency to the yoghurt.
Acetaldehyde like compounds are formed due to lactobacilli
that gives characteristic taste to the yoghurt. Now a day, various
fruit juices are mixed with yoghurt to impart different flavours. Ex.
Strawberry yoghurt, banana yoghurt, etc. Shelf life of yoghurt and
its probiotic properties can be improved by pasteurization.
3. Butter
Two types of butter like sweet cream and cultured are produced
on large scale. Microbes are used for production of cultured variety.
4. Cheese production
Cheese is produced on large scale from the abundantly available
cow milk all over the world. First, chemical and microbiological
tests of milk are performed. Some colours and microbes like
Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus cremoris, and Streptococcus
thermophilus are mixed with milk. It imparts sourness to the milk.
After this, to impart the dense texture, whey (water in yoghurt) needs
to be removed.
An enzyme, rennet obtained from alimentary canal of cattle
was being traditionally used earlier. However, an enzyme protease
obtained from fungi is used at present to produce vegetarian cheese.
The whey is separated from yoghurt (which has some other
uses). Then, process of production of cheese is started through steps 7.1 Cheese and Butter
like cutting the solid yoghurt into pieces, washing, rubbing, salting, and mixing of essential
microbes, pigments and flavours. Then, cheese is pressed and cut in to pieces and stored for
ripening.
1. Which different types of cheese are used in western food like
Let’s think pizza, burger, sandwich, etc?
2. What is difference between those types of cheese?

Do you know?
During industrial production of milk products, strict cleanliness and sterilization
is essential as bacteria can be attacked by viruses. Hence, virus-resistant varieties of
bacteria are developed. Recently, use of mutant varieties of bacteria has been increased.
Artificially, some strains are developed that will help to avoid unnecessary steps /
materials.
Freshly prepared cheese is always soft e.g. cottage cheese, cream cheese, mozzarella
cheese. On storing for 3 to 12 months, semi-hard cheddar cheese is formed whereas after
ripening for 12 – 18 months, very hard cheese called parmesan cheese is formed.

78
 Can you tell? What for probiotic food is famous?

Probiotics
These are also milk products, but contain active bacteria e.g. Lactobacillus,
Acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, etc. These microbes maintain
the balance of intestinal microorganisms i.e. increase the population of microbes helping
the digestion and decrease the population of harmful microbes (ex. Clostridium). Probiotic
products are available in various forms like yoghurt, kefir, sauerkraut (pickle of cabbage),
dark chocolate, miso soup, pickles, oils, corn syrup, artificial sweeteners, microalgae (Sea
food like Spirulina, Chlorella, Blue green algae, etc.).
Why the probiotics have developed much importance in
recent days? These products form the colonies of useful
microbes in alimentary canal and control other microbes and
their metabolic activities, improve resistance and lower the
ill-effects of harmful substances formed during metabolic
activities. Useful microbes become inactive due to antibiotics;
probiotics make them active again.
Nowadays, probiotics are used for treatment of diarrhoea
and treatment of poultry also. 7.2 Probiotics

In the earlier class, you had prepared the solution of

Use your brain power dry yeast for observation of yeast. Which substance is
prepared by its use on commercial basis?
Bread
Different types of breads are produced from flour of cereals. Dough is formed by
mixing of baker’s yeast – Saccharomyces cerevisiae, water, salt and other necessary
materials with flour. Due to fermentation of carbohydrates by yeast, sugar is converted in
to carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol. Dough rises up due to CO2 and the bread becomes
spongy.
Compressed yeast is used in commercial bakery industry. It is available in dry,
granular form for domestic use. Yeast produced for commercial use contains various
useful contents like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, various vitamins, and minerals. Due to
this, bread and other products produced with the help of yeast become nutritive. Ingredients
like vinegar, soya sauce and monosodium glutamate (ajinomoto) that are used in presently
popular chinese food are produced by microbial fermentation.
Vinegar Production
Vinegar is used in each country of the world to impart sour taste to
food materials and for preservation of pickles, sauce, ketch-up, chutneys,
etc. Chemically, vinegar is 4% acetic acid (CH3COOH).
Ethanol, an alcohol is obtained by fermentation of carbon
compounds like fruit juices, maple syrup, sugar molasses, starch of the
roots; with the help of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
7.3 Vinegar
79
 Mixture of bacterial strains like Acetobacter and Glucanobacter
is mixed with ethanol for its microbial degradation. Acetic acid
and other by-products are obtained through it. Acetic acid is
separated from mixture by rarefaction. Acetic acid is bleached with
the help of potassium ferrocynide. Then, it is pasteurized. Finally,
very small quantity of SO2 gas is mixed to produce vinegar.
Soya sauce is produced by fermentation of the mixture of flour 7.4 Aspergillus oryzae
of wheat or rice and soyabean with the help of the fungus Aspergillus
oryzae.
Production of beverages
Sr. Fruit Microbe used Role of microbe Name of
No. beverage
1 Caffea arabica Lactobacillus brevis Separating seeds from Coffee
fruit
2 Theobroma Candida, Hansenula, Separating seeds from Cocoa
cacao Pichia,Saccharomyces. fruit
3 Grapes Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation of juice Wine
4 Apple Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation of juice Cider

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fruit and seeds of coffee Cocoa seeds

7.5 Some ingredients of beverages production
1. Which functions are performed by enzymes secreted in
Can you tell?
human digestive system?
2. Give names of some such enzymes.
Microbial Enzymes
Nowadays, instead of chemical catalysts, microbial enzymes are used
in chemical industry. These enzymes are active at low temperature, pH and
pressure; due to which energy is saved and erosion-proof instruments are also
not necessary. Enzymes carry out specific processes; hence unnecessary by-
products are not formed due to which expenses on purification are minimised.
In case of microbial enzymatic reactions, elimination and decomposition
of waste material is avoided and enzymes can be reused. Hence, such
enzymes are eco-friendly. Some examples of microbial enzymes are oxido-
reductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, etc.
Process of dirt / muck removal occurs at low temperature too due to mixing of
enzymes with detergents. Glucose and fructose syrup can be obtained from corn flour
by action of enzymes obtained from bacilli and streptomyces. Microbial enzymes
are used in various industries like cheese, plant extracts, textile, leather, paper, etc.
80
 Food materials like cold drinks, ice creams, cakes, juices
Use your brain power are available in various colours and flavours. Whether these
colours and flavours are really derived from fruits?
Read the ingredients and their proportion printed on bottles of cold
Search drinks and juices and wrappers of ice creams. Find out the natural and
artificial ingredients. Wheat or rice flour is inoculated with Aspergillus.
Organic acids used in various commercial products and microbes useful for the same
Source Microbe Amino acid Use
Sugar and beet Brevibacterium, L-glutamic acid Production of monosodium
molasses, ammonia Corynobacterium glutamate (Ajinomoto)
salt
Sugar molasses, Aspergillus niger Citric acid Drinks, toffees, chocolate
salt production
Glucose, corn steep Aspergillus niger Gluconic acid Production of minerals used
liquor as supplement for calcium
and iron
Molasses, corn Lactobacillus Lactic acid Source of nitrogen,
steep liquor delbrueckii production of vitamins.
Molasses, corn Aspergillus Itaconic acid Paper, textile, plastic
steep liquor itaconius industry, gum production
What is the xanthan gum that imparts thickness to
your favourite ice creams, puddings, chocolates, milk
shakes, chocolate drinks, instant soups, etc.? This gum
is obtained by fermentation of starch and molasses with
the help of Xanthomonas species. It is variously useful
due to properties like solubility in hot and cold water,
high density, etc. It is used for production of pigments,
fertilizers, weedicides, textile pigments, tooth pastes,
7.6 Aspergilus niger high quality paper, etc.
Substances obtained by microbial processing and their roles
Substances obtained by microbial processing Roles
Citirc, Malic and Lactic acid To impart acidity
Glutamic acid, Lysine, Tryptophan Protein binding
Nycin and natamycin Microbial restrictor
Ascorbic acid (Vit. C), B12, B2 Antioxidants, vitamins.
Beta carotene, lycopenes, xanthenes, lutein Edible colours
Polysaccharides, glycolipids Emulsifiers
Vanillin, Ethyl butyrate (fruit flavour), peppermint
Essence
flavour, essence of various fruits and flowers
Xylitol, aspartame Artificial sweetener (low calorie)
81
 1. What do you mean by antibiotic?
Can you recall?
2. Which precautions should be taken about their consumption?
Antibiotics
Many diseases of human and other animals have been controlled due to antibiotics
obtained from different types of bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins,
monobactam, bacitracin, erythromycin, gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracyclins,
vancomycin, etc. are used against various strains of gram positive and gram negative
bacteria. Rifamycin is effective against tuberculosis.
in etc.
1. Which different materials are decomposed in biogas plant?
Can you tell? 2. Which useful materials are obtained through it? Which is the
fuel out of those?
3. Decomposition occurs through which organisms?
Microbes and Fuels
1. Gaseous fuel- methane can be obtained by microbial
anaerobic decomposition of urban agricultural and industrial
waste.
2. Ethanol, an alcohol is a clean (smokeless) fuel
obtained during fermentation of molasses by the yeast-
Saccharomyces.
3. Hydrogen gas is considered to be the fuel of future.
Hydrogen gas is released during bio-photolysis of water in
which bacteria perform the photoreduction. 7.7 Saccharomyces (yeast)
Similar to fuels, various industrial chemicals are also produced through microbial
process. Ex. various alcohols, acetone, organic acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, that
are useful as raw materials in chemical industry. Some of these are useful as raw materials
for plastic and food products.
Biomass
Solar energy + CO2
Observe
Conversion
Observe the fig. 7.7. Harvesting
of cellulose
Discuss about bio-fuel. to glucose
Bio-fuel : Biofuel is
important among the Threshing
renewable source of good
energy. These fuels are CO2
available in solid (coal, Cellulose
Sugar
dung, crop residue), liquid
Biofuel CO2
(vegetable oils, alcohol),
gaseous (gobar gas, coal CO2
gas) forms. These fuels are Liquid fuel
easily available and in CO2
production
plenty of quantity. These are through
reliable fuels of the future. fermentation
7.8 Biofuel production
82
Microbial Pollution Control
Solids wastes, sewage and various pollutants are ever increasing with increase in
pollution. Along with it, ever increasing diseases and degradation of environment are the
world-wide problems. Especially, cities in densely populated countries like India are
affected with these problems. Life of the future generations will be difficult if these
problems are not solved at right time and to right extent. Let us see the role of microbes in
environment.
You already know that microbes are used for disposal of solid waste through biogas
plant and compost production. How urban waste that is accumulated in terms of tonnes,
may be disposed off ?

