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(Class 11) Angiosperm Chapter 3

This document provides notes on the plant kingdom chapter from a class 11 science textbook. It covers topics like angiosperms, their plant body and habitats. It describes their leaves, vascular tissues, and reproductive structures like flowers, microsporophylls and megasporophylls. It discusses processes like pollination, fertilization, seed and fruit development. It also summarizes classification of angiosperms and their economic importance. Additionally, it covers concepts like alteration of generations and different plant life cycles like haplontic, diplontic and haplo-diplontic.

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Ashok Kumar
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1K views8 pages

(Class 11) Angiosperm Chapter 3

This document provides notes on the plant kingdom chapter from a class 11 science textbook. It covers topics like angiosperms, their plant body and habitats. It describes their leaves, vascular tissues, and reproductive structures like flowers, microsporophylls and megasporophylls. It discusses processes like pollination, fertilization, seed and fruit development. It also summarizes classification of angiosperms and their economic importance. Additionally, it covers concepts like alteration of generations and different plant life cycles like haplontic, diplontic and haplo-diplontic.

Uploaded by

Ashok Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL GOPALPUR

CLASS 11 SCIENCE SUBJECT - BIOLOGY


SESSION-2020-2021

CHAPTER 3 PLANT KINGDOM

NOTES

Angiosperms
Angiosperms are seed bearing plants or flowering plants.

In angiosperms the sporophyll are organized into flowers and the seeds are produced
inside fruits.

Habitat
Angiosperm are found in wide range of habitats, from the land to up to 6000 m in
Himalayas or Antarctica and Tundra, dry hot deserts, cold deserts, tropics, fresh water up
to 60°C, underground, over other plants as parasites, saprophyte, etc. Zostera is a marine
angiosperm.

Plant Body
- These plants are sporophytic, in the form of herbs, shrubs, trees, climber creepers, etc.

-The smallest angiosperm is water plant Wolffia arrhiza and tallest is Eucalyptus regnans .
Largest angiosperm is Rafflesia Dawsonia.

-Primary root develops from radicle. It forms tap root system. In many angiosperms roots
develop from places other than radicle, these are adventitious roots.

-Stem develops from plumule.

Leaves
These are simple or compound. The leaves bear axillary buds which can grow into stem
branches.

Vascular Tissues
Angiosperms have vessels in xylem. Phloem contains sieve tubes and companion cells in
regard to gymnosperms which do not have companion cells.

Flowers
Flowers are the reproductive structures formed by the union of one or both types of
sporophylls (microsporophyll’s or stamens and megasporophylls or carpel’s).

Microsporophylls or Male Sex Organs


Stamens are considered as the male sex organs of a flower. Each stamen has two main
parts, i.e., a slender filament with an anther (at the tip). An anther contains four
microsporangia where microspore mother cells become differentiated to form four
microspores, each developing into a pollen grain.

Megasporophylls or Female Sex Organs


Carpel or pistil is called the female sex organ of the flower. Each carpel has three parts {i.e.,
an ovary, style and stigma). A megaspore mother cell is differentiated in the nucellus and
undergoes meiosis; ultimately one functional megaspore gets enlarged and forms the
female gametophyte known as embryo-sac.

Each cell of an embryo sac is haploid:


Embryo Sac
Each embryo sac contains a three celled egg apparatus consisting of one egg cell and two
synergids, three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei (in the central cell).

Pollination
Pollen grains after dispersal from the anther’s are carried by various ways such as wind,
water or by various other agencies to the stigma of the pistil.

Fertilization and Development of a Seed


Each pollen grain germinates on the stigma forming a pollen tube that carries two male
gametes to the embryo sac, growing through the tissues of stigma and style.
One of the male gametes fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote (syngamy).
The other male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus to produce the triploid
Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN). Because of the involvement of above mentioned two
events, it is known as double fertilization. After fertilization, synergids and antipodal cells
degenerate.
The zygote develops into embryo and the primary endosperm nucleus develops into an
endosperm.
The ovule gradually transforms into a seed and the ovary becomes the fruit. A fruit is
actually a ripened ovary. They not only protect the seed but also help in their dispersal.
Classification of Angiosperms
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker presented the system of classification of
angiosperm* published in ‘Genera Plantarum’ (1862-1883) which appeared in three
volumes.
This system of classification is used by most of the well known Herbaria of the world. On
the basis of the number of cotyledons angiosperm are classified in two broad groups i.e.,
Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.
Economic Importance of Angiosperms
(i) The angiosperms are major source of food, fibers, spices and beverages.
(ii) They also provide valuable timber and medicines.
(iii) These also add beauty to our environment as well.

Alteration of Generation
Life cycle of an organism is a sequence of events that occur from birth to death of an
organism. In plants, both haploid and diploid cells can divide by mitosis.
This feature leads to the formation of different plant bodies haploid and diploid. The
haploid plant body produces gametes by mitosis. This plant body represents a
gametophyte.
After fertilization, zygote also divides by mitosis to produce a diploid saprophytic plant
body. Haploid spores are produced by this plant body by meiosis. These in turn, divide by
mitosis to form a haploid plant body once again.
Thus, during the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of
generation between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid
saprophyte.

Plant Life Cycles


Different plant groups and individual have different features in their life cycle
Haplontic
The dominant photosynthetic phase is a gametophyte produced by haploid spores. The
gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis.
The gametes fuse and produce a diploid zygote, which represents sporophytic generation.
There are no free living sporophytes. Meiosis in the zygote results in formation of haploid
spores. This kind of life cycle is called haplontic.
Many algae such as Volvox, Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas represent this pattern of life
cycle.

Diplontic
In this type, the diploid sporophyte is the dominant. The multicellular diploid phase is
called sporophyte. The gaemtophytic phase is represented by the single to few celled
haploid gametophyte.
This kind of life cycle is termed as diplontic. All seed bearing plants, gymnosperms and
angiosperms follow this pattern of life cycle. Fucus, an alga is diplontic.
Haplo-diplontic
In this type, there are two distinct multicellular phases; diploid sporophyte and haploid
gametophyte are present. Both phases are multicellular. They differ in their dominant
phases.
(i) A dominant, independent, photosynthetic, thalloid or erect phase is represented by a
haploid gametophyte. It alternates with the short lived multicellular sporophyte totally,
partially or dependent on the gametophyte for its anchorage and nutrition. All bryophytes
represent this pattern.
(ii) The diploid saprophyte is represented by a dominant independent photosynthetic
vascular plant body. It alternates with multicellular saprophytic/autotrophic,
independent but short lived haploid gametophyte. This pattern is called haplodiplontic life
cycle.
All pteridophytes demonstrate this pattern. Most algal genera are haplontic; some of them
such as Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia and kelps are haplodiplontic.

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