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Introduction
A project naturally progresses from design to the actual building going through the
following stages:

Project as an idea

Planning Civil & Architecture Design Electro-Mechanical Works Design

Electrical Works Plumping works Design HVAC works Design

Design

To
B.O.Q Preparation Tendering & Analysis
Contractors

Consultant Tender selection

Implementation Process Shop Drawing
Approval (Contractor)

So on

As the previous chart suggests, the electrical design is the first step of any electrical project, this
step has two major concerns besides the basic knowledge of electrical engineering which are
basic knowledge of Electrical Safety and Economical Design.

Where the design aspect of this course covers areas like: Interior Lighting design, Socket
distribution, panel Boards design, cables selection, etc.

The second phase of the course addresses electrical site works supported with figures and videos
that introduces the student to real world experience of Sites Electrical Works and how to prepare
shop drawings for a given project.

Then the third phase, introduces the student to the basics of tendering and preparing a project bill
of quantity (B.O.Q).

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At the end of this course, the student will have a head start extensive knowledge of how the
electrical contracting process works and will able to use this knowledge whenever facing an
electrical project.

With all respect …

Eng .Mohammed Tharwat

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Part One
Interior Lightning Design

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Interior lighting Design

While the most important aspect of this area of design is determining the
desirable lux according to Egyptian, international codes and standards to match
your project needs, whether your project is a bank, school or even a hospital
there are some basic rules to go by while determining the lux value of a given
area.

Lumen (lm):
The unit of luminous flux is a measure for the quantity of luminous energy emitted per second by a light
source.

Luminous Intensity (I):

Light flux irradiated through a tri dimensional angle (solid angle) directed by the magnitude of the referred
angle.

L= (Q/w) Lm/Seta radians

IL luminance (Lm/M2):
The quantity of incidental light falling onto a given surface per unit area of the suface taking into
consideration that, it is uniformly illuminated.

E=Q/A Lux

To have a better understanding of the role of lux in lighting designs consider the
following example:

A lamp connected to a power source, the lamp will emit many lighting lines as
shown in the figure:

Lighting lines

“Lumen”

The lighting lines that illuminates 1 m2 is a simple definition of Lux

𝑸
Lux = lumen/m2
𝑨

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So if we say that an office needs 300 lux to be illuminated.

This simply means each 1 m2 requires 300 lumen.

The required lux depends on the application or usage of this area.

Some Lighting Parameters:

 Colour Rendering Index (CRI):
A measure of the degree to which the appearance of a surface colour under a given light source
Compare to the same surface under a CIE reference source. The index has a maximum value of 100.

 Colour Temperature (°K):

All materials emit light when heated (e.g. metal glows red through to white as the temperature
Increase). The temperature to which a full radiator (or ‘black body’) would be heated to achieve the
Same chromaticity (colour quality) of the light source being considered, defines the correlated colour
temperature of the lamp, quoted in degrees Kelvin.

 Luminance (L):
L=I/A (Cd/m2)

 Luminous Efficacy (lm/W):

The ratio of light emitted, to the power consumed by a lamp.

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The following tables show required lux for many applications:

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Types of lamps:
Low High Low High
Normal Tungsten Metal
Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure
Incident Halogen Halide
Mercury Mercury Sodium Sodium
Lamp Lamp Lamp
Lamp Lamp Lamps Lamps

Theory Of Black Body Black Body Quantum Quantum Quantum Quantum Quantum

Operation Radiation Radiation Theory Theory Theory Theory Theory

Color
100% 100% 50-95% 15-50% 65-90% 0 25-85%
Rendering
Luminous
8-17 13-25 60-95 40-60 70-95 125-200 40-90
Efficacy
Life Time 1000-2000 hr 2000-4000 hr 8000 hr 5000-24000 hr 3000-12000 hr 5000-20000 hr 6000-24000 hr

Can be Can be Can`t be Can be Can be Can`t be Can be

Dimming
Dimmed Dimmed Dimmed Dimmed Dimmed Dimmed Dimmed

Application Indoor Indoor Indoor Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor

In order to reach a satisfactory lux value for a given area, It`s required to use number of
lighting fixtures.
While the number of lighting fixture is dependent on a set of parameters which can be illustrated
in the following equation:
𝑬.𝑨.𝑭
N=
𝑸.𝒏.𝑼𝒇. 𝑲

Where:
N… number of lighting fixtures. Q… lumen for lighting unit.
E … required lux. n… number of lamps per unit.
A…. Area of room. 𝑼𝒇 …utilization factor.
F… clearance factor. K…. Maintenance Factor [0.8].