1. Why is it asked to segregate wet and dry waste in each home?

Let's Think
2. What is done with the segregated waste?
3. Which is most appropriate method of disposal of dry waste?
Methane
Soil Processing
Garbage Gas
cover on sewage Land-filling sites
Degradable waste being
accumulated in urban areas
well to is used for this purpose. Large
Plastic Sheet pits are dug in open spaces far
monitor
ground away from the residential area
water Collection of sewage and those pits are lined with
level plastic sheets as a precaution
against pollution of soil due to
7.9 Modern landfill site leaching of toxic and harmful
materials.
Compressed waste is dumped in the pit. It is covered with layers of soil, saw dust,
leafy waste and specific biochemicals. Bioreactors are mixed at some places. Microbes
present in soil and other top layers decompose the waste. Completely filled pit is sealed
with soil slurry. Best quality compost is formed after few days. Such land filling sites can
be reused after removal of compost.
Observe the garbage vans of grampanchayat and municipality.
Observe Nowadays, there is facility of decreasing the volume of garbage by
compaction in those vans. Explain the advantages of this activity.

Sewage Management
In villages, domestic sewage is disposed off either in nearby soil or in biogas plant.
However, in cities, sewage needs to be carried to processing unit and acted upon by
microbial processes.
Microbes which can decompose any compound as well as destroy the pathogens
of cholera, typhoid, etc. are mixed with sewage. They release methane and CO2 by
decomposition of the carbon compounds present in sewage. Phenol oxidizing bacteria
decompose the xenobiotic chemicals present in sewage.

83
 The sludge that settles down
in this process can again be used Collect Information
as fertilizer. Water released
after microbial treatment is 1. Which materials should not be present in
environmentally safe. Microbes garbage for its proper microbial decomposition?
are used for bioremediation of 2. How the sewage generated in your house
environment polluted due to or apartment is disposed off ?
sewage.
Clean Technology
Human being has made a very fast progress in technology. However, environmental
pollution is also increasing with same speed. Let us see the ways of control over air, soil
and water pollution with the help of microbes.
Microbes have natural ability of decomposing the manmade chemicals. Hydrocarbons
and other chemicals are transformed with the help of these abilities.
1. Some microbes remove the sulphur from fuels.
2. Metals like copper, iron, uranium, zinc, etc. leach into environment from low
quality metalloids. These are converted into compounds before leaching, with the help of
thiobacilli and sulphobacilli.

Can you tell?

You must have seen or read the news of dead fishes or

oily water accumulating at the sea coasts. Why does this
happen?
Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean due to various
reasons. This oil may prove fatal and toxic to aquatic
organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from surface
of water by mechanical method. However, bacteria like 7.10 Alcanovorax borkumensis
Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanovorax borkumensis have
the ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals.
Hence, these bacteria are used to clear the oil spills. These
are called as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). HCB
decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction
of carbon with oxygen. CO2 and water is formed in this
process.
Plastic bottles are formed from the chemical substance 7.11 Pseudomonas
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester). Now a day,
most of the urban garbage consists of plastic. It has been
observed that species like Vibrio, Ideonella sakaiensis
can decompose the PET. Similarly, species of bacteria
like Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Nocardia, Actinoplanes
have ability of decomposing rubber from garbage.
7.12 Acidobacillus
84
 Sulphuric acid is present in the acid rain and materials
coming out of mines. You know that erosion of metals present in
statues, bridges and buildings occurs due to it. Sulphuric acid is
source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidophillium
spp. and Acidobacillus ferroxidens. Hence, these bacteria can
control the soil pollution occurring due to acid rain.

Collect pictures of various

Internet is My Friend useful microbes. Display chart of
their information in classroom. 7.13 Geobacter

Water soluble salts of uranium are present in the wastes produced during
electroplating and in effluent released in environment from the atomic energy plant.
Geobacter convert these salts of uranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those
salts from mixing with ground water sources.
Microbes and Farming
How the bacteria present in soil and root nodules of
Can you tell?
leguminous plants are useful?
Microbial Inoculants
Some microbes-containing inoculants are produced by process of fermentation. These
inoculants are sprayed on seeds before sowing and some of the inoculants are released
into plants. Microbes in the inoculants help in plant growth by supplying nutrients. They
improve the quality of vegetarian food. Solution containing Azotobacter and artificial
nitrogenase is used in organic farming.
Soil pollution occurring due to Always Remember
chemical fertilizers is prevented due to use
of these solutions. Fluoroacetamide-like Plastic being used for
chemicals are mixed with soil due to use of storing the garbage is
chemical pesticides in agriculture. These biodegradable polylactic
prove to be harmful to other plants and acid. Such material should
animals as well as cause skin diseases to be used as per need only
human. These pesticides in the soil can be and environment should be
saved.
destroyed with the help of microbes.
Bioinsecticides
Bacterial and fungal toxins which
can destroy pests and pathogens can be
directly integrated into plants with the help
of biotechnology. Being toxic to insects,
they do not consume the plants. Similar to
bacteria, some species of fungi and viruses
are useful as pesticides. Spinosad, a by-
product of fermentation is a biopesticide.
7.14 Caterpillar feeding on leaf
85
 Exercise
1. Rewrite the following statements 4. Complete the following conceptual
using correct of the options and picture.
explain the completed statements.
(gluconic acid, coagulation, amino Cleaning
acid, acetic acid, clostridium,
lactobacilli) Sewage after
a. Process of -- -- -- -- of milk proteins processing
occurs due to lactic acid.
b. Harmful bacteria in like -- -- -- in the
intestine are destroyed due to
probiotics.
c. Chemically, vinegar is -- -- --. 5. Give scientific reasons.
d. Salts which can be used as a. Use of mutant strains has been
supplement of calcium and iron are increased in industrial microbiology.
obtained from -------- acid. b. Enzymes obtained by microbial
2. Match the pairs process are mixed with detergents.
‘A’ group ‘B’ group c. Microbial enzymes are used instead
a. Xylitol 1. Pigment of chemical catalysts in chemical
b. Citric acid 2. To impart industry.
sweetness 6. Complete the following conceptual
c. Lycopene 3. Microbial
restrictor picture with respect to uses.
d. Nycin 4. Protein binding
emulsifier
5. To impart acidity
3. Answer the following.
a. Which fuels can be obtained by microbial Xanthan gum
processes? Why is it necessary to increase
the use of such fuels?
b. How can the oil spills of rivers and
oceans be cleaned?
c. How can the soil polluted by acid 7. Complete the following conceptual
rain be made fertile again? picture related to environmental
d. Explain the importance of bio- management.
pesticides in organic farming.
e. Which are the reasons for increasing
the popularity of probiotic products? Oil spill
f. How the bread and other products
produced using baker’s yeast are
nutritious?
g. Which precautions are necessary for Microbes
proper decomposition of domestic
waste?
h. Why is it necessary to ban the use of
plastic bags?

86
8. Answer the following. Project :
a. What is role of microbes in compost 1. Find the ways to implement the
production? zero garbage system at domestic
b. What are the benefits of mixing
level.
ethanol with petrol and diesel?
c. Which plants are cultivated to 2. Which are the microbes that
obtain the fuel? destroy the chemical pesticides in
d. Which fuels are obtained from soil?
biomass? 3. Collect more information about
e. How does the bread become reasons for avoiding the use of
spongy? chemical pesticides.

87
 8. Cell Biology and Biotechnology
Ø   
Cell Biology (Cytology) Ø   
Stem Cells
Ø   
Biotechnology and Its Applications Ø   
Important Stages in
Development of Agriculture

1. What is cell?
Can you Recall 2. What is tissue? Which are the functions of tissue?
3. Which technique in relation to tissues have you studied in
earlier classes?
4. Which are the various processes in tissue culture?
We have studied the plant production by technique of tissue culture in the last class.
Stem cells are used for that purpose. Whether such stem cells are present in animals?
Assign names in the figure given below. Explain the various stages
Observe those are kept blank.
Cytology
Earlier, we have studied the structure,
types and organelles of the cell. This is
called as cell biology / cytology. Besides
above mentioned points, it includes the
study of cell division and many other
aspects of the cell.
There are revolutionary changes in the
field of human health due to cell biology.
Research institutes specially dedicated for
research on cells are established at Pune
and Bengaluru, India. National Center for
Cell Science (http://www.nccs.res.in) at
Pune and ‘Instem’ (http://www.instem.res.
in) at Bengaluru are involved in valuable 8.1 Diagram
research.
Visit both the websites mentioned above and with the help of your teacher, try to
understand the research undergoing in those institutes.
Stem Cells
These are special types of cells present in the body of multicellular organisms. These
cells give rise to all other types of cells present in the body of multicellular organisms.
Similarly, these cells play an important role in wound healing.
We had studied the stem cells of plants in the previous class. Now, we shall study the
stem cells in animals, particularly in human beings.
New organism is formed from the zygote that is formed by union of male and female
gamete. At the earliest stage of development, organism is in the form of a mass of cells.
All the cells in that mass are almost alike. Those cells are called as stem cells.

