GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.

General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20

Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 1 of 26

WEEK 1 LESSONS

Desired Learning Outcomes

1. Define functions and relations.

2. Determine whether a relation is a function.
3. Use vertical line test to identify functions.
4. Solve real – life situations using functions, including piecewise function.

______________________________________________________________________

Getting Ready

Directions: Determine the input and output of the given machine.

Input Machine Output

1. 1. toaster 1.
2. 2. washer 2.
3. 3. oven 3.

Definition: A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a
second set of values (called the range).

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x , y).

Example 1. The list and the set of ordered pairs below show the same relation. Each letter is
paired with a number.

Letter Number
I 4
L 5
O 6
V 8
E 3
M 6
A 2
T 8
H 4

{(I,4), (L,5), (O,6), (V,8), (E,3), (M,6), (A,2), (T,8), (H,4)}

SHS - General Mathematics

May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 2 of 26

The domain is {I, L , O, V, E, M, A, T, H} and the range is {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}. Note that for
each letter there corresponds exactly one number. This is a special kind of relation called
function.

Definition: A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only
one value in the range by some rule.

The members of the domain can be called inputs and the members of the range can be called
outputs. Arrows can be used to describe correspondence in the function.

Example 2.

Letter Number
I 2
L
O 3
V 4
E
M 5
A 6
T
H 8

{(I,4), (L,5), (O,6), (V,8), (E,3), (M,6), (A,2), (T,8), (H,4)}

This relation is a function, since each element in the domain {I, L , O, V, E, M, A, T, H} is

assigned to one element in the range. Even though the range element 4 is assigned to two
elements of the domain, I and H, it is still a function since each element of the domain is
assigned to only one element of the range.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y), such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x – value but different y – values.

Example 3. Which of the following relations are functions?

f = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)}
g = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7)}

h= Domain Range
4 I
3 F
8 U
2 B
5 A
K
SHS - General Mathematics
May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 3 of 26

E
Solution.
The relations f is a function because no two ordered pairs have the same x – value but
different y – values. Meanwhile, g and h are not function. In relation g, (1,3) and (1,4) are
ordered pairs with the same x – value but different y values. In relation h, 3 is assigned to two
letters, F and E, and 2 is assigned to two letters, B and A.

Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of
the domain are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or
function is represented by the set of all the connections represented by the arrows.

Example 4. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

f
1 3
2 5 h
3 9 7 11
4 17 13
5 33 2 17
19
1 23

5 g 0
6
7
8
9 1

Solution.
The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for a specific
value of x. The relation h is not a function because there is at least one element in X for which
there is more than one corresponding y – value. For example, x = 7 corresponds to y = 11 or
13. Similarly, x = 2 corresponds to both y = 17 or 19.

A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane,
and that a function passes the vertical line test.

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
SHS - General Mathematics
May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 4 of 26

Example 5. Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

a.) b.) c.)

d.) e.)

Solution.

Graphs a.), d.) and e.) are graphs of functions while b.), and c.) are not because they do
not pass the vertical line test.

Important Concepts

 Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from the set
of outputs.
Definition. The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.
 Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from the set of
Exampleinputs.
6. Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.

a.) y = 2x + 1
b.) y = x² - 2x + 2
c.) y = √ x+1

SHS - General Mathematics

May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 5 of 26

2 x +1
d.) y =
x−1

Solution. The domains for the relations are as follows.

a.) {x : x ∈ ℝ} b.) {x : x ∈ ℝ} c.) {x : x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ -1} d.) {x : x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 1}

Functions as representations of real – life situations.

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying appropriate functional
model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.

Example 7. One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area next to a
river (see figure). Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed,in terms of x.

river

y
x

Solution. The area of the rectangular enclosure is A = xy. We will write this as a function of x.
Since only 100m fencing is available, then x + 2y = 100 or y = (100 – x)/2 = 50 – 0.5x. Thus,
A(x) = x (50 – 0.5x) = 50x – 0.5x².

Piecewise Functions

Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.

Example 8. A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100
free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charge P1 each. Represent the monthly
cost for text messaging using the function t(m), where m is the number of messages sent in a
month.

Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function.

SHS - General Mathematics

May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 6 of 26

300 ,if 0<m≤ 100

t ( m )= {300+m , if m>100

Solved Examples

1. Is the relation {(0,0), (1,1), (2,4), (3,9), . . . (n,n²), …} a function?

2. Which of the following diagram represents a relation that is not a function?

3. Give the domain of y= √2−x using set builder notation.

4. Squares of side x are cut from each corner of an 8 in x 5 in rectangle ( see figure), so
that its sides can be folded to make a box with no top. Define a function in terms of x that
can represent the volume of this box.
8 inches
x

5 inches

5. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 10
pieces, they will be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise
function to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.