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L
A) Area of room:
W

A = L.W

B) Clearance factor (F):

It is the factor that affect of num. lighting fixture according to room
clean degree.

For an open lighting fixture in a computer lap room and under a clean room condition,
clearance factor is 1.27

C) Number of lamps (n):

4 x 18 n=4 Spot light: 100 n=1

2 x 36 n=2 60 n=1

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D) Utilization factor (Uf):

For a certain lux value to be reached in a given room (area) there are some
parameters that affect the quantity of lumen per lamp, those parameters are better
illustrated as below:
1. Room index:

𝑳. 𝑾
𝒌𝒓 =
𝑯 (𝑳 + 𝑾) Hf

Where: H1
H2
Kr…Room index W…Room width
L….Room length H…distance between the
lighting fixture & working Hw
plan.
H1 = Ht – Hw , H2 = Ht - (Hw + Hf)

S/H Parameter:
Means the ratio between Mounting Height & distance between lighting fixtures which give
us the ratio between Emin & Emax

For Example:
S/H = 1.75 which mean ratio of [Emin / Emax= 75%]
S/Hm Ratio is a given value in lighting fixture data sheet.

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2. Reflection factors: (𝛒𝐰 , 𝛒𝐜 , 𝛒𝐆.𝐅)

Depending on wall, ceiling, ground colors and materials, Reflection factor can be
determined by using the following tables:

Utilization factor can be one from the following tables by using both of Room index and
Reflection factors.

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Lumen per lighting lamp:

Can be determined by the following table according to lamp type:

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Design lighting for the following project:

L = 15 m
L
W=8m

H=4m W

Work plan = 85 cm

The above data is for a Conference room, with a white colored ceiling, it’s required that you
determine the number of lighting fixtures that achieves the desired Lux.

Solution
A = L.w = 15 x 8 = 120 m2

From tables: conference room has an E = 500 lux

The owner choose fixture (E). so, lamps = 2 x 36 watt , n = 2

From application: for a clean room, F = 1.33 (clearance factor = 1.33)

From lumen table: Q = 3250 lumen

From wall and ceiling color: 𝜌𝐶 = 0.7, 𝜌𝑤 = 0.5, 𝜌𝐺 = 0.2

H = Ht – (Hs + Hw) lighting fixture will be on false ceiling (Hw = 0.7 m)

H = 4 – (0.85 + 0.7) = 2.45 m H= 2.45 m

𝐿.𝑊 15 𝑥 8
Kr = 𝐻(𝐿+𝑊) = Kr = 2.12
2.45 (15+8)

From tables:

(Uf = 0.52)
𝐸.𝐴.𝐹 500 𝑥 120 𝑥 1.33
N = 𝑄.𝑛.𝑈 =
𝑓 3250 𝑥 2 𝑥 0.52

N = 23.6 units ≈ 24 units

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Arrangement of lighting fixture

From the previous example the required number of lighting fixtures is 24 unit, now
the question is how they can be arranged?
(4x6) or (3x8) or (12x2) or ….etc

𝑵. 𝑳 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟒
𝑵𝑳 = √ = √ = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟕 ~ 𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝒘 𝟖

𝑵. 𝒘 𝟖𝒙𝟐𝟒
𝑵𝒘 = √ = √ = 𝟒. 𝟑 ~ 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝑳 𝟏𝟎

So we will arrange those as (4x6) units

As shown in the fig. below, The distance between each lighting fixture and the
other is double the distances between the lighting fixture and the wall to avoid a
blind spots.
10 5
12X = 10 x = 12 = m
6 10 m
X 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X 2X X y
8y = 8 y=1m 2X 2y
2y
8m
2y
y

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Control of lighting circuits

Lighting circuits can be controlled by lighting switches.

Lighting switches can be classified into:

One way, one gang.

One way, two gang.

One way, three gang.

Two ways, one gang.

Two ways, two gang.

Two ways, three gang.

The difference between one way & two way switches is that the one way switch controls the
circuit from one location. However, two way switches controls the circuit from two locations.