88
 During further development, these cells form any type of cell, different types of tissues
and perform different functions in the body. This is the differentiation of stem cells. However,
once the tissues are formed, the cells in those tissues, at the most, can form same types of cells
only. This is the case in each part of the body. However, stem cells are present for longer
duration in some parts of the body.
Stem cells are present in the umbilical cord by which the foetus is joined to the uterus of
the mother. Stem cells are also present in the blastocyst stage of embryonic development.
Stem cells are present in red bone marrow and adipose connective tissue of adult human
beings. It has become possible to produce different types of tissues and the degenerated part
of any organ with the help of these stem cells.
Stem Cell Preservation
For the purpose of preservation, stem cell samples are carefully collected from sources
like cord blood, red bone marrow or embryo (blastocyst) and are kept in small, sterile vials.
Those vials are kept in liquid nitrogen at -1350C to -1900C.

Just like the grafting in plants, is the organ transplantation

Use your brain
possible in humans?
Stem cell research
In biotechnology, stem cell research is a revolutionary event after cloning. This technique
has the potential of bringing about the fundamental changes in the medical science.
Depending upon source, stem cells are of two types as embryonic stem cells and
adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells
Division of the zygote starts and thereby it is converted into embryo. Cells of embryo
undergo repeated mitotic divisions. Cell differentiation starts from 14th day of conception. Cells
of different organs like osteocytes (bone cells), hepatocytes (liver cells), and neurons are formed
due to differentiation. Embryonic cells before differentiation are called as embryonic stem cells.
220 different types of cells in human body are formed from single type cells i.e. embryonic stem
cells. Thus, stem cells are primary type of undifferentiated cells with self-multiplying ability
and they are parent cells of all types of human cells. This property of stem cells is called as
pleuripotency. It has been found that if these stem cells are collected well before the beginning
of differentiation on 14th day i.e. during 5th – 7th day and cultured with certain biochemical
stimulus in laboratory, as per the stimulus, they can transform themselves into desired type of
cells, thereby tissues and finally into organs.
Adult stem cells
Stem cells can be obtained from the body of adult person too. There are three main
sources of stem cells in the body of adult persons. Stem cells can be obtained from red bone
marrow, adipose connective tissue and blood. Besides, stem cells can be obtained from cord
blood immediate after birth.
Uses of Stem Cells
1. Regenerative Therapy
A. Cell Therapy: Stem cells are used to replace the dead cells in case of conditions like
diabetes, myocardial infarction, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc.
B. To produce blood cells required in conditions like anaemia, thalassemia, leukemia, etc.
2. Organ Transplantation: In case of failure of organs like kidney and liver, those can be
produced with the help of stem cells and transplanted.
89
 Discuss about stem cells and organ transplantation in the class
Observe with the help of figures given below.
Neuron Stem cells Organ transplantation
Various organs in the human body
either become less efficient or completely
functionless due to various reasons like
Brain Bone aging, accidents, infections, disorders, etc.
Life of such person becomes difficult or
even fatality may occur under such
conditions. However, if a person gets the
necessary organ under such conditions, its
Heart
Intestine life can be saved.
Liver Availability of donor is an important
8.2 Stem cells and organs requirement in organ transplantation. Each
person has a pair of kidneys. As the process
Can replicate of excretion can occur with the help of
themselves single kidney, person can donate another
one. Similarly, skin from certain parts
Stem cells
of the body can also be donated.
Various factors like blood group,
diseases, disorders, age, etc. of the donor
and recipient need to be paid attention
during transplantation.
However, other organs cannot be
donated during life time. Organs like liver,
Can be transformed into heart, eyes can be donated after death only.
other types of cells This has led to the emergence of concepts
like posthumous (after death) donation of
8.3 Stem cells therapy body and organs.
Organ and Body Donation: Human bodies are disposed off after death as per traditional
customs. However due to progress in science, it has been realized that many organs remain
functional for certain period even after death occurs under specific conditions. Concepts like
organ donation and body donation have emerged recently after realization that such organs can
be used to save the life of other needful persons. A liberal view behind the concept of organ and
body donation is that after death, our body should be useful to other needful persons so that their
miserable life would become comfortable. Awareness about these concepts is increasing in our
country and people are voluntarily donating their bodies.
Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation. Blinds can regain the
vision. Life of many people can be rendered comfortable by donation of organs like liver,
kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin, etc. Similarly, body can be made available for research in
medical studies. Many government and social organizations are working towards increasing the
awareness about body donation.
Visit the websites- http://www.who.int/transplantation/or-
Internet is my friend gan/en/ & www.organindia.org/approaching-the-transplant/ and
collect more information about ‘brain dead’, organ donation and
body donation.
90
 Always Remember Eyes

Organ donation and

transplantation is under the control of
‘Transplantation of Human Organs
Act, 1994’ and subsequent
amendments of 2009, 2011 and 2014 Heart
so that overall process would be Lungs
transparent and any person would
Pancreas
not be cheated.

Liver
Recall A Little Kidney
1. What is biotechnology?
2. In which various fields, the Bone
biotechnology has been useful?
Skin
3. What is the impact of biotechnology
on agriculture and other related fields?
Biotechnology 8.4 Organs that can be donated
We have studied in the earlier class that biotechnology is bringing about artificial
genetic changes and hybridization in organisms for human welfare. Various branches of
science like cytology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetic engineering are
included in biotechnology. There is considerable progress mainly in the field of agriculture
and pharmacy due to biotechnology. New experiments are being performed for improving
the agricultural yield. In pharmacy, experiments for production of antibodies, vitamins,
and hormones like insulin have been successful. High-class varieties of crops have been
developed through the technique of tissue-culture.
Biotechnology includes following main areas
1. Use of various abilities of microbes like yoghurt production from milk and alcohol
from molasses.
2. Use of productivity of the cells. Ex. – Production of antibiotics and vaccines, etc. with
the help of specific cells.
3. Use of bio-molecules like DNA and proteins in human welfare.
4. Development of plants, animals and products of desired quality by gene manipulation.
Production of human growth hormone with the help of genetically modified bacteria.
5. Use of genetic and non-genetic technique. Non-genetic biotechnology involves use of
either cell or tissue. Ex. Tissue culture, production of hybrid seeds, etc.
Benefits of Biotechnology
1. It has become possible to increase the per hectare yield irrespective of the limitations
of crop-land area.
2. Expenses on disease control have minimized since development of resistant varieties.
3. Due to development of fast fruit setting varieties, yield per annum has been increased.
4. Development of stress resistant varieties which can withstand variable temperature,
water-stress, changing fertility of soil, etc. has become possible.
91
Development of Biotechnology in India
Government of India had established the National Biotechnology Board in 1982.
This board was transformed into department of biotechnology under the ministry of
science and technology, in 1986. Various institutes in India are working under the control
of this department of biotechnology. It includes National Institute of Immunology,
National Facility for Animal Tissue and Cell Culture, National Centre for Cell Science,
National Brain Research Centre, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
There are facilities of higher education and research in these institutes from where
thousands of students have pursued Ph.D. degrees and are contributing to the progress
of country in the field of biotechnology.
Commercial Applications of Biotechnology:
1. Crop Biotechnology: Biotechnology is used in
agricultural field to improve yield and variety.
a. Hybrid Seeds: Genes of two different crops are
recombined to form hybrids of various crops. This is
especially useful for fruits.
b. Genetically Modified Crops: Crops developed
with desired characters by integrating foreign gene
with their genome are called as genetically modified
crops. High yielding varieties with resistance to
diseases, alkalinity, weeds, other stresses like cold
and drought.
Bt Cotton: A gene had been isolated from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and integrated with
the genome of cotton. Due to this, the toxin which is
fatal for bollworm was produced in leaves and bolls
of cotton. If bollworm feeds on leaves, the toxin
destroys its alimentary canal and the bollworm dies.
Bt Brinjal: BT Brinjal variety is developed by
using the gene isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis.
This improved variety of brinjal kills the pest in same
way as the Bt cotton does.
Golden Rice: A gene synthesizing the vitamin A
(Beta carotene) has been introduced in this variety of
rice. As compared to the normal variety, this variety
which has been developed in 2005 contains 23 times
more amount of beta carotene.
Herbicide tolerant plants: Weeds always affect
the growth of main crop. If herbicides are used to
destroy the weeds, it affects the main crop too. Due to
this, Herbicide tolerant plants varieties of crops are
being developed. Due to this, it has become possible
8.5 Some crops
to selectively destroy the weeds.
92
c. Biofertilizers
Due to use of biofertilizers instead of chemical
fertilizers, nitrogen fixation and phosphate
solubilization abilities of the plants are improved.
Mainly the bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter,
Nostoc, Anabaena and plants like Azolla are used
as biofertilizers.
In the last year, we have studied the tissue
culture. Genetic improvement of the plants has
become possible due to tissue culture and besides, 8.6 Azolla
those characters inherited to next generation.

