S006 - A Guide To Scaffolds Use in The Construction Industry

A Guide to Scaffold Use
in the Construction Industry

Small Business Safety Management Series
U.S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA 3150
2000 (Reprinted)
This informational booklet is intended to provide
a generic, non-exhaustive overview of a particular
standards-related topic. This publication does not
itself alter or determine compliance responsibili-
ties, which are set forth in OSHA standards them-
selves and the Occupational Safety and Health Act
1970.
Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement

policy may change over time, for additional guid-
ance on OSHA compliance requirements, the
reader should consult current administrative
interpretations and decisions by the Occupational
Safety and Health Review Commission and the
courts.
Material contained in this publication is in the

public domain and may be reproduced, fully or
partially, without permission of the Federal
Government. Source credit is requested but not
required.
This information will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request.
Voice phone: (202) 693-1999.
A Guide to Scaffold Use
in the Construction Industry
Small Business Safety Management Series
U.S. Department of Labor

Alexis M. Herman, Secretary
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Charles N. Jeffress, Assistant Secretary
OSHA 3150
2000 (Reprint)
How to Use This Booklet v
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 user-friendly, this booklet, A Guide to Scaffold Use
charges the Occupational Safety and Health Admin- in the Construction Industry,” addresses some of the
istration (OSHA) with protecting all working men most common questions about OSHA’s scaffold
and women across the United States. To do so, the standard. It’s all part of the agency’s diligent efforts
agency sets federal standards1 for general industry, to minimize the impact of new standards on small
construction, and shipyard employment. In recent businesses and to provide guidance to employers
years, the “New OSHA” also has promoted a who need help in complying with OSHA’s standards
variety of voluntary programs that strive to form to protect the working men and women across the
partnerships with businesses, labor, and other groups nation.
to help employers provide safer and more healthful This informational booklet is organized in a
workplaces for employees. Some of the agency’s question and answer format to highlight pertinent
voluntary initiatives include safety and health information that employers and employees need to
management programs, the Voluntary Protection know. The subjects addressed in each question
Programs, consultation assistance, OSHA’s focused follow the basic organization of the standard. In
inspection initiative, and training and education addition, each answer references the regulatory text
programs and grants. For more information on these where that particular information can be located.
outreach efforts, see the “Other Sources of OSHA These references appear at the end of each answer
Assistance” section on page 18 of this booklet. in boldface type.
The agency’s recent rule, Safety Standards for As a supplementary aid, the entire regulatory text
Scaffolds Use in the Construction Industry, aims to appears at the end of this publication in the Appen-
protect workers using scaffolding in construction dix so the reader has all the information at hand.
work. Scaffolding hazards continue to rank high on This booklet’s Appendix also includes an alphabeti-
the list of the most frequently cited standards in the cal index to the standard for quick reference.
construction industry. Based on OSHA’s available It is important to note that the question and
data at the time the new rule went into effect, the answer section of this booklet simply provides an
agency determined that scaffold-related fatalities overview of the standard. For compliance with all
accounted for approximately 9 percent of all fatali- of the regulation’s requirements, refer to the regula-
ties in the construction workplace.2 As part of the tory text or Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations
“New OSHA’s” effort to make this information more (CFR) Part 1926, Subpart L.
1
Section 18(b) of The Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970, P.L. 91-596, encourages states to develop and
operate, under OSHA guidance, their own job safety and
health plans. An OSHA-approved state plan must have
safety and health requirements at least as effective as those
of Federal OSHA and must adopt comparable state
standards within 6 months of promulgation of federal
standards.
2
Federal Register 61(170): 46028. See also The Most
Frequently Cited OSHA Construction Standards in 1991:
A Guide for the Abatement of the Top 25 Associated
Physical Hazards. Available from the U.S. Government
Printing Office. Superintendent of Documents,
P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954;
(202) 512-1800. Order No. 029-016-00172-7; Cost $3.75.
How to Use This Booklet

General Information 1
What is the new OSHA scaffold standard The effective date of the provisions for fall protec-
for construction? tion and safe access for erectors and dismantlers is
September 2, 1997. Until this time, the agency will
On August 30, 1996, OSHA issued revised stan- work with “stakeholders” to develop a non-mandatory
dards for scaffolds. The revised standard, known as appendix to the standard that contains criteria to help
“Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construc- employers determine the feasibility and safety of
tion Industry,” is found in Title 29 Code of Federal providing fall protection or safe access at particular
Regulations (CFR) Part, Subpart L. The final rule worksites.
updates the existing construction scaffold standards in
Subpart L. The new standards set performance-based Why is OSHA issuing new standards for
criteria to protect employees from scaffold-related scaffolding?
hazards such as falls, falling objects, structural
instability, electrocution, or overloading. The agency issued new standards to simplify and
The new final rule addresses training and various update the previous standards—in use since May
types of scaffolds, as well as as falling object protec- 1971. OSHA developed the new standards with the
tion, ladders, weather conditions, aerial lifts, stilts, and input of many representatives of the industry to better
other matters that were not previously covered by the protect the estimated 2.3 million construction workers
OSHA scaffold standards. In addition, it allows (about 65 percent of the construction industry
employers more flexibility when using protective workforce) working on scaffolds regularly. The
systems for workers on scaffolding. The language of agency estimates the new standards will prevent about
the rule has been simplified by eliminating duplicative 4,455 injuries and 47 deaths each year, saving em-
and outdated provisions, consolidating overlapping ployers $90 million annually in lost-workday costs
requirements, and enhancing performance-based resulting from scaffold-related injuries.
criteria to allow employers more flexibility in
compliance while still protecting employees. What do I need to know and how can I get
that information?
What is Subpart L and who does it cover?
All employers and their employees using scaffolds
Subpart L is the portion of 29 CFR 1926 that in the construction industry must be familiar with
applies to construction sites where scaffolding and these standards. A copy of the regulatory text appears
aerial lifts are used. This standard applies to all at the end of this publication. The electronic address
employees and employers in the construction industry to view or download a copy as found on OSHA’s
who work on, under, or in close proximity to scaffold- Website is http://www.osha.gov/. The regulatory text
ing and aerial lifts. Employees erecting and disman- also is found in 29 CFR 1926, Subpart L, which is
tling scaffolds also will be covered by the standard as available from the Government Printing Office at
of September 2, 1997. (202) 512-1800; (202) 512-2250 fax—Order No. S/N
869-028-00107-1; cost $30 (foreign $47.50).
When did the standard become
effective? Are there other standards that apply to
scaffolds?
November 29, 1996—90 days from the date of
publication of the final rule in the Federal Register 29 CFR contains other standards that apply to
(FR:61(170)46026-46131, Friday, August 30, 1996.) construction work such as the responsibility to initiate
Information collection requirements (i.e., written and maintain programs (1926.29(b)(1)); exposures to
certification) become effective when the Office of dusts and chemicals (1926.33, .55, .59, .62, and
Management and Budget takes action in accordance .1101); hand and power tools (1926.300 - .307);
with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. Written electrical (1926.300 - .449); personal fall arrest
comments on the paperwork requirements for the final systems (1926.502); and ladders (1926.1050 - .1060).
rule had to be submitted on or before October 30,
1996—60 days after initial publication of the rule in
the Federal Register.
General Information
2 Summary and Explanation of the Final Rule
What are the highlights of the revised employees doing overhand bricklaying from
scaffolding standard? supported scaffolds. 1926.451(g)(1)(vi)
• The standards for aerial lifts have been relocated
Employers and employees should be familiar from 1926.556 to 1926.453.
with seven key provisions of the revised scaffolding
standard:
• The standard requires fall protection at a 10 foot When is a competent person required for
height above a lower level for employees. scaffolding?
1926.451(g)(1)
OSHA’s scaffolding standard defines a compe-
• Guardrail height—The height of the toprail for tent person as “one who is capable of identifying
scaffolds manufactured and placed in service existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings
before January 1, 2000 can be between 36 or working conditions, which are unsanitary,
inches (0.9 m) and 45 inches (1.2 m). The hazardous to employees, and who has authorization
height of the toprail for scaffolds manufactured to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate
and placed in service after January 1, 2000 must them.”
be between 38 inches (0.97 m) and 45 inches The standard requires a competent person to
(1.2 m). 1926.451(g)(4)(ii) perform the following duties under these
When the crosspoint of crossbracing is used as a circumstances:
toprail, it must be between 38 inches (0.97 m)
and 48 inches (1.3 m) above the work platform. • In General:
1926.451(g)(4)(xv) - To select and direct employees who erect,
Midrails must be installed approximately dismantle, move, or alter scaffolds.
halfway between the toprail and the platform 1926.451(f)(7)
surface. When a crosspoint of crossbracing is - To determine if it is safe for employees to
used as a midrail, it must be between 20 inches work on or from a scaffold during storms or
(0.5 m) and 30 inches (0.8 m) above the work high winds and to ensure that a personal fall
platform. 1926.451(g)(4) arrest system or wind screens protect these
• Erecting and Dismantling—After September 2, employees. (Note: Windscreens should not be
1997, when erecting and dismantling supported used unless the scaffold is secured against the
scaffolds, a competent person2 must determine anticipated wind forces imposed.)
the feasibility of providing a safe means of 1926.451(f)(12)
access and fall protection for these operations.
1926.451(e)(9) & (g)(2) • For Training:
- To train employees involved in erecting,
• Training—Employers must train each employee
disassembling, moving, operating, repairing,
who works on a scaffold on the hazards and the
maintaining, or inspecting scaffolds to recog-
procedures to control the hazards. 1926.454
nize associated work hazards. 1926.454(b)
• Inspections—Before each work shift and after
any occurrence that could affect the structural • For Inspections:
integrity, a competent person must inspect the - To inspect scaffolds and scaffold components
scaffold and scaffold components for visible for visible defects before each work shift and
defects. 1926.451(f)(3) after any occurrence which could affect the
• Overhand bricklaying—A guardrail or personal structural integrity and to authorize prompt
fall arrest system on all sides except the side corrective actions. 1926.451(f)(3)
where the work is being done must protect - To inspect ropes on suspended scaffolds prior
to each workshift and after every occurrence
which could affect the structural integrity and
2
See the standard’s requirements for and definition of a to authorize prompt corrective actions.
competent person in the next question. 1926.451(d)(10)
Summary and Explanation of the Final Rule
3
- To inspect manila or plastic (or other syn- understand procedures to control or minimize
thetic) rope being used for toprails or midrails. those hazards. 1926.454(a)
1926.451(g)(4)(xiv)
• For Suspension Scaffolds:
• For Suspension Scaffolds: - To design the rigging for single-point adjust-
- To evaluate direct connections to support the able suspension scaffolds. 1926.452(o)(2)(i)
load. 1926.451 (d)(3)(i) - To design platforms on two-point adjustable
- To evaluate the need to secure two-point and suspension types that are less than 36 inches
multi-point scaffolds to prevent swaying. (0.9 m) wide to prevent instability.
1926.451(d)(18) 1926.452(p)(1)
- To make swaged attachments or spliced eyes
• For Erectors and Dismantlers: on wire suspension ropes. 1926.451(d)(11)
- To determine the feasibility and safety of
providing fall protection and access. • For Components and Design:
1926.451(e)(9) and 1926.451(g)(2) - To design scaffold components construction in
- To train erectors and dismantlers (effective accordance with the design. 1926.451(a)(6)
September 2, 1997) to recognize associated
work hazards. 1926.454(b) When is an engineer required?
• For Scaffold Components: The standard requires a registered professional

- To determine if a scaffold will be structurally engineer to perform the following duties in these
sound when intermixing components from circumstances:
different manufacturers. 1926.451(b)(10)
• For Suspension Scaffolds:
- To determine if galvanic action has affected
- To design the direct connections of masons’
the capacity when using components of
multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
dissimilar metals. 1926.451(b)(11)
1926.451(d)(3)( i)
When is a qualified person required for
• For Design:
scaffolding? - To design scaffolds that are to be moved when
employees are on them. 1926.451(f)(5)
The standard defines a qualified person as “one
who—by possession of a recognized degree, - To design pole scaffolds over 60 feet (18.3 m)
certificate, or professional standing, or who by in height. 1926.452(a)(10)
extensive knowledge, training, and experience— - To design tube and coupler scaffolds over 125
has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to feet (38 m) in height. 1926.452(b)(10)
solve or resolve problems related to the subject - To design fabricated frame scaffolds over 125
matter, the work, or the project.” feet (38 m) in height above their base plates.
The qualified person must perform the following 1926.452(c)(6)
duties in these circumstances: - To design brackets on fabricated frame scaf-
folds used to support cantilevered loads in
• In General: addition to workers. 1926.452(c)(5)
- To design and load scaffolds in accordance
with that design. 1926.451(a)(6) - To design outrigger scaffolds and scaffold
components. 1926.452(i)(8)
• For Training:
- To train employees working on the scaffolds
to recognize the associated hazards and

4 Notes

General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451 5
Capacity What is the maximum deflection of a

platform?
What are the capacity requirements for all
scaffolds? The platform must not deflect more than 1/60 of
the span when loaded. 1926.451(f)(16)
Each scaffold and scaffold component must
support without failure its own weight and at least Are there requirements for work on
four times the maximum intended load applied or platforms cluttered with debris?
transmitted to it. 1926.451(a)(1)
A qualified person must design the scaffolds, The standard prohibits work on platforms
which are loaded in accordance with that design. cluttered with debris. 1926.451(f)(13)
1926.451(a)(6)
Scaffolds and scaffold components must not be
How wide does the work area need to be
loaded in excess of their maximum intended loads
on scaffolding?
or rated capacities, whichever is less.
1926.451(f)(1)
Load carrying timber members should be a Each scaffold platform and walkway must be at
minimum of 1,500 lb-f/in2 construction grade least 18 inches (46 cm) wide. When the work area
lumber. Appendix A (1)(a) is less than 18 inches (46 cm) wide, guardrails and/
or personal fall arrest systems must be used.
Scaffold Platform Construction 1926.451(b)(2)
What are scaffold platform construction Are guardrails required on all open sides
requirements? of scaffolding?
Each platform must be planked and decked as The standard requires employers to protect each
fully as possible with the space between the plat- employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1 m)
form and uprights not more than one inch (2.5 cm) above a lower level from falling to that lower level.
wide. The space must not exceed nine inches 1926.451(g)(1)
(24.1 cm) when side brackets or odd-shaped To ensure adequate protection, install guardrails
structures result in a wider opening between the along all open sides and ends before releasing the
platform and the uprights. 1926.451(b)(1) scaffold for use by employees, other than the
erection and dismantling crews. 1926.451(g)(4)
What are the requirements for scaffold Guardrails are not required, however,
planking? • when the front end of all platforms are less than
14 inches (36 cm) from the face of the work;
Scaffold planking must be able to support, 1926.451(b)(3)
without failure, its own weight and at least four • when outrigger scaffolds are three inches (8 cm)
times the intended load. 1926.451(a)(1) or less from the front edge; 1926.451(b)(3)(l)
Solid sawn wood, fabricated planks, and fabri-
cated platforms may be used as scaffold planks • when employees are plastering and lathing
following the recommendations by the manufac- 18 inches (46 cm) or less from the front edge.
turer or a lumber grading association or inspection 1926.451(b)(3)(ii)
agency. Appendix A (1)(b) & (c)
Tables showing maximum permissible spans, What materials are unacceptable for
rated load capacity, and nominal thickness are in guardrails?
Appendix A (1)(b) & (c) of the standard.
Steel or plastic banding must not be used as a
toprail or a midrail. 1926.451(g)(4)(xiii)
General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451

6
Criteria for Supported Scaffolds What are the footing and foundation
requirements for supported scaffolds?
What are supported scaffolds?
Supported scaffolds’ poles, legs, posts, frames, and
Supported scaffolds are platforms supported by uprights must bear on base plates and mud sills, or other
legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights, adequate firm foundation. 1926.451(c)(2)(i) & (ii)
posts, frames, or similar rigid support. 1926.451(b)
The structural members: poles, legs, posts, frames, May forklifts, front-end loaders, or similar
and uprights must be plumb and braced to prevent
equipment support platforms?
swaying and displacement. 1926.451(c)(3)
Forklifts can support platforms only when the
Do employees working on supported entire platform is attached to the fork and the fork-lift
scaffolds need to be trained? does not move horizontally when workers are on the
platform. 1926.451(c)(2)(v)
All employees must be trained by a qualified Front-end loaders and similar equipment can
person to recognize the hazards associated with the support scaffold platforms only when they’ve been
type of scaffold being used and how to control or specifically designed by the manufacturer for such
minimize those hazards. The training must include use. 1926.451(c)(2)(iv)
fall hazards, falling object hazards, electrical
hazards, proper use of the scaffold, and handling of What materials can be used to increase
materials. 1926.454(a) the working level height of employees on
supported scaffolds?
When do supported scaffolds need to be
restrained from tipping? Stilts may be used on a large area scaffold. When
a guardrail system is used, the guardrail height must
Supported scaffolds with a height to base width be increased in height equal to the height of the stilts.
ratio of more than 4:1 must be restrained by guy- The manufacturer must approve any alterations to the
ing, tying, bracing, or an equivalent means. stilts. 1926.452(v)
1926.451(c)(1) Note: A large area scaffold consists of a pole, tube
and coupler systems, or a fabricated frame scaffold
How can one prevent supported erected over substantially the entire work area.
scaffolding from tipping? 1926.451(b)
Either the manufacturers’ recommendation or the Criteria for Suspended Scaffolds

following placements must be used for guys, ties, What are suspension scaffolds?
and braces:
• Install guys, ties, or braces at the closest hori- A suspension scaffold contains one or more
zontal member to the 4:1 height and repeat platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid
vertically with the top restraint no further than means from an overhead structure, 1926.450(b),
the 4:1 height from the top. such as the following scaffolds: single-point, multi-
• Vertically—every 20 feet (6.1 m) or less for point, multi-level, two-point, adjustable, boatswains’
scaffolds less than three feet (0.91 m) wide; chair, catenary, chimney hoist, continuous run,
every 26 feet (7.9 m) or less for scaffolds more elevator false car, go-devils, interior hung, masons’,
than three feet (0.91 m) wide. and stone setters’.
• Horizontally—at each end; at intervals not to
exceed 30 feet (9.1 m) from one end. Are there requirements for suspension
1926.451(c)(1) scaffolds?
Some of the requirements for all types of

suspension scaffolds include:

7
• Employers must ensure that all employees are Are there specific requirements for
trained to recognize the hazards associated with the counterweights?
type of scaffold being used. 1926.451(d)(1)
• All support devices must rest on surfaces capable Counterweights used to balance adjustable
of supporting at least four times the load imposed suspension scaffolds must be able to resist at least
on them by the scaffold when operating at the rated four times the tipping moment imposed by the
load of the hoist, or at least one-and-a-half times scaffold operating at either the rated load of the
the load imposed on them by the scaffold at the hoist, or one-and-a-half (minimum) times the
stall capacity of the hoist, whichever is greater. tipping moment imposed by the scaffold operating
1926.451(d)(1) at the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater.
1926.451(a)(2)
• A competent person must evaluate all direct Only those items specifically designed as coun-
connections prior to use to confirm that the sup- terweights must be used. 1926.451(d)(3)(iii)
porting surfaces are able to support the imposed Counterweights used for suspended scaffolds
load, 1926.451(d)(1) must be made of materials that can not be easily
• All suspension scaffolds must be tied or otherwise dislocated. Flowable material, such as sand or
secured to prevent them from swaying, as deter- water, cannot be used. 1926.451(d)(3)(ii)
mined by a competent person. 1926.451(d) Counterweights must be secured by mechanical
• Guardrails, a personal fall arrest system, or both means to the outrigger beams. 1926.451(d)(3)(iv)
must protect each employee more than 10 feet Vertical lifelines must not be fastened to
(3.1 m) above a lower level from falling. counterweights. 1926.451(g)(3)(i)
1926.451(g)
Can sand, masonry units, or rolls of
• A competent person must inspect ropes for
roofing felt be used for counterweights?
defects prior to each workshift and after every
occurrence that could affect a rope’s integrity.
No. Such materials cannot be used as
1926.451(d)(10)
counterweights. 1926.451(d)(3)(ii) & (iii)
• When scaffold platforms are more than 24
inches (61 cm) above or below a point of access, Are there specific requirements for
ladders, ramps, walkways, or similar surfaces outrigger beams?
must be used. 1926.451(e)(1)
• When using direct access, the surface must not Outrigger beams (thrustouts) are the structural
be more than 24 inches (61 cm) above or 14 members of a suspension or outrigger scaffold that
inches (36 cm) horizontally from the surface. provide support. 1926.450(b) They must be placed
1926.451(e)(8) perpendicular to their bearing support.
• When lanyards are connected to horizontal 1926.451(d)(3)(viii)
lifelines or structural members on single-point
or two-point adjustable scaffolds, the scaffold Where do tiebacks for outrigger beams,
must have additional independent support lines cornice hooks, roof hooks, roof irons,
equal in number and strength to the suspension parapet clamps, or similar devices need
lines and have automatic locking devices. to be secured?
1926.451(g)(3)(iii)
• Emergency escape and rescue devices must not Tiebacks must be secured to a structurally sound
be used as working platforms, unless designed anchorage on the building or structure. Sound
to function as suspension scaffolds and anchorages do not include standpipes, vents, other
emergency systems. 1926.451(d)(19) piping systems, or electrical conduit.
1926.451(d)(3)(ix) & (d)(5)