Two way switches used in bed rooms, corridors….etc.

One way switch:

Two way switch:

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Part Two
Basics of Street lighting Design

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Street Lighting Design

Lighting is a vital rule to describe the importance of major and minor
roads, which constitute the lifelines of communication in the motorized
world today.

Good street lighting is aiming to:

 Reduce traffic accidents
 Combat crime
 Respect the environment

For good street lighting design there are some parameters

must be taken:
 Road Way Classification.
 Area Classification.
 Street Width.
 Poles height.

Roadway Classifications:
 Freeway
 Expressway
 Arterial
 Local
 Alleys

Area Classifications:
 Commercial
 Intermediate
 Residential

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Poles height and street width affect lighting arrangement

Street Lighting Arrangement:
1/Single sided:
This type of arrangement, in which all luminaries are located on
one side of the road, is used only when the width of the road is
equal to, or less than the mounting height of the luminaries.

W<=H

2/Staggered:
This type of arrangement in
which the luminaries are located on both sides of the road in a
staggered, or zigzag, arrangement is used mainly when the width
of the road is between 1 to 1.5 times the mounting heights of the
luminaries.

W=1~1.5 H

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3/Opposite:
This type of arrangement, with the luminaries located on both sides
of the road opposite to one another, is used mainly when the width
of the road is greater than 1.5 times the mounting height of the
luminaries.

W>1.5H

4- Span wire
This type of arrangement, with the luminaries suspended along
the axis of the road, is normally used for narrow roads that have
buildings on both sides.

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Types of lamps used in Street lighting

 High pressure sodium lamps (Highway Streets):

It is suitable for such kinds of lighting even in cloudy weather.

 Low pressure sodium lamps (Tunnels):

This type of lamp is used in tunnels and closed public places. They also have relatively long
life.

 Metal halide lamps.

 Mercury lamps (Internal Streets):

It gives a bright white light thus it could be used in illumination of open places such as large
stadiums since this type of lamps have strong glass.

Methods of switching of lamps

There are various methods, some of which are:

- Photo cell.

- Control switch.

- Timer.

The distribution lighting network consists of:

- Lighting distribution box

- Poles

- Lighting luminaries

- Cables

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Design of the street lighting scheme:

𝐅 𝐱 𝐂. 𝐅 𝐱 𝐌. 𝐅
𝑬=
𝐒𝐱𝐖
Where:

F: is lamp flux in lumens.

C.F: is the clearing factor, taken about 0.6.

M.F: is the maintenance factor, taken about 0.7.

S: is the space between the poles in meter.

W: is the street width in meter.

E: is the illumination level of street in lux.

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Recommended Illuminance Values

Road Classification Area Classification Illuminance Value

Commercial 21

Free Way Intermediate 17

Residential 12

Commercial 15

Express Way Intermediate 12

Residential 9

Commercial 12

Arterial Intermediate 9

Residential 6

Commercial 6

Local Intermediate 5

Residential 3

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Road Classification Area Classification Illuminance Value

Commercial 4

Alleys Intermediate 3

Residential 2

Commercial 3

Side Walks Intermediate 6

Residential 2

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Part Three
Electrical Outlets & Power Calculations

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Electric Outlets & Power Calculations

Types of Electrical Outlets:

Normal Single Socket Normal Duplex Socket

Fuse Switch or
Power Socket
Disconnect Switch

HD Hand Drier Outlet

1. Normal Single & Duplex Sockets:

This electrical outlet is single phase up to 10A, Used for light home loads like [TV, DVD…
ETC].
2. Power sockets:
This electrical outlet is single or three phases up to 32A, Used for heavy home loads like
[Microwaves… ETC].
3. Disconnect Switches & Fuse Switches:

Fuse Switch Disconnect Switch

Used for [A/C-W.H…ETC] as a isolator
Function switch & protective switch against over
Used for [FCU-AHU-Pumps-Elevators-
…..ETC] as isolator switch only.
current by using to rapture fuse

For all previous sockets types there are IP code for each socket which refer to protection degree
against water & dust.

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Sockets distribution:

Socket distribution for a given room is dependent on the following factors:

1- Room application
2- Room furniture
3- Each 3 meters put a single or duplex socket (in case of no furniture DWG)
4- For kitchens, there must be at least one power socket.