Make a list and discuss Give five examples of each of the fruiting and flowering
plants developed through tissue culture and mention their benefits.
2. Animal Husbandry
Two main methods as artificial USE OF ICT
insemination and embryo transfer are used Collect information about
in animal husbandry. It helps to improve various hybrid varieties of animals.
both, the quantity and quality of animal What are their benefits? Make a
presentation of various pictures and
products. Ex. Milk, meat, wool, etc.
videos.
Similarly, animals with more strength
have been developed for hard work.
3. Human Health
Diagnosis and treatment of the diseases are two important aspects of the human health
management. Biotechnology helps to identify the role of gene, if any, in disease of a
person. Diagnosis of diabetes and heart diseases has become possible even before the
onset of symptoms, with the help of biotechnology. Diagnosis of the diseases like AIDS,
dengue can be done within few minutes. Hence, treatment can be done at the earliest.
Various medicines are used for the treatment of diseases. Ex. The hormone insulin is
used in treatment of diabetes. Earlier, insulin was being collected from the pancreas of
horses. However, nowadays, due to biotechnology, insulin can be prepared with the help
of bacteria. For this purpose, human insulin gene has been inserted into the genome of
bacteria. Various vaccines and antibiotics are also produced in the same way.
a. Vaccines and Vaccination: Vaccine is the ‘antigen’ containing material given to
acquire either permanent or temporary immunity against a specific pathogen or disease.
Traditionally, vaccines were prepared with the help of pathogens. Completely or partially
killed pathogens were used as vaccines. However, due to this, there were chances of
contracting the disease in case of some persons. Hence, as an alternative, scientists tried
to artificially produce vaccines with the help of biotechnology. For this purpose, scientists
produced the antigen in laboratory with the help of gene isolated from the pathogen and
used it as vaccine. Thus, safer vaccines are being produced.
93
 Now, proteins which act as antigen are injected in pure form instead of injecting the
killed or semi-killed pathogens. These proteins keep the persons away from the diseases
by keeping the immune system active. Thus, injecting the antigens is safest way in
vaccination. Vaccines produced with the help of biotechnology are more thermo-stable
and remain active for longer duration. Ex. Vaccines of polio, hepatitis,
Edible Vaccines: Work on production of edible vaccines is in progress and presently,
potatoes are being produced with the help of biotechnology. These potatoes are called as
transgenic potatoes. These potatoes will act against bacteria like Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia
coli. Consumption of these raw potatoes generates the immunity against cholera and the
disease caused due to E. coli. What will happen if these potatoes are cooked for consumption?

Inject virus in the plant

Transgenic Consumption of
Virus infects Entire plant is de- raw potatoes
Isolation of plant virus. the pieces of veloped from the helps to develop
desired gene potato leaves. leaf pieces contain- immunity
from human ing genes of human
pathogen. against that
pathogen pathogen
8.7 Transgenic potatoes

b. Treatment: Biotechnology is useful for production of hormones like insulin,

somatotropin and blood clotting factors.
c. Interferon: This is a group of small sized protein molecule used in treatment of viral
diseases. These are produced in blood. However, nowadays, with the help of biotechnology,
transgenic E. coli are used for production of interferon.

d. Gene therapy: Gene therapy to treat genetic

Do you know ?
disorders in somatic cells has become possible
due to biotechnology. Ex. Phenylketonuria (PKU) Indian Institute of Science
arises due to genetic changes in hepatocytes (liver has developed a transgenic
cells). It has become possible to treat it with gene variety of tobacco. If cattles
therapy. This method is called as somatic cell feed upon leaves of this plant,
they do not contract a viral
gene therapy. All the cells except sperms and ova
disease- rinderpest.
in the body are called as somatic cells

e. Cloning: Production of replica of any cell or organ or entire organism is called cloning.
i. Reproductive cloning: A clone can be produced by fusion of a nucleus of somatic cell
with the enucleated ovum of anybody. Thus, there is no need of sperm to produce the new
organism.

94
 Collect more information about the Human Genome Project,
Internet My Friend
one of the important projects in the world

ii. Therapeutic cloning

Stem cells can be derived from the cell See the proteins produced by
formed in laboratory by the union of somatic cell biotechnology and the names of
nucleus with the enucleated egg cell. Various diseases they are used against-
diseases can be treated with the help of these stem 1. Insulin Diabetes
cells. 2. Somatostatin Dwarfism
* Similar to cells, genes can also be cloned 3. Erythropoietin Anaemia
and millions of copies of same gene can be 4. Factor VIII Haemophilia
produced. Those can be used for gene therapy 5. Interleukin Cancer
and other purposes. 6. Interferon Viral infection
* Controlling the inheritance of hereditary
diseases, continuation of generations,
enhancing the specific tendency may become Peeking into History
possible due to cloning technique. However, A sheep ‘Dolly’ was born in Scotland
there is world-wide opposition to human by cloning technique on 5th July 1996.
cloning on various issues. Nucleus from the udder cell of sheep
4. Industrial Products / White Biotechnology of ‘Finn Dorset’ variety had been
introduced into enucleated ovum of
Various industrial chemicals can be
Scottish sheep. Then, the ovum was
produced through less expensive processes.
allowed to develop in the uterus of
Example: Alcohol production from sugar
Scottish sheep and thereby the ‘Dolly’
molasses with the help of transgenic yeast. had been born. It was showing the
5. Environment and Biotechnology characters as per the chromosomes in
It has become possible to solve nucleus and any character of Scottish
environment related various problems with the sheep was not visible.
help of biotechnology.
Microbial techniques are already in use for
treatment on sewage and solid waste. Sewage is
rich in organic matter. If such sewage is released
in natural water bodies like rivers, the organic
matter in it gets oxidized with the help of
dissolved oxygen. Due to this, level of dissolved
oxygen in water decreases, adversely affecting
the aquatic life. As a remedy on this, sewage
should be released in to rivers only after Dolly (Clone)
oxidation with the help of microbial technique.

i. Microbes are useful on large scale while production of compost by treatment on solid
organic waste material.
ii. Bio-remediation, biopesticides, biofertilizers, biosensors, etc, are some new concepts
in biotechnological methods.

95
 Bioremediation means either absorption or destruction of toxic chemicals and harmful
pollutants with the help of plants and microorganisms. If plants are used for this purpose,
it called as ‘phyto-remediation’. Some examples of bioremediation are as follows-
* The Pseudomonas bacteria are useful for cleaning the hydrocarbon and oil pollutants
from soil and water.
* The fern Pteris vitata can absorb the arsenic from the soil.
* Genetically modified variety of Indian mustard can absorb selenium from soil.
* Sunflower can absorb uranium and arsenic.
* The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is highly radiation resistant organism. It has
been genetically modified and used to absorb the radiations from radioactive debris.
* Grasses like alfalfa, clover and rye are used in phyto-remediation.
5. Food Biotechnology: Food items like bread, cheese, wine, beer, yoghurt, vinegar
are produced with the help of microorganisms. These food items are probably the
oldest ones produced with the help of biotechnology.
6. DNA fingerprinting: DNA sequence of each person is unique as that of the
fingerprints. Due to this, identity of any person can be established with the help
of its available DNA. This is called as DNA fingerprinting. It is mainly useful in
forensic sciences. Identity of the criminal can be established with the help of any
part of its body found at the site of crime. Similarly, identity of father of any child
can be established. This research is performed in Center for DNA fingerprinting and
Diagnostics, Hyderabad.
Cleaning of Oil Spillage in Oceans: If oil spillage occurs, it adversely affects the
marine life. Now, cleaning the ocean without any harm to environment in cheaper
way has become possible with the help of oil-digesting and fast multiplying bacteria.
India born American citizen and scientist Dr. Anand Mohan Chakravarti had for the
first time suggested the use of such microbes. Naturally, the credit for this discovery
goes to him.
Important stages in agricultural development
Green revolution
Problems of population explosion were
started to appear at the beginning of 20th
century. Almost all the countries, especially
underdeveloped and developing countries had
been badly affected by the effects of poor
quality and quantity of food. Various methods
applied for harvesting maximum yield from
minimum land are collectively called as green
Dr.M.S Swaminathan Dr. Norman Borloug
revolution.
Improvised dwarf varieties of wheat and rice, proper use of fertilizers and pesticides
and water management has led to the increased production of food grains and thereby
large population had been saved from hunger. Dr. Norman Borlaug (USA) and Dr. M. S.
Swaminathan (India) have valuable contribution in green revolution.
96
 Various research institutes and laboratories are engaged in development of new
varieties of various crops through research. Ex. Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(IARI), New Delhi, National Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur and allied branches, Indian
Institute of Sciences, National Pomegranate Research Institute, Solapur.

Which new species of the rice have been developed in

Collect Information
India?

Collect the information and make the chart about the

Internet is My Friend
work of various state and national-level institutes related
with biotechnology.
White revolution
Various parts of India were rich in milk and milk products. However, those products
were not sufficient to meet the needs of far-flung regions. Dr. Verghese Kurien proved
through the cooperative movement and use of biotechnology that Dairy cannot be allied
but it will be a mainstream business. He put the cooperative dairy movement of Anand,
Gujarat at all time high status.

