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KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITION :
If f & g are functions of x such that g(x) = f(x) then the function g is called a PRIMITIVE OR
ANTIDERIVATIVE OR INTEGRAL of f(x) w.r.t. x and is written symbolically as
d
 f(x) dx = g(x) + c 
dx
{g(x) + c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration.

2. STANDARD RESULTS :
ax  bn 1 dx 1
(i)  (ax + b)n dx =
a  n  1
+ c n  1 (ii)  ax  b
= ln (ax + b) + c
a

1 ax+b 1 a pxq
(iii)  eax+b dx =
a
e +c (iv)  apx+q dx =
p n a
(a > 0) + c

1 1
(v)  sin (ax + b) dx = 
a
cos (ax + b) + c (vi)  cos (ax + b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c

1 1
(vii)  tan(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sec (ax + b) + c (viii)  cot(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sin(ax + b)+ c

1
(ix)  sec² (ax + b) dx = tan(ax + b) + c (x)  cosec²(ax + b) dx =  1 cot(ax + b)+ c
a a
1
(xi)  sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx = sec (ax + b) + c
a

(xii)  cosec (ax + b) . cot (ax + b) dx =  1 cosec (ax + b) + c

a
 x
(xiii)  secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c OR ln tan    + c
4 2
x
(xiv)  cosec x dx = ln (cosecx  cotx) + c OR ln tan
2
+ c OR  ln (cosecx + cotx)

(xv)  sinh x dx = cosh x + c (xvi)  cosh x dx = sinh x + c (xvii)  sech²x dx = tanh x + c

(xviii)  cosech²x dx =  coth x + c (xix)  sech x . tanh x dx =  sech x + c

dx x
(xx)  cosech x . coth x dx =  cosech x + c (xxi)  2 2
= sin1
a
+c
a x
dx 1 x dx 1 x
(xxii)  2
a x 2
= tan1 + c
a a
(xxiii)  x x a 2 2
=
a
sec1 + c
a

dx x
(xxiv)  = ln  x  x 2  a 2  OR sinh1 +c
x2  a2   a

dx x
(xxv)  = ln  x  x 2  a 2  OR cosh1 +c
x a 2 2   a

dx 1 ax dx 1 x a
(xxvi)  2
a x 2 =
2a
ln
ax
+c (xxvii)  2
x a 2
=
2a
ln
xa
+c
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x a2 x
(xxviii)  a 2  x 2 dx =
2
a 2 x 2 +
2
sin1 + c
a
x a2 x
(xxix)  x 2  a 2 dx =
2
x 2 a 2 +
2
sinh1 + c
a
x a2 x
(xxx)  x 2  a 2 dx =
2
x 2 a 2 
2
cosh1 + c
a
e ax
(xxxi)  eax. sin bx dx =
a 2 b2
(a sin bx  b cos bx) + c

e ax
(xxxii)  eax . cos bx dx =
a 2 b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c

3. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION :
(i) Substitution or change of independent variable .
Integral I =  f(x) dx is changed to  f( (t)) f  (t) dt , by a suitable substitution
x =  (t) provided the later integral is easier to integrate .
 du 
(ii) Integration by part :  u.v dx = u  v dx  
 d x . v d x  dx where u & v are differentiable
 
function . Note : While using integration by parts, choose u & v such that
 du 
(a)  v dx is simple & (b) 
 d x .  v d x  dx is simple to integrate.
 
This is generally obtained, by keeping the order of u & v as per the order of the letters in ILATE,
where ; I  Inverse function, L  Logarithmic function ,
A  Algebraic function, T  Trigonometric function & E  Exponential function
(iii) Partial fraction , spiliting a bigger fraction into smaller fraction by known methods .
4. INTEGRALS OF THE TYPE :
f ( x )
(i)  [ f(x)]n f (x) dx OR  dx put f(x) = t & proceed .
f ( x )n
dx dx
(ii)  2
,  ,  ax 2  bx  c dx
2
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results .
px  q px  q
(iii)  2 dx ,  dx .
ax  bx  c ax 2  bx  c
Express px + q = A (differential co-efficient of denominator) + B .