Power & Current Calculations:

 Electrical Power Triangle:

 Power Factor:

It`s a percentage of used active power.

𝑷
𝑷. 𝑭 =
𝑺

Where:
P ==== Active Power

S==== Apparent Power

For fluorescent lamps PF = 0.45 = 0.6

For halogen or spots PF = 1

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 Power Calculations:
A. For lighting:
- Incident & Florescent lamps:
Depend on lamp power
- For chandeliers:
S= 400≈500 VA

B. For Electrical Outlets:

Electrical Outlet Power [VA]

Normal Single Socket 200 VA
Normal Duplex Socket 400 VA
Power Socket From 1500 up to 5000 VA depend on Load
Water Heater 1500 VA For W.H below 80Lt. & 2000 VA For W.H up to 100 Lt.
Hand Drier 1500 VA

 For current calculations:

A. Single phase loads:

I (Amp) = 4.5 Skva

B. Three phase loads:

I (Amp) = 1.5 Skva

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 Electrical Loads Estimation:

According to Egyptian Company for Distribution maximum demand load (VA) is calculated by
knowing the area and building application as following:

A. For buildings less than 15 floors:

The following table gives required KVA for each 100 m2:

Application Type Residential Building Commercial Building

Low Density 1.5-2 6-12
Medium Density 2.5-4 6-12
High Density 6-10 6-12

B. For buildings more than 15 floors:

The following table gives required KVA for each 100 m2:
Residential Building Commercial Building
8-10 12

Height of building is calculated by 1.5 of street width.

 Electric lines calculations

After Distributing lighting fixtures and sockets, it must be fed from a main panel board.
Each group of lighting fixtures or group of sockets has one line to the main panel board.

A. For lighting lines:

No more With wire With
Each line 1500 VA 2.5 mm2 16 Amp
Than Size MCB
B. For socket lines:
No more With wire With
Each line 2000 VA 3 mm2 20 Amp
Than Size MCB

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C. For power socket lines:

No more With wire With
Each line 2000 VA 4 mm2 25 Amp
Than Size MCB

D. For hand drier:

Each unit No more With wire With

takes a 1500 VA 4 mm2 25 Amp
separate line Than Size MCB

E. For air conditioners:

Each unit takes a separate line:

1, 2.25, 3 HP 4 mm2 25 Amp

4 - 5 HP 6 mm2 32 Amp

 Load schedules
Project Name: MCB:
Panel Name: cable: size:
Breaking cap.:
Circuit Cable Three phase
Type MCCB Notes
Number size R Y B
R1 Lighting 2.5 mm2 16A 800
Y1 Lighting 2.5 mm2 16A 600
B1 Lighting 2.5 mm2 16A 990
R2 Socket 3 mm2 20A 1600
Y2 Socket 3 mm2 20A 1800
B2 A.C 4 mm2 25A 1500
R3 Spare 16A
Y3 Spare 20A
B3 Spare 32A
Total connected load 2400 2400 2490

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 Load balancing:
Given that the network is featuring a star connection.

It’s important to achieve I1 ≈ I2 ≈ I3 to reach an IN of nearly equal zero.

R
I1

R
N
IN
Y B
Y
I2

B
I3

 Balance Check:
For any panel board, there is a balance check for three phase loads due to reducing nuteral
current & unbalanced stresses on circuit breakers.

Unbalance ratio can be calculated by:

𝑳𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 − 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅

𝑼𝒏𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐(%) = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑳𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅

Unbalance Ratio (%) mustn’t exceed a value of 5% of total three phase load.

For above panel bard unbalance ration will be:

𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑼𝒏𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐(%) = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟎
Unbalance Ratio (%) = 3.62% so the above its balanced panel board.

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 Diversity factor:
It`s the percentage of expected on line loads connected at the same time.

For lighting ……….. ……………….... 0.7 ≈ 1

For all sockets……............................... 0.6 ≈ 0.9

For Air conditioners ………………….. 1

For heaters and hand drier ……………. 1

 Circuit breaker capacity calculations:

After conducting load and diversity factor calculations, now we consider C.B capacity
calculations which are as follows:

𝑺(𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆)
IC.B = 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟐𝟎

𝑺(𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅)
= 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝟑𝟖𝟎√𝟑

Circuit breaker standard:

10 – 16 – 20 – 25 – 32 – 40 – 50 – 60 – 63 – 75 – 80 – 100 – 125 – 160 – 200 – 250 – 320 – 400
– 500 – 630 – 800 – 1000 – 1250 – 1600 – 2000 – 2500 – 3200 – 4000 – 5000-6300 Amp.