THE NEED FOR PPE
How do tiebacks need to be installed? Drum hoists must contain no less than four wraps
of suspension rope at the lowest point of scaffold
A single tieback must be installed perpendicular travel. 1926.451(d)(6)
to the face of the building or structure. Two tie- Gears and brakes must be enclosed.
backs installed at opposing angles are required 1926.451(d)(15)
when a perpendicular tieback cannot be installed. An automatic braking and locking device, in
1926.451(d)(3)(x) addition to the operating brake, must engage when
a hoist makes an instantaneous change in momen-
Are there requirements for suspension tum or an accelerated overspeed. 1926.451(d)(16)
ropes?
What are some of the requirements for
The suspension ropes must be long enough to manually operated suspension scaffold
allow the scaffold to be lowered to the level below hoists?
without the rope passing through the hoist, or the
end of the rope configured to prevent the end from Manually operated hoists used to raise or lower a
passing through the hoist. 1926.451(d)(6) suspended scaffold must be tested and listed by a
The standard prohibits using repaired wire. qualified testing laboratory. 1926.451(d)(13)
1926.451(d)(7) These hoists require a positive crank force to
Drum hoists must contain no less than four wraps descend. 1926.451(d)(17)
of the rope at the lowest point. 1926.451(d)(6)
Employers must replace wire rope when the Can welding be done from a suspension
following conditions exist: kinks; six randomly scaffold?
broken wires in one rope lay or three broken wires
in one strand in one lay; one third of the original Yes. Welding can be done from suspended scaffolds
diameter of the outside wires is lost; heat damage; when
evidence that the secondary brake has engaged the • a grounding conductor is connected from the
rope; and any other physical damage that impairs scaffold to the structure and is at least the size of
the function and strength of the rope. the welding lead;
1926.451(d)(10) • the grounding conductor is not attached in series
Suspension ropes supporting adjustable suspen- with the welding process or the work piece;
sion scaffolds must be a diameter large enough to
provide sufficient surface area for the functioning • an insulating material covers the suspension
of brake and hoist mechanisms. 1926.451(f)(10) wire rope and extends at least four feet (1.2 m)
Suspension ropes must be shielded from above the hoist;
heat-producing processes. 1926.451(f)(11) • insulated protective covers cover the hoist;
• the tail line is guided, retained, or both, so that it
What are some of the requirements for does not become grounded;
power-operated suspension scaffold
hoists? • each suspension rope is attached to an insulated
thimble; and
Power-operated hoists used to raise or lower a • each suspension rope and any other independent
suspended scaffold must be tested and listed by a lines are insulated from grounding.
qualified testing laboratory. 1926.451(d)(13) 1926.451(f)(17)
The stall load of any scaffold hoist must not
exceed three times its rated load. 1926.451(a)(5) What materials can be used to increase
The stall load is the load at which the prime-mover the working level height of employees on
(motor or engine) of a power-operated hoist stalls suspended scaffolds?
or the power to the prime-mover is automatically
disconnected. 1926.451(b) No materials or devices may be used to increase
Gasoline power-operated hoists or equipment are the working height on a suspension scaffold. This
not permitted. 1926.451(d)(14)
9
includes ladders, boxes, and barrels. What are the clearance distances
1926.451(f)(14) & (15) between scaffolds and powerlines?
Access Requirements The standard does require specific clearance

Are there requirements for access to distances. See page 42 of this publication and
scaffolds? 1926.451(f)(6) for a table listing those distances.
Employers must provide access when the scaf-

Fall Protection Requirements
fold platforms are more than two feet (0.6 m) above What are the fall protection requirements
or below a point of access. 1926.451(e)(1) for all scaffolds?
Direct access is acceptable when the scaffold is
not more than 14 inches (36 cm) horizontally and Employers must provide fall protection for each
not more than 24 inches (61cm) vertically from the employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1 m)
other surfaces. 1926.451(e)(8) above a lower level. 1926.451(g)(1)
The standard prohibits the use of crossbraces as a After September 2, 1997, a competent person
means of access. 1926.451(e)(1) must determine the feasibility and safety of provid-
ing fall protection for employees erecting or dis-
What types of access can be used? mantling supported scaffolds. 1926.451(g)(2)
Several types of access are permitted: What is fall protection?

• ladders, such as portable, hook-on, attachable,
and stairway, (1926.451 (e)(2)) Fall protection includes guardrail systems and
• stair towers, (1926.451(e)(4)) personal fall arrest systems. Guardrail systems are
explained below in another question. Personal fall
• ramps and walkways, (1926.451(e)(5)) and arrest systems include body belts (Note that body
•integral prefabricated frames. (1926.451(e)(6)) belts will not be acceptable after January 1, 1998),
harnesses, components of the harness/belt such as
What are the access requirements for Dee-rings, and snap hooks, lifelines, and anchorage
employees erecting and dismantling point. 1926.451(g)(3)
supported scaffolds? Vertical or horizontal lifelines may be used.
1926.451(g)(3)(ii)-(iv)
Effective September 2, 1997, employees erecting Lifelines must be independent of support lines
and dismantling supported scaffolding must have a and suspension ropes and not attached to the same
safe means of access provided when a competent anchorage point as the support or suspension ropes.
person has determined the feasibility and analyzed 1926.451(g)(3)(iii) & (iv)
the site conditions. 1926.451(e) When working from an aerial lift, attach the fall
arrest system to the boom or basket.
Use Requirements 1926.453(b)(2)(v)
Does the standard prohibit any types of How will I know what kind of fall
scaffolds? protection to provide for a specific-type
of scaffold?
Shore and lean-to scaffolds are strictly
prohibited. 1926.451(f)(2) The chart on the next page illustrates the type of
Also, employees are prohibited from working on fall protection required for specific scaffolds.
scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other slippery
materials—except to remove these substances.
1926.451(f)(8)

10
Can personal fall arrest systems be used

Type of Scaffold Fall Protection when working on scaffolding and aerial
Required
lifts?
Aerial lifts Personal fall arrest
system Personal fall arrest systems can be used on
scaffolding when there are no guardrail systems.
Boatswains’ chair Personal fall arrest 1926.451(g)(1)(vii)
system
Use fall arrest systems when working from the
Catenary scaffold Personal fall arrest following types of scaffolding: boatswains’ chair,
system catenary, float, needle beam, ladder, and pump jack.
1926.451(g)(1)
Crawling board Personal fall Use fall arrest systems also when working from
(chicken ladder) arrest system, or a
guardrail system, or the boom/basket of an aerial lift. 1926.453(b)(2)(v)
by a 3/4 inch (1.9 cm)
diameter grabline or When are both fall arrest and guardrail
equivalent handhold systems required?
securely fastened
beside each crawling
board Fall arrest and guardrail systems must be used
when working on single- and two-point adjustable
Float scaffold Personal fall arrest suspension scaffolds and self-contained adjustable
system scaffolds that are supported by ropes.
1926.451(g)(1)
Ladder jack scaffold Personal fall arrest
system
Falling Object Protection
Needle beam scaffold Personal fall arrest
system Are there protections in the standards for
overhead falling objects?
Self-contained Both a personal
scaffold adjustable scaffold To protect employees from falling hand tools,
arrest system and debris, and other small objects, install toeboards,
a guardrail system
screens, guardrail systems, debris nets, catch
Single-point and Both a personal fall platforms, canopy structures, or barricades. In
two-point suspension arrest system and a addition, employees must wear hard hats.
scaffolds guardrail system 1926.451(h)(1) & (2) & (3)
Supported scaffold Personal fall arrest
system or guardrail
system
All other scaffolds Personal fall arrest
not specified above system or guardrail
systems that meet the
required criteria

Notes 11

12 Specific Scaffold (§1926.452) and Aerial Lift (§1926.453) Requirements
Specific Scaffold Requirements

§1926.452
Are there additional requirements for
specific types of scaffolds?
The standard sets requirements for specific types

of scaffolds. These are found in 1926.452, “Addi-
tional Requirements Applicable to Specific Types
of Scaffolds.”
Aerial Lift Requirements §1926.453

What types of devices are considered to
be aerial lifts?
Vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to elevate

employees—such as extensible boom platforms,
aerial lifts, articulating boom platforms, and
vertical towers—are considered “aerial lifts.”
1926.453(a)(1)
Do aerial lifts and mobile scaffolds have

the same requirements?
The 1926.453 and 1926.454 standards apply to

aerial lifts and the 1926.451, 1926.452, and
1926.454 standards apply to mobile scaffolds.
What are some of the specific

requirements for aerial lifts?
Some specific requirements include:

• Only authorized personnel can operate aerial
lifts.
• The manufacturer or equivalent must certify any
modification.
• The insulated portion must not be altered to
reduce its insulating value.
• Lift controls must be tested daily.
• Controls must be clearly marked.
• Brakes must be set and outriggers used.
• Boom and basket load limits must not be
exceeded.
• Employees must wear personal fall arrest
systems, with the lanyard attached to the boom
or basket.
• No devices to raise the employee above the
basket floor can be used. 1926.453(b)
Specific Scaffold (§1926.452) and Aerial Lift (§1926.453) Requirements
Notes 13
Specific Scaffold (§1926.452) and Aerial Lift (§1926.453) Requirements

14 Training Requirements §1926.454
Are there training standards for

employees who work on scaffolds?
All employees who work on a scaffold must be

trained by a person qualified to recognize the
hazards associated with the type of scaffold used
and to understand the procedures to control and
minimize those hazards. 1926.454(a)
Are there training standards for employ-

ees who work, erect, dismantle, move,
operate, repair, maintain, or inspect
scaffolds?
Yes. A competent person must train all employ-

ees who erect, disassemble, move, operate, repair,
maintain, or inspect scaffolds. Training must
cover the nature of the hazards, the correct proce-
dures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operat-
ing, repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the type
of scaffold in use. 1926.454(b)
Other recommended training topics include
erection and dismantling, planning, personal
protective equipment, access, guys and braces, and
parts inspection. Appendix D
What are the retraining requirements for

employees working on scaffolds?
The standard requires retraining when (1) no

employee training has taken place for the worksite
changes, scaffold changes, or falling object protec-
tion changes; or (2) where the employer believes
the employee lacks the necessary skill, understand-
ing, or proficiency to work safely. 1926.454(c)
Training Requirements §1926.454

Notes 15
Training Requirements §1926.454

16 Non-Mandatory Appendices to the Standard
Why are the Appendices to the Subpart L Appendix B serves as a guide for evaluating the
scaffolding standards important? Do feasibility of providing safe access and fall protec-
they address standard requirements? tion for employees erecting or dismantling
supported scaffolds.
All of the appendices are non-mandatory and Appendix C lists national consensus standards
contain selection criteria for planks; American related to aerial, vehicle mounted, manually-
National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard propelled , self-propelled, mast climbing, and other
references for aerial lifts; criteria for determining such devices.
the feasibility of providing safe access and fall Appendix D serves as a guide to assist employ-
protection, and training for erectors and ers when evaluating the training needs for employ-
dismantlers; and drawings of various types of ees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds.
scaffolds and components. Appendix E provides drawings of particular
To summarize, Appendix A of Subpart L types of scaffolds and scaffold components as well
addresses scaffold specifications and provides non- as graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and
mandatory guidelines to assist employers in com- tie-spacing patterns.
plying with Subpart L requirements. These guide-
lines and tables provide a starting point for design-
ing scaffold systems; however, they do not provide
all the information necessary to build a complete
system. Therefore, the employer is still responsible
for designing and assembling these components so
that the completed system meets the final rule
requirements in 1926.451(a).
Non-Mandatory Appendices to the Standard

Notes 17
Non-Mandatory Appendices to the Standard

18 Other Sources of OSHA Assistance
Does OSHA offer employers help with tions and the regulations applicable to the work
compliance of agency standards and environment.
guidelines? The Occupational Safety and Health Administra-
tion (OSHA) developed the construction “Focused
Yes. OSHA offers a variety of programs and Inspection Initiative” to recognize contractors who
initiatives to help employers comply with the have established and fully implemented corporate
agency’s standards or guidelines. The following is a safety and health programs and site-specific plans.
brief summary of some of these efforts. See the tear-out page at the end of this publication
for the “Construction Focused Inspection Guide-
Safety and Health Program lines” form and the previous question for a copy of
Management Guidelines specific safety and health program guidelines.
Contractors who qualify for a “focused inspec-
Effective management of worker safety and tion” receive an abbreviated inspection focusing
health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the upon safety and health program implementation
extent and severity of work-related injuries and and four leading hazards (falls, struck by, caught in/
illnesses and their related costs. To assist employ- between, and electrical) that cause 90 percent of the
ers and employees in developing effective safety deaths and injuries in construction.
and health programs, OSHA published Safety and For questions about “focused inspections” or
Health Program Management Guidelines in the other construction issues, contact the nearest area
January 26, 1989, Federal Register (54 FR 3908- office or the regional construction coordinator. See
3916). These voluntary guidelines apply to all the area and regional office lists at the end of this
places of employment covered by OSHA. booklet.
The guidelines identify four general elements
that are critical to the development of a successful State Programs
safety and health management program:
• Management commitment and employee The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
involvement, encourages states to develop and operate their own
job safety and health plans. States with plans
• Worksite analysis,
approved under section 18(b) of the OSH Act must
• Hazard prevention and control, and adopt standards and enforce requirements that are at
• Safety and health training. least as effective as federal requirements. There are
The guidelines recommend specific actions currently 25 state plan states: 23 covering private
under each of these general elements. A single free and public (state and local government) sectors and
copy of the guidelines can be obtained from the two covering public sector only. Plan states must
OSHA Publications Office, P.O. Box 37535, Wash- adopt standards comparable to the federal within
ington, DC 20013-7535 by sending a self-addressed six months of a federal standard’s promulgation.
label with your request. The guidelines are also Until such time as a state standard is promulgated,
available on OSHA’s web site at federal OSHA provides interim enforcement
http://www.osha.gov/ under Federal Register Notices. assistance, as appropriate, in these states.
A listing of the state plan state designees appears
OSHA’s Focused Inspection at the end of this booklet.
Initiative Consultation Services
Contractors and employers who do construction
Free onsite safety and health consultation ser-
work are subject to the standards in Title 29 Code of
vices are available to employers in all states who
Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1926. Subpart C,
want help in establishing and maintaining a safe
for example, also requires each contractor/employer
and healthful workplace. The service is largely
to initiate and maintain safety and health programs,
funded by OSHA. Primarily developed for smaller
provide for a competent person to conduct frequent
employers with more hazardous operations, the
and regular inspections, and instruct each employee
consultation service is delivered by state govern-
in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe condi-
Other Sources of OSHA Assistance
19
ments employing professional safety consultants OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organiza-
and health consultants. Comprehensive assistance tions, through grants, to conduct workplace training
includes an appraisal of all mechanical systems, and education in subjects where OSHA believes
physical work practices, and environmental hazards there is a lack of workplace training. Grants are
of the workplace and all aspects of the employer’s awarded annually. Grant recipients are expected to
present job safety and health program. contribute 20 percent of the total grant cost.
This program is completely separate from the For more information on grants, training, and
OSHA inspection efforts. No penalties are pro- education, contact the OSHA Training Institute,
posed or citations issued for any safety or health Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times
problems identified by the consultant. The service Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (847) 297-4810;
is confidential. (847) 297-4874 fax.
For more information concerning consultation For further information on any OSHA program,
services, see the list of consultation projects listed contact your nearest OSHA area or regional office
at the end of this booklet. listed at the end of this booklet.
Voluntary Protection Programs Electronic Information

(VPP) Internet—OSHA standards, interpretations,
The Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) are directives, and additional information are now on
designed to recognize and promote effective safety the World Wide Web at http://www.osha.gov/ and
and health program management. In the VPP, http://www.osha-slc.gov/.
management, labor, and OSHA establish coopera- CD-ROM—A wide variety of OSHA materials
tive relationships at workplaces that have imple- including standards, interpretations, directives, and
mented strong programs. more can be purchased on CD-ROM from the
Sites approved for VPP’s Star, Merit, and Dem- Government Printing Office. To order, write to
onstration programs have met, and must continue to Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954,
meet, rigorous participation standards. Benefits of Pittsburgh, PA
VPP participation include improved employee 15250-7954. Specify OSHA Regulations, Docu-
motivation to work safely, leading to better quality ments, and Technical Information on CD-ROM,
and productivity; lost-workday case rates that (ORDT); S/N 729-013-00000-5. The price is $48
generally are 60 to 80 percent below industry per year (4 discs quarterly); $17 single copy.
averages; reduced workers’ compensation and other (Foreign costs: $57.50 annually; $21.25 single
injury- and illness-related costs; positive commu- copy.)
nity recognition and interaction; further improve-
ment and revitalization of already good safety and Emergencies
health programs; and partnership with OSHA.
To report life-threatening situations, catastro-
For additional information about the VPP,
phes, or fatalities, call (800) 321- OSHA. Com-
contact the VPP Manager in your nearest OSHA
plaints will go immediately to the nearest OSHA
regional office, listed at the end of this booklet.
area or state office for help.
For further information on any OSHA program,
Training and Education contact your nearest OSHA area or regional office
OSHA’s area offices offer a variety of informa- listed at the end of this booklet.
tion services, such as publications, audiovisual aids,
technical advice, and speakers for special engage-
ments. OSHA’s Training Institute in Des Plaines,
IL, provides basic and advanced courses in safety
and health for federal and state compliance officers,
state consultants, federal agency personnel, and
private sector employers, employees, and their
representatives.