While achieving the self-sufficiency in dairy

business, various experiments were performed for
quality control, newer dairy products and their
preservation. Why people from all over the world
are again preferring the local wild varieties?
Blue revolution
Production of various useful aquatic organisms
with the help of water is called as blue revolution.
Farm ponds and the fishes are very common in East
Asian countries. However, people are not only
thinking of cultivating the fishes and shrimps but 8.8 Milk processing and milk products
other aquatic plants and animals too. Government
of India has vowed to increase the production by
encouraging the people for pisciculture by launching
the program ‘Nil-Kranti Mission-2016’ (NKM-16).
50% to 100% subsidies are offered in this case.
Marine and fresh water fishery is possible on
large scale. Fresh water fishes like rohu, catla and
other fishery products like shrimp and lobsters are
being cultured on large scale
8.9 Pisciculture : Prawns
Fertilizers
Two types of fertilizers are used in agriculture. One of those is organic manure and others
are chemical fertilizers. Water holding capacity of the soil improves with soil conservation
due to use of manures.
97
 Upper layer of the soil essential in agriculture is formed
due to humus formation. Various essential elements like N,
P, K can be available to crops due to earthworms and fungi.
In soil-less farming i.e. hydroponics, liquid chemical
fertilizers are used. However, there are more harmful effects
of liberal use of chemical fertilizers. It includes decrease in
fertility of soil.
Insecticides
Though the natural immunity of plants can prevent the
infections, use of insecticides is not under control. Irrespective
of the natural friends of farmers like frogs and insectivorous
birds, pesticides are used on large scale for increase in yield.
Pesticides are in fact a type of poison. This poison enters the
food-web through water and food and its bio-magnification
occurs. Various pesticides like DDT, malathion, 8.10 Fertilizers and
chloropyriphos, etc. have been proved to be dangerous. Insecticides
Organic farming
Now a days, organic farming and
organic products have become buzzwords. Oil cake
Organic products are being available and
demand for them is ever-increasing.
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
have been used on large scale. These
poisonous chemicals reached the human
body through food and water and their
adverse harmful effects on human and Vermiculture
environment became apparent.
Various problems like soil fertility and 8.11 Oil cake and Vermiculture
pest infestation have become serious. So as
to overcome these problems, farmers are
opting for organic farming. It includes
complete ban on chemical fertilizers and
pesticides and use of local, sturdy varieties
and thereby maintaining natural balance.
Definitely, this is a welcome decision.

Apiculture 8.12 Apiculture

You must have seen the bee hive. Worst method of harvesting / collecting the honey
from these hives is driving away the bees by smoking the hive with burning torch and then
cutting the hive into pieces. This method causes the destruction of hive and large scale
death of bees. However, it is easy to collect the honey without destroying the hive and
bees, if artificial bee boxes are used.

98
Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
India has been gifted with a great Try this
biodiversity. Indian citizens have
established the humble and strong relation Bring a packet of ‘Balghuti’ from
with the nature. We have a great tradition ayurveda shop. Learn the information
of ayurveda that cures the diseases with about each component in it. Collect
information about various other medicines
the help of natural sources.
and prepare the chart as shown below.

Local Name Name of Uses

of plant active
ingredient
Adulsa Vasicine Cough
present the
leaves
8.13 Adhatoda vasica (Adulsa) and
Azadirachta Indica (Neem)
During earlier days, medicinal plants were collected from the forest. However, due to
depletion in forest area, medicinal plants are becoming rare. Hence, medicinal plants are
being cultivated.
Which fruit processing industries you observe in your
Make a list and discuss surrounding ? What is their effect ?

Fruit Processing
We are daily using various products
prepared from fruits. All are consuming
the products like chocolates, juices, jams
and jellies. All these products can be
produced by processing on fruits. Fruits
are perishable agro-produce. It needs the
processing in such a way that it can be
used throughout the year. Fruit processing
includes various methods ranging from
storage in cold storage to drying, salting, 8.14 Mango processing Unit
air tight packing, preparing murabba,
evaporating, etc.
Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks and complete the statements.
a. Methods like artificial insemination and embryo transplant are mainly used for --
b. -- -- -- -- is the revolutionary event in biotechnology after cloning.
c. The disease related with the synthesis of insulin is --- --- ---.
d. Government of India has encouraged the -- -- --- -- for improving the productivity
by launching NKM-16.
99
2. Match the pairs. 7. Write the correct answer in blank
a. Interferon 1. Diabetes circles.
b. Factor 2. Dwarfness
c. Somatostatin 3. Viral infection
d. Interleukin 4. Cancer Uses of
5. Haemophilia stem cells
3. Rewrite the following wrong
statements after corrections.
a. Changes in genes of the cells are
8. Identify and complete the following
brought about in non-genetic
correlations.
technique.
a. Insulin : Diabetes :: Interleukin : -- -- --
b. Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is b. Interferon : -- :: Erythropoietin :
introduced into soyabean. Anaemia.
4. Write short notes. c. ------- : Dwarfness :: Factor VIII :
a. Biotechnology: Professional uses. Haemophilia.
b. Importance of medicinal plants. d. White revolution : Dairy :: Blue
5. Answer the following questions in revolution : -- -- -- --.
your own words. 9. Write a comparative note on usefulness
a. Which products produced through and harmfulness of biotechnology.
biotechnology do you use in your daily Projects:
life? 1. Visit the organic manuring projects
b. Which precautions will you take nearby your place and collect more
during spraying of pesticides? information.
c. Why some of the organs in human 2. What will you do to increase public
body are most valuable? awareness about organ donation in
d. Explain the importance of fruit your area?
processing in human life? 3. Collect information about ‘green
e. Explain the meaning of vaccination. corridor’. Make a news-collection
6. Complete the following chart. about it.

Merits of
Biotechnology

100
 9. Social health

Ø Social Health Ø Factors endangering the social health

Ø Stress Management

Elders always instruct you to get out of the home to interact with
Let’s Think relatives and others and play outdoor games but not to spend time
continuously with television, phone and internet.

Why the children of your age are instructed same in each home? Our lifestyle has
been changed to some extent in this age of technology. Each person is busy with own daily
routine work and favourite job only. How much is it scientifically correct?
Earlier, we have studied the importance of physical health, cleanliness and staying healthy.
However, the concept of health does not end with it only.

Classify your classmates into following groups depending

Try this
upon the observation for a week.
1. Highly interactive. 2. Occasionally interactive. 3. Non-interactive
Make a list of the friends of each of the above three group members and also mention
the group to which you belong.
Social health

Observe the following chart. Discuss about the relationship

Observe and Discuss
of various factors shown therein with the social health.

Satisfying basic needs of Education Financial Social and Physical

Gardens
persons-Food, clothing, Status conditions of the
shelter, medicines. surrounding

Education and Job Social environment of

Opportunities the surrounding
Factors affecting
the social health Residential area
Transport Facilities
Water
Social safety
Toilets

Social treatment Play grounds Political conditions (views)

9.1 Factors affecting the social health

101
 Out of the various aspects of social health, we thought about only one in the above
mentioned activity. Social health is the ability of a person to establish relationship with
other persons. Ability to change one’s own behaviour according to changing social
conditions is an important characteristic of social health. Various factors like strong
personality, having large number of friends and relatives, proper use of time during
loneliness and with peer-group, trust in others, respect and acceptance for others are
important for good social health. We have seen that various factors affect the social health.
Factors disturbing the social health
Mental Stress
Competition has increased in opportunities for education, employment and business
due to increase in population. Children are facing the problems of loneliness and mental
stress due to reasons like nuclear family and parents staying outdoors due to job.
There are many bindings on girls and excessive freedom for
boys in some families. Boys enjoy the concession from their
domestic duties whereas girls have compulsion for the same
on the pretext that ‘should be used to it’. Do you see the
advertisements about increasing awareness on avoiding the
discrimination between girls and boys or sister and brother
in same family on choice for fresh/left-over food, learning
medium? In society too, adolescent girls have to
unnecessarily face the problems like teasing and molestation.
Girls are facing the problem of stress due to such gender
inequality. 9.2 Mental Stress
Nowadays, everyone has to face the stress due to ever increasing disorder, crime and
violence. At the same time, people looking at this as ‘fast and easy way of making money’
may become scapegoats and become part of such system. This is the deadly effect of
social illness.
Addiction
Peer-group influence is stronger in case of
adolescents. Adolescents always prefer the
company of friends and follow their good or
bad habits instead of following advice of
parents and teachers. Children in their early
age try upon tobacco, cigarette, gutkha,
alcoholic drinks, drugs, etc. due to either peer-
-group pressure or symbol of high standard
living or as an imitation of elders. However, it
may lead to addiction to such deadly substances.
Temporarily intoxicating drugs of plant origin
and some chemicals may permanently damage
the human nervous system, muscle system,
heart, etc. Earlier, we have studied the
carcinogenic effect of tobacco containing
substances on mouth and lungs. 9.3 Addiction control

102
Chronic diseases Whether the incidence shown
Ignorance towards the people Think in the following picture is
suffering from chronic diseases like rational? Express your opinion.
AIDS, T.B, Leprosy and Mental
health / disorders and old persons
leads to increase in old age homes
and this may cause harm to social
health.

Can you tell ?

9.4 An incidence
Have you ever seen the persons inebriated with drugs or liquor loitering on dirty
places? Whether such a pitiful condition of most intelligent human being is acceptable?
You must have read the news about many deaths due to poisonous liquor. Why does
it happen?
Liquor is produced from alcohol obtained through fermentation of substances.
However, if this process is performed in a wrong way, poisonous liquor is produced and
proves fatal for many at a time. Efficiency of nervous system (especially brain) and liver
as well as lifespan of person decreases due to alcoholism. Brain development in adolescents
is hindered due to alcoholism and thereby ability of memorization and learning becomes
slow. Addictive person cannot think rationally. Due to this, the person has to face the
social, mental and familial illness along with physical illness.
Communication Media and excessive use of Modern Technology
Two caricatures presenting the situations of the year 1998 and 2017 about playing on
playground are given below. Observe those caricatures. Express
Observe your opinion about arising of such different situations

Then Now

Come for Go to play!

Study!