MCB MCCB VACUUM ELCB

Miniature Molded Case Vacuum Earth Leakage
Abbreviation Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker Breaker Breaker
Nominal Current 10 – 125 A 32 – 1600 A 1600 – 5000 A 10 – 100A
Short Circuit Current 6 – 30 KA 10 – 80 KA Up to 150 KA 6 – 30 KA
SP – DP – TP
Num.Poles - FP
TP - FP FP DP
Fixed -
Adjustment Fixed
Adjustable
Fixed Fixed

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For pervious load, there will be a panel board to feed these circuits, Single line
diagrammed for panel board required to represent panel specifications and component as
following:

[4x10]+10 mm CU/PVC

40A

380V,50HZ,Isc

32A 20A 16A 32A 20A 16A

X1 X1 X1 X1 X2 X3

Spare Spare Spare A.C Socket Lighting

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 Motors Panel Boards:

Circuit Breakers of each motor should be greater than starting current of the motor.

Starting Current of motors can be determined by Code-letter method according to the following
table:

KVA/HP at KVA/HP at
Code Letter Code Letter
starting starting
A 1.6 L 9.495
B 3.29 M 10.595
C 3.72 N 11.845
D 4.25 P 13.25
E 5.3 R 14.995
F 5.95 S 16.995
G 6.1 T 18.995
H 6.7 U 21.195
J 7.55 V 22.4
K 8.495

As an example:

A 3 phase, 380V, 50HZ, 5KVA motor with code letter J, Required calculating Ist?

From above table:

Code letter J mean KVA) st = KVA) motor * 7.55

= 5 * 7.55 = 37.75 KVA

So:

Ist= 1.5 * 37.75 = 56.625 Amp,

So the circuit breaker rating will be = 60A

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 Distribution Board for group of motors:

For distribution board, feed group of motors, the sub circuit breakers ratings should be larger
than starting current of each motor.

To determine the rating of main circuit breaker:

IM.C.B = Ist-largest + D.F ( ∑IRating-except largest )

Where:

D.F is a diversity factor & can be calculated from following table:

No. Motors Type of drive Demand Factor

Less than 5 Group Drive 1
5:10 Group Drive 0.85
More than 10 Group Drive 0.7

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Part Four
Cables Selection

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Cable selection
Power cables are used to feed circuits with the required power.

So, cables selection must be according to transfer a full power to certain load, that mean the
cables must transfer the full current with no or limited voltage drop to ensure full power transfer.

Cables can be classified as following below:

Operating & Meggered Voltages 600/1000 450/750

Conductor Type Copper Aluminum

Insulation Material PVC XLPE

Number of cores Single Multi core

Armored Non-
Armored [STA – SWA] Armored
Non-
Neutral Size Reduced Neutral Reduced
Neutral

There is a parameter which cables can be classified by, this parameter is insulation class.

Insulation Classes:
Insulation Class Standing Temperature
A Up to 90 c
B Up to 110 c
F Up to 130 c
H Up to 180 c

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To select a cable for a certain load like below:

AC Source
ELECTRICA
380 V, 50HZ L LOAD

The above mentioned cable should transfer full power from

source to load, so it must stand full load current with limited
voltage drop.

To ensure carrying full load current [Derating Factors] must be

taken in consideration.

Derating factors [Grouping Factors]:

Derating factors are the factors that affect cables’ life time
and their standing current and its dependant on cable laying
methods.

From Cables catalogue we can obtain the Derating factors

ratings

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Df = D1 x D2 x D3 x D4 x D5 x D6 x…..Dy

𝑰𝑪.𝑩
Icable =
𝑫𝒇

Voltage Drop:
A long distance cable and its internal impedance may
cause a voltage drop more than the allowed percentage.
Voltage Drop Percentage mustn’t more than 5%.