20
Related Publications The following publications are available from the

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Are there other OSHA publications
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402,
related to scaffold use in construction? (202) 512-1800. Include GPO Order No. and make
checks payable to theSuperintendent of Documents.
OSHA has a variety of publications and materials
available for employers and employees. Many Construction Industry Digest
pertain to generic issues such as employer and Order No. 029-016-00193-0; Cost $4.50.
employee rights, the construction industry digest,
industrial hygiene, inspections, and workplace Handbook for Small Business (OSHA
emergencies, in addition to publications based on 2209)
specific standards. Order No. 029-016-00176-0; Cost $7.50.
Single free copies of the following publications
can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, Job Safety & Health Quarterly magazine
OSHA/OSHA Publications, P.O. Box 37535, Order No. JSH; Cost $15.00/year
Washington, DC 20013-7535. Send a self-ad- (Foreign $18.75).
dressed mailing label with your request.
Training Requirements in OSHA
All About OSHA – OSHA 2056 Standards and Training Guidelines
Consultation Services for the Employer – (OSHA 2254)
OSHA 3047 Order No. 029-016-00196-4; Cost $14.00.
Crane or Derrick Suspended Personnel
Platforms – OSHA 3100
Employee Workplace Rights – OSHA 3021
Employer Rights and Responsibilities Following
an OSHA Inspection – OSHA 3000
Fall Protection (Construction) – OSHA 3146
How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies –
OSHA 3088
OSHA Inspections – OSHA 2098
OSHA Poster – OSHA 2203
OSHA Publications and Audiovisual Programs –
OSHA 2019
Personal Protective Equipment – OSHA 3077
Stairways and Ladders – OSHA 3124

Notes 21

22 States with Approved Plans
Commissioner Commissioner
Alaska Department of Labor Maryland Division of Labor and Industry
1111 West 8th Street Department of Labor, Licensing,
Room 304 and Regulation
Juneau, AK 99801-1149 1110 N. Eutaw Street, Room 613
(907) 465-2700 Baltimore, MD 21202-2206
(410) 767-2215
Director
Industrial Commission of Arizona Director
800 W. Washington Michigan Department of Consumer
Phoenix, AZ 85007-2922 and Industry Services
(602) 542-5795 P.O. Box 30643
Lansing, MI 48909-8143
Director (517) 322-1814
California Department of Industrial
Relations Commissioner
455 Golden Gate Avenue-10th Floor Minnesota Department of Labor
San Francisco, CA 94102 and Industry
(415) 703-5050 443 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155-4307
Commissioner (651) 296-2342
Connecticut Department of Labor
200 Folly Brook Boulevard Administrator
Wethersfield, CT 06109 Nevada Division of Industrial Relations
(860) 566-5123 400 West King Street
Carson City, NV 89710
Director (775) 687-3032
Hawaii Department of Labor
and Industrial Relations Secretary
830 Punchbowl Street New Mexico Environment Department
Honolulu, HI 96813 1190 St. Francis Drive
(808) 586-8844 P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87502
Commissioner (505) 827-2850
Indiana Department of Labor
State Office Building Commissioner
402 West Washington Street New York Department of Labor
Room W195 W. Averell Harriman State Office
Indianapolis, IN 46204-2751 Building - 12, Room 500
(317) 232-2378 Albany, NY 12240
(518) 457-2741
Commissioner
Iowa Division of Labor Services
1000 E. Grand Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50319-0209
(515) 281-3447
Secretary
Kentucky Labor Cabinet
1049 U.S. Highway, 127 South, Ste. 4
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3070
States with Approved Plans
23
Commissioner Commissioner
North Carolina Department of Labor Virginia Department of Labor and Industry
4 West Edenton Street Powers-Taylor Building
Raleigh, NC 27601-1092 13 South 13th Street
(919) 807-7166 Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-2377
Administrator
Department of Consumer & Business Commissioner
Services Virgin Islands Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Division 2203 Church Street
(OR-OSHA) Christiansted
350 Winter Street, NE, Room 430 St. Croix, VI 00820-4660
Salem, OR 97310-0220 (340) 773-1994
(503) 378-3272
Director
Secretary Washington Department of Labor
Puerto Rico Department of Labor and Industries
and Human Resources P.O. Box 44001
Prudencio Rivera Martinez Building Olympia, WA 98504-4001
505 Munoz Rivera Avenue (360) 902-4200
Hato Rey, PR 00918
(809) 754-2119 Administrator
Worker’s Safety and Compensation Division (WSC)
Director Wyoming Department of Employment
South Carolina Department of Labor, Herschler Building, 2nd Floor East
Licensing, and Regulation 122 West 25th Street
Koger Office Park, Kingstree Building Cheyenne, WY 82002
110 Centerview Drive (307) 777-7786
P.O. Box 11329
Columbia, SC 29210
(803) 896-4300
Commissioner
Tennessee Department of Labor
710 James Robertson Parkway
Nashville, TN 37243-0659
(615) 741-2582
Commissioner
Labor Commission of Utah
160 East 300 South, 3rd Floor
P.O. Box 146650
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6650
(801) 530-6898
Commissioner
Vermont Department of Labor and Industry
National Life Building - Drawer 20
National Life Drive
Montpelier, VT 05620-3401
(802) 828-5098
States with Approved Plans
24 OSHA Consultation Project Directory
State Telephone State Telephone
Alabama ...................................... (205) 348-3033 Montana ...................................... (406) 444-6418

Alaska ......................................... (907) 269-4957 Nebraska ..................................... (402) 471-4717
Arizona ....................................... (602) 542-1695 Nevada ........................................ (702) 486-9140
Arkansas ..................................... (501) 682-4522 New Hampshire .......................... (603) 271-2024
California .................................... (415) 703-5270 New Jersey .................................. (609) 292-3923
Colorado ..................................... (970) 491-6151 New Mexico ............................... (505) 827-4230
Connecticut ................................. (860) 566-4550 New York .................................... (518) 457-2238
Delaware ..................................... (302) 761-8219 North Carolina ............................ (919) 807-2905
District of Columbia ................... (202) 576-6339 North Dakota .............................. (701) 328-5188
Florida ......................................... (850) 922-8955 Ohio ............................................ (614) 644-2246
Georgia ....................................... (404) 894-2643 Oklahoma ................................... (405) 528-1500
Guam .................................... 011(671) 475-0136 Oregon ........................................ (503) 378-3272
Hawaii ......................................... (808) 586-9100 Pennsylvania ............................... (724) 357-2396
Idaho ........................................... (208) 426-3283 Puerto Rico ................................. (787) 754-2171
Illinois ......................................... (312) 814-2337 Rhode Island ............................... (401) 222-2438
Indiana ........................................ (317) 232-2688 South Carolina ............................ (803) 734-9614
Iowa ............................................ (515) 965-7162 South Dakota .............................. (605) 688-4101
Kansas ......................................... (785) 296-7476 Tennessee .................................... (615) 741-7036
Kentucky ..................................... (502) 564-6895 Texas ........................................... (512) 804-4640
Louisiana .................................... (504) 342-9601 Utah ............................................ (801) 530-6901
Maine .......................................... (207) 624-6460 Vermont ...................................... (802) 828-2765
Maryland ..................................... (410) 880-4970 Virginia ....................................... (804) 786-6359
Massachusetts ............................. (617) 727-3982 Virgin Islands .............................. (340) 772-1315
Michigan ..................................... (517) 322-6823(H) Washington ................................. (360) 902-5638
.................................................... (517) 322-1809(S) West Virginia .............................. (304) 558-7890
Minnesota ................................... (612) 297-2393 Wisconsin ................................... (608) 266-8579(H)
Mississippi .................................. (601) 987-3981 .................................................... (262) 523-3040(S)
Missouri ...................................... (573) 751-3403 Wyoming .................................... (307) 777-7786
(H) - Health
(S) - Safety
OSHA Consultation Project Directory

OSHA Area Offices 25
Area Telephone Area Telephone
Albany, NY ................................. (518) 464-4338 Jacksonville, FL .......................... (904) 232-2895

Albuquerque, NM ....................... (505) 248-5302 Kansas City, MO......................... (816) 483-9531
Allentown, PA ............................. (610) 776-0592 Linthicum, MD ........................... (410) 865-2055
Anchorage, AK ........................... (907) 271-5152 Little Rock, AR ........................... (501) 324-6291
Appleton, WI .............................. (920) 734-4521 Lubbock, TX ............................... (806) 472-7681
Austin, TX .................................. (512) 916-5783 Madison, WI ............................... (608) 441-5388
Avenel, NJ ................................... (908) 750-3270 Marlton, NJ ................................. (609) 757-5181
Bangor, ME................................. (207) 941-8179 Methuen, MA .............................. (617) 565-8110
Baton Rouge, LA ........................ (225) 389-0474 Milwaukee, WI ........................... (414) 297-3315
Bayside, NY ................................ (718) 279-9060 Minneapolis, MN ........................ (612) 664-5460
Bellevue, WA .............................. (206) 553-7520 Mobile, AL .................................. (334) 441-6131
Billings, MT ................................ (406) 247-7494 Nashville, TN .............................. (615) 781-5423
Birmingham, AL ......................... (205) 731-1534 New York, NY ............................ (212) 466-2482
Bismarck, ND ............................. (701) 250-4521 Norfolk, VA ................................ (757) 441-3820
Boise, ID ..................................... (208) 334-2960 North Aurora, IL ......................... (630) 896-8700
Bowmansville, NY ..................... (716) 684-3891 Oklahoma City, OK .................... (405) 231-5351
Braintree, MA ............................. (617) 565-6924 Omaha, NE ................................. (402) 221-3182
Bridgeport, CT ............................ (203) 579-5516 Parsippany, NJ ............................ (201) 263-1003
Calumet City, IL ......................... (708) 891-3800 Peoria, IL .................................... (309) 671-7033
Carson City, NV ......................... (702) 885-6963 Philadelphia, PA ......................... (215) 597-4955
Charleston, WV .......................... (304) 347-5937 Phoenix, AZ ................................ (602) 640-2007
Cincinnati, OH ............................ (513) 841-4132 Pittsburgh, PA ............................. (412) 395-4903
Cleveland, OH ............................ (216) 522-3818 Portland, ME ............................... (207) 708-3178
Columbia, SC ............................. (803) 765-5904 Portland, OR ............................... (503) 326-2251
Columbus, OH ............................ (614) 469-5582 Providence, RI ............................ (401) 528-4663
Concord, NH ............................... (603) 225-1629 Raleigh, NC ................................ (919) 856-4770
Corpus Christi, TX ..................... (512) 888-3420 Sacramento, CA .......................... (916) 566-7470
Dallas, TX ................................... (214) 320-2400 Salt Lake City, UT ...................... (801) 487-0680
Denver, CO ................................. (303) 844-5285 San Diego, CA ............................ (619) 557-2909
Des Plaines, IL ............................ (847) 803-4800 Savannah, GA ............................. (912) 652-4393
Eau Claire, WI ............................ (715) 832-9019 Smyrna, GA ................................ (770) 984-8700
El Paso, TX ................................. (915) 534-6251 Springfield, MA .......................... (413) 785-0123
Des Moines, IA ........................... (515) 284-4794 St. Louis, MO ............................. (314) 425-4249
Englewood, CO .......................... (303) 843-4500 Syracuse, NY .............................. (315) 451-0808
Erie, PA ....................................... (814) 833-5758 Tampa, FL ................................... (813) 626-1177
Fairview Heights, IL ................... (618) 632-8612 Tarrytown, NY ............................ (914) 524-7510
Fort Lauderdale, FL .................... (954) 424-0242 Toledo, OH ................................. (419) 259-7542
Fort Worth, TX ........................... (817) 428-2470 Tucker, GA.................................. (770) 493-6644
Frankfort, KY ............................. (502) 227-7024 Westbury, NY .............................. (516) 334-3344
Guaynabo,PR .............................. (787) 277-1560 Wichita, KS................................. (316) 269-6644
Harrisburg, PA ............................ (717) 782-3902 Wilkes-Barre, PA ........................ (717) 826-6538
Hartford, CT ............................... (860) 240-3152 Wilmington, DE .......................... (302) 573-6115
Hasbrouck Heights, NJ ............... (201) 288-1700
Honolulu, HI ............................... (808) 541-2685
Houston, TX ............................... (281) 286-0583
Houston, TX ............................... (281) 591-2438
Indianapolis, IN .......................... (317) 226-7290
Jackson, MS ................................ (601) 965-4606
OSHA Area Offices

26 OSHA Regional Offices
Region I Region VII

(CT,* MA, ME, NH, RI, VT*) (IA,* KS, MO, NE)
JFK Federal Building City Center Square
Room E-340 1100 Main Street, Suite 800
Boston, MA 02203 Kansas City, MO 64105
Telephone: (617) 565-9860 Telephone: (816) 426-5861
Region II Region VIII

(NJ, NY,* PR,* VI*) (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)
201 Varick Street 1999 Broadway, Suite 1690
Room 670 Denver, CO 80202-5716
New York, NY 10014 Telephone: (303) 844-1600
Telephone: (212) 337-2378
Region IX
Region III (American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* Guam,
(DC, DE, MD,* PA, VA,* WV) HI,* NV,* Trust Territories of the Pacific)
The Curtis Center - Suite 740 West 71 Stevenson Street
170 S. Independence Mall West 4th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309 San Francisco, CA 94105
Region IV Region X
(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC, SC,* TN*) (AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)
Atlanta Federal Center 1111 Third Avenue
61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T50 Suite 715
Atlanta, GA 30303 Seattle, WA 98101-3212
Region V
(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI) *These states and territories operate their own
230 South Dearborn Street OSHA-approved job safety and health programs
Room 3244 (Connecticut and New York plans cover public
Chicago, IL 60604 employees only). States with approved programs must
Telephone: (312) 353-2220 have a standard that is identical to, or at least as
effective as, the federal standard.
Region VI
(AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX)
525 Griffin Street
Room 602
Dallas, TX 75202
Telephone: (214) 767-4731
OSHA Regional Offices

Appendix 27
Index
The following is a guide to the “Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry” Standard:
Access 1926.451(e) Debris 1926.451(f)(13)

Aerial lifts 1926.453 Decks 1926.451(b)(1)
ANSI standards, aerial lifts Appendix C Decorators’ scaffolds 1926.452(d)
Aerial lift controls 1926.453(b)(2) Deflection 1926.451(f)(16)
Aerial lift electrical testing1926.453(b)(3) Different components 1926.451(b)(10)
Aefial lift, hydraulic lines 1926.453(b)(4) & (11) Dismantlers
1926.451(e)(9)
Aerial lift, welding 1926.453(b)(5)
& (g)(2)
Banding, steel or plastic 1926.451(g)(4)(xiii) & Appendix D
Barricades 1926.451(h)(2)(i) Engineer 1926.451(d)(3)(i)
Base plates 1926.451(c)(2) & (f)(5)
Boatswains’ chairs 1926.452(o)(3)-(7) 1926.452(a)(10)
& (b)(10) & (c)(5)
Braking device 1926.451(d)(16)
& (c)(6)
Bricklaying 1926.451(g)(1)(vi)
Erectors 1926.451(e)(9) &
Bricklayers’ square scaffolds 1926.452(e) (g)(2) & Appendix D
Canopies 1926.451(h)(2)(v) Extend over ends 1926.451(b)(5)
& (3)
Fabricated frame scaffolds 1926.452(c)
Capacity, scaffold 1926.451(a)(1)
False car (elevator) 1926.450(b) &
& (d)(1)
.451(a)-(b) & (d)-(h)
Capacity, rope 1926.451(a)(3) & .454, (Ref:FR
Carpenters’ bracket scaffolds 1926.452(g) Vol. 61, No. 170
Catenary scaffolds 1926.452(r) 8/30/96, p. 46028.)
Coatings 1926.451(b)(9) Fall arrest systems 1926.451(g)(1) & (3)
Competent person Fall protection 1926.451(g)
Components 1926.451(b)(10) Float (ship) scaffolds 1926.452 (safety
& (b)(11) and health programs)
Erectors and dismantlers 1926.451(g)(2) Footing 1926.451(c)(2)
& 454(b) Form scaffolds 1926.452(g)
General 1926.451(f)(7)
Front edge 1926.451(b)(3)
Inspections 1926.451(d)(10)
& (f)(3) & Grab lines 1926.451(g)(1)(iii)
(g)(4)(xiv) Guardrails 1926.451(g)(4)
Suspension scaffolds 1926.451(d)(3)(i) & (h)(2)(iv)
& (d)(18) Guys 1926.451(c)(1)
Training 1926.454(b) Horizontal, lifelines 1926.451(g)(3)(ii),
(iii), (iv)
Corrosives 1926.451(f)(11)
Horizontal, lifelines 1926.451(g)(3)(iii),
Counterweights 1926.451(d)(ii)-(iv)
or two-point scaffolds (iv)
Crawling boards 1926.452(m)
Horse scaffolds 1926.452(f)
(chicken ladders)
Interior hung scaffolds 1926.452(t)
Crossbracing 1926.451(e)(9)(iv) & Appendix A (2)(t)
& (g)(4)(xv)
Appendix
28
Inspections 1926.451(d)(10) Platforms 1926.451(b)

& (f)(3) & (g)(4)(xiv) & (c)(2)(iv)
Ladders 1926.451(e)(2) & (d)(19)
& (f)(15) &(f)(14)
Ladders, built-in 1926.451(e)(6) Platform planking 1926.451(b)(1)-(9)
Ladder jack scaffolds 1926.452(k) Platform scaffolds 1926.452(n)
Ladder trucks 1926.453(b)(1) Pole scaffolds 1926.452(a)
Large area scaffolds 1926.452(d) Powerlines 1926.451(f)(6)
Lifeline 1926.451(g)(3)(i)-(iv) Pump jack scaffolds 1926.452(j)
Load 1926.450(b) & & Appendix
.451(a) Ramps 1926.451(e)(5)(i)-
Load carrying members 1926.451(a)(1) (iii)
& Appendix A (1)(a) Repair 1926.451(f)(4)
Masons’ multi-point 1926.452(q) Repair bracket scaffolds 1926.452(x)
suspension scaffolds Replacement 1926.451(f)(4)
Midrails 1926.451(g)(4)(ix) Ropes
& (xiv)
Drum hoist 1926.451(d)(6)
Mobile scaffolds 1926.452(w)
Inspection 1926.451(d)(10)
& Appendix A (2)(z)
Joined 1926.451(d)(8)
Moving 1926.451(f)(7)
Repaired 1926.451(d)(7)
Mud sills 1926.451(c)(2)
Suspension 1926.451(a)(3)&(4)
Multi-level suspended
& (f)(10)
scaffolds 1926.452(v)
Thimbles 1926.451(d)(9)
Multi-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds 1926.452(q) Tiebacks 1926.451(d)(5)(iv)
Needle beam scaffolds 1926.452(u) Spliced eye 1926.451(d)(11)
Qualified person Swag 1926.451(d)(11)
Component construction 1926.451(a)(6) Roof bracket scaffolds 1926.452(h)
Design 1926.451(a)(6) Roof hooks, irons 1926.451(d)(5)
Loading 1926.451(a)(6) Roof truss 1926. 452(g)
& .450(b)
Single-point adjustable 1926.452(o)(2)(i)
suspension, rigging Single–point adjustable 1926.451(a),(d),(f),
Swaged 1926.451(d)(11) suspension scaffolds (g)(1)(i),(ii),(iv),
(g)(3),(4), (h),
Two point adjustable 1926.452(p)(1)
& .452(o)
suspension, platforms
Slip resistant finishes 1926.451(b)(9)
Training 1926.454(a)
Stall load 1926.450(b),
Outrigger beams 1926.451(d)(3)(vi),
.451(a)(2) & (a)(4)
(viii), & (4)(v)
& (a)(5)
Outrigger scaffolds 1926.452(l)
Step ladder scaffolds 1926.452(n)
Overlap 1926.451(b)(7)
Stilts 1926.452(y)
Planking 1926.451(b)
Stonesetters’ multi-point 1926.452(q)
& Appendix A(1)(b)
suspension scaffolds
& (c)
Plasters’ scaffolds 1926.452(d)
Appendix
29
Supported scaffolds 1926.450(b),

&.451(a),(c),(e),(f),(g),
(h), & .454
Suspension scaffolds 1926.451 (a), (d),
(e),(f),(g)(1)(i),(ii),(iv),
(g)(3),(4), (h),
& .452(o)-(q), (s), (t),
(v), (x)
Tag lines 1926.451(f)(9)
Tiebacks 1926.451(d)(3)(vii),
(ix), (x) & (5)(iii),
(iv)
Tie-ins 1926.451(c)(1)
& (d)(18)
Tipping 1926.451(c)(1)
Toeboards 1926.451(h)(1),
(2)(ii),(iii) & (4)
Tower trucks 1926.453(b)(1)

Training 1926.454
Trestle ladder scaffolds 1926.452(n)
Tube and coupler scaffolds 1926.452(b)
Two-point adjustable 1926.451(a), (d), (e),
suspension scaffolds (f), (g)(1)(i),(ii),(iv),
(g)(3),(4), (h),
& .452(p) & .454
Vertical lifelines 1926.451(g)(3)(i),

(iv)
Walkways 1926.451(e)(5)
(i)-(iii)
Weather 1926.451(f)(8)
& (12)
Welding from suspension 1926.451(f)(17)
scaffolds
Wire rope clips 1926.451(d)(12)
Window jack scaffolds 1926.452(l)
Appendix
30 Notes
Appendix
Construction Focused Inspection Guidelines 31
This guideline is to assist the compliance officer

to determine if there is an effective project plan to qualify for a Focused Inspection.
YES/NO
PROJECT SAFETY AND HEALTH COORDINATION: Are there procedures in place by the
general contractor, prime contractor, or other such entity to ensure that all employers provide
adequate protection for their employees?
Is there a DESIGNATED COMPETENT PERSON responsible for the implementation and

monitoring of the project safety and health plan who is capable of identifying existing and
predictable hazards and has authority to take prompt corrective measures?
PROJECT SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM/PLAN* that complies with 1926 Subpart C and
addresses, based upon the size and complexity of the project, the following:
Project Safety Analysis at initiation and at critical stages that describes the sequence, procedures, and
responsible individuals for safe construction.
Identification of work/activities requiring planning, design, inspection, or supervision by an engineer,

competent person, or other professional.
Evaluation monitoring of subcontractors to determine conformance with the Project Plan.(The Project
Plan may include, or be utilized by subcontractors.)
Supervisor and employee training according to the Project Plan including recognition, reporting, and
avoidance of hazards, and applicable standards.
Procedures for controlling hazardous operations such as: cranes, scaffolding, trenches, confined
spaces, hot work, explosives, hazardous materials, leading edges, etc.
Documentation of: training, permits, hazard reports, inspections, uncorrected hazards, incidents, and
near misses.
Employee involvement in the hazard: analysis, prevention, avoidance, correction, and reporting.
Project emergency response plan.
* FOR EXAMPLES, SEE OWNER AND CONTRACTOR ASSOCIATION MODEL PROGRAMS, ANSI A10.33, A10.38, ETC .
The walkaround and interviews confirmed that the Plan has been implemented, including:
The four leading hazards are addressed: falls, struck by, caught in\between, electrical.
Hazards are identified and corrected with preventative measures instituted in a timely manner.
Employees and supervisors are knowledgeable of the project safety and health plan, avoidance of
hazards, applicable standards, and their rights and responsibilities.
THE PROJECT QUALIFIED FOR A FOCUSED INSPECTION.
Construction Focused Inspection Guidelines