9.5 Different Situations

Distribute the 24 hours of your daily routine as per various duties you
Compare have observed. Make two categories as time spent on your health and
time spent on other responsibilities and compare both the categories.
103
 Now a days, excessive, unnecessary and irrational use of modern technology and
communication media is becoming a sensitive issue through the view point of social health.
Persons spending the time with cell phones for several hours are usually unaware of the
surrounding. This is also a sort of addiction and leading to endangering of the social health.
Various physical problems like tiredness, headache, insomnia, forgetfulness, tinnitus,
joint pains and problems in vision may arise due to radiation of cell phones. More serious
fact is those radiations penetrate the bones of children more effectively than the bones of
adults. Persons continuously using the computers and internet become solitary. They cannot
establish harmonious relations with relatives and other members of the society. Habitually,
they become self-centered and thereby they may develop problems like autism and
selfishness. They become less sensitive towards others. Chronic effect of such tendency is
that they are not ready to help others in need and hence they also do not get it in need.
1. Do you recall the sudden closing of any cartoon serial of for-
Recall a little eign origin being telecast on television?
2. Explain details on happenings about blue whale game.
Children who watch the cartoon films may
imitate the characters of those films. Tendency
and behaviour of the children who play the games
like virtual war and car races (especially
deliberately brought about virtual accidents in
games) gradually become negative. Some games
available on cell phones and computers are
extremely time-consuming and also cause
economic losses, to lose concentration on some
essential subjects and may also prove fatal.
Along with some useful purpose, huge 9.6 Boy using cell phone while eating
information available on internet is used for
viewing some inappropriate videos too. However,
there is a governmental regulation over such
media. Website, movies and cartoon films
inappropriate for children are banned by the
government.
•
Why is there increase in news of death by
drowning in ocean, falling in deep valleys or
under trains during catching the cell phone
selfie?
•
There is increasing competition to upload the
videos of road accidents instead of helping the
9.7 Selfie on Road
victims. What is the mentality of such people?
•
Why are the video-clips of parents threatening
or hitting the children not studying as per their
Observe
wish or domestic helpers beating the children Observe the above images Is it
are very common on social media nowadays? rational? Why?
104
 Person indulging in such destructive and
unnatural activities is usually under stress and
such activities are bursting of stress. Medical
science has declared such activities as mental
illness.
Person indulging in selfie is not aware about
the world around and the risks. This is called as
selfiecide. Persons indulging in domestic
violence, sending messages to others before
committing suicide or those who send the video
clips of suicidal act are mentally ill and they do 9.8 Pedestrian making a video-clip of the
so to win the sympathy. accident scene
Hence, make the constructive use of communication media like television, phone and
internet for essential needs and entertainment only but do not go into their clutches by
spending hours with those media.

Internet My Friend Visit the website www.cyberswachhtakendra.gov.in

Cyber crimes
t Banks continuously spread the message on mobile
phones about not to disclose the aadhar / PAN / credit
card / debit card number and other personal information
if demanded by any person.
t Do not disclose your PIN to anyone while withdrawing
cash from ATM machine or purchasing through card
payment. Why such instructions are given?
t Consumers are deceived by showing superior items on
websites but actually selling the items of either inferior
quality or impaired ones.
t Bank transactions are done using PIN without the
knowledge of consumers.
t Confidential information about government, institutes
and companies is obtained from internet with the help
of computer programs or other ideas and misused. This
is called as hacking of information.
t Nowadays, crimes like opening a fake account on
Facebook and displaying false information and thereby
teasing the girls or exploiting them financially.
t Misuse or illegal sale of the written literature, software,
photos, videos, music, etc. of others by obtaining from
internet is called as piracy.
t Electronic media is also misused by sending derogatory
messages, spreading vulgar pictures and inflammatory
statements. 9.9 Cheating of Consumers

105
t Electronic media is also misused by sending derogatory messages, spreading vulgar
pictures and inflammatory statements.
t Exchange of information through media like email, Facebook and Whatsapp occurs
very fast. However, our personal information and phone numbers are automatically
spread and thereby reaches the unwanted persons which leads to malpractices like
incoming of unnecessary messages. Some of such messages either impair of shut down
the mobiles and computers.
All the above mentioned incidences are examples of cyber crime. Committing such
crimes is also a mental illness. Later on, the criminal also has to face the mental stress.
‘Cyber crime unit’ has been newly launched in police department. Cyber crime experts
collect the details, investigate the cyber crime and thereby find the criminal with the help
of internet.

Do You Know
IT Act-2000: This act has been enacted since 17th October 2000 and been amended
in 2008. Person committing the cyber crime has to face the punishment like imprisonment
for 3 years of fine up to 5 lakh. Maharashtra is at forefront in controlling the cybercrimes
and it has been proved to be a first state to start a separate cyber crime unit.

Stress management
Have you seen the loudly laughing
citizens in morning in public gardens?
Name of this newly popularized concept
is ‘laughter club’. These people relieve
their mental stress by laughing loudly.
Various ways of expression like
establishing communication with friends,
peers, cousins, teachers and more
importantly parents, noting down our
feelings, expressing our feeling with near
and dear ones help us to relieve the stress.
Fostering the hobbies like material
collection, photography, reading, cooking, 9.10 Laughter Club
sculpturing, drawing, rangoli, dancing, etc. help us to properly utilize the free hours. By
diverting the energy and mind towards the positive thinking, negative thoughts are
automatically neutralized.

Why do you wait for periods of music, P.T., drawing in the

Can you tell ?
classroom?
Learning and listening to the music, singing keeps us happy and drives away the
stress. Music has the power of changing the mindset. Importance of outdoor games is
unparallel. There are various benefits of sports like it causes physical exercise, improves
discipline, interaction and tendency of unity, loneliness is driven away and person becomes
more social.
106
 Regular exercising, massaging, visiting
the spa too help to relive the stress. Yoga is Always Remember
not limited for asanas and pranayam but it Nature is closest friend of human
includes discipline, balanced and good food, being. Hobbies like gardening, bird
and meditation also. Deep breathing, yogic watching, lingering in nature, rearing
sleep, yogasanas, etc. are good for health. domestic animal, etc. helps to create
Meditation helps to improve the ability of positive mindset, improves confidence.
concentration. It imparts positivity in our Social health can be maintained by
temperament. Meditation helps the students keeping ourselves aware about
to improve concentration in their studies. happenings around us, neutralizing the
Deliberate inculcation of characters like time negative thoughts (ex. revenge), etc.
management, planning of our own duties and
decision power is nothing but cultivating the
socially strong and ideal personality.
We have all the ways to manage our stress. However, if those are not successful due to
certain reasons, it leads to some more serious problems like depression and frustration. Medical
advice, counselling and psychotherapy are available for such persons. Similarly, many NGOs
also provide helping hand. Let us see the information about some of those.
1. Unified Movement against Tobacco.
This movement has been started by 45 different well-known organizations like WHO,
Tata trust, etc. This movement is active for controlling the tobacco consumption and
providing guidance to activists against tobacco.
2. Salaam Mumbai Foundation
This organization runs programs in various schools in Mumbai to empower the
children living in slum area in the field of education, sports, arts and business. This
organization encourages the children to take education by helping them to improve their
health and lifestyle. This trust has made some districts in Maharashtra completely tobacco-
free through hard work. Since the year 2002 this organisation is working with various
school in urban and rural area for
making the society tobacco-free. This
programme is being implemented with
the help of Government in about 200
schools in Mumbai and 14000 schools
in the rest of Maharashtra. The oath of
freedom from tobacco is taken in every
school as per the Government letter.
Government Schemes
Phone number / helpline numbers
are published in newspaper to help the
children in distress or facing any type
9.11 Counselling
of problem. Children contact the
helpline to narrate their problems. Proper help and guidelines are offered to children.

107
 Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word. 5. Give three examples of each.
a. Laughter club is a remedy to drive a. Hobbies to reduce stress.
away -- -- -- --. b. Diseases endangering the social
b. Alcohol consumption mainly health.
affects -- -- -- -- system. c. Physical problems arising due to
c. The act -- -- -- -- is to curb the cyber excessive use of mobile phones.
crimes. d. Activities under the jurisdiction of
2. Answer the following. cyber crime laws.
a. Which factors affect the social 6. What will you do? Why?
health? a. You are spending more time in
b. Which changes occur in persons internet/mobile games, phone, etc.
continuously using internet and b. Child of your neighbour is addicted
mobile phones? to tobacco chewing.
c. Which problems do the common c. Your sister has become
man faces due to incidences of incommunicative. She prefers to
cyber crime? remain alone.
d. Explain the importance of good d. You have to use free space around
communication with others. your home for good purpose.
3. Solve the following cross-word
e. Your friend has developed the hobby
1. Continuous consumption of
of snapping selfies.
alcoholic and tobacco-materials.
f. Your brother studying in XII has
2. This app may cause the cyber
developed the stress.
crimes.
7. What type of changes occurs in a
3. A remedy to resolve stress.
home having chronically ill old
4. Requirement for stress free life.
person? How will you help to maintain
5. Various factors affect -- -- -- health.
good atmosphere?
6. Art of preparing food items.
आ Project:
3 Enlist various factors affecting the
5 6 social health in your residential
4अ area. Decide the necessary changes
to correct the situation and
2
implement those changes.
1 Aई D D I C T I O N

4. Which are various ways to minimize

stress?
108
 10. Disaster Management
Disaster
Ø   Ø  Types of disaster Ø  
Effect of disaster
Effect/ Impact of disaster
Ø   Ø  
Disaster management
The nature and extent of disaster Ø  
Ø   First aid and emergency action
Ø  
Mock drill

1. What is disaster?
Can you recall?
2. Which disasters have you experienced in your area?
3. What are the effects of that disaster on local and surrounding
conditions?
Disaster
Variously dangerous events occur many times in the environment. Those are called as
disasters. Some of the main natural disasters are floods, wet and dry famine, cyclones,
earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. These are ‘all of a sudden’ troubles to the mankind. Such
events cause sudden changes in the environment and thereby cause the damage to it. En-
vironment is also damaged due to use of natural resources for our development. This leads
to sudden disasters, unexpected to human. These can be called as man-made disasters.
United Nations has defined the disaster as ‘the sudden event that leads to the huge loss of
life and property. Words like ‘huge’ and ‘sudden’ are important in the definition. As the
disaster occurs suddenly, it cannot be predicted. Hence, precautions are not possible. Huge
losses to the property occur in the area of disaster. There are long term effects on society
due to incidences of life and property loss. Various areas of life like economic, social,
cultural, political, law and administration, etc. are affected by it. The life in the area of
disaster disturbs totally. There is loss to life and property of the people in distress.
Earlier, we have studied various types of disasters and the measures to be taken. None of
the different disasters are similar. Period of each disaster is not same. Some disasters are
short term where as some are long term. Reasons behind each disaster are also different.
Depending upon the nature of disaster, it can be determined that which component of the
environment will be affected more.