Voltage drop calculations:

𝑽𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒙𝑰𝑪.𝑩 𝒙𝑳
VD% = [ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑿𝟑𝟖𝟎 ]𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

Where:
VD% Voltage Drop Percentage
𝑽𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 Voltage Drop for a certain cable
[Obtained from cables catalogues]
𝑰𝑪.𝑩 Circuit Breaker Current
𝑳 Cables Length

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Part Five
Emergency Loads
Generators & UPS

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Generators and UPS

In some projects, power continuity is required for many different reasons
like:

(1) Data loss as in banks

(2) Emergency as in hospitals
(3) Production quantity as in factories…etc

So the important loads must be fed by a stand by source.

In case of power interruptions, another source will feed these loads

There are two devices that ensure power continuity:

(A) Generators
(B) UPS

Difference between Generators and UPS:

Generators are used as a standby power source with a delay time
between current interruption and continuity.

On the other hand, UPS are used as a power source without any
time delay between current interruption and current continuity.

Theory of operation:

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1
3

2
UPS

L5

Main power source is on:

S1 is on S2 is on S3 is off

Power interruption:

S1 is off S2 is on S3 is on

For load (5): Power continuity is needed without time delay so a UPS is
used to feed the load till the Generator starts up.

UPS is connected before load.

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A controller of three switches called (ATS)

ATS panels:

G ATS Main source

Load

It’s a panel that consists of three switches one is connected to the main
source, the second one is connected to the Generator and the third one is
connected to the load through a controller “Microcontroller, PLC…Etc”

Generator selection:
Generators are selected according to emergency loads’ power rating (KVA).

UPS selection:
A UPS is selected according to emergency load power rating (KVA) and discharging
time of back up batteries.

Co-ordination between Generator starting up time and backup battery discharging time is
crucial as to assure the continuity of power.

The UPS discharging time must be selected to cover the delay time between current
interruption and continuity.

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Part Six
Short Circuit Current

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Short circuit current

Due to large current passing through the network during faults, there are many effects of
short circuit currents as following:

1. At fault location:
 Damage Insulations for cables & bars.
 Welding of conductors.
 Fire & danger to life.
2. On fault circuit:
 Electrodynamics forces result in deformation of bus bars & disconnect
cables.
 Temperature Rise in equipment
3. On other circuits:
 Voltage Dip during the time.
 Shut Down of a part of the network
 Dynamic instability and /or the loss of machine synchronization.
 Disturbances in control/monitoring circuits.

So, the power systems should be designed to stand short circuit currents for a short period
of time before the trip process takes place.

While the types of trips performed by a circuit breaker are:

Thermal trip: Responsible for protection against over load currents.

Magnetic trip: Responsible for protection against short circuit currents.

Thermal trip

Mag. trip

Ir Im Isc

Fig (A)

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Fig.A is a Circuit Breakers Characteristics, from a/m fig. :

Ir is normal breaker current that described as operation current.

Im is a current that break trip become by magnetic part.
Isc is a maximum short circuit current or maximum current that breaker can stand for a short
trip time.

There is another parameter that effect in breakers selection, this parameter is making current
which defined as maximum current break can stand during making.

Short circuit current calculations:

According to specification of IEC60909. There are many ways to calculate short circuit current:

 Symmetrical Components method. [Very complicated & N/A].

 Impedance method. [Very simple & most common use in LV applications]

A. Impedance Method:
𝑽𝑷𝒉
IS.C = 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓
𝒁𝒔𝒄

Where:

Vph is phase voltage

Zsc is total Short Circuit impedance

Multiplying value by 1.05 represent
transformer terminal voltage with no load
+5%

To determine the impedances values for

electrical equipments follow next paper.

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1/Up Stream Network:

These values based on 400 volt, 50HZ network, so reactance given by:

𝐕𝟐
Rup = 𝐱𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝐒𝐌𝐕𝐀

𝐕𝟐
Xup = 𝐱𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝐒𝐌𝐕𝐀

Voltage Rating (KV) Power Rating Resistance Value Reactance Value

7.2 – 11 – 12 – 17.5 – 24 500 MVA 0.0481mΩ 0.314 mΩ
36 1000 MVA 0.0961mΩ 0.628mΩ
52 – 72.5 3000 MVA 0.288mΩ 1.884mΩ

2/Transformers:
Short Circuit Voltage Short circuit voltage (Usc %) is the voltage that has to be
applied to the primaries of a transformer, so that the nominal current flows
through the secondary’s, when they are shorted.