(iv)  ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex . f(x) + c (v)  [f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c

dx
(vi)  nN Take xn common & put 1 + xn = t .
x ( x n 1)
dx
(vii)  ( n 1)
n  N , take xn common & put 1+xn = tn

x 2 x n 1  n
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dx
(viii)  take xn common as x and put 1 + xn = t .
n 1/ n
n
x 1 x 
dx dx dx
(ix)  a  b sin 2
x
OR  a  b cos 2
x
OR  a sin 2
x  b sin x cos x  c cos 2
x
r r
Multiply N. . & D. . by sec² x & put tan x = t .
dx dx dx
(x)  a  b sin x
OR  a  b cos x
OR  a  b sin x  c cos x
x
Hint :Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles , put tan =t
2
a .cos x  b .sin x  c d
(xi)   .cos x  m .sin x  n
dx . Express Nr  A(Dr) + B
dx
(Dr) + c & proceed .

x 2 1 x 2 1
(xii)  x 4  K x 2 1
dx OR  x 4  K x 2 1
dx where K is any constant .

Hint : Divide Nr & Dr by x² & proceed .

dx dx
(xiii)  &  ; put px + q = t2 .
(ax  b) px  q ax 2
 bx  c  px  q

dx 1 dx 1
(xiv)  , put ax + b = ;  , put x =
t t
(ax  b ) px 2  qx  r ax 2
 bx  c  px2  qx  r

x
(xv)  dx or  x      x ; put x =  cos2  +  sin2 
x

x
 dx or   x     x   ; put x =  sec2   tan2 
x

dx
 ; put x  = t2 or x  = t2 .
 x     x  
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DEFINITE INTEGRAL
b

1.  f(x) dx = F(b)  F(a) where  f(x) dx = F(x) + c

a

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE : If  f(x) dx = 0  then the equation f(x) = 0 has atleast one
a

root lying in (a , b) provided f is a continuous function in (a , b) .

2. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :
b b b a

P1  f(x) dx =  f(t) dt provided f is same P2  f(x) dx =   f(x) dx

a a a b

b c b

P3  f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx , where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b] . This property
a a c

to be used when f is piecewise continuous in (a, b) .

a

P4  f(x) dx = 0 if f(x) is an odd function i.e. f(x) =  f(x) .

a

= 2  f(x) dx if f(x) is an even function i.e. f(x) = f(x) .

0

b b a a

P5  f(x) dx =  f(a + b  x) dx , In particular  f(x) dx =  f(a  x)dx

a a 0 0

2a a a a

P6  f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(2a  x) dx = 2  f(x) dx if f(2a  x) = f(x)

0 0 0 0

=0 if f(2a  x) =  f(x)
na a

P7  f(x) dx = n  f(x) dx ; where‘a’is the period of the function i.e. f(a + x) = f(x)
0 0

b  nT b
P8  f(x) dx =  f(x) dx where f(x) is periodic with period T & n  I .
a  nT a

na a
P9  f(x) dx = (n  m)  f(x) dx if f(x) is periodic with period 'a' .
ma 0

b b

P10 If f(x)  (x) for a  x  b then  f(x) dx    (x) dx

a a

b b

P11  f ( x )d x 
a
 f(x)dx .
a

P12 If f(x)  0 on the interval [a, b] , then  f(x) dx  0.

a
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/ 2

 sinnx . cosmx dx = ( n 1 ) ( n  3 ) ( n  5 ).... 1or 2 ( m 1) ( m  3 ).... 1or 2  K

0 ( m  n ) ( m  n  2 ) ( m  n  4 ).... 1or 2

Where K = if both m and n are even (m, n  N) ;
2
= 1 otherwise

4. DERIVATIVE OF ANTIDERIVATIVE FUNCTION :

If h(x) & g(x) are differentiable functions of x then ,
h( x)
d
 f(t) dt = f [h (x)] . h(x)  f [g (x)] . g(x)
dx g( x )

5. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM :

b

 f(x) dx = Limit
n h [f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f  a  n 1 h ]
a

n 1
= Limit
h 0 h  f (a + rh) where b  a = nh
r0

n 1 1
If a = 0 & b = 1 then , Limit
n   h  f (rh) =  f(x) dx ; where nh = 1 OR
r0 0

1
Limit  1  n 1 f  r  =  f(x) dx .
n 
 n  r1  n  0

6. ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :

b

(i) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a , b) ; f(b).(b  a) <  f(x) dx < f(a).(b  a) &
a

(ii) For a monotonic increasing function in (a , b) ; f(a).(b  a) <  f(x) dx < f(b).(b  a)
a

7. SOME IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
(i) 1     .....   ln 2 (ii)     .....  
2 3 4 5 12 22 32 42 6

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
(iii)     .....   (iv)     .....  
12 2 2 3 2 4 2 12 12 3 2 5 2 7 2 8

1 1 1 1 2
(v)     .....  
22 42 62 82 24