32 Regulatory Text
PART 1926—[AMENDED] “Body harness” means a design of straps which

1. Subpart L of Part 1926 is revised to read as may be secured about the employee in a manner to
follows: distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the
SUBPART L—SCAFFOLDS thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders, with
Sec. means for attaching it to other components of a
1926.450 Scope, Application, and Definitions personal fall arrest system.
Applicable to this Subpart “Brace” means a rigid connection that holds one
1926.451 General Requirements scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to
1926.452 Additional Requirements Appli– another member, or to a building or structure.
cable to Specific Types of Scaffolds “Bricklayers’ square scaffold” means a supported
1926.453 Aerial Lifts scaffold composed of framed squares which support
1926.454 Training a platform.
Appendix A to Subpart L—Scaffolds “Carpenters’ bracket scaffold” means a supported
Appendix B to Subpart L—Scaffolds scaffold consisting of a platform supported by
Appendix C to Subpart L—Scaffolds brackets attached to building or structural walls.
Appendix D to Subpart L—Scaffolds “Catenary scaffold” means a suspension scaffold
Appendix E to Subpart L—Scaffolds consisting of a platform supported by two essen-
tially horizontal and parallel ropes attached to
Authority: Section 107, Contract Work Hours structural members of a building or other structure.
and Safety Standards Act (Construction Safety Act) Additional support may be provided by vertical
(40 U.S.C. 333); Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety pickups.
and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); “Chimney hoist” means a multi-point adjustable
Secretary of Labor’s Order No. 1-90 (55 FR suspension scaffold used to provide access to work
9033);and 29 CFR Part 1911. inside chimneys. (See “Multi-point adjustable
suspension scaffold”.)
SUBPART L—SCAFFOLDS “Cleat” means a structural block used at the end
§1926.450 Scope, application and definitions of a platform to prevent the platform from slipping
applicable to this Subpart. off its supports. Cleats are also used to provide
(a) Scope and application. This subpart applies footing on sloped surfaces such as crawling boards.
to all scaffolds used in workplaces covered by this “Competent person” means one who is capable
Part. It does not apply to crane or derrick sus- of identifying existing and predictable hazards in
pended personnel platforms, which are covered by the surroundings or working conditions which are
§1926.550(g). The criteria for aerial lifts are set out unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees,
exclusively in §1926.453. and who has authorization to take prompt corrective
(b) Definitions. “Adjustable suspension scaf- measures to eliminate them.
fold” means a suspension scaffold equipped with a “Continuous run scaffold” (Run scaffold) means
hoist(s) that can be operated by an employee(s) on a two-point or multi-point adjustable suspension
the scaffold. scaffold constructed using a series of intercon-
“Bearer (putlog)” means a horizontal transverse nected braced scaffold members or supporting
scaffold member (which may be supported by structures erected to form a continuous scaffold.
ledgers or runners) upon which the scaffold plat- “Coupler” means a device for locking together
form rests and which joins scaffold uprights, posts, the tubes of a tube and coupler scaffold.
poles, and similar members. “Crawling board (chicken ladder)” means a
“Boatswains’ chair” means a single-point adjust- supported scaffold consisting of a plank with cleats
able suspension scaffold consisting of a seat or spaced and secured to provide footing, for use on
sling designed to support one employee in a sitting sloped surfaces such as roofs.
position. “Deceleration device” means any mechanism,
“Body belt (safety belt)” means a strap with such as a rope grab, rip-stitch lanyard, specially-
means both for securing it about the waist and for woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyard, or
attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration automatic self-retracting lifeline lanyard, which
device. dissipates a substantial amount of energy during a
Regulatory Text
33
fall arrest or limits the energy imposed on an “Independent pole scaffold” (see “Double pole
employee during fall arrest. scaffold”).
“Double pole (independent pole) scaffold” “Interior hung scaffold” means a suspension
means a supported scaffold consisting of a scaffold consisting of a platform suspended from
platform(s) resting on cross beams (bearers) sup- the ceiling or roof structure by fixed length sup-
ported by ledgers and a double row of uprights ports.
independent of support (except ties, guys, braces) “Ladder jack scaffold” means a supported
from any structure. scaffold consisting of a platform resting on brackets
“Equivalent” means alternative designs, materi- attached to ladders.
als or methods to protect against a hazard which the “Ladder stand” means a mobile, fixed-size, self-
employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or supporting ladder consisting of a wide flat tread
greater degree of safety for employees than the ladder in the form of stairs.
methods, materials or designs specified in the “Landing” means a platform at the end of a flight
standard. of stairs.
“Eye” or “Eye Splice” means a loop with or “Large area scaffold” means a pole scaffold, tube
without a thimble at the end of a wire rope. and coupler scaffold, systems scaffold, or fabricated
“Exposed power lines” means electrical power frame scaffold erected over substantially the entire
lines which are accessible to employees and which work area. For example: a scaffold erected over the
are not shielded from contact. Such lines do not entire floor area of a room.
include extension cords or power tool cords. “Lean-to scaffold” means a supported scaffold
“Fabricated decking and planking” means which is kept erect by tilting it toward and resting it
manufactured platforms made of wood (including against a building or structure.
laminated wood, and solid sawn wood planks), “Lifeline” means a component consisting of a
metal or other materials. flexible line that connects to an anchorage at one
“Fabricated frame scaffold (tubular welded end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or that
frame scaffold)” means a scaffold consisting of a connects to anchorages at both ends to stretch
platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves
with integral posts, horizontal bearers, and interme- as a means for connecting other components of a
diate members. personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
“Failure” means load refusal, breakage, or “Lower levels” means areas below the level
separation of component parts. Load refusal is the where the employee is located and to which an
point where the ultimate strength is exceeded. employee can fall. Such areas include, but are not
“Float (ship) scaffold” means a suspension limited to, ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps,
scaffold consisting of a braced platform resting on runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, water,
two parallel bearers and hung from overhead and equipment.
supports by ropes of fixed length. “Masons’ adjustable supported scaffold” (see
“Form scaffold” means a supported scaffold “Self-contained adjustable scaffold”).
consisting of a platform supported by brackets “Masons’ multi-point adjustable suspension
attached to formwork. scaffold” means a continuous run suspension
“Guardrail system” means a vertical barrier, scaffold designed and used for masonry operations.
consisting of, but not limited to, toprails, midrails, “Maximum intended load” means the total load
and posts, erected to prevent employees from of all persons, equipment, tools, materials, transmit-
falling off a scaffold platform or walkway to lower ted loads, and other loads reasonably anticipated to
levels. be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component at
“Hoist” means a manual or power-operated any one time.
mechanical device to raise or lower a suspended “Mobile scaffold” means a powered or
scaffold. unpowered, portable, caster or wheel-mounted
“Horse scaffold” means a supported scaffold supported scaffold.
consisting of a platform supported by construction “Multi-level suspended scaffold” means a two-
horses (saw horses). Horse scaffolds constructed of point or multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold
metal are sometimes known as trestle scaffolds.
Regulatory Text
34
with a series of platforms at various levels resting scaffold” and “Double (independent) pole scaf-
on common stirrups. fold”).
“Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold” “Power operated hoist” means a hoist which is
means a suspension scaffold consisting of a powered by other than human energy.
platform(s) which is suspended by more than two “Pump jack scaffold” means a supported scaffold
ropes from overhead supports and equipped with consisting of a platform supported by vertical poles
means to raise and lower the platform to desired and movable support brackets.
work levels. Such scaffolds include chimney “Qualified” means one who, by possession of a
hoists. recognized degree, certificate, or professional
“Needle beam scaffold” means a platform standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training,
suspended from needle beams. and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/
“Open sides and ends” means the edges of a her ability to solve or resolve problems related to
platform that are more than 14 inches (36 cm) away the subject matter, the work, or the project.
horizontally from a sturdy, continuous, vertical “Rated load” means the manufacturer’s specified
surface (such as a building wall) or a sturdy, con- maximum load to be lifted by a hoist or to be
tinuous horizontal surface (such as a floor), or a applied to a scaffold or scaffold component.
point of access. Exception: For plastering and “Repair bracket scaffold” means a supported
lathing operations the horizontal threshold distance scaffold consisting of a platform supported by
is 18 inches (46 cm). brackets which are secured in place around the
“Outrigger” means the structural member of a circumference or perimeter of a chimney, stack,
supported scaffold used to increase the base width tank or other supporting structure by one or more
of a scaffold in order to provide support for and wire ropes placed around the supporting structure.
increased stability of the scaffold. “Roof bracket scaffold” means a rooftop supported
“Outrigger beam (Thrustout)” means the struc- scaffold consisting of a platform resting on angular-
tural member of a suspension scaffold or outrigger shaped supports.
scaffold which provides support for the scaffold by “Runner” (ledger or ribbon)” means the length-
extending the scaffold point of attachment to a wise horizontal spacing or bracing member which
point out and away from the structure or building. may support the bearers.
“Outrigger scaffold” means a supported scaffold “Scaffold” means any temporary elevated
consisting of a platform resting on outrigger beams platform (supported or suspended) and its support-
(thrustouts) projecting beyond the wall or face of ing structure (including points of anchorage), used
the building or structure, the inboard ends of which for supporting employees or materials or both.
are secured inside the building or structure. “Self-contained adjustable scaffold” means a
“Overhand bricklaying” means the process of combination supported and suspension scaffold
laying bricks and masonry units such that the consisting of an adjustable platform(s) mounted on
surface of the wall to be jointed is on the opposite an independent supporting frame(s) not a part of the
side of the wall from the mason, requiring the object being worked on, and which is equipped
mason to lean over the wall to complete the work. with a means to permit the raising and lowering of
It includes mason tending and electrical installation the platform(s). Such systems include rolling roof
incorporated into the brick wall during the over- rigs, rolling outrigger systems, and some masons’
hand bricklaying process. adjustable supported scaffolds.
“Personal fall arrest system” means a system “Shore scaffold” means a supported scaffold
used to arrest an employee’s fall. It consists of an which is placed against a building or structure and
anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body harness held in place with props.
and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, “Single-point adjustable suspension scaffold”
lifeline, or combinations of these. means a suspension scaffold consisting of a plat-
“Platform” means a work surface elevated above form suspended by one rope from an overhead
lower levels. Platforms can be constructed using support and equipped with means to permit the
individual wood planks, fabricated planks, fabri- movement of the platform to desired work levels.
cated decks, and fabricated platforms. “Single-pole scaffold” means a supported scaf-
“Pole scaffold” (see definitions for “Single-pole fold consisting of a platform(s) resting on bearers,
Regulatory Text
35
the outside ends of which are supported on runners “Two-point suspension scaffold (swing stage)”
secured to a single row of posts or uprights, and the means a suspension scaffold consisting of a plat-
inner ends of which are supported on or in a struc- form supported by hangers (stirrups) suspended by
ture or building wall. two ropes from overhead supports and equipped
“Stair tower (Scaffold stairway/tower)” means a with means to permit the raising and lowering of
tower comprised of scaffold components and which the platform to desired work levels.
contains internal stairway units and rest platforms. “Unstable objects” means items whose strength,
These towers are used to provide access to scaffold configuration, or lack of stability may allow them
platforms and other elevated points such as floors to become dislocated and shift and therefore may
and roofs. not properly support the loads imposed on them.
“Stall load” means the load at which the prime- Unstable objects do not constitute a safe base
mover of a power-operated hoist stalls or the power support for scaffolds, platforms, or employees.
to the prime-mover is automatically disconnected. Examples include, but are not limited to, barrels,
“Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffold” boxes, loose brick, and concrete blocks.
means a platform resting directly on the rungs of “Vertical pickup” means a rope used to support
step ladders or trestle ladders. the horizontal rope in catenary scaffolds.
“Stilts” means a pair of poles or similar supports “Walkway” means a portion of a scaffold plat-
with raised footrests, used to permit walking above form used only for access and not as a work level.
the ground or working surface. “Window jack scaffold” means a platform resting
“Stonesetters’ multi-point adjustable suspension on a bracket or jack which projects through a
scaffold” means a continuous run suspension window opening.
scaffold designed and used for stonesetters’ opera-
tions. §1926.451 General requirements. This section
“Supported scaffold” means one or more plat- does not apply to aerial lifts, the criteria for which
forms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, are set out in §1926.453.
poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid (a) Capacity (1) Except as provided in para-
support. graphs (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5) and (g) of this
“Suspension scaffold” means one or more section, each scaffold and scaffold component shall
platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid be capable of supporting, without failure, its own
means from an overhead structure(s). weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended
“System scaffold” means a scaffold consisting of load applied or transmitted to it.
posts with fixed connection points that accept (2) Direct connections to roofs and floors, and
runners, bearers, and diagonals that can be intercon- counterweights used to balance adjustable suspen-
nected at predetermined levels. sion scaffolds, shall be capable of resisting at least
“Tank builders’ scaffold” means a supported 4 times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold
scaffold consisting of a platform resting on brackets operating at either the rated load of the hoist, or 1.5
that are either directly attached to a cylindrical tank (minimum) times the tipping moment imposed by
or attached to devices that are attached to such a the scaffold operating at the stall load of the hoist,
tank. whichever is greater.
“Top plate bracket scaffold” means a scaffold (3) Each suspension rope, including connecting
supported by brackets that hook over or are at- hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension
tached to the top of a wall. This type of scaffold is scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without
similar to carpenters’ bracket scaffolds and form failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load
scaffolds and is used in residential construction for applied or transmitted to that rope.
setting trusses. (4) Each suspension rope, including connecting
“Tube and coupler scaffold” means a supported hardware, used on adjustable suspension scaffolds
or suspended scaffold consisting of a platform(s) shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at
supported by tubing, erected with coupling devices least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or
connecting uprights, braces, bearers, and runners. transmitted to that rope with the scaffold operating
“Tubular welded frame scaffold” (see “Fabri- at either the rated load of the hoist, or 2 (minimum)
cated frame scaffold”). times the stall load of the hoist, whichever is
greater.
Regulatory Text
36
(1926.451(a) continued) (3) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3)(i)

and (ii) of this section, the front edge of all plat-
(5) The stall load of any scaffold hoist shall not forms shall not be more than 14 inches (36 cm)
exceed 3 times its rated load. from the face of the work, unless guardrail systems
(6) Scaffolds shall be designed by a qualified are erected along the front edge and/or personal fall
person and shall be constructed and loaded in accor- arrest systems are used in accordance with para-
dance with that design. Non-mandatory Appendix A graph (g) of this section to protect employees from
to this subpart contains examples of criteria that will falling.
enable an employer to comply with paragraph (a) of (i) The maximum distance from the face for
this section. outrigger scaffolds shall be 3 inches (8 cm);
(b) Scaffold platform construction. (ii) The maximum distance from the face for
(1) Each platform on all working levels of scaf- plastering and lathing operations shall be 18 inches
folds shall be fully planked or decked between the (46 cm).
front uprights and the guardrail supports as follows: (4) Each end of a platform, unless cleated or
(i) Each platform unit (e.g., scaffold plank, fabri- otherwise restrained by hooks or equivalent means,
cated plank, fabricated deck, or fabricated platform) shall extend over the centerline of its support at
shall be installed so that the space between adjacent least 6 inches (15 cm).
units and the space between the platform and the (5) (i) Each end of a platform 10 feet or less in
uprights is no more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide, except length shall not extend over its support more than
where the employer can demonstrate that a wider 12 inches (30 cm) unless the platform is designed
space is necessary (for example, to fit around uprights and installed so that the cantilevered portion of the
when side brackets are used to extend the width of the platform is able to support employees and/or
platform). materials without tipping, or has guardrails which
(ii) Where the employer makes the demonstration block employee access to the cantilevered end.
provided for in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, the (ii) Each platform greater than 10 feet in length
platform shall be planked or decked as fully as shall not extend over its support more than 18
possible and the remaining open space between the inches (46 cm), unless it is designed and installed
platform and the uprights shall not exceed 9_ inches so that the cantilevered portion of the platform is
(24.1 cm). able to support employees without tipping, or has
Exception to paragraph (b)(1): The requirement to guardrails which block employee access to the
provide full planking or decking does not apply to cantilevered end.
platforms used solely as walkways or solely by (6) On scaffolds where scaffold planks are
employees performing scaffold erection or disman- abutted to create a long platform, each abutted end
tling. In these situations, only the planking that the shall rest on a separate support surface. This
employer establishes is necessary to provide safe provision does not preclude the use of common
working conditions is required. support members, such as “T” sections, to support
(2) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) and abutting planks, or hook on platforms designed to
(b)(2)(ii) of this section, each scaffold platform and rest on common supports.
walkway shall be at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide. (7) On scaffolds where platforms are overlapped
(i) Each ladder jack scaffold, top plate bracket to create a long platform, the overlap shall occur
scaffold, roof bracket scaffold, and pump jack scaffold only over supports, and shall not be less than 12
shall be at least 12 inches (30 cm) wide. There is no inches (30 cm) unless the platforms are nailed
minimum width requirement for boatswains’ chairs. together or otherwise restrained to prevent move-
(ii) Where scaffolds must be used in areas that the ment.
employer can demonstrate are so narrow that plat- (8) At all points of a scaffold where the platform
forms and walkways cannot be at least 18 inches (46 changes direction, such as turning a corner, any
cm) wide, such platforms and walkways shall be as platform that rests on a bearer at an angle other
wide as feasible, and employees on those platforms than a right angle shall be laid first, and platforms
and walkways shall be protected from fall hazards by which rest at right angles over the same bearer shall
the use of guardrails and/or personal fall arrest be laid second, on top of the first platform.
systems.
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37
(1926.451(b) continued) (2) Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames,

and uprights shall bear on base plates, mud sills or
(9) Wood platforms shall not be covered with other adequate firm foundation.
opaque finishes, except that platform edges may be (i) Footings shall be level, sound, rigid, and
covered or marked for identification. Platforms may capable of supporting the loaded scaffold without
be coated periodically with wood preservatives, fire- settling or displacement.
retardant finishes, and slip-resistant finishes; how- (ii) Unstable objects shall not be used to support
ever, the coating may not obscure the top or bottom scaffolds or platform units.
wood surfaces. (iii) Unstable objects shall not be used as
(10) Scaffold components manufactured by working platforms.
different manufacturers shall not be intermixed (iv) Front-end loaders and similar pieces of
unless the components fit together without force and equipment shall not be used to support scaffold
the scaffold’s structural integrity is maintained by the platforms unless they have been specifically
user. Scaffold components manufactured by differ- designed by the manufacturer for such use.
ent manufacturers shall not be modified in order to (v) Fork-lifts shall not be used to support scaf-
intermix them unless a competent person determines fold platforms unless the entire platform is attached
the resulting scaffold is structurally sound. to the fork and the fork-lift is not moved horizon-
(11) Scaffold components made of dissimilar tally while the platform is occupied.
metals shall not be used together unless a competent (3) Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames,
person has determined that galvanic action will not and uprights shall be plumb and braced to prevent
reduce the strength of any component to a level swaying and displacement.
below that required by paragraph (a)(1) of this (d) Criteria for suspension scaffolds.
section. (1) All suspension scaffold support devices, such
(c) Criteria for supported scaffolds. as outrigger beams, cornice hooks, parapet clamps,
(1) Supported scaffolds with a height to base and similar devices, shall rest on surfaces capable
width (including outrigger supports, if used) ratio of of supporting at least 4 times the load imposed on
more than four to one (4:1) shall be restrained from them by the scaffold operating at the rated load of
tipping by guying, tying, bracing, or equivalent the hoist (or at least 1.5 times the load imposed on
means, as follows: them by the scaffold at the stall capacity of the
(i) Guys, ties, and braces shall be installed at hoist, whichever is greater).
locations where horizontal members support both (2) Suspension scaffold outrigger beams, when
inner and outer legs. used, shall be made of structural metal or equiva-
(ii) Guys, ties, and braces shall be installed lent strength material, and shall be restrained to
according to the scaffold manufacturer’s recommen- prevent movement.
dations or at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 (3) The inboard ends of suspension scaffold
height and be repeated vertically at locations of outrigger beams shall be stabilized by bolts or other
horizontal members every 20 feet (6.1 m) or less direct connections to the floor or roof deck, or they
thereafter for scaffolds 3 feet (0.91 m) wide or less, shall have their inboard ends stabilized by counter-
and every 26 feet (7.9 m) or less thereafter for weights, except masons’ multi-point adjustable
scaffolds greater than 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. The top suspension scaffold outrigger beams shall not be
guy, tie or brace of completed scaffolds shall be stabilized by counterweights.
placed no further than the 4:1 height from the top. (i) Before the scaffold is used, direct connec-
Such guys, ties and braces shall be installed at each tions shall be evaluated by a competent person who
end of the scaffold and at horizontal intervals not to shall confirm, based on the evaluation, that the
exceed 30 feet (9.1 m) (measured from one end [not supporting surfaces are capable of supporting the
both] towards the other). loads to be imposed. In addition, masons’ multi-
(iii) Ties, guys, braces, or outriggers shall be used point adjustable suspension scaffold connections
to prevent the tipping of supported scaffolds in all shall be designed by an engineer experienced in
circumstances where an eccentric load, such as a such scaffold design.
cantilevered work platform, is applied or is transmit- (ii) Counterweights shall be made of non-flowable
ted to the scaffold. material. Sand, gravel and similar materials that can
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38
(1926.451(d) continued) (5) Suspension scaffold support devices such as

cornice hooks, roof hooks, roof irons, parapet
be easily dislocated shall not be used as clamps, or similar devices shall be:
counterweights. (i) Made of steel, wrought iron, or materials of
(iii) Only those items specifically designed as equivalent strength;
counterweights shall be used to counterweight scaf- (ii) Supported by bearing blocks; and
fold systems. Construction materials such as, but not (iii) Secured against movement by tiebacks
limited to, masonry units and rolls of roofing felt, installed at right angles to the face of the building
shall not be used as counterweights. or structure, or opposing angle tiebacks shall be
(iv) Counterweights shall be secured by installed and secured to a structurally sound point
mechanical means to the outrigger beams to prevent of anchorage on the building or structure. Sound
accidental displacement. points of anchorage include structural members, but
(v) Counterweights shall not be removed from an do not include standpipes, vents, other piping
outrigger beam until the scaffold is systems, or electrical conduit.
disassembled. (iv) Tiebacks shall be equivalent in strength to
(vi) Outrigger beams which are not stabilized by the hoisting rope.
bolts or other direct connections to the floor or roof (6) When winding drum hoists are used on a
deck shall be secured by tiebacks. suspension scaffold, they shall contain not less than
(vii) Tiebacks shall be equivalent in strength to the four wraps of the suspension rope at the lowest
suspension ropes. point of scaffold travel. When other types of hoists
(viii) Outrigger beams shall be placed perpendicu- are used, the suspension ropes shall be long enough
lar to its bearing support (usually the face of the to allow the scaffold to be lowered to the level
building or structure). However, where the employer below without the rope end passing through the
can demonstrate that it is not possible to place an hoist, or the rope end shall be configured or pro-
outrigger beam perpendicular to the face of the vided with means to prevent the end from passing
building or structure because of obstructions that through the hoist.
cannot be moved, the outrigger beam may be placed (7) The use of repaired wire rope as suspension
at some other angle, provided opposing angle tiebacks rope is prohibited.
are used. (8) Wire suspension ropes shall not be joined
(ix) Tiebacks shall be secured to a structurally together except through the use of eye splice
sound anchorage on the building or structure. Sound thimbles connected with shackles or coverplates
anchorages include structural members, but do not and bolts.
include standpipes, vents, other piping systems, or (9) The load end of wire suspension ropes shall
electrical conduit. be equipped with proper size thimbles and secured
(x) Tiebacks shall be installed perpendicular to the by eyesplicing or equivalent means.
face of the building or structure, or opposing angle (10) Ropes shall be inspected for defects by a
tiebacks shall be installed. Single tiebacks installed at competent person prior to each workshift and after
an angle are prohibited. every occurrence which could affect a rope’s
(4) Suspension scaffold outrigger beams shall be: integrity. Ropes shall be replaced if any of the
(i) Provided with stop bolts or shackles at both following conditions exist:
ends; (i) Any physical damage which impairs the
(ii) Securely fastened together with the flanges function and strength of the rope.
turned out when channel iron beams are used in place (ii) Kinks that might impair the tracking or
of I-beams; wrapping of rope around the drum(s) or sheave(s).
(iii) Installed with all bearing supports perpendicu- (iii) Six randomly distributed broken wires in
lar to the beam center line; one rope lay or three broken wires in one strand in
(iv) Set and maintained with the web in a vertical one rope lay.
position; and (iv) Abrasion, corrosion, scrubbing, flattening or
(v) When an outrigger beam is used, the shackle or peening causing loss of more than one-third of the
clevis with which the rope is attached to the outrigger original diameter of the outside wires.
beam shall be placed directly over the center line of
the stirrup.
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39
(1926.451(d) continued) (19) Devices whose sole function is to provide

emergency escape and rescue shall not be used as
(v) Heat damage caused by a torch or any damage working platforms. (This provision does not preclude
caused by contact with electrical wires. the use of systems which are designed to function
(vi) Evidence that the secondary brake has been both as suspension scaffolds and emergency systems.)
activated during an overspeed condition and has (e) Access. This paragraph applies to scaffold
engaged the suspension rope. access for all employees. Access requirements for
(11) Swaged attachments or spliced eyes on wire employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds
suspension ropes shall not be used unless they are are specifically addressed in paragraph (e)(9) of this
made by the wire rope manufacturer or a qualified section.
person. (1) When scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet
(12) When wire rope clips are used on suspension (0.6 m) above or below a point of access, portable
scaffolds: ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders, stair
(i) There shall be a minimum of 3 wire rope clips towers (scaffold stairways/towers), stairway-type
installed, with the clips a minimum of 6 rope ladders (such as ladder stands), ramps, walkways,
diameters apart; integral prefabricated scaffold access, or direct access
(ii) Clips shall be installed according to the from another scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or
manufacturer’s recommendations; similar surface shall be used. Crossbraces shall not be
(iii) Clips shall be retightened to the used as a means of access.
manufacturer’s recommendations after the initial (2) Portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders
loading; (Additional requirements for the proper construction
(iv) Clips shall be inspected and retightened to the and use of portable ladders are contained in Subpart X
manufacturer’s recommendations at the start of each of this part—Stairways and Ladders):
workshift thereafter; (i) Portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders shall
(v) U-bolt clips shall not be used at the point of be positioned so as not to tip the scaffold;
suspension for any scaffold hoist; (ii) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall be
(vi) When U-bolt clips are used, the U-bolt shall be positioned so that their bottom rung is not more than
placed over the dead end of the rope, and the saddle 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting level;
shall be placed over the live end of the rope. (iii) When hook-on and attachable ladders are used
(13) Suspension scaffold power-operated hoists on a supported scaffold more than 35 feet (10.7 m.)
and manual hoists shall be tested and listed by a high, they shall have rest platforms at 35-foot (10.7 m)
qualified testing laboratory. maximum vertical intervals.
(14) Gasoline-powered equipment and hoists shall (iv) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall be
not be used on suspension scaffolds. specifically designed for use with the type of scaffold
(15) Gears and brakes of power-operated hoists used;
used on suspension scaffolds shall be enclosed. (v) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have a
(16) In addition to the normal operating brake, minimum rung length of 11-1/2 inches (29 cm); and
suspension scaffold power-operated hoists and (vi) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have
manually operated hoists shall have a braking device uniformly spaced rungs with a maximum spacing
or locking pawl which engages automatically when a between rungs of 16-3/4 inches.
hoist makes either of the following uncontrolled (3) Stairway-type ladders shall:
movements: an instantaneous change in momentum or (i) be positioned such that their bottom step is not
an accelerated overspeed. more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold
(17) Manually operated hoists shall require a supporting level;
positive crank force to descend. (ii) be provided with rest platforms at 12 foot
(18) Two-point and multi-point suspension (3.7 m) maximum vertical intervals;
scaffolds shall be tied or otherwise secured to prevent (iii) have a minimum step width of 16 inches
them from swaying, as determined to be necessary (41 cm), except that mobile scaffold stairway-type
based on an evaluation by a competent person. ladders shall have a minimum step width of
Window cleaners’ anchors shall not be used for this 11 1/2 inches (30 cm); and
purpose.
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40
(1926.451(e) continued) above lower levels shall have guardrail systems which
comply with Subpart M of this part—Fall Protection;
(iv) have slip-resistant treads on all steps and (ii) No ramp or walkway shall be inclined more
landings. than a slope of one (1) vertical to three (3) horizontal
(4) Stairtowers (scaffold stairway/towers) shall be (20 degrees above the horizontal).
positioned such that their bottom step is not more than (iii) If the slope of a ramp or a walkway is steeper
24 inches (61 cm.) above the scaffold supporting than one (1) vertical in eight (8) horizontal, the ramp
level. or walkway shall have cleats not more than fourteen
(i) A stairrail consisting of a toprail and a midrail (14) inches (35 cm) apart which are securely fastened
shall be provided on each side of each scaffold to the planks to provide footing.
stairway. (6) Integral prefabricated scaffold access frames
(ii) The toprail of each stairrail system shall also be shall:
capable of serving as a handrail, unless a separate (i) Be specifically designed and constructed for use
handrail is provided. as ladder rungs;
(iii) Handrails, and toprails that serve as handrails, (ii) Have a rung length of at least 8 inches (20 cm);
shall provide an adequate handhold for employees (iii) Not be used as work platforms when rungs are
grasping them to avoid falling. less than 11-1/2 inches in length, unless each affected
(iv) Stairrail systems and handrails shall be sur- employee uses fall protection, or a positioning device,
faced to prevent injury to employees from punctures which complies with §1926.502;
or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing. (iv) Be uniformly spaced within each frame
(v) The ends of stairrail systems and handrails shall section;
be constructed so that they do not constitute a projec- (v) Be provided with rest platforms at 35-foot
tion hazard. (10.7 m) maximum vertical intervals on all supported
(vi) Handrails, and toprails that are used as hand- scaffolds more than 35 feet (10.7 m) high; and
rails, shall be at least 3 inches (7.6 cm) from other (vi) Have a maximum spacing between rungs of
objects. 16 3/4 inches (43 cm). Non-uniform rung spacing
(vii) Stairrails shall be not less than 28 inches caused by joining end frames together is allowed,
(71 cm) nor more than 37 inches (94 cm) from the provided the resulting spacing does not exceed 16-3/4
upper surface of the stairrail to the surface of the tread, inches (43 cm).
in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge of (7) Steps and rungs of ladder and stairway type
the tread. access shall line up vertically with each other between
(viii) A landing platform at least 18 inches (45.7 rest platforms.
cm) wide by at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) long shall be (8) Direct access to or from another surface shall
provided at each level. be used only when the scaffold is not more than 14
(ix) Each scaffold stairway shall be at least 18 inches (36 cm) horizontally and not more than 24
inches (45.7 cm) wide between stairrails. inches (61 cm) vertically from the other surface.
(x) Treads and landings shall have slip-resistant (9) Effective (insert date one year after publication
surfaces. in the Federal Register), access for employees erecting
(xi) Stairways shall be installed between 40 degrees or dismantling supported scaffolds shall be in accor-
and 60 degrees from the horizontal. dance with the following:
(xii) Guardrails meeting the requirements of (i) The employer shall provide safe means of
paragraph (g)(4) of this section shall be provided on access for each employee erecting or dismantling a
the open sides and ends of each landing. scaffold where the provision of safe access is feasible
(xiii) Riser height shall be uniform, within 1/4 inch, and does not create a greater hazard. The employer
(0.6 cm) for each flight of stairs. Greater variations in shall have a competent person determine whether it is
riser height are allowed for the top and bottom steps feasible or would pose a greater hazard to provide,
of the entire system, not for each flight of stairs. and have employees use a safe means of access. This
(xiv) Tread depth shall be uniform, within 1/4 inch, determination shall be based on site conditions and the
for each flight of stairs. type of scaffold being erected or dismantled.
(5) Ramps and walkways.
(i) Ramps and walkways 6 feet (1.8 m) or more
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41
(1926.451(e) continued) before each work shift, and after any occurrence
which could affect a scaffold’s structural integrity.
(ii) Hook-on or attachable ladders shall be (4) Any part of a scaffold damaged or
installed as soon as scaffold erection has progressed weakened such that its strength is less than that
to a point that permits safe installation and use. required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be
(iii) When erecting or dismantling tubular immediately repaired or replaced, braced to meet
welded frame scaffolds, (end) frames, with horizon- those provisions, or removed from service until
tal members that are parallel, level and are not more repaired.
than 22 inches apart vertically may be used as (5) Scaffolds shall not be moved horizontally
climbing devices for access, provided they are while employees are on them, unless they have
erected in a manner that creates a usable ladder and been designed by a registered professional engineer
provides good hand hold and foot space. specifically for such movement or, for mobile
(iv) Cross braces on tubular welded frame scaffolds, where the provisions of §1926.452(w) are
scaffolds shall not be used as a means of access or followed.
egress. (6) The clearance between scaffolds and power
(f) Use. (1) Scaffolds and scaffold components lines shall be as follows: Scaffolds shall not be
shall not be loaded in excess of their maximum erected, used, dismantled, altered, or moved such
intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is that they or any conductive material handled on
less. them might come closer to exposed and energized
(2) The use of shore or lean-to scaffolds is power lines than as follows:
prohibited.
(3) Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be
inspected for visible defects by a competent person
Insulated Lines
Voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives
Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 M) 2 times the length of

300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 M) the line insulator, but
More than 50kv 10 feet (3.1 M) plus never less than 10 feet (3.1 m)
0.4 inches (1.0 cm) for each 1 kv
over 50 kv
Uninsulated Lines
Voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives
Less than 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 M) 2 times the length of

More than 50kv 10 feet (3.1 M) plus the line insulator, but
0.4 inches (1.0 cm) for each 1 kv never less than 10 feet (3.1 m)
over 50 kv
Regulatory Text
42
(1926.451(f) continued) (15) Ladders shall not be used on scaffolds to

increase the working level height of employees,
Exception to paragraph (f)(6): Scaffolds and except on large area scaffolds where employers
materials may be closer to power lines than speci- have satisfied the following criteria:
fied above where such clearance is necessary for (i) When the ladder is placed against a structure
performance of work, and only after the utility which is not a part of the scaffold, the scaffold shall
company, or electrical system operator, has been be secured against the sideways thrust exerted by
notified of the need to work closer and the utility the ladder;
company, or electrical system operator, has (ii) The platform units shall be secured to the
deenergized the lines, relocated the lines, or in- scaffold to prevent their movement;
stalled protective coverings to prevent accidental (iii) The ladder legs shall be on the same plat-
contact with the lines. form or other means shall be provided to stabilize
(7) Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dis- the ladder against unequal platform deflection, and
mantled, or altered only under the supervision and (iv) The ladder legs shall be secured to prevent
direction of a competent person qualified in scaf- them from slipping or being pushed off the
fold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration. platform.
Such activities shall be performed only by experi- (16) Platforms shall not deflect more than 1/60
enced and trained employees selected for such of the span when loaded.
work by the competent person. (17) To reduce the possibility of welding current
(8) Employees shall be prohibited from working arcing through the suspension wire rope when
on scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other performing welding from suspended scaffolds, the
slippery material except as necessary for removal following precautions shall be taken, as applicable:
of such materials. (i) An insulated thimble shall be used to attach
(9) Where swinging loads are being hoisted onto each suspension wire rope to its hanging support
or near scaffolds such that the loads might contact (such as cornice hook or outrigger). Excess sus-
the scaffold, tag lines or equivalent measures to pension wire rope and any additional independent
control the loads shall be used. lines from grounding shall be insulated;
(10) Suspension ropes supporting adjustable (ii) The suspension wire rope shall be covered
suspension scaffolds shall be of a diameter large with insulating material extending at least 4 feet
enough to provide sufficient surface area for the (1.2 m) above the hoist. If there is a tail line below
functioning of brake and hoist mechanisms. the hoist, it shall be insulated to prevent contact
(11) Suspension ropes shall be shielded from with the platform. The portion of the tail line that
heat-producing processes. When acids or other hangs free below the scaffold shall be guided or
corrosive substances are used on a scaffold, the retained, or both, so that it does not become
ropes shall be shielded, treated to protect against grounded;
the corrosive substances, or shall be of a material (iii) Each hoist shall be covered with insulated
that will not be damaged by the substance being protective covers;
used. (iv) In addition to a work lead attachment
(12) Work on or from scaffolds is prohibited required by the welding process, a grounding
during storms or high winds unless a competent conductor shall be connected from the scaffold to
person has determined that it is safe for employees the structure. The size of this conductor shall be at
to be on the scaffold and those employees are least the size of the welding process work lead, and
protected by a personal fall arrest system or wind this conductor shall not be in series with the weld-
screens. Wind screens shall not be used unless the ing process or the work piece;
scaffold is secured against the anticipated wind (v) If the scaffold grounding lead is discon-
forces imposed. nected at any time, the welding machine shall be
(13) Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate shut off; and
on platforms. (vi) An active welding rod or uninsulated
(14) Makeshift devices, such as but not limited welding lead shall not be allowed to contact the
to boxes and barrels, shall not be used on top of scaffold or its suspension system.
scaffold platforms to increase the working level (g) Fall protection. (1) Each employee on a
height of employees. scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1 m) above a lower
Regulatory Text
43
(1926.451(g) continued) systems meeting the requirements of paragraph

(g)(4) of this section.
level shall be protected from falling to that lower (2) Effective (insert date one year after publica-
level. Paragraphs (g)(1)(i) through (vii) of this tion in the Federal Register), the employer shall
section, establish the types of fall protection to be have a competent person determine the feasibility
provided to the employees on each type of scaffold. and safety of providing fall protection for employ-
Paragraph (g)(2) of this section addresses fall ees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds.
protection for scaffold erectors and dismantlers. Employers are required to provide fall protection
NOTE to paragraph (g)(1): The fall protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported
requirements for employees installing suspension scaffolds where the installation and use of such
scaffold support systems on floors, roofs, and other protection is feasible and does not create a greater
elevated surfaces are set forth in subpart M of this hazard.
part. (3) In addition to meeting the requirements of
(i) Each employee on a boatswains’ chair, §1926.502(d), personal fall arrest systems used on
catenary scaffold, float scaffold, needle beam scaffolds shall be attached by lanyard to a vertical
scaffold, or ladder jack scaffold shall be protected lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural
by a personal fall arrest system; member. Vertical lifelines shall not be used when
(ii) Each employee on a single-point or two- overhead components, such as overhead protection
point adjustable suspension scaffold shall be or additional platform levels, are part of a single-
protected by both a personal fall arrest system and point or two-point adjustable suspension scaffold.
guardrail system; (i) When vertical lifelines are used, they shall be
(iii) Each employee on a crawling board fastened to a fixed safe point of anchorage, shall be
(chicken ladder) shall be protected by a personal independent of the scaffold, and shall be protected
fall arrest system, a guardrail system (with mini- from sharp edges and abrasion. Safe points of
mum 200 pound toprail capacity), or by a three- anchorage include structural members of buildings,
fourth inch (1.9 cm) diameter grabline or equivalent but do not include standpipes, vents, other piping
handhold securely fastened beside each crawling systems, electrical conduit, outrigger beams, or
board; counterweights.
(iv) Each employee on a self-contained adjust- (ii) When horizontal lifelines are used, they shall
able scaffold shall be protected by a guardrail be secured to two or more structural members of
system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) the scaffold, or they may be looped around both
when the platform is supported by the frame suspension and independent suspension lines (on
structure, and by both a personal fall arrest system scaffolds so equipped) above the hoist and brake
and a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound attached to the end of the scaffold. Horizontal
toprail capacity) when the platform is supported by lifelines shall not be attached only to the suspension
ropes; ropes.
(v) Each employee on a walkway located within (iii) When lanyards are connected to horizontal
a scaffold shall be protected by a guardrail system lifelines or structural members on a single-point or
(with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) in- two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, the
stalled within 9 1/2 inches (24.1 cm) of and along at scaffold shall be equipped with additional indepen-
least one side of the walkway. dent support lines and automatic locking devices
(vi) Each employee performing overhand capable of stopping the fall of the scaffold in the
bricklaying operations from a supported scaffold event one or both of the suspension ropes fail. The
shall be protected from falling from all open sides independent support lines shall be equal in number
and ends of the scaffold (except at the side next to and strength to the suspension ropes.
the wall being laid) by the use of a personal fall (iv) Vertical lifelines, independent support lines,
arrest system or guardrail system (with minimum and suspension ropes shall not be attached to each
200 pound toprail capacity). other, nor shall they be attached to or use the same
(vii) For all scaffolds not otherwise specified in point of anchorage, nor shall they be attached to the
paragraphs (g)(1)(i) through (g)(1)(vi) of this same point on the scaffold or personal fall arrest
section, each employee shall be protected by the system.
use of personal fall arrest systems or guardrail
Regulatory Text
44
(1926.451(g) continued) (viii) When the loads specified in paragraph

