Class 11 Chapter 3 Bryophytes

ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL GOPALPUR
CLASS 11 SCIENCE SUBJECT - BIOLOGY

SESSION
SESSION-2020-2021
CHAPTER 3 PLANT KINGDOM
NOTES
BRYOPHYTES
 The division bryophytes includes the simplest & primitive land plants. It occupies a
position in between
tween algae and pteridophyte.
 Bryophytes are first amongst land plants which occur in damp and shady habitats.
 It includes mosses and liverworts.
 Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can
dent on water for sexual reproduction. They usually occur in damp,
live in soil but are dependent
humid and shaded localities. They play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil.
 Dominant plant phase in bryophytes is free living thalloid gametophytes. The
gametophyte is thalloid in primitive forms (Riccia) and differentiated into rhizoids, stem and
leaves in higher bryophytes (mosses). Gametophyte lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
 Rhizoids are organs of absorption and fixation
fixation.
 The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. The male sex organ (called antheridium)
produces biflagellate motile antherozoids.
 shaped with tubular neck and
The female sex organ (called archegonium) is flask-shaped
swollen venter and produces a single egg. Arc hegonium appears first time in bryophytes in plant
Archegonium
kingdom. The antherozoids are released into water where they come in contact with
archegonium. An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the zygote. Zygotes do not undergo
immediately. They produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte.
reduction division immediately.
 The sporophyte is not free living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and
free-living
derives nourishment from it. Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division (meiosis)
to produce haploid spores in sporogonium.
 The sporogonium is short lived & differentiated into either foot, seta and capsule. The
foot is an anchorage and absorptive organ and remain embedded in gametophyte. The seta is
cylindrical to conduct food from gametophyte to capsule. The spores, produced by sporogonium
are all alike (homosporous). Then these spores germinate to produce gametophyte.
 The life cycle of bryophytes consists of two distinct phases– the gametophytic phase
and the sporophytic phase.
 The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived, green and independent whereas the
diploid sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon the gametophyte. The two phases are
morphologically distinct.
 The bryophytes are fundamentally terrestrial plants but require the presence of water to
complete their life cycle. The water is required for dehiscence of antheridia, liberation of
antherozoids, transfer of antherozoids from antheridia to archegonia, opening of archegonial
neck, and the movement of antherozoids into the archegonial neck.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
 Bryophytes in general are of little economic importance but some mosses provide food
for herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
 Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat that have long been used as fuel, and because
of their capacity to hold water as packing material for trans-shipment of living material.
 Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence, are of
great ecological importance. They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth
of higher plants.
 Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and
prevent soil erosion.
Life cycle of Bryophyte
CLASSIFICATION OF BRYOPHYTATES Hepaticopsida,

BRYOPHYTATE - into three classes: - Hepaticopsid
Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida.
Bryopsid
HEPATICOPSIDA
 The plants of this class are commonly called liverworts because the gametophytic plant
plan
body has liver like appearance.
 Liverworts usually grow in moist, shady habitats such as bank of streams, marshy
ground, damp soil and bank of trees.
 The plant body of a liverwort is thalloid. e.g., Marchantia. The thallus is dorsiventral and
closely appressed leaf like appendages in two rows
ressed to the substrate. The leafy members have tiny leaf-like
on the stem-like structures.
 Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by fragmentation of thalli, or by the
formation of specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma).
 Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles called
gemma cups located on the thalli. The gemmae become detached from the parent body and
germinate to form new individuals.
 During sexual reproduction, male and female sex organs are produced either on the same
or on different thalli. The sporophyte is differentiated into a foot, seta and capsule. After meiosis,
spores are produced within the capsule. These spores germinate to form free-living
gametophytes.
 Elaters are generally present (E.g. Marchantia) but absent in some plants also, E.g.
Riccia. Elaters are hygroscopic and help in dispersal of spores.
 Examples of liverworts are - Riccia, Marchantia, Pellia, Porella, etc.
ANTHOCEROPSIDA
 Anthoceropsida is commonly known as hornworts because of typical horn like

appearance of their sporophyte or sporogonium.
 The gametophyte are thalloid, distinctly dorsiventral.
 Thallus internally shows homogenous tissues, mucilage cavities inhabited by some algae.
 Thalloid gametophyte do not possess air chambers & scales.
 Rhizoids are present.
 Each cell of thallus has a single large chloroplasm with a pyrenoid.
 Sex organs are present on dorsal surface of thallus.
 Sporophyte is horn like. It is long, differentiated into capsule and meristematic zone.
Sporogenous tissue develops from the amphithecium and endothecium, which forms sterile
central columella.
 The sporophyte is partially dependent on the gametophyte. E.g. Anthoceros.
 Important examples of anthoceropsida are Anthoceros, Megaceros, Dendroceros, etc.
 The gametophyte of Anthoceros are thallose dorsiventrally flattened and variously lobed.
 The thallose of Anthoceros is internally not well differentiated. It has endophytic Nostoc
colonies.
 1-3 celled sterile pseudoelaters are found in Anthoceros.
 Apospory is observed in some species of Anthoceros.
BRYOPSIDA
 Bryopsida are commonly called as mosses.

 The gametophyte is differentiated into prostrate protonema and an erect gametophore
(leafy stage).
 They bear multicellular branched rhizoids.
 The protonema stage, develops directly from a spore. It is a creeping, green, branched
and frequently filamentous stage. The leafy stage develops from the secondary protonema as a
lateral bud. They consist of upright, slender axis bearing spirally arranged leaves. They are
attached to the soil through multicellular and branched rhizoids. This stage bears the sex organs.
 Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation and budding in the secondary
protonema.
 In sexual reproduction, the sex organs antheridia and archegonia are produced at the apex
of the leafy shoots. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, consisting of a foot,
seta and capsule.
 The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts. The capsule contains
spores. Spores are formed after meiosis. The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore
dispersal.
 Common examples of mosses are Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum.
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ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL GOPALPUR

CLASS 11 SCIENCE SUBJECT - BIOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 PLANT KINGDOM

CLASSIFICATION OF BRYOPHYTATES Hepaticopsida,

 Anthoceropsida is commonly known as hornworts because of typical horn like

 Bryopsida are commonly called as mosses.

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