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Digital Filter Basics

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46 views9 pages

Digital Filter Basics

Uploaded by

harun or rashid
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Filter

A digital Filter is a mathematical algorithm implemented in hardware and/or software that operates on a
digital input signal to produce a digital output signal for the purpose of achieving a filtering object.

Common Objectives of Digital Filter


The common objectives of digital filter are:
(i) To improve the quality of a signal.
(ii) To extract information from signals.
(iii) To separate two or more signals previously combined to make.

Advantages and disadvantages of digital filter


Advantages of a Digital Filter:
1. Linear phase response
2. Performance unchanged with environment.
3. Adaptively is possible
4. Several input can be filtered at a time by one filter.
5. Input and output can be saved
6. Cost down due to recent VLSI advancement.
7. High precision
8. Repeatable performance
9. Can handle very low frequency
Disadvantages of Digital Filter:
1. Speed limitation: less speed due to less bandwidth handling capacity.
2. Finite word length effects: Digital filters are subject to ADC noise resulting from
quantizing a continuous signal and to round off noise incurred during computation.
3. Long design and development times: The design and development time for digital filter
especially hardware development, can be much longer that analog filters.

Types of Digital Filter


There are two types of digital filters. They are
i) Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter
ii) Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter
Differences between FIR and IIR filter
FIR Filter IIR Filter
1. FIR Filters can have an exactly linear phase 1. IIR Filters have non-linear phase response.
response.
2. FIR filters are realized non-recursively that 2. The IIR filters are recursive filter and the stability
is why it is always stable. of IIR filters cannot be guaranteed.
3. The effect of using a limited number of bits 3. Severe in IIR.
to implement filters such as round-off noise
and coefficient quantization errors are much
less sever in FIR than IIR.
4. FIR requires more coefficients for sharp 4. IIR requires less coefficients.
cutoff filters that IIR.
5. More processing time and storage will be 5. Comparatively less time and storage are required.
required for FIR implementation.
6. FIR filters does not have analog 6. Analog filters are readily transformed into
counterpart. But with FIR it is easier to equivalent IIR digital filter.
synthesize filters of arbitrary frequency
responses.

Selection Criteria for FIR and IIR Filter


FIR
If the number of filter coefficients is not too large and, in particular, if little or no phase
distortion is desired.
One may also add newer DSP processors have architectures that are tailored to FIR filtering,
and indeed some are designed specifically for FIRs.
IIR
When the only important requirements are sharp cutoff filters and high throughout, as IIR
filters, especially those using elliptical characteristics, will give fewer coefficients than FIR.

Direct realization structure of IIR and FIR filter


FIR filter:
The output response formula is-
Using this formula we can construct realization following structure.

Fig. 1. Realization structure of FIR filter


IIR filter:
The output response formula is-

Using this formula we can construct realization following structure (N=4).

Fig. 2. Realization structure of IIR filter


Steps of filter design
The design of a digital filter involves five steps-
(i) Specification of the filter requirements.
(ii) Calculation of suitable filter co-efficient.
(iii) Representation of the filter by a suitable structure (realization).
(iv) Analysis of the effects of finite word-length on filter performance.
(v) Implementation of filter in software and/or hardware.
Methods of Filter Coefficients
FIR: window, frequency sampling, optimal methods
IIR: based on the transformation of known analog filter
Impulse invariant (II) and bilinear z-transformation (BZT)
Direct: pole-zero placement (PZP) method

FIR Coefficient Calculation: Window Method


Steps of FIR Coefficient Calculation

Specify ideal or desired frequency response of the filter HD( )


Obtain the impulse response, hD(n), by IFT
Select a window function that satisfies the pass band or attenuation specifications and then
determine the number of filter coefficients using the appropriate relationship between the filter
length and the transition width, f
Obtain values of w(n) and the values of actual FIR coefficients by h(n) = hD(n)w(n)
Ideal Impulse Responses

Filter Type Impulse Response hD(n)

n 0 n=0

Low pass 2fc sinc(n c) 2fc

High pass -2fc sinc(n c) 1-2fc

Band pass 2f2 sinc(n 2) - 2f1 sinc(n 1) 2(f2 f1)

Band stop 2f1 sinc(n 1)- 2f2 sinc(n 2) 1-2(f2 f1)

Important features of common window functions

Name of Transition PB Main Maximum Window function w(n)


Window width ripple lobe SB
relative attenuation N 1
(Hz) (dB)
to side
(dB)
n
lobe 2
(dB)

Rectangular 0.9/N 0.7416 13 21 1

2 n
Hanning 3.1/N 0.0546 31 44 0.5 0.5 cos
N
2 n
Hamming 3.3/N 0.0194 41 53 0.54 0.46 cos
N

2 n 4 n
Blackman 5.5/N 0.0017 57 74 0.42 0.5 cos .08 cos
N N

( = 4.54) 0.0274 - 50 2 0.5


2n
I0 1
Kaiser ( = 6.76) 0.00275 - 70 N 1

( = 8.96) 0.000275 - 90 I0 ( )

** Obtain first three coefficients of lowpass FIR filter to meet following specifications using window
method (Example 7.3 of Jervis Book).
Passband edge frequency : 1.5 kHz
Transition width : 0.5 kHz
Stopband attenuation : >50 dB
Sampling frequency : 8 kHz

[Hints for Calculator Use: Assume pi = 3.1416 when it is not under any sin or cos function and pi =
180 when it is under any sin or cos function]
According to the given specification we will use Hamming window to calculate filter coefficients.

Given, transition width,

So number of coefficients, . The filter coefficients can found using following


formula,

Where,
At

At

At

The first three coefficients are

IIR Coefficient Calculation: Impulse Invariant Method

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