(g)(4)(vii) of this section are applied in a downward
(4) Guardrail systems installed to meet the
direction, the top edge shall not drop below the
requirements of this section shall comply with the
height above the platform surface that is prescribed
following provisions (guardrail systems built in
in paragraph (g)(4)(ii) of this section.
accordance with Appendix A to this subpart will be
(ix) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate
deemed to meet the requirements of paragraphs
vertical members, solid panels, and equivalent
(g)(4)(vii), (viii), and (ix) of this section):
structural members of a guardrail system shall be
(i) Guardrail systems shall be installed along all
capable of withstanding, without failure, a force
open sides and ends of platforms. Guardrail sys-
applied in any downward or horizontal direction at
tems shall be installed before the scaffold is re-
any point along the midrail or other member of at
leased for use by employees other than erection/
least 75 pounds (333 n) for guardrail systems with a
dismantling crews.
minimum 100 pound toprail capacity, and at least
(ii) The top edge height of toprails or equivalent
150 pounds (666 n) for guardrail systems with a
member on supported scaffolds manufactured or
minimum 200 pound toprail capacity.
placed in service after January 1, 2000 shall be
(x) Suspension scaffold hoists and non-walk-
installed between 38 inches (0.97 m) and 45 inches
through stirrups may be used as end guardrails, if
(1.2 m) above the platform surface. The top edge
the space between the hoist or stirrup and the side
height on supported scaffolds manufactured and
guardrail or structure does not allow passage of an
placed in service before January 1, 2000, and on all
employee to the end of the scaffold.
suspended scaffolds where both a guardrail and a
(xi) Guardrails shall be surfaced to prevent
personal fall arrest system are required shall be
injury to an employee from punctures or lacera-
between 36 inches (0.9 m) and 45 inches (1.2 m).
tions, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
When conditions warrant, the height of the top edge
(xii) The ends of all rails shall not overhang the
may exceed the 45-inch height, provided the
terminal posts except when such overhang does not
guardrail system meets all other criteria of
constitute a projection hazard to employees.
paragraph (g)(4).
(xiii) Steel or plastic banding shall not be used
(iii) When midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate
as a toprail or midrail.
vertical members, solid panels, or equivalent
(xiv) Manila or plastic (or other synthetic) rope
structural members are used, they shall be installed
being used for toprails or midrails shall be in-
between the top edge of the guardrail system and
spected by a competent person as frequently as
the scaffold platform.
necessary to ensure that it continues to meet the
(iv) When midrails are used, they shall be
strength requirements of paragraph (g) of this
installed at a height approximately midway be-
section.
tween the top edge of the guardrail system and the
(xv) Cross bracing is acceptable in place of a
platform surface.
midrail when the crossing point of two braces is
(v) When screens and mesh are used, they shall
between 20 inches (0.5 m) and 30 inches (0.8 m)
extend from the top edge of the guardrail system to
above the work platform or as a toprail when the
the scaffold platform, and along the entire opening
crossing point of two braces is between 38 inches
between the supports.
(0.97 m) and 48 inches (1.3 m) above the work
(vi) When intermediate members (such as
platform. The end points at each upright shall be
balusters or additional rails) are used, they shall not
no more than 48 inches (1.3 m) apart.
be more than 19 inches (48 cm) apart.
(h) Falling object protection. (1) In addition
(vii) Each toprail or equivalent member of a
to wearing hardhats each employee on a scaffold
guardrail system shall be capable of withstanding,
shall be provided with additional protection from
without failure, a force applied in any downward or
falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects
horizontal direction at any point along its top edge
through the installation of toeboards, screens, or
of at least 100 pounds (445 n) for guardrail systems
guardrail systems, or through the erection of debris
installed on single-point adjustable suspension
nets, catch platforms, or canopy structures that
scaffolds or two-point adjustable suspension
contain or deflect the falling objects. When the
scaffolds, and at least 200 pounds (890 n) for
falling objects are too large, heavy or massive to be
guardrail systems installed on all other scaffolds.
Regulatory Text
45
(1926.451(h) continued) (ii) At least three and one-half inches (9 cm)

high from the top edge of the toe board to the level
contained or deflected by any of the above-listed of the walking/working surface. Toeboards shall be
measures, the employer shall place such potential securely fastened in place at the outermost edge of
falling objects away from the edge of the surface from the platform and have not more than 1/4 inch (0.7
which they could fall and shall secure those materials cm) clearance above the walking/working surface.
as necessary to prevent their falling. Toeboards shall be solid or with openings not over
(2) Where there is a danger of tools, materials, or one inch (2.5 cm) in the greatest dimension.
equipment falling from a scaffold and striking em-
ployees below, the following provisions apply: §1926.452 Additional requirements applicable
(i) The area below the scaffold to which objects to specific types of scaffolds.
can fall shall be barricaded, and employees shall not In addition to the applicable requirements of
be permitted to enter the hazard area; or §1926.451, the following requirements apply to the
(ii) A toeboard shall be erected along the edge of specific types of scaffolds indicated. Scaffolds not
platforms more than 10 feet (3.1 m) above lower specifically addressed by §1926.452, such as but
levels for a distance sufficient to protect employees not limited to systems scaffolds, must meet the
below, except on float (ship) scaffolds where an requirements of §1926.451.
edging of 3/4 x 1-1/2 inch (2 x 4 cm) wood or (a) Pole scaffolds. (1) When platforms are
equivalent may be used in lieu of toeboards; being moved to the next level, the existing platform
(iii) Where tools, materials, or equipment are piled shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have
to a height higher than the top edge of the toeboard, been set in place and braced, prior to receiving the
paneling or screening extending from the toeboard or new platforms.
platform to the top of the guardrail shall be erected for (2) Crossbracing shall be installed between the
a distance sufficient to protect employees below, or inner and outer sets of poles on double pole scaf-
(iv) A guardrail system shall be installed with folds.
openings small enough to prevent passage of potential (3) Diagonal bracing in both directions shall be
falling objects, or installed across the entire inside face of double-pole
(v) A canopy structure, debris net, or catch plat- scaffolds used to support loads equivalent to a
form strong enough to withstand the impact forces of uniformly distributed load of 50 pounds (222 kg) or
the potential falling objects shall be erected over the more per square foot (929 square cm).
employees below. (4) Diagonal bracing in both directions shall be
(3) Canopies, when used for falling object protec- installed across the entire outside face of all
tion, shall comply with the following criteria: double- and single-pole scaffolds.
(i) Canopies shall be installed between the falling (5) Runners and bearers shall be installed on
object hazard and the employees. edge.
(ii) When canopies are used on suspension scaf- (6) Bearers shall extend a minimum of 3 inches
folds for falling object protection, the scaffold shall be (7.6 cm) over the outside edges of runners.
equipped with additional independent support lines (7) Runners shall extend over a minimum of two
equal in number to the number of points supported, poles, and shall be supported by bearing blocks
and equivalent in strength to the strength of the securely attached to the poles.
suspension ropes. (8) Braces, bearers, and runners shall not be
(iii) Independent support lines and suspension spliced between poles.
ropes shall not be attached to the same points of (9) Where wooden poles are spliced, the ends
anchorage. shall be squared and the upper section shall rest
(4) Where used, toeboards shall be: squarely on the lower section. Wood splice plates
(i) Capable of withstanding, without failure, a shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides, and
force of at least 50 pounds (222 n) applied in any shall extend at least 2 feet(0.6 m) on either side of
downward or horizontal direction at any point along the splice, overlap the abutted ends equally, and
the toeboard (toeboards built in accordance with have at least the same cross-sectional areas as the
Appendix A to this subpart will be deemed to meet pole. Splice plates of other materials of equivalent
this requirement); and strength may be used.
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46
(1926.452(a) continued) (7) Runners shall be installed along the length of

the scaffold, located on both the inside and outside
(10) Pole scaffolds over 60 feet in height shall posts at level heights (when tube and coupler
be designed by a registered professional engineer, guardrails and midrails are used on outside posts,
and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance they may be used in lieu of outside runners).
with that design. Non-mandatory Appendix A to (8) Runners shall be interlocked on straight runs
this subpart contains examples of criteria that will to form continuous lengths, and shall be coupled to
enable an employer to comply with design and each post. The bottom runners and bearers shall be
loading requirements for pole scaffolds under 60 located as close to the base as possible.
feet in height. (9) Couplers shall be of a structural metal, such
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds. (1) When as drop-forged steel, malleable iron, or structural
platforms are being moved to the next level, the grade aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is
existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the prohibited.
new bearers have been set in place and braced prior (10) Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet in
to receiving the new platforms. height shall be designed by a registered profes-
(2) Transverse bracing forming an “X” across sional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded
the width of the scaffold shall be installed at the in accordance with such design. Non-mandatory
scaffold ends and at least at every third set of posts Appendix A to this subpart contains examples of
horizontally (measured from only one end) and criteria that will enable an employer to comply with
every fourth runner vertically. Bracing shall extend design and loading requirements for tube and
diagonally from the inner or outer posts or runners coupler scaffolds under 125 feet in height.
upward to the next outer or inner posts or runners. (c) Fabricated frame scaffolds (tubular
Building ties shall be installed at the bearer levels welded frame scaffolds).
between the transverse bracing and shall conform to (1) When moving platforms to the next level, the
the requirements of §1926.451(c)(1). existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the
(3) On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal new end frames have been set in place and braced
bracing across the inner and outer rows of posts prior to receiving the new platforms.
shall be installed diagonally in both directions, and (2) Frames and panels shall be braced by cross,
shall extend from the base of the end posts upward horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination
to the top of the scaffold at approximately a 45 thereof, which secure vertical members together
degree angle. On scaffolds whose length is greater laterally. The cross braces shall be of such length
than their height, such bracing shall be repeated as will automatically square and align vertical
beginning at least at every fifth post. On scaffolds members so that the erected scaffold is always
whose length is less than their height, such bracing plumb, level, and square. All brace connections
shall be installed from the base of the end posts shall be secured.
upward to the opposite end posts, and then in (3) Frames and panels shall be joined together
alternating directions until reaching the top of the vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent
scaffold. Bracing shall be installed as close as means.
possible to the intersection of the bearer and post or (4) Where uplift can occur which would displace
runner and post. scaffold end frames or panels, the frames or panels
(4) Where conditions preclude the attachment of shall be locked together vertically by pins or
bracing to posts, bracing shall be attached to the equivalent means.
runners as close to the post as possible. (5) Brackets used to support cantilevered loads
(5) Bearers shall be installed transversely shall:
between posts, and when coupled to the posts, shall (i) be seated with side-brackets parallel to the
have the inboard coupler bear directly on the runner frames and end-brackets at 90 degrees to the
coupler. When the bearers are coupled to the frames;
runners, the couplers shall be as close to the posts (ii) not be bent or twisted from these positions;
as possible. and
(6) Bearers shall extend beyond the posts and (iii) be used only to support personnel, unless
runners, and shall provide full contact with the the scaffold has been designed for other loads by a
coupler.
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47
(1926.452(c) continued) anchored; or, for carpenters’ bracket scaffolds only,

by a bolt extending through to the opposite side of
qualified engineer and built to withstand the tipping the structure’s wall.
forces caused by those other loads being placed on (2) Wooden bracket-form scaffolds shall be an
the bracket-supported section of the scaffold. integral part of the form panel.
(6) Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0 m) in height (3) Folding type metal brackets, when extended
above their base plates shall be designed by a for use, shall be either bolted or secured with a
registered professional engineer, and shall be locking-type pin.
constructed and loaded in accordance with such (h) Roof bracket scaffolds. (1) Scaffold
design. brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the
(d) Plasterers’, decorators’, and large area roof and shall provide a level support for the
scaffolds. Scaffolds shall be constructed in accor- platform.
dance with paragraphs (a), (b), or (c) of this section, (2) Brackets (including those provided with
as appropriate. pointed metal projections) shall be anchored in
(e) Bricklayers’ square scaffolds (squares). place by nails unless it is impractical to use nails.
(1) Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced When nails are not used, brackets shall be secured
with gussets on both sides of each corner. in place with first-grade manila rope of at least
(2) Diagonal braces shall be installed on all three-fourth inch (1.9 cm) diameter, or equivalent.
sides of each square. (i) Outrigger scaffolds. (1) The inboard end of
(3) Diagonal braces shall be installed between outrigger beams, measured from the fulcrum point
squares on the rear and front sides of the scaffold, to the extreme point of anchorage, shall be not less
and shall extend from the bottom of each square to than one and one-half times the outboard end in
the top of the next square. length.
(4) Scaffolds shall not exceed three tiers in (2) Outrigger beams fabricated in the shape of
height, and shall be so constructed and arranged an I-beam or channel shall be placed so that the
that one square rests directly above the other. The web section is vertical.
upper tiers shall stand on a continuous row of (3) The fulcrum point of outrigger beams shall
planks laid across the next lower tier, and shall be rest on secure bearings at least 6 inches (15.2 cm)
nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent in each horizontal dimension.
displacement. (4) Outrigger beams shall be secured in place
(f) Horse scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall not be against movement, and shall be securely braced at
constructed or arranged more than two tiers or 10 the fulcrum point against tipping.
feet (3.0 m) in height, whichever is less. (5) The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be
(2) When horses are arranged in tiers, each horse securely anchored either by means of braced struts
shall be placed directly over the horse in the tier bearing against sills in contact with the overhead
below. beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members
(3) When horses are arranged in tiers, the legs of secured to the floor joists underfoot, or by both.
each horse shall be nailed down or otherwise (6) The entire supporting structure shall be
secured to prevent displacement. securely braced to prevent any horizontal move-
(4) When horses are arranged in tiers, each tier ment.
shall be crossbraced. (7) To prevent their displacement, platform units
(g) Form scaffolds and carpenters’ bracket shall be nailed, bolted, or otherwise secured to
scaffolds. outriggers.
(1) Each bracket, except those for wooden bracket- (8) Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be
form scaffolds, shall be attached to the supporting designed by a registered professional engineer and
formwork or structure by means of one or more of shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with
the following: nails; a metal stud attachment such design.
device; welding; hooking over a secured structural (j) Pump jack scaffolds. (1) Pump jack
supporting member, with the form wales either brackets, braces, and accessories shall be fabricated
bolted to the form or secured by snap ties or tie from metal plates and angles. Each pump jack
bolts extending through the form and securely bracket shall have two positive gripping mecha-
nisms to prevent any failure or slippage.
Regulatory Text
48
(1926.452(j) continued) (m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders). (1)

