A UWB Antenna For Microwave Brain Imaging

A UWB Antenna for Microwave Brain Imaging
Adhitya Satria Pratama, Basari*, Muhammad Firdaus S. Lubis, Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, Eko Tjipto Rahardjo
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
Kampus UI Depok, West Java, Indonesia, 16424
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract—Brain tumor is one of degenerative diseases that high resolution results. However, the cost of MRI, PET or CT
have been concerned by doctors and researcher to be scanner is relatively still expensive, particularly in developing
investigated. MRI, PET, or CT is widely used modalities for countries with high population like Indonesia. In addition, the
brain tumor scanning, which it can provide accurate and high complexity of MRI, PET or CT equipment is also become
resolution image. However, it costs still relatively high another issue for implementation in rural and isolated areas.
particularly in developing countries with high population like
Indonesia. Hence, it is desirable to develop a new brain tumor
imaging system that is affordable, easy to operate (portable),
non-ionization (safe radiation) and use a non-invasive technique.
Microwave imaging is considered as a suitably matched modality
to those requirements. In this paper, an ultrawideband (UWB)
antenna is proposed as a transceiver of microwave imaging on
brