CEN 3205- Building Construction

Adama Science and Technology University

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Building Construction
Semester I - (Architecture)
2021 G.C.

17-Mar-21
 Building Construction
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Lecture 4

Chapter 3:- Foundations

17-Mar-21
 A foundation is the lowest artificially prepared part of a
structure below the surface of surrounding ground which
provides the base for the super structure proper and transmit
all the dead, superimposed and wind lodes from a building to
the soil.
 It prevents the differential settlement by evenly loading the
substrata.
 Foundations are also increases stability of structure by taking
the structure deep in to the ground.
 Foundations are generally built of
1. Bricks
2. Stones
3. Concrete
4. Steel and Timber.

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 The general inspection of site of work serves as a good for
determine the type of foundation, to be adopted for the
proposed work and in addition, it helps in getting the data
w.r.t the following items.
 Behavior of ground due to variations in depth of water
table
 Nature of soil by visual examination
 Movement of ground due to any reason etc.
 Disposal of storm water at site

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 The selection of material and type of foundation
depends upon the type of structure and the nature of
underlying soil.
 Before deciding of foundation size we must ensure that
 The bearing pressure at the base does not exceed
the allowable soil pressure.
 The settlement of the foundation is within
reasonable limits.
 Deferential settlement is so limited as not to cause
any damage to the structure.

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Depending upon their nature and depth, foundations have
been categorized as follows
I. Open foundations or shallow foundations

II. Deep foundations

I. OPEN FOUNDATIONS OR SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS:
 Founded near to the finished ground surface.
 Where the depth of foundation (Df) is less than the width of
footing (Wf) or less than 5m.
 Most common type of foundation
 Can be laid using open excavation by allowing natural slopes
 Normally convenient above the water table.

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 The base of the structure is enlarged or spread to provide individual
support. Since the spread foundations are constructed in open
excavations, therefore they are termed as open foundations.
 Provided for structure of moderate height built on sufficiently firm dry
ground.
 The various types of spread footings are:
1. Wall footing
2. Isolated footing
3. Combined footing
4. Inverted arch footing
5. Continuous footing
6. Cantilever footing
7. Grillage footing
8. Raft or Mat foundation
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 Can be either simple or stepped.
 The base course of these footings can be concrete or
entirely of one material simple footings are used for light
structures.
 They have only one projection beyond the width of the
wall.
 The base width of the concrete base course should be equal
to twice the width of wall.
 The depth of concrete bed is at least twice the projection of
wall

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 These are used to support in divided columns. They can be of
stepped type or have projections in the concrete base.
 In case of heavy loaded columns steel reinforcement is
provided in both directions in concrete with 15cm offsets as
shown in the figure

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 A combined footing supports two or more columns in a row.
 A Combined footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal
constructed with reinforced concrete.
 The location of centre of gravity of column loads and centroid
of the footing should coincide.
 Combined footings are essential whenever
1. The projection of columns are not possible on one side
due to limited available space.
2. When the spacing of two consecutive columns are close
for isolated footing.

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 This type of construction is used on soft soils to reduce the
depth of foundation loads above an opening are transmitted
from supporting walls through inverted arches to the soil.
 In this type the end columns must be stable enough to resist
the outward pressure caused by arch actions.

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 In this type of footing a single continuous R.C slab is produced
as foundation of two or three or more columns in a row.
 This type of footing is suitable at locations liable to earthquake
activities.
 This also prevents differential settlement in the structure.
 In order to have better stability a deeper beam is constructed in
between the columns

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 Strap footing consists of two or more individual footings
connected by a beam called strap or cantilever footing or
pump handle foundation.

 This type of foundation may be used where the distance

between the columns is so great that combined trapezoidal
footing becomes quite narrow with high bending moments
strap or cantilever footing.

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 This type of footing is used to transmit heavy loads from steel
columns to foundation soils having low bearing power.

 This type of foundation avoids deep excavation and provides

necessary area at the base to reduce the intensity of pressure
of the foundation soil is not stiff and there is a plenty of water
with spring, the sides are protected by sharing

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 A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath a structure and supports all the columns.
 It is used where
 The allowable soil pressure is low
 The structure loads are heavy
 The use of spread footings would cover more than one half
of the area
 The soil mass contains compressible lenses
 The soil is sufficiently erratic so that the differential
settlement would be difficult to control usually when the
hard soil is not available within 1.5 to 2.5m.
 The raft is composed of reinforced. Concrete beam with
relatively thin slab underneath.

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 Raft foundation is not suitable
 For steeply sloping sites where the excavation would be
excessive.
 To framed buildings with heavy concentrated loads where
raft thickness and reinforcement would be is excessive.
 Raft may be divided into three groups, based on their design and
construction
1. Solid slab system: is a generally solid reinforced concrete
with uniform thickness.
2. Beam slab system: consists of up-stand or down-stand
beams that take the loads of the walls or columns and
spread them.
3. Cellular system: consists of top and bottom slab separated
by and reinforced with vertical cross ribs in both directions.

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 These foundations carry loads from a structure
through weak compressible soil or fills onto the
stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at
depth.
 These foundations are in general used as
basements, buoyancy rafts, Caissons:, cylinders,
shaft and piles.

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• The pile foundation is a construction supported
on pile.
• A pile is an element of construction composed of
timber, concrete or steel or combination of them
• Pile foundation may be define as a column
support type of foundation which may be cast
insitu or precast .
• The lode of the structure is transmitted by the
pile to the hard stratum bellow or it is resisted by
the friction developed on the side of piles

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 Classification Based On The Function
 Classification Based On The Material And Composition

Classification Based On The Function:

 End Bearing Pile
 Friction Pile
 Companied End Bearing and Friction Pile
 Compaction Pile
 Uplift Pile
 Batter Pile
 Sheet Pile
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Classification Based On The Material And Composition

 Cement Concrete Pile

 Pre-cast Concrete Pile
 Cast In Situ Concrete Pile
 Under Ream Pile Foundation

 Pier Foundation
 Steel Pile
 Well Foundation Or Caissons
 Timber Pile

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 These pile penetrate through the soft soil and
their bottoms or tips rest on a hard stratum.
 The soft ground through which the piles pass
also gives some lateral support and this
increases the load carrying capacity of the
bearing piles. These piles act as columns.

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 When loose soil extends to a great depth, pile are driven up
to such a depth that friction resistance developed at the side
of the piles equal the load coming on the piles.
 The total friction resistance of piles is obtained by multiplying
frictional resistance of soil with the area of pile in contact
with the soil
 By increasing the diameter of the pile
 By driving the pile to a grater depth
 By making the surface of the pile rough
 By placing the pile closely
 By grouping the pile

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 Transfer the superimposed load both through
side friction as well as end bearing pile

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 They are used to compact loose granular soils in
order to increase their bearing capacity.
 These piles themselves do not carry any load.

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 Timber piles are prepared from trunks of
trees.
 They may be circular or square they are 30 to
50 cm in diameter with a length not
exceeding 20 times its top width
 At the bottom a cast-iron shoe is provided
and at the top a steel plate is fixed.

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TYPE OF STEEL PILE
 H-PILE
 Box pile
 Tube pile

THE ADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE

• These piles can easily withstand the stresses due to driving
• These piles can be easily lengthened by welding and can also be cut off easily
• These piles can resist lateral force in a better way
• The bearing capacity of these piles is comparatively high
• These piles can take up impact stresses and can resist lateral force

THE DISADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE

• The only disadvantage of steel pile is their corrosion 34
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 These piles are manufactured in factory. they
may be tapered or parallel sided.
 They may be square octagonal or round in shape
 The precast concrete piles are generally used for
a maximum design load of about 80 tones
 They may be reinforced to withstand handling
stresses
 The concrete in the pile should be controlled
concrete and should correspond to M200

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 In this type a bore is dug into the ground by
inserting a casing. This bore is then filled
with cement concrete after placing
reinforcement
 They may be either cased cast in-situ
concrete pile or uncased cast in-situ concrete
pile depending upon weather the casing is
kept in position or is withdrawn afterwards

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