,if 0<n ≤ 10
f ( n )= 35 n
{ 32 n , if n>10

LESSON 1. EXERCISES

SHS - General Mathematics

May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 7 of 26

I. Determine whether or not each relation is a function. Give the domain and range of
each relation.
1. {(2,3), (4,5), (6,6)}
2. {(4,5),(4,6), (5,5), (5,6)}
3. {(-2,-2), (-1,-1), (0,0), (1,1)}
4. {(5,1), )(5,2), (5,3)}
II. State whether or not each relation is a function.
5. 6. 7.
h g

100 1
3 x y
4 4
200 2 4 9
4 8
300 3 -3 4 12
4 16

8 9. 10.
Year Expenses
2002 P4 000 000
2003 P5 000 000

III. 2004 P4 000 000

Find the domain and range of each relation.
2005 P5 500 000
11. f(x) = 4x² + 3x - 1 12.
3
g(x) = 13. y= √ x+ 2
x+ 4

2
14. f(x) = 9 – 3(x + 2) 15. h(x) =
x ²−16

IV. Answer each of the following.

16. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary S
as a function of the number n of days that the person works.

17. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300 meters
(or a function thereof) adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the taxi
fare in terms of distance d in meters.
SHS - General Mathematics
May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 8 of 26

WEEK 2. LESSONS

Desired Learning Outcomes

1. Evaluate functions.
2. Represents real – life situations using functions.

____________________________________________________________________________

Getting Ready

Find the value of each expression and write it in the square. Let n = 15
(2n – 11)

n² n
+ 20
5
n/3
3n + 3

(n – 5)² n
n+7
(30 – 4n)
11

Definition: Evaluating function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x,
with a value from the function’s domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are
evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of f, we write f(a).

Example 1. Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5:

2 x +1
(h) g(h) = 2x + 1 (j) r(x) =
x−1
(i) q(h) = x 2−2 x+2 (k) F(x) = [x] + 1, where [x] is the greatest integer function.

Solution. Substituting 1.5 for x in the functions above, we have

(a) g(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4

SHS - General Mathematics
May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 9 of 26

(b) q(1.5) = (1.5)² - 2(1.5) + 2 = 2.25 – 3 + 2 = 1.25

2 ( 1.5 ) +1 3+1
(c) r(x) = = =8
( 1.5 ) −1 0.5
(d) f(x) = {1.5} + 1 = 1+1 = 2

Example 2. Find (-4) and r(1) where g and r are as defined in the previous example.

Solution. This is not possible because -4 is not in the domain of g(x) and 1 is not in the domain
of r(x).

Example 3. Evaluate the following functions, where f and q are as defined in Example 1.

(a) f(3x – 1) (b) q (2x + 3)

Solution.

(a) f(3x – 1) = 2 ( 3x – 1) + 1 (b) q (2x + 3) = (2x + 3)² + 2(2x + 3) + 2

=6x – 2 + 1 = (4x² + 12x + 9) – 4x -6 +2

= 6x - 1 = 4x² + 8x + 5

The following steps will be helpful in solving problems involving function.

1. Read and comprehend the problem carefully.

2. Identify the function to be used (linear, quadratic, cubic, etc.) in representing the given
problem.
3. Write the function that describes the problem.
4. Use the function to solve the problem.
5. Check the answer

Example 4. The velocity V ( in m/s) of all ball thrown upward t seconds after the ball was thrown
is given by V(t) = 20 – 9.8t. Calculate V(90) and V(1), and explain what these results mean.

Solution. V(0) = 20 – 9.8(0) = 20 and V(1) = 20 – 9.8(1) = 10.2. These results indicate that the
initial velocity of the ball is 20 m/s. After 1 second, the ball is travelling more slowly, at 10.2 m/s.

Example 5. Suppose that s(T) is the top speed (in km per hour) of a runner when the
temperature is T degrees Celsius. Explain what the statements s(15) = 12 and s(30) = 10 mean.

SHS - General Mathematics

May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 10 of 26

Solution. The first equation means that when the temperature is 15°C, then the top speed of a
runner is 12 km per hour. However, when temperature rises to 30°C, the top speed is reduced
to 10 km per hour.

Solve Examples

1. Evaluate the following functions at x = 3.

(a) f(x) = x – 3
(b) g(x) = x² - 3x + 5
3
(c) h(x) = √ x ³+ x+ 3
x ²+1
(d) p(x) =
x −4
(e) f(x) = |x−5| where |x−5| means the absolute value of x – 5.
2. Evaluate f(a + b) where f(x) = 4x² - 3x.

LESSON 2. EXERCISES

1. Evaluate the following functions at x = - 4.

a. f(x) = x³ - 64
b. g(x) = |x ³−3 x ²+3 x−1|
c. r(x) = √ 5−x
x+ 3
d. q(x) =
x ²+7 x +12
2. Given f(x) = x² - 4x + 4.
a. f(3)
b. f(x+3)
is f(x + 3) the same as f(x) + f(3)?
3. A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for the first two
hours and an additional P10.00 per hour for each succeeding hour. Find how much you
would pay if you used one of their computers for:
a. 40 minutes
b. 3 hours
c. 150 minutes
4. Answer each of the following.
s ² √3
a. The function A described by A(s) = gives the area of an equilateral triangle with
4
side s.
a.1 Find the area when a side measures 8 inches.
SHS - General Mathematics
May 21, 2020
 GOLDENSTATE COLLEGE Issue No. Rev No. Reference No.
General Santos City 01 00 RF-ACA-SHS12-001-20
Effectivity Date: Page No.
General Mathematics
June 15, 2020 11 of 26

a.2 Find the area when a side measures 16 cm.

SHS - General Mathematics

May 21, 2020