The Following Table gives the Usc% of the transformer:

Transformer Apparent Power
≤630 630<Sn≤1250 1250<Sn≤2500 2500<Sn≤6300 6300<Sn≤25000
Sn [KVA]
Short Circuit Voltage Usc% 4 5 6 7 8

These values based on 400 volt, 50HZ, Transformers, so reactance given by:

𝐖𝐜𝐱𝐕 𝟐
Rtr = 𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑 , Wc is transformer copper losses
𝐒𝐊𝐕𝐀

𝐕𝟐
Xtr = 𝐱 𝐔𝐒.𝐂 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝐒𝐊𝐕𝐀

For simplification we can consider Rsc=0.2Xsc of transformer

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Power Rating Usc% Resistance Value Reactance Value

256 mΩ
25 KVA 4 51.2mΩ

128 mΩ
50 KVA 4 25.6mΩ

64 mΩ
100 KVA 4 12.8mΩ

40 mΩ
160 KVA 4 8mΩ

32 mΩ
200 KVA 4 6.4mΩ

25.6 mΩ
250 KVA 4 5.12mΩ

20.3 mΩ
315 KVA 4 4.06mΩ

16 mΩ
400 KVA 4 3.20mΩ

12.8 mΩ
500 KVA 4 2.56mΩ

10.16 mΩ
630 KVA 4 2.03mΩ

10 mΩ
800 KVA 5 2mΩ

8 mΩ
1000 KVA 5 1.6mΩ

6 mΩ
1600 KVA 6 1.2mΩ

2000 KVA 6 0.96mΩ 4.8mΩ

2500 KVA 7 0.896mΩ 4.48mΩ

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3/Circuit breaker:

 RC.B is negligible
 XC.B is negligible
4/Bus Way:
⍴𝐋
 RB = mΩ
𝑺
 XB = 0.15L mΩ
Cables:
⍴𝐋
 RC = mΩ
𝑺
 XC = 0.08L mΩ [MultiCore Cables]
 XC = 0.12L mΩ [Single Core Cables]

Where:
 ⍴ = 22.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
 ⍴ = 36 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚
 S is cross section area of conductor per phase.
From a/m equations we can get the total short circuit impendence
by:
Rt =Rup + Rtr + Rb + Rc , Xt = Xup + Xtr + Xb + Xc
𝑍𝑠𝑐)𝑡 = √𝑅𝑡 2 + 𝑋𝑡 2

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Short circuit current can be calculated by another method:

“Up and Down Stream Tables”

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Part Seven
Earthing Systems

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Earthing systems
There are two types of ear thing systems:

(1) Function earthing

(2) Protection earthing

(1) Function earthing:

This is the earthing of neutral points.

A neutral point is connected to the earth point to get the potential of the neutral point to be zero.

(2) Protection earthing:

This is the earthing of the electrical equipment body for human protection.

Earthing system design:

The following shape shows electrical equipment having a current leakage problem while a human is
touching the equipment body.

The above circuit can be represented by:

Rh….. Human Resistance.

It
Re….. Earthing Resistance.
I1
I2
The sole purpose of any earthing system is to protect humans from (I 1)

So for I1<<< I2 or (I1 ≅ zero)

So it’s required Re <<< Rh

It
For power systems: Rearthing = 2 ≅ 4 Ω I1 I2
For light current systems: Rearthing = 0.5 Ω
Rh Re

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Earthing Systems Resistance Calculation:

𝝆
Re =
𝑳
Where:

Re ……. Electrode Resistance

𝜌……Soil Resistivity L

L…..Earth Electrode Length

Soil resistivity depends on soil type as show in table (1)

𝑹𝒆
Rv =
𝑵𝝁

Where:
Rv ……Total earth resistance

Re……Earth resistance for each electrode

L…..Electrode length L

S……Distance between electrodes

S S
N…….Number of electrodes

𝜇……..Utilization factor which calculated by tables (2), (3), (4).

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Also there is the resistance of wire that’s connected between electrodes (R h)

𝟐𝝆
Rh =
𝑳𝝁

Where:
𝜌….soil resistivity

L….wire length

𝜇….utilization factor.

Total Earth Resistance

𝑅ℎ 𝑅𝑣
Rt = .
𝑅ℎ + 𝑅𝑣

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