Can you tell? Which are two main types of disasters?

Earlier, we have studied the effects of various types of disasters and the precautionary
measures to be taken in case any disaster happens. We can classify the disasters in other
ways too; like catastrophic disasters. Ex. Cyclones in Odisha, catastrophic earthquakes of
Gujarat and Latur, frequently buzzing cyclones in coastal Andhra Pradesh, etc. which lead
to total chaos, huge loss of life and property in respective region. However, irrespective of
all these, life has always returned to normal within short time. Disasters making the impact
for long duration are those whose after-effects are either severe or severity increases with
time. Ex. Famine, various problems of crop, strikes of workers, rising levels of oceans,
desertification, etc.
109
 Observe the following images. Whether the places of
Let’s Discuss disasters are known to you? Discuss the effects of these
disasters on public life. How it could have been saved from
these disasters? Discuss with your friends in the class-room.

Internet is my friend

Search for the video

clips of disasters. Discuss
in your class about effects
of disasters and remedies
over it.

Can you tell?

How can disasters be

classified depending upon
10.1 Some Disasters (Courtesy: Lokmat Library, Aurangabad )
various criteria?

Types of Disasters

(Geophysical) (Biological) (Man Made)

Geological Atmospheric Plant Animal Unknown International

Ex. Earth Ex. Hot and Ex. Forest fire, Infectious poisonous War, fire,
quake, cold waves, fungal dis- viruses, gases. bomb blast,
volcano, snow-storms, ease spreading bacteria Atomic forced
tsunami, snow fall, (Blister), weed, (cholera, test. migration,
land-slides, cyclones, (aquatic, carrot malaria, Unplanned terrorism,
land-fall, hail storm, grass, common hepatitis, action rapes, child
erosion, drought, flood, grass) plague), Accident.. labour.
alkalization, meteorite, sun insects, bite
flooding, spots, etc. of poisonous
etc. animals,etc.

1. Which are the destructive effects of flood?

Can you recall?
2. Which are the effects of dry famine?
3. Which are the destructive effects of earthquake?
4. What is forest fire? What is its effect on environment?
110
Effects of disaster
We have understood the serious effects of disaster with the help of above-mentioned
questions. Collapsing of bridges, flooding of coastal villages, shortage of food are some
of the problems of floods. Collapsing of houses, developing cracks in land are some of the
effects of earthquake. Disasters like forest fire and drought also adversely affect the envi-
ronment. However, what is exact nature of these disasters? Whether there are any changes
in nature before the occurrence of disasters? For how long the effects occur after the oc-
currence of disaster? How? It needs to be think over all these aspects. This helps us to
understand the nature and gravity of the disaster.
Disasters definitely affect the economy of the nation. That effect is always relative to
disaster and economy i.e. if any port is destroyed, there are long lasting effects on econo-
my due to huge expenses on its reconstruction. An effect of disaster on social leadership is
that if local leadership is not strong enough, citizen become confused. It affects their par-
ticipation in rescue and rehabilitation activities. Administrative problems arise during the
disaster. If local governing bodies are affected by disasters, related departments cannot
answer the problems of disaster efficiently. All the concerned departments are affected by
disaster and thereby entire system collapses.
Different problems occurs with disasters. in the con-
Complete the chart cept map different effects are mentioned. Read it and fill
the blank places.
What will be the effect on yourself and surrounding, if any
Let's Think accident-like disaster occurs during the sports on playground or
in school?
Partial or complete collapsing of buildings, Stress on workers, collapsing
drying out of water sources, contamination of of transport system, shortage of
water, Stinky pollution of environment due to facilities, etc.
decomposing corpses of humans and other
animals.
.................................
e

................................. .................................
Prof nistrativ
Env

................................. .................................
nal

................................
iron

.................................
essio

................................
i
men

Adm

So
cia
l
tal

ica

Sudden increase in fund l

lit

Injuries, emotional /
Po

expenditure, shortage of
mental stress, increase
funds for development of Economic Disaster Medical
in epidemics, death of
other sectors, decrease in
victims.
productivity.

Depending upon above information, explain the various

Use your brain power
effects of the disaster of railway accident.
111
Nature and scope of disaster
Taking into consideration the scope of disaster, some of the important facts must be
thought over, as follows
1. Pre-disaster phase
Lets Think
2. Warning phase
3. Emergency phase Explain the nature and scope of
4. Rehabilitation phase the disaster of flood with the help of
5. Recovery phase six points given beside.
6. Reconstruction phase

Taking into consideration the nature and scope of disaster, only three aspects of
disaster are important for common citizens.
1. Phase of emergency: Important character of this phase is that maximum lives can be
saved by quick actions during this phase only. Various actions like search and rescue op-
erations, medical assistance, first aid, restoring communication services, removing the
people from affected area are expected in this phase. Gravity of disaster can be estimated
in this phase only.
2. Transitional Phase: Rehabilitation work is started in this phase, after the subsidence of
any type of disaster. It includes clearing of debris, restoring water supply, repairing roads,
etc. so that it will help to bring normalcy in public life. Rehabilitation of the victims is
important aspect of this phase. Generally, different institutes offer the monetary and other
type of help to such people. It helps to soothe the mental stress at the earliest if these vic-
tims are offered with the permanent mean of earning livelihood and this is true rehabilita-
tion.
3. Reconstruction Phase: This is highly complicated phase. This phase begins in transi-
tional phase. People reconstruct their buildings and facilities like roads and water supply
are restored. Farming practices are restarted. However, it takes long time for reconstruc-
tion.
Planet Earth has experienced many natural disasters. Listening to the description of those
disasters brings numbness to the mind. Most of the disasters and related unprecedented
situations have been occurred in the Asian continent and region of Pacific Ocean. Huge
loss to the life and the planet Earth has been occurred due to such disasters. Generally,
such conditions of natural imbalance have been arisen due to greed of economic progress
of human being.
In reality, old problems of several years have become fierce. Ex. Increasing population, its
increasing needs emerging problems out of it are now at the extreme end. Such disasters
have been increased after the world war-II. Condition of instability arises in the country
due to various reasons like economic inequality, racial and religious differences, etc. Inci-
dences like terrorism, abduction, social differences have been a routine now.
Production and use of harmful chemicals is under ban in developed countries. How-
ever, production of either same or those chemicals which can wipe out the human race is
common in developing and poor countries.
112
 Do you know?
In 2014, there had been a huge landslide in the village Malin, Tal. Ambegaon,
Dist. Pune. Following is the image of the school reconstructed after the disaster.

Another such threat to human being is from the atomic energy plants. Ex. Radiation
leakage occurred after a blast in atomic energy plant at Chernobyl, Russia. Its ill-effects
are still experienced in the region. This atomic energy plant was only used for electricity
generation. Now a day, many countries are equipped with atomic energy. Out of this,
risk of radiation leakage is increasing due to carelessness. Hence, importance of disaster
management has become the foremost need of almost all the nations. In fact, it is most
necessary for citizens of all countries, because they are the main sufferers in any type of
disaster. Hence, direct participation of citizens in disaster management is highly neces-
sary. Similarly, disaster management schemes should be changed with respect to loca-
tion, time and nature of the disaster. It should not be restricted for a particular period.
Overall, there may be any type of disaster, it should be overcome. Concept of disaster
management has been arisen out of this only.
Disaster management
Disaster may be minor or major, short- Objectives of Disaster Management
-time or long-time, it should be overcome 1. Saving of human life during the
and effective disaster management is calamity and release of the people.
necessary for it. There is close relationship 2. Supply of essential commodities
between disaster management and public of the people to reduce the effect
participation. Disaster management is either of disaster.
prevention of disasters or making 3. To restore the human life in the
arrangements to face it or at least achieve region by creating reconciliation
the abilities to face it. in disaster.
Disaster is a very fast process, in fact it 4. Rehabilitate disaster victims.
is accident. What shall we do in such 5. Considering protective measures
situation? How can we protect ourselves, in disaster, such disaster will not
our belongings and animals? reach in future and take care to
In case of disaster management, there reduce their intensity.
should be an attempt to minimize the losses.
Disasters are never planned but losses due it
can be prevented in a planned manner.