Crawling boards shall extend from the roof peak to
(2) Poles shall be secured to the structure by
the eaves when used in connection with roof
rigid triangular bracing or equivalent at the bottom,
construction, repair, or maintenance.
top, and other points as necessary. When the pump
(2) Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof
jack has to pass bracing already installed, an
by ridge hooks or by means that meet equivalent
additional brace shall be installed approximately
criteria (e.g., strength and durability).
4 feet (1.2 m) above the brace to be passed, and
(n) Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaf-
shall be left in place until the pump jack has been
folds. (1) Scaffold platforms shall not be placed
moved and the original brace reinstalled.
any higher than the second highest rung or step of
(3) When guardrails are used for fall protection,
the ladder supporting the platform.
a workbench may be used as the toprail only if it
(2) All ladders used in conjunction with step,
meets all the requirements in paragraphs (g)(4)(ii),
platform and trestle ladder scaffolds shall meet the
(vii), (viii), and (xiii) of §1926.451.
pertinent requirements of subpart X of this part—
(4) Work benches shall not be used as scaffold
Stairways and Ladders, except that job-made
platforms.
ladders shall not be used to support such scaffolds.
(5) When poles are made of wood, the pole
(3) Ladders used to support step, platform, and
lumber shall be straight-grained, free of shakes,
trestle ladder scaffolds shall be placed, fastened, or
large loose or dead knots, and other defects which
equipped with devices to prevent slipping.
might impair strength.
(4) Scaffolds shall not be bridged one to another.
(6) When wood poles are constructed of two
(o) Single-point adjustable suspension
continuous lengths, they shall be joined together
scaffolds. (1) When two single-point adjustable
with the seam parallel to the bracket.
suspension scaffolds are combined to form a two-
(7) When two by fours are spliced to make a
point adjustable suspension scaffold, the resulting
pole, mending plates shall be installed at all splices
two-point scaffold shall comply with the require-
to develop the full strength of the member.
ments for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds
(k) Ladder jack scaffolds. (1) Platforms shall
in paragraph (p) of this section.
not exceed a height of 20 feet (6.1 m).
(2) The supporting rope between the scaffold
(2) All ladders used to support ladder jack
and the suspension device shall be kept vertical
scaffolds shall meet the requirements of subpart X
unless all of the following conditions are met:
of this part—Stairways and Ladders, except that
(i) The rigging has been designed by a qualified
job-made ladders shall not be used to support
person, and
ladder jack scaffolds.
(ii) The scaffold is accessible to rescuers, and
(3) The ladder jack shall be so designed and
(iii) The supporting rope is protected to ensure
constructed that it will bear on the side rails and
that it will not chafe at any point where a change in
ladder rungs or on the ladder rungs alone. If
direction occurs, and
bearing on rungs only, the bearing area shall in-
(iv) The scaffold is positioned so that swinging
clude a length of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm) on
cannot bring the scaffold into contact with another
each rung.
surface.
(4) Ladders used to support ladder jacks shall be
(3) Boatswains’ chair tackle shall consist of
placed, fastened, or equipped with devices to
correct size ball bearings or bushed blocks contain-
prevent slipping.
ing safety hooks and properly “eye-spliced” mini-
(5) Scaffold platforms shall not be bridged one
mum five-eighth (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter first-
to another.
grade manila rope, or other rope which will satisfy
(l) Window jack scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall
the criteria (e.g., strength and durability) of manila
be securely attached to the window opening.
rope.
(2) Scaffolds shall be used only for the purpose
(4) Boatswains’ chair seat slings shall be reeved
of working at the window opening through which
through four corner holes in the seat; shall cross
the jack is placed.
each other on the underside of the seat; and shall be
(3) Window jacks shall not be used to support
rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause
planks placed between one window jack and
an out-of-level condition.
another, or for other elements of scaffolding.
Regulatory Text
49
(1926.452(o) continued) (1) When two or more scaffolds are used they
shall not be bridged one to another unless they are
(5) Boatswains’ chair seat slings shall be a designed to be bridged, the bridge connections are
minimum of five-eight (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter articulated, and the hoists are properly sized.
fiber, synthetic, or other rope which will satisfy the (2) If bridges are not used, passage may be made
criteria (e.g., strength, slip resistance, durability, from one platform to another only when the plat-
etc.) of first grade manila rope. forms are at the same height and are abutting.
(6) When a heat-producing process such as gas (3) Scaffolds shall be suspended from metal
or arc welding is being conducted, boatswains’ outriggers, brackets, wire rope slings, hooks, or
chair seat slings shall be a minimum of three-eight means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength,
(3/8) inch (1.0 cm) wire rope. durability).
(7) Non-cross-laminated wood boatswains’ (r) Catenary scaffolds. (1) No more than one
chairs shall be reinforced on their underside by platform shall be placed between consecutive
cleats securely fastened to prevent the board from vertical pickups, and no more than two platforms
splitting. shall be used on a catenary scaffold.
(p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (2) Platforms supported by wire ropes shall have
(swing stages). The following requirements do not hook- shaped stops on each end of the platforms to
apply to two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds prevent them from slipping off the wire ropes.
used as masons’ or stonesetters’ scaffolds. Such These hooks shall be so placed that they will
scaffolds are covered by paragraph (q) of this prevent the platform from falling if one of the
section. horizontal wire ropes breaks.
(1) Platforms shall not be more than 36 inches (3) Wire ropes shall not be tightened to the
(0.9 m) wide unless designed by a qualified person extent that the application of a scaffold load will
to prevent unstable conditions. overstress them.
(2) The platform shall be securely fastened to (4) Wire ropes shall be continuous and without
hangers (stirrups) by U-bolts or by other means splices between anchors.
which satisfy the requirements of §1926.451(a). (s) Float (ship) scaffolds. (1) The platform
(3) The blocks for fiber or synthetic ropes shall shall be supported by a minimum of two bearers,
consist of at least one double and one single block. each of which shall project a minimum of 6 inches
The sheaves of all blocks shall fit the size of the (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on both sides. Each
rope used. bearer shall be securely fastened to the platform.
(4) Platforms shall be of the ladder-type, plank- (2) Rope connections shall be such that the
type, beam-type, or light-metal type. Light metal- platform cannot shift or slip.
type platforms having a rated capacity of 750 (3) When only two ropes are used with each
pounds or less and platforms 40 feet (12.2 m) or float:
less in length shall be tested and listed by a (i) They shall be arranged so as to provide four
nationally recognized testing laboratory. ends which are securely fastened to overhead
(5) Two-point scaffolds shall not be bridged or supports.
otherwise connected one to another during raising (ii) Each supporting rope shall be hitched around
and lowering operations unless the bridge connec- one end of the bearer and pass under the platform to
tions are articulated (attached), and the hoists the other end of the bearer where it is hitched again,
properly sized. leaving sufficient rope at each end for the support-
(6) Passage may be made from one platform to ing ties.
another only when the platforms are at the same (t) Interior hung scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall
height, are abutting, and walk-through stirrups be suspended only from the roof structure or other
specifically designed for this purpose are used. structural member such as ceiling beams.
(q) Multi-point adjustable suspension scaf- (2) Overhead supporting members (roof struc-
folds, stonesetters’ multi-point adjustable ture, ceiling beams, or other structural members)
suspension scaffolds, and masons’ multi-point shall be inspected and checked for strength before
adjustable suspension scaffolds. the scaffold is erected.
Regulatory Text
50
(1926.452(t) continued) (3) Manual force used to move the scaffold shall
be applied as close to the base as practicable, but
(3) Suspension ropes and cables shall be con-
not more than 5 feet (1.5 m) above the supporting
nected to the overhead supporting members by
surface.
shackles, clips, thimbles, or other means that meet
(4) Power systems used to propel mobile scaf-
equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability).
folds shall be designed for such use. Forklifts,
(u) Needle beam scaffolds. (1) Scaffold
trucks, similar motor vehicles or add-on motors
support beams shall be installed on edge.
shall not be used to propel scaffolds unless the
(2) Ropes or hangers shall be used for supports,
scaffold is designed for such propulsion systems.
except that one end of a needle beam scaffold may
(5) Scaffolds shall be stabilized to prevent
be supported by a permanent structural member.
tipping during movement.
(3) The ropes shall be securely attached to the
(6) Employees shall not be allowed to ride on
needle beams.
scaffolds unless the following conditions exist:
(4) The support connection shall be arranged so
(i) The surface on which the scaffold is being
as to prevent the needle beam from rolling or
moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits,
becoming displaced.
holes, and obstructions;
(5) Platform units shall be securely attached to
(ii) The height to base width ratio of the scaffold
the needle beams by bolts or equivalent means.
during movement is two to one or less, unless the
Cleats and overhang are not considered to be
scaffold is designed and constructed to meet or
adequate means of attachment.
exceed nationally recognized stability test require-
(v) Multi-level suspended scaffolds. (1)
ments such as those listed in paragraph (x) of
Scaffolds shall be equipped with additional inde-
Appendix A to this subpart (ANSI/SIA A92.5 and
pendent support lines, equal in number to the
A92.6);
number of points supported, and of equivalent
(iii) Outrigger frames, when used, are installed
strength to the suspension ropes, and rigged to
on both sides of the scaffold;
support the scaffold in the event the suspension
(iv) When power systems are used, the propel-
rope(s) fail.
ling force is applied directly to the wheels, and does
(2) Independent support lines and suspension
not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second
ropes shall not be attached to the same points of
(.3 mps); and
anchorage.
(v) No employee is on any part of the scaffold
(3) Supports for platforms shall be attached
which extends outward beyond the wheels, casters,
directly to the support stirrup and not to any other
or other supports.
platform.
(7) Platforms shall not extend outward beyond
(w) Mobile scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall be
the base supports of the scaffold unless outrigger
braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or
frames or equivalent devices are used to ensure
combination thereof, to prevent racking or collapse
stability.
of the scaffold and to secure vertical members
(8) Where leveling of the scaffold is necessary,
together laterally so as to automatically square and
screw jacks or equivalent means shall be used.
align the vertical members. Scaffolds shall be
(9) Caster stems and wheel stems shall be
plumb, level, and squared. All brace connections
pinned or otherwise secured in scaffold legs or
shall be secured.
adjustment screws.
(i) Scaffolds constructed of tube and coupler
(10) Before a scaffold is moved, each employee
components shall also comply with the require-
on the scaffold shall be made aware of the move.
ments of paragraph (b) of this section;
(x) Repair bracket scaffolds.
(ii) Scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame
(1) Brackets shall be secured in place by at least
components shall also comply with the require-
one wire rope at least 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) in diam-
ments of paragraph (c) of this section.
eter.
(2) Scaffold casters and wheels shall be locked
(2) Each bracket shall be attached to the securing
with positive wheel and/or wheel and swivel locks,
wire rope (or ropes) by a positive locking device
or equivalent means, to prevent movement of the
capable of preventing the unintentional detachment
scaffold while the scaffold is used in a stationary
of the bracket from the rope, or by equivalent
manner.
means.
Regulatory Text
51
(1926.452(x) continued) (3) Surfaces on which stilts are used shall be flat
and free of pits, holes and obstructions, such as
(3) Each bracket, at the contact point between the debris, as well as other tripping and falling hazards.
supporting structure and the bottom of the bracket, (4) Stilts shall be properly maintained. Any
shall be provided with a shoe (heel block or foot) alteration of the original equipment shall be
capable of preventing the lateral movement of the approved by the manufacturer.
bracket.
(4) Platforms shall be secured to the brackets in a 1926.453 Aerial lifts.
manner that will prevent the separation of the (a) General requirements. (1) Unless otherwise
platforms from the brackets and the movement of provided in this section, aerial lifts acquired for use
the platforms or the brackets on a completed on or after January 22, 1973 shall be designed and
scaffold. constructed in conformance with the applicable
(5) When a wire rope is placed around the requirements of the American National Standards
structure in order to provide a safe anchorage for for “Vehicle Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work
personal fall arrest systems used by employees Platforms,” ANSI A92.2-1969, including appendix.
erecting or dismantling scaffolds, the wire rope Aerial lifts acquired before January 22, 1973, which
shall meet the requirements of subpart M of this do not meet the requirements of ANSI A92.2-1969,
part, but shall be at least 5/16 inch (0.8 cm) in may not be used after January 1, 1976, unless they
diameter. shall have been modified so as to conform with the
(6) Each wire rope used for securing brackets in applicable design and construction requirements of
place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest ANSI A92.2-1969. Aerial lifts include the follow-
systems shall be protected from damage due to ing types of vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to
contact with edges, corners, protrusions, or other elevate personnel to job-sites above ground: (i)
discontinuities of the supporting structure or Extensible boom platforms; (ii) aerial ladders; (iii)
scaffold components. articulating boom platforms; (iv) vertical towers;
(7) Tensioning of each wire rope used for secur- and (v) a combination of any of this equipment.
ing brackets in place or as an anchorage for per- Aerial equipment may be made of metal, wood,
sonal fall arrest systems shall be by means of a fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), or other mate-
turnbuckle at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, or rial; may be powered or manually operated; and are
by equivalent means. deemed to be aerial lifts whether or not they are
(8) Each turnbuckle shall be connected to the capable of rotating about a substantially vertical
other end of its rope by use of an eyesplice thimble axis.
of a size appropriate to the turnbuckle to which it is (2) Aerial lifts may be “field modified” for uses
attached. other than those intended by the manufacturer
(9) U-bolt wire rope clips shall not be used on provided the modification has been certified in
any wire rope used to secure brackets or to serve as writing by the manufacturer or by any other equiva-
an anchor for personal fall arrest systems. lent entity, such as a nationally recognized testing
(10) The employer shall ensure that materials laboratory, to be in conformity with all applicable
shall not be dropped to the outside of the supporting provisions of ANSI A92.2-1969 and this section
structure. and to be at least as safe as the equipment was
(11) Scaffold erection shall progress in only one before modification.
direction around any structure. (b) Specific requirements. (1) Ladder trucks
(y) Stilts and tower trucks. Aerial ladders shall be secured
Stilts, when used, shall be used in accordance in the lower traveling position by the locking
with the following requirements: device on top of the truck cab, and the manually
(1) An employee may wear stilts on a scaffold operated device at the base of the ladder before the
only if it is a large area scaffold. truck is moved for highway travel.
(2) When an employee is using stilts on a large (2) Extensible and articulating boom platforms.
area scaffold where a guardrail system is used to (i) Lift controls shall be tested each day prior to use
provide fall protection, the guardrail system shall to determine that such controls are in safe working
be increased in height by an amount equal to the condition.
height of the stilts being used by the employee.
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52
(1926.453(b) continued) by the equipment manufacturer or equivalent entity

shall be considered an equivalent test for the
(ii) Only authorized persons shall operate an
purpose of this paragraph (b)(3).
aerial lift.
(4) Bursting safety factor. The provisions of the
(iii) Belting off to an adjacent pole, structure, or
American National Standards Institute standard
equipment while working from an aerial lift shall
ANSI A92.2-1969, section 4.9 Bursting Safety
not be permitted.
Factor shall apply to all critical hydraulic and
(iv) Employees shall always stand firmly on the
pneumatic components. Critical components are
floor of the basket, and shall not sit or climb on the
those in which a failure would result in a free fall or
edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other
free rotation of the boom. All noncritical compo-
devices for a work position.
nents shall have a bursting safety factor of at least
(v) A body belt shall be worn and a lanyard
2 to 1.
attached to the boom or basket when working from
(5) Welding standards. All welding shall conform
an aerial lift.
to the following standards as applicable:
(vi) Boom and basket load limits specified by the
(i) Standard Qualification Procedure, AWS B
manufacturer shall not be exceeded.
3.0-41.
(vii) The brakes shall be set and when outriggers
(ii) Recommended Practices for Automotive
are used, they shall be positioned on pads or a solid
Welding Design, AWS D8.4-61.
surface. Wheel chocks shall be installed before
(iii) Standard Qualification of Welding Proce-
using an aerial lift on an incline, provided they can
dures and Welders for Piping and Tubing, AWS
be safely installed.
D10.9-69.
(viii) An aerial lift truck shall not be moved
(iv) Specifications for Welding Highway and
when the boom is elevated in a working position
Railway Bridges, AWS D2.0-69.
with men in the basket, except for equipment which
NOTE to §1926.453: Non-mandatory Appendix C
is specifically designed for this type of operation in
to this subpart lists examples of national consensus
accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (a)(1)
standards that are considered to provide employee
and (2) of this section.
protection equivalent to that provided through the
(ix) Articulating boom and extensible boom
application of ANSI A92.2-1969, where appropri-
platforms, primarily designed as personnel carriers,
ate. This incorporation by reference was approved
shall have both platform (upper) and lower con-
by the Director of the Federal Register in accor-
trols. Upper controls shall be in or beside the
dance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
platform within easy reach of the operator. Lower
Copies may be obtained from the American Na-
controls shall provide for overriding the upper
tional Standards Institute. Copies may be inspected
controls. Controls shall be plainly marked as to
at the Docket Office, Occupational Safety and
their function. Lower level controls shall not be
Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor,
operated unless permission has been obtained from
200 Constitution Avenue, NW., room N2634,
the employee in the lift, except in case of
Washington, DC or at the Office of the Federal
emergency.
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700,
(x) Climbers shall not be worn while performing
Washington, DC.
work from an aerial lift.
(xi) The insulated portion of an aerial lift shall
§1926.454 Training requirements.
not be altered in any manner that might reduce its
This section supplements and clarifies the
insulating value.
requirements of §1926.21(b)(2) as these relate to
(xii) Before moving an aerial lift for travel, the
the hazards of work on scaffolds.
boom(s) shall be inspected to see that it is properly
(a) The employer shall have each employee who
cradled and outriggers are in stowed position except
performs work while on a scaffold trained by a
as provided in paragraph (b)(2)(viii) of this section.
person qualified in the subject matter to recognize
(3) Electrical tests. All electrical tests shall
the hazards associated with the type of scaffold
conform to the requirements of ANSI A92.2-1969
being used and to understand the procedures to
section 5. However equivalent d.c. voltage tests
control or minimize those hazards. The training
may be used in lieu of the a.c. voltage specified in
shall include the following areas, as applicable:
A92.2-1969; d.c. voltage tests which are approved
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53
(1926.454(a) continued) Non-Mandatory Appendices

Non-mandatory Appendix A to Subpart L —
(1) The nature of any electrical hazards, fall Scaffold Specifications
hazards and falling object hazards in the work area; This Appendix provides non-mandatory guide-
(2) The correct procedures for dealing with lines to assist employers in complying with the
electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and requirements of subpart L of this part. An employer
disassembling the fall protection systems and may use these guidelines and tables as a starting
falling object protection systems being used; point for designing scaffold systems. However, the
(3) The proper use of the scaffold, and the guidelines do not provide all the information
proper handling of materials on the scaffold; necessary to build a complete system, and the
(4) The maximum intended load and the load- employer is still responsible for designing and
carrying capacities of the scaffolds used; and assembling these components in such a way that the
(5) Any other pertinent requirements of this completed system will meet the requirements of
subpart. §1926.451(a). Scaffold components which are not
(b) The employer shall have each employee who selected and loaded in accordance with this Appen-
is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, dix, and components for which no specific guide-
operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a lines or tables are given in this Appendix (e.g.,
scaffold trained by a competent person to recognize joints, ties, components for wood pole scaffolds
any hazards associated with the work in question. more than 60 feet in height, components for heavy-
The training shall include the following topics, as duty horse scaffolds, components made with other
applicable: materials, and components with other dimensions,
(1) The nature of scaffold hazards; etc.) must be designed and constructed in accor-
(2) The correct procedures for erecting, disas- dance with the capacity requirements of
sembling, moving, operating, repairing, inspecting, §1926.451(a), and loaded in accordance with
and maintaining the type of scaffold in question; §1926.451(d)(1).
(3) The design criteria, maximum intended load-
carrying capacity and intended use of the scaffold; Index to Appendix A for Subpart L
(4) Any other pertinent requirements of this 1. General guidelines and tables.
subpart. 2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(c) When the employer has reason to believe (a) Pole scaffolds:
that an employee lacks the skill or understanding Single-pole wood pole scaffolds.
needed for safe work involving the erection, use or Independent wood pole scaffolds.
dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall retrain (c) Fabricated frame scaffolds.
each such employee so that the requisite profi- (d) Plasterers’, decorators’ and large area
ciency is regained. Retraining is required in at least scaffolds.
the following situations: (e) Bricklayers’ square scaffolds.
(1) Where changes at the worksite present a hazard (f) Horse scaffolds.
about which an employee has not been previously (g) Form scaffolds and carpenters’ bracket
trained; or (h) Roof bracket scaffolds.
(2) Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall (i) Outrigger scaffolds (one level).
protection, falling object protection, or other (j) Pump jack scaffolds.
equipment present a hazard about which an (l) Window jack scaffolds.
employee has not been previously trained; or (m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders).
(3) Where inadequacies in an affected employee’s (n) Step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds.
work involving scaffolds indicate that the employee (o) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
has not retained the requisite proficiency. (p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(q)(1) Stonesetters’ multi-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds.
(q)(2) Masons’ multi-point adjustable suspension
scaffolds.
(r) Catenary scaffolds.
Regulatory Text
54
(Appendix A continued)
Maximum Maximum Maximum
(s) Float (ship) scaffolds. Intended Permissible Permissible
(t) Interior hung scaffolds. Nominal Span Using Span Using
(u) Needle beam scaffolds. Load Full Thickness Nominal
(v) Multi-level suspension scaffolds. (lb/ft2) Undressed Thickness
(w) Mobile scaffolds. Lumber (ft) Lumber (ft)
(x) Repair bracket scaffolds.
(y) Stilts. 25 10 8
(z) Tank builders’ scaffolds. 50 8 6
75 6 –
1. General guidelines and tables.
(a) The following tables, and the tables in Part
2—Specific guidelines and tables, assume that all The maximum permissible span for 1-1/4 x
load-carrying timber members (except planks) of 9-inch or wider wood plank of full thickness with a
the scaffold are a minimum of 1,500 lb-f/in2 (stress maximum intended load of 50 lb/ft2 shall be 4 feet.
grade) construction grade lumber. All dimensions (c) Fabricated planks and platforms may be used
are nominal sizes as provided in the American in lieu of solid sawn wood planks. Maximum
Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January 1970, spans for such units shall be as recommended by
except that, where rough sizes are noted, only the manufacturer based on the maximum intended
rough or undressed lumber of the size specified will load being calculated as follows:
satisfy minimum requirements.
(b) Solid sawn wood used as scaffold planks Rated Load Intended Load
shall be selected for such use following the grading Capacity
rules established by a recognized lumber grading
association or by an independent lumber grading Light-duty • 25 pounds per square foot
inspection agency. Such planks shall be identified applied uniformly over the
by the grade stamp of such association or agency. entire span area.
The association or agency and the grading rules Medium-duty • 50 pounds per square foot
under which the wood is graded shall be certified applied uniformly over the
by the Board of Review, American Lumber Stan- entire span area.
dard Committee, as set forth in the American
Softwood Lumber Standard of the U.S. Department Heavy-duty • 75 pounds per square foot
of Commerce. applied uniformly over the
Allowable spans shall be determined in compli- entire span area.
ance with the National Design Specification for One-person • 250 pounds placed at the
Wood Construction published by the National center of the span (total
Forest Products Association; paragraph 5 of ANSI 250 pounds).
A10.8-1988 Scaffolding-Safety Requirements Two-person • 250 pounds placed 18 inches
published by the American National Standards to the left and right of
Institute; or for 2 x 10 inch (nominal) or 2 x 9 inch the center of the span
(rough) solid sawn wood planks, as shown in the (total 500 pounds).
following table:
Three-person • 250 pounds placed at the
center of the span and 250
pounds placed 18 inches to
the left and right of the
center of the span (total
750 pounds).
Regulatory Text
55
(Appendix A continued) 1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or

1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
NOTE: Platform units used to make scaffold (iii) Toeboards shall be equivalent in strength to
platforms intended for light-duty use shall be 1 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
capable of supporting at least 25 pounds per square 1-1/4 inch x 1-1/4 inch structural angle iron; or
foot applied uniformly over the entire unit-span 1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
area, or a 250-pound point load placed on the unit 1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
at the center of the span, whichever load produces (iv) Posts shall be equivalent in strength to 2
the greater shear force. inch by 4 inch lumber; or
(d) Guardrails shall be as follows: 1-1/4 inch x 1-1/4 inch x 1/8 structural angle
(i) Toprails shall be equivalent in strength to 2 iron; or
inch by 4 inch lumber; or 1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1-1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron; or 1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or 1.990 (v) Distance between posts shall not exceed 8
inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing. feet.
(ii) Midrails shall be equivalent in strength to 1 (e) Overhead protection shall consist of 2 inch
inch by 6 inch lumber; or nominal planking laid tight, or 3/4-inch plywood.
1-1/4 inch x 1-1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural (f) Screen installed between toeboards and
angle iron; or midrails or toprails shall consist of No. 18 gauge
U.S. Standard wire one inch mesh.
Regulatory Text
56
2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(a) Pole Scaffolds.
Single Pole Wood Pole Scaffolds
Light Duty Light Duty Medium Duty Heavy Duty

up to up to up to up to
20 feet High 60 feet High 60 feet High 60 feet High
Maximum intended load 25 lbs/ft2 25 lbs/ft2 50 lbs/ft2 75 lbs/ft2
Poles or uprights 2 x 4 in. 4 x 4 in. 4 x 4 in. 4 x 6 in.
Maximum pole spacing

(longitudinal) 6 feet 10 feet 8 feet 6 feet

(transverse) 5 feet 5 feet 5 feet 5 feet
Runners 1 x 4 in. 1-1/4 x 9 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
Bearers and maximum

spacing of bearers:
3 feet 2 x 4 in. 2 x 4 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
or or
3 x 4 in. 3 x 5 in.
5 feet 2 x 6 in. 2 x 6 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.

or or or or
3 x 4 in. 3 x 4 in. 3 x 4 in. 3 x 5 in.
(rough)
6 feet — — 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
or or
3 x 4 in. 3 x 5 in.
2 x 10 in. or
8 feet — — 3 x 4 in. —
Planking 1-1/4 x 9 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
Maximum vertical spacing

of horizontal members 7 feet 9 feet 7 feet 6 ft. 6 in.
Bracing horizontal 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 6 in. 2 x 4 in.

or
1-1/4 x 4 in.
Bracing diagonal 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 2 x 4 in.
Tie-ins 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in.
NOTE: All members except planking are used on edge. All wood bearers shall be reinforced with
3/16 x 2 inch steel strip, or the equivalent, secured to the lower edges for the entire length of the bearer.
Regulatory Text
57
Independent Wood Pole Scaffolds
Light Duty Light Duty Medium Duty Heavy Duty

up to up to up to up to
20 feet High 60 feet High 60 feet High 60 feet High
Maximum intended load 25 lbs/ft2 25 lbs/ft2 50 lbs/ft2 75 lbs/ft2

Poles or uprights 2 x 4 in. 4 x 4 in. 4 x 4 in. 4 x 4 in.
(longitudinal) 6 feet 10 feet 8 feet 6 feet
Maximum (transverse) 6 feet 10 feet 8 feet 8 feet
Runners 1-1/4 x 4 in. 1-1/4 x 9 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
Bearers and maximum
spacing of bearers:
3 feet 2 x 4 in 2 x 4 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
(rough)
6 feet 2 x 6 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 X 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
or (rough) or or (rough)
3 x 4 in. 3 x 8 in.
8 feet 2 x 6 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in. —
or (rough) or
3 x 4 in. 3 x 8 in.
10 feet 2 x 6 in. 2 x 10 in. — —
or (rough) or
3 x 4 in. 3 x 3 in.
Planking 1-1/4 x 9 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in. 2 x 10 in.
Maximum vertical spacing

of horizontal members 7 feet 7 feet 6 feet 6 feet
Bracing horizontal 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 6 in. 2 x 4 in.

or
1-1/4 x 4 in.
Bracing diagonal 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 2 x 4 in.
Tie-ins 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in. 1 x 4 in.
NOTE: All members except planking are used on edge. All wood bearers
shall be reinforced with 3/16 x 2 inch steel strip, or the equivalent, secured to the
lower edges for the entire length of the bearer.
Regulatory Text
58
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
Minimum Size of Members
Light Medium Heavy

Duty Duty Duty
Maximum intended
load 25 lbs/ft2 50 lbs/ft2 75 lbs/ft2
Posts, runners, and Nominal 2 in. Nominal 2 in. Nominal 2 in.

braces (1.90 inches) (1.90 inches) (1.90 inches)
OD steel tube OD steel tube OD steel tube
or pipe or pipe or pipe
Bearers Nominal 2 in. Nominal 2 in. Nominal 2-1/2 in.

