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Iso Osi Model

The document describes the ISO-OSI reference model, which is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication. Each layer has a specific function, from physical transmission of bits at the lowest layer to application-specific protocols at the highest layer. The model aims to define network functions in a modular way to ensure compatibility between systems and allow for future innovation.

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209 views7 pages

Iso Osi Model

The document describes the ISO-OSI reference model, which is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication. Each layer has a specific function, from physical transmission of bits at the lowest layer to application-specific protocols at the highest layer. The model aims to define network functions in a modular way to ensure compatibility between systems and allow for future innovation.

Uploaded by

Sasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ISO - OSI Reference Model

To ensure, national and worldwide data communication, systems must


be developed which are compatible to communicate with each other
ISO has developed a standard. ISO stands for International
organization of Standardization. This is called a model for Open
System Interconnection (OSI) and is commonly known as OSI model.

The ISO-OSI model is a seven layer architecture. It defines seven


layers or levels in a complete communication system. They are:

1. Application Layer
2. Presentation Layer
3. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Network Layer
6. Datalink Layer
7. Physical Layer

Below we have the complete representation of the OSI model,


showcasing all the layers and how they communicate with each other.
In the table below, we have specified the protocols used and the data
unit exchanged by each layer of the OSI Model.
Feature of OSI Model

1. Big picture of communication over network is understandable


through this OSI model.
2. We see how hardware and software work together.
3. We can understand new technologies as they are developed.
4. Troubleshooting is easier by separate networks.
5. Can be used to compare basic functional relationships on
different networks.

Principles of OSI Reference Model

The OSI reference model has 7 layers. The principles that were
applied to arrive at the seven layers can be briefly summarized as
follows:

1. A layer should be created where a different abstraction is


needed.
2. Each layer should perform a well-defined function.
3. The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward
defining internationally standardized protocols.
4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the
information flow across the interfaces.
5. The number of layers should be large enough that distinct
functions need not be thrown together in the same layer out of
necessity and small enough that architecture does not become
unwieldly.
Functions of Different Layers

Following are the functions performed by each layer of the OSI model.
This is just an introduction, we will cover each layer in details in the
coming tutorials.

OSI Model Layer 1: Application Layer

1. Application Layer is the topmost layer.


2. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done
in this layer. Mail services, directory services, network resource
etc are services provided by application layer.
3. This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the
received and to be sent data.

OSI Model Layer 2: The Presentation Layer

1. Presentation Layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way
that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will
be able to use the data.
2. While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data
to be ready for the application layer.
3. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating
systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role of
translator.
4. It perfroms Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion
etc.

OSI Model Layer 3: The Session Layer

1. Session Layer manages and synchronize the conversation


between two different applications.
2. Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams
of data are marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the
ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is
avoided.

OSI Model Layer 4: Transport Layer

1. Transport Layer decides if data transmission should be on


parallel path or single path.
2. Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the
data are done by this layer
3. It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert
the message into smaller units and passes it on to the Network
layer.
4. Transport layer can be very complex, depending upon the
network requirements.
5. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so
that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.
OSI Model Layer 5: The Network Layer

1. Network Layer routes the signal through different channels from


one node to other.
2. It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.
3. It decides by which route data should take.
4. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles
the incoming packets into messages for higher levels.

OSI Model Layer 6: Data Link Layer

1. Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be


transmitted over the physical layer.
2. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is
error free from one node to another, over the physical layer.
3. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed
by this layer.
4. This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames
received and sent respectively. Resending of
non-acknowledgement received frames is also handled by this
layer.
5. This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes and
also manages the Frame traffic control over the network. It
signals the transmitting node to stop, when the frame buffers are
full.
OSI Model Layer 7: The Physical Layer

1. Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI Model.


2. It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
3. It is responsible for transmission and reception of the
unstructured raw data over network.
4. Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the
physical layer.
5. It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical
signals.
6. Data encoding is also done in this layer.

Merits of OSI reference model

1. OSI model distinguishes well between the services, interfaces


and protocols.
2. Protocols of OSI model are very well hidden.
3. Protocols can be replaced by new protocols as technology
changes.
4. Supports connection oriented services as well as connectionless
service.

Demerits of OSI reference model

1. Model was devised before the invention of protocols.


2. Fitting of protocols is tedious task.
3. It is just used as a reference model.
4.

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