113
Disaster management is achieving or time to time improving the ability to face the disasters
through scientific and careful observations and analysis of data. For example, preparing
the action plan through study of various aspects like preventive measures, rehabilitation
and reconstruction and executing that plan is nothing but the management of disaster.
Disaster management can be divided into two parts.
Pre-disaster management Post-disaster management
This includes the complete 1. Providing all types of necessary help
preparation and planning to face any to victims of disasters.
type of disaster. For that purpose.. 2. Participation of preferably local
a. Identifying the pro-disaster areas. peoples saved from the disaster in
b. Collecting the information about arranging the help to victims.
intensity of disaster and probable 3. Quick establishment of help centre.
sites of disasters through predictive Different types of disasters need dif-
intensity maps and hazard maps ferent types of control centres.
respectively. 4. Categorization of the help material
c. Getting special training for disaster received from control centre, deliver-
management. ing the material to victims and con-
d. Increasing awareness about disaster tinuous review of the help.
management among the general 5. Being always prepared for disaster
public through training programmes, rescue.
mass media, and etc. Post-disaster
management

Observe the disaster cycle given below and explain each aspect of
Observe
the disaster of earthquake.

Preparation: Plan is Redemption: Plan for Preparedness: A plan

prepared to minimize the minimizing the damage is chalked out so as to
destruction in any disaster, to the society and get the quick response
if occurs. country. from general public
and administration.

Restoration: This is an important

Main aspects of
link between measures after
disaster
disaster and national development.
This step is useful for progress of management cycle
Impact of disaster:
nation and rehabilitation. Intensity of
Response :
various aspects of
Response to the disaster is
disaster and disaster
Resurgence : Resurgence is an to be given immediately
management are
important link between emergency after the incidence. This
reviewed.
measures and national progress. factor is followed by
Resurrection is a stage used for the the disaster strike in this
welfare and rehabilitation of the cycle.
nation.

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 Try this Always remember

Which factors will you consider Though avoidance of natural disaster is

while designing the pre-disaster impossible, loss out of it can be minimized.
management plan for your school / However man-made disasters can be avoided.
home? Helping each other in the crisis of disaster is
Prepare a survey report with the our ethical responsibility.
help of your teacher.
Structure of Disaster Management Authority
In case of disaster, an authority has been established at the level of government.
Following flow chart indicates the function of control and coordination under the disaster
management from national to village level. Disaster Management Act, 2005 has been
passed in our country.
National disaster management authority
Chairman : Prime Minister

Other Social/ private

Organisations providing
precautionary warning

State disaster management authority

organisation
Chairman : Chief Minister

District disaster management authority

Chairman : Collector

Taluka disaster management authority

Chairman : Tahsildar
System involved in
actual rescue and
General Village level Committee rehabilitation work
public Chairman : Sarpanch

Get information

Visit the District Collector or Taluka Tehasildar office and collect the information
about disaster management.
District Disaster Management Authority:
At the district level, district collector is responsible for disaster management and imple-
mentation of rehabilitation schemes. Collector is planning, coordinating and controlling
the implementation of rehabilitation programme, gives out necessary instructions and re-
views the entire system. District collector is also responsible for designing the schemes for
each district, separately for each type of disaster and getting those sanctioned from
state-level authorities.
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District-wise Disaster Control Unit:
District control unit is established immediately either after the impact of disaster or
getting intimation about it. It reviews about various aspects of disaster, keeps continuous
contact with various agencies like army, air force, navy, telecommunication department,
paramilitary forces, etc. for getting help. It is also responsible for coordinating with various
voluntary organizations for their help in disaster management.

Internet is my friend
Find out more about the activities of international organizations that work for
disaster management.
1. United Nations Disaster Relief Organization
2. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
3. Asian Disaster Reduction Centre.
4. Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre.
5. World Health Organization.
6. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Who Does What? National Disaster Response Force has been established as
per the Disaster management Act, 2005. Divisions of this
force are working in army. Overall, 12 divisions are
working in the country. Its headquarter is in Delhi and it is
in action all over the country with the help of army. In
Maharashtra, National Disaster Response Force is in
action through State Reserve Police Force. Personnel of
this force have substantial contribution in rescue work in
disasters like cyclones, cliff-sliding, building collapse, etc.
Website: http://www.ndrf.gov.in

1. What is first aid?

Can you tell?
2. How can we offer first aid to victims of any disaster?
First Aid and Emergency Action:
You have studied in earlier classes about the types of first aid to be offered to the
persons injured in disasters. Use of this knowledge is useful for offering the help to
classmates or people around you facing any disaster and injured there in.

Sometimes, we have to face the disaster

due to our own unawareness. Some
symbols given beside are seen used
around us. Those symbols can not be
ignored. Such symbols are useful to
avoid the mishaps.
10.2 Signs

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 Following are some pictures of disasters. Which precautions would
Let's Think
you take during those disasters?

A B C
10.2 Various disasters
Give the reference of following pictures and explain importance
Observe of each of those in disaster management. Which are other such
activities?

a b c d e f
10.4 Various activities

In emergency condition, various transportation methods like cradle method, carrying

on back, carrying on two hands are to be followed. Those methods depend upon the
condition of victim. We face different types of major or minor disasters in our daily life.
Varieties of disasters like accidents, stampede, injuries in fighting, electric shock, burns,
heat shock, snake bite, dog bite, fire due to electric short circuit, epidemic of any disease,
etc. happen around us. Victims of disaster need to be offered some primary help before
actual medical treatment. First aid is useful in such circumstances.

Complete the chart Complete the chart as per the objectives of First Aid.

Relieving the pains

Preventing deterioration
of condition of victims of Objectives of First Aid
disaster
Attempt to improve the
Saving lives condition

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First Aid Kit
It is essential to have material necessary for first aid with us. That material is available
in the first aid kit. You can also prepare a first aid kit. It is also important to use whatever
the material available in the given condition for first aid.
Meet the medical officer / doctor from your village and collect
Get information information about providing the first aid.

The necessary material in first aid box

1. Bandage strips of different size 8. Antiseptic (Dettol/ Savlon) 15. Scissor
2. Wound gauze. 9. Safety pins 16. Thermometer
3. Triangular and circular bandage. 10. Blade 17. Petroleum jelly
4. Medicated cotton 11. Small pins
5. Hand gloves 12. Needle
6. Clean and dry cloth pieces. 13. Band aid
7. Soap 14. Torch

Whether there had been mock drill by fire fighters under the
Can you tell? disaster management scheme in your school? Which techniques
did you see during the drill?
Mock Drill
It is a practice to check the preparedness of facing the disaster as early as possible.
Virtual / Apparent situation of disaster is created to check the reaction time for any type
of disaster. Trained personnel observe their responsibilities to check execution of plan
designed for disaster redressal. This helps to check the efficacy of the system prepared for
disaster redressal.
Mock drill is arranged on disaster of fire in various schools by the fire fighters. It
includes the demonstrations like extinguishing the fire, rescuing the people trapped at
higher floors of buildings, rescuing the persons whose clothing have caught the fire, etc.
Such activities are also arranged by police force and voluntary organizations.

Objectives of Mock Drill

1. Evaluating the response to the disaster.
2. Improving the coordination between
various departments of disaster control. Internet is my friend
3. Identification of own abilities.
4. Improving the ability of quick response Watch the video clip of fire fighting
to disaster. mock drill on you tube and send to
5. Checking the competency of the planned your friends and relatives.
actions.
6. Identifying the possible errors and risks.

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 Always remember
1. Do not make chaos and push each other while using staircase in the school.
2. Remind important help-lines and use as per need. Ex. Police 100, Fire fighting force
101, Disaster Control Unit 108, Ambulance 102, etc.
3. Follow the traffic rules. Look at left and right sides while crossing the road and ensure
that any vehicle in not passing by.
4. Do not touch any unclaimed object. Do not spread rumours.
5. Do not make chaos at the crowded places.

Give up the Health

y life Follow the
addictions and is the
key to rules to avoid
stay happy succes
s disasters
Cleanliness
and health
always coexist

Today’s students are

future citizens of
country

Exercise
1. Complete the table. 3. Answer the following questions.
a. Explain the role of district disaster
(Motor accident, land sliding, forest control unit after occurrence of any
fire, theft, riot, war, epidemic, drought, disaster.
locust attack, financial crisis, flood, b. Give the reasons for increase in
famine) human disasters after the World
War-II.
Disaster Symptoms Effects Remedy c. Which are the objectives of disaster
management?
d. Why is it essential to get the training
of first aid?
e. Which different methods are used
for transportation of patients?
2. Write notes. Why?
a. Disaster management Authority 4. On the basis of the structure of disaster-
b. Nature of disaster management management authority, form the same
for your school.
c. Mock drill
5. Write down the reasons, effects and
d. Disaster Management Act, 2005
remedial measures taken for any two
disasters experienced by you.
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6. Which different aspects of disaster a.
management would you check for
your school? Why? b.
7. Identify the type of disaster.
a. Terrorism b. Soil erosion
c. Hepatitis d. Forest fire
e. Famine f. Theft
8. Some symbols are given below.
Explain those symbols. Which c.
disasters may occur if those symbols
are ignored?

d.

Project:
1. Demonstrate the activities shown on
page no. 106 of std. IX textbook in
front of the students of other classes.
Make a video clip and send it to others.
2. Form a group of students from your
9. Explain that why is it said like that? school to demonstrate the mock drill
A] Mock drill is useful and demonstrate it in the school.
B] Effective disaster management
makes us well prepared for future.
10. Complete the following chart.

Properties of Predisaster
management

11. Following are the pictures of some

disasters. How will be your pre- and
post-disaster management in case
you face any of those disasters?

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