(1.90 inches) (1.90 inches) (2.375 in.)
OD steel tube OD steel tube OD steel tube
or pipe and a or pipe and a or pipe and a
maximum post maximum post maximum post
spacing of spacing of spacing of
4 ft. x 10 ft.* 4 ft. x 7 ft. 6 ft. x 6 ft.
or
Nominal 2-1/2 in.
(2.375 in.)
OD steel tube or
pipe and a maximum
post spacing of
6 ft. x 8 ft.*
Maximum runner
spacing vertically 6 ft. 6 in. 6 ft. 6 in. 6 ft. 6 in.
*
Bearers shall be installed in the direction of the shorter dimension.
NOTE: Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed at an angle of 45o (± 5o).
Regulatory Text
59
Maximum Number of Planked Levels
Maximum Number of Additional Planked Levels Maximum

Height of
Light Medium Heavy Scaffold
Duty Duty Duty (in feet)
Number of Working
Levels
1 16 11 6 125
2 11 1 0 125
3 6 0 0 125
4 1 0 0 125
(c) Fabricated frame scaffolds. Because of their (g) Form scaffolds and carpenters’ bracket
prefabricated nature, scaffolds.
no additional guidelines or tables for these scaffolds (1) Brackets shall consist of a triangular-shaped
are being adopted in this frame made of wood with a cross-section not less
Appendix. than 2 inches by 3 inches, or of 1-1/4 inch x 1-1/4
(d) Plasterers’, decorators’, and large area inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron.
scaffolds. The guidelines for pole (2) Bolts used to attach brackets to structures
scaffolds or tube and coupler scaffolds (Appendix shall not be less than 5/8 inches in diameter.
A(a) and (b)) may be applied. (3) Maximum bracket spacing shall be 8 feet on
(e) Bricklayers’ square scaffolds. centers.
Maximum intended load 50 lb/ft 2* (4) No more than two employees shall occupy
Maximum width 5 ft any given 8 feet of a bracket or form scaffold at
Maximum height 5 ft any one time.
Gussets 1 x 6 in Tools and materials shall not exceed 75 pounds in
Braces 1 x 8 in addition to the occupancy.
Legs 2 x 6 in (5) Wooden figure-four scaffolds:
Bearers (horizontal members) 2 x 6 in Maximum intended load 25 lb/ft 2
*
The squares shall be set not more than 8 feet Uprights 2 x 4 in or 2 x 6 in
apart for light duty scaffolds and not Bearers (two) 1 x 6 in
more than 5 feet apart for medium duty scaffolds. Braces 1 x 6 in
(f) Horse scaffolds. Maximum length of
Maximum intended load 25 lb/ft 2* bearers 3 ft - 6 in
(light duty) (unsupported)
Maximum intended load 50 lb/ft 2* (i) Outrigger bearers shall consist of two pieces
(medium duty) of 1 x 6 inch lumber nailed on opposite sides of the
Horizontal members or bearers: vertical support.
Light duty 2 x 4 in (ii) Bearers for wood figure-four brackets shall
Medium duty 3 x 4 in project not more than 3 feet 6 inches from the
Legs 2 x 4 in outside of the form support, and shall be braced
Longitudinal brace between legs 1 x 6 in and secured to prevent tipping or turning. The
Gusset brace at top of legs 1 x 8 in knee or angle brace shall intersect the bearer at
Half diagonal braces 2 x 4 in least 3 feet from the form at an angle of approxi-
*Horses shall be spaced not more than 8 feet mately 45 degrees, and the lower end shall be
apart for light duty loads, and not more than 5 feet nailed to a vertical support.
apart for medium duty loads.
Regulatory Text
60
(6) Metal bracket scaffolds: (p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
Maximum intended load 25 lb/ft 2 (1) In addition to direct connections to buildings
Uprights 2 x 4 inch (except window cleaners’ anchors) acceptable ways
Bearers As designed to prevent scaffold sway include angulated roping
Braces As designed and static lines. Angulated roping is a system of
platform suspension in which the upper wire rope
(7) Wood bracket scaffolds: sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane
Maximum intended load 25 lb/ft 2 of the building face than the corresponding attach-
Uprights 2 x 4 in or 2 x 6 in ment points on the platform, thus causing the
Bearers 2 x 6 in platform to press against the face of the building.
Maximum scaffold width 3 ft 6 in Static lines are separate ropes secured at their top
Braces 1 x 6 in and bottom ends closer to the plane of the building
face than the outermost edge of the platform. By
(h) Roof bracket scaffolds. No specific guide- drawing the static line taut, the platform is drawn
lines or tables are given. against the face of the building.
(i) Outrigger scaffolds (single level). No spe- (2) On suspension scaffolds designed for a
cific guidelines or tables are given. working load of 500 pounds, no more than two
(j) Pump jack scaffolds. Wood poles shall not employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at one
exceed 30 feet in height. Maximum intended time. On suspension scaffolds with a working load
load— 500 lbs between poles; applied at the center of 750 pounds, no more than three employees shall
of the span. Not more than two employees shall be be permitted on the scaffold at one time.
on a pump jack scaffold at one time between any (3) Ladder-type platforms. The side stringer
two supports. When 2 x 4’s are spliced together to shall be of clear straight-grained spruce. The rungs
make a 4 x 4 inch wood pole, they shall be spliced shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory, at
with “10 penny” common nails no more than 12 least 1-1/8 inches in diameter, with 7/8 inch tenons
inches center to center, staggered uniformly from mortised into the side stringers at least 7/8 inch.
the opposite outside edges. The stringers shall be tied together with tie rods not
(k) Ladder jack scaffolds. Maximum intended less than 1/4 inch in diameter, passing through the
load—25 lb/ft 2. However, not more than two stringers and riveted up tight against washers on
employees shall occupy any platform at any one both ends. The flooring strips shall be spaced not
time. Maximum span between supports shall be 8 more than 5/8 inch apart, except at the side rails
feet. where the space may be 1 inch. Ladder-type
(l) Window jack scaffolds. Not more than one platforms shall be constructed in accordance with
employee shall occupy a window jack scaffold at the following table:
any one time.
(m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders). Crawl-
ing boards shall be not less than 10 inches wide and
1 inch thick, with cleats having a minimum 1 x 1-1/
2 inch cross-sectional area. The cleats shall be
equal in length to the width of the board and spaced
at equal intervals not to exceed 24 inches.
(n) Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds.
No additional guidelines or tables are given.
(o) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
Maximum intended load—250 lbs.
Wood seats for boatswains’ chairs shall be not
less than 1 inch thick if made of non-laminated
wood, or 5/8 inches thick if made of marine quality
plywood.
Regulatory Text
61
Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms
Length of Platform 12 feet 14 & 16 feet 18 & 20 feet
Side stringers, minimum

cross section (finished
sizes):
at ends 1-3/4 x 2-3/4 in. 1-3/4 x 2-3/4 in. 1-3/4 x 3 in.
at middle 1-3/4 x 3-3/4 in. 1-3/4 x 3-3/4 in. 1-3/4 x 4 in.
Reinforcing strip A 1/8 x 7/8 inch steel reinforcing strip shall be

(minimum) attached to the side or underside, full length.
Rungs shall be 1-1/8 inch minimum diameter with a least

7/8 inch in diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing
shall be 12 inches to center.
Tie rods:
Number (minimum) 3 4 4
Diameter (minimum) 1/4 in. 1/4 in. 1/4 in.
Flooring, minimum
finished size 1/2 x 2-3/4 in. 1/2 x 2-3/4 in. 1/2 x 2-3/4 in.
Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms
Length of Platform: 22 & 24 ft 28 & 30 ft.
Side stringers, minimum

cross section
(finished sizes):
at ends 1-3/4 x 3 in. 1-3/4 x 3-1/2 in.
at middle 1-3/4 x 4-1/4 in. 1-3/4 x 5 in.
Reinforcing strip (minimum) A 1/8 x 7/8-inch steel reinforcing strip

shall be attached to the side or under
side, full length.
Rungs Rungs shall be 1-1/8 inch minimum

diameter with atleast 7/8 inch in diameter
tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be
12 inches to center.Tie rods
Number (minimum) 5 6
Diameter (minimum) 1/4 in. 1/4 in.
Flooring, minimum 1/2 x 2-3/4 in. 1/2 x 2-3/4 in.

finished size
Regulatory Text
62
(Appendix A continued) (4) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at

least 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter first grade manila
(4) Plank-Type Platforms. Plank-type platforms rope.
shall be composed of not less than nominal 2 x 8 (t) Interior hung scaffolds.
inch unspliced planks, connected together on the Bearers (use on edge) 2 x 10 in
underside with cleats at intervals not exceeding 4 Maximum intended load
feet, starting 6 inches from each end. A bar or other Maximum span
effective means shall be securely fastened to the 25 lb/ft 2 10 ft
platform at each end to prevent the platform from 50 lb/ft 2 10 ft
slipping off the hanger. The span between hangers 75 lb/ft 2 7 ft
for plank-type platforms shall not exceed 10 feet. (u) Needle beam scaffolds
(5) Beam-Type Platforms. Beam platforms shall Maximum intended load 25 lb/ft 2
have side stringers of lumber not less than 2 x 6 Beams 4 x 6 in
inches set on edge. The span between hangers shall Maximum platform span 8 ft
not exceed 12 feet when beam platforms are used. Maximum beam span 10 ft
The flooring shall be supported on 2 x 6 inch cross (1) Ropes shall be attached to the needle beams
beams, laid flat and set into the upper edge of the by a scaffold hitch or an eye splice. The loose end
stringers with a snug fit, at intervals of not more of the rope shall be tied by a bowline knot or by a
than 4 feet, securely nailed to the cross beams. round turn and a half hitch.
Floor-boards shall not be spaced more than 1/2 inch (2) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at
apart. least 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter first grade manila
(q)(1) Multi-point adjustable suspension scaf- rope.
folds and stonesetters’ multi-point adjustable (v) Multi-level suspension scaffolds. No addi-
suspension scaffolds. No specific guidelines or tional guidelines or tables are being given for these
tables are given for these scaffolds. scaffolds.
(q)(2) Masons’ multi-point adjustable suspen- (w) Mobile Scaffolds. Stability test as described
sion scaffolds. Maximum intended load—50 lb/ft2. in the ANSI A92 series documents, as appropriate
Each outrigger beam shall be at least a standard 7 for the type of scaffold, can be used to establish
inch, 15.3 pound steel I-beam, at least 15 feet long. stability for the purpose of §1926.452(w)(6).
Such beams shall not project more than 6 feet 6 (x) Repair bracket scaffolds. No additional
inches beyond the bearing point. Where the over- guidelines or tables are being given for these scaf-
hang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams shall folds.
be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams. (y) Stilts. No specific guidelines or tables are
(r) Catenary scaffolds. (1) Maximum intended given.
load -500 lbs. (z) Tank builder’s scaffold.
(2) Not more than two employees shall be (1) The maximum distance between brackets to
permitted on the scaffold at one time. which scaffolding and guardrail supports are at-
(3) Maximum capacity of come-along shall be tached shall be no more than 10 feet 6 inches.
2,000 lbs. (2) Not more than three employees shall occupy a
(4) Vertical pickups shall be spaced not more 10 feet 6 inch span of scaffold planking at any time.
than 50 feet apart. (3) A taut wire or synthetic rope supported on the
(5) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at scaffold brackets shall be installed at the scaffold
least 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) diameter improved plow plank level between the innermost edge of the
steel wire rope. scaffold platform and the curved plate structure of
(s) Float (ship) scaffolds. (1) Maximum in- the tank shell to serve as a safety line in lieu of an
tended load — 750 lbs. inner guardrail assembly where the space between
(2) Platforms shall be made of 3/4 inch ply- the scaffold platform and the tank exceeds 12 inches
wood, equivalent in rating to American Plywood (30.48 cm). In the event the open space on either
Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior. side of the rope exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm), a
(3) Bearers shall be made from 2 x 4 inch, or 1 x second wire or synthetic rope appropriately placed,
10 inch rough lumber. They shall be free of knots or guardrails in accordance with §1926.451(e)(4),
and other flaws.
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(Appendix A continued) Non-mandatory Appendix D to Subpart L—List

of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and
shall be installed in order to reduce that open space
Dismantlers.
to less than 12 inches (30.48 cm).
(4) Scaffold planks of rough full-dimensioned 2-
This Appendix D is provided to serve as a guide
inch (5.1 cm) x 12-inch(30.5 cm) Douglas Fir or
to assist employers when evaluating the training
Southern Yellow Pine of Select Structural Grade
needs of employees erecting or dismantling sup-
shall be used. Douglas Fir planks shall have a fiber
ported scaffolds.
stress of at least 1900 lb/in2 (130,929 n/cm2) and a
The Agency believes that employees erecting or
modulus of elasticity of at least 1,900,000 lb/in2
dismantling scaffolds should be trained in the
(130,929,000 n/cm2), while Yellow Pine planks shall
following topics:
have a fiber stress of at least 2500 lb/in2 (172,275 n/ • General Overview of Scaffolding
cm2) and a modulus of elasticity of at least
2,000,000 lb/in2 (137,820,000 n/cm2). • regulations and standards
(5) Guardrails shall be constructed of a taut wire • erection/dismantling planning
or synthetic rope, and shall be supported by angle • PPE and proper procedures
irons attached to brackets welded to the steel plates. • fall protection
These guardrails shall comply with §1926.451(e)(4).
• materials handling
Guardrail supports shall be located at no greater
than 10 feet 6 inch intervals. • access
• working platforms
Non-mandatory Appendix B to Subpart L— • foundations
Criteria for Determining the Feasibility of Pro- • guys, ties and braces
viding Safe Access and Fall Protection for Scaf-
• Tubular Welded Frame Scaffolds
fold Erectors and Dismantlers.
• specific regulations and standards
[Reserved] • components
• parts inspection
Non-mandatory Appendix C to Subpart L— • erection/dismantling planning
List of National Consensus Standards.
• guys, ties and braces
ANSI/SIA A92.2-1990 Vehicle-Mounted Elevating • fall protection
and RotatingAerial Devices • general safety
• access and platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.3-1990 Manually Propelled Elevat- • erection/dismantling procedures
ing Aerial Platforms
• rolling scaffold assembly
ANSI/SIA A92.5-1990 Boom Supported Elevating • putlogs
Work Platforms • Tube and Clamp Scaffolds
ANSI/SIA A92.6-1990 Self-Propelled Elevating
• components
Work Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.7-1990 Airline Ground Support • erection/dismantling planning
Vehicle-Mounted Vertical Lift Devices • guys, ties and braces
• fall protection
ANSI/SIA A92.8-1993 Vehicle-Mounted Bridge
• general safety
Inspection and Maintenance Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.9-1993 Mast-Climbing Work • erection/dismantling procedures
Platforms • buttresses, cantilevers, and bridges
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(Appendix D continued)
• System scaffolds
• components
• erection/dismantling planning
• guys, ties and braces
• fall protection
• general safety
• erection/dismantling procedures
• buttresses, cantilevers, and bridges
Scaffold erectors and dismantlers should all receive

the general overview, in addition to specific training
for the type of supported scaffold being erected or
dismantled.
Non-mandatory Appendix E to Subpart L—

Drawings and Illustrations
This Appendix provides drawings of particular

types of scaffolds and scaffold components, and
graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and tie
spacing patterns.
This Appendix is intended to provide visual
guidance to assist the user in complying with the
requirements of subpart L, part 1926.
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(Appendix E continued)
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Regulatory Text

S006 - A Guide To Scaffolds Use in The Construction Industry

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A Guide to Scaffold Use

in the Construction Industry

U.S. Department of Labor

Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement

Material contained in this publication is in the

This information will be made available to sensory

U.S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

How to Use This Booklet

• For Scaffold Components: The standard requires a registered professional

Summary and Explanation of the Final Rule

Summary and Explanation of the Final Rule

Capacity What is the maximum deflection of a

General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451

Either the manufacturers’ recommendation or the Criteria for Suspended Scaffolds

Some of the requirements for all types of

General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451

General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451

Access Requirements The standard does require specific clearance

Employers must provide access when the scaf-

Several types of access are permitted: What is fall protection?

General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451

Can personal fall arrest systems be used

General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451

General Requirements for Scaffolds §1926.451

Specific Scaffold Requirements

The standard sets requirements for specific types

Aerial Lift Requirements §1926.453

Vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to elevate

Do aerial lifts and mobile scaffolds have

The 1926.453 and 1926.454 standards apply to

What are some of the specific

Some specific requirements include:

Specific Scaffold (§1926.452) and Aerial Lift (§1926.453) Requirements

Are there training standards for

All employees who work on a scaffold must be

Are there training standards for employ-

Yes. A competent person must train all employ-

What are the retraining requirements for

The standard requires retraining when (1) no

Training Requirements §1926.454

Training Requirements §1926.454

Non-Mandatory Appendices to the Standard

Non-Mandatory Appendices to the Standard

Voluntary Protection Programs Electronic Information

Other Sources of OSHA Assistance

Related Publications The following publications are available from the

Other Sources of OSHA Assistance

Other Sources of OSHA Assistance

State Telephone State Telephone

Alabama ...................................... (205) 348-3033 Montana ...................................... (406) 444-6418

OSHA Consultation Project Directory

Area Telephone Area Telephone

Albany, NY ................................. (518) 464-4338 Jacksonville, FL .......................... (904) 232-2895

OSHA Area Offices

Region I Region VII

Region II Region VIII

OSHA Regional Offices

Access 1926.451(e) Debris 1926.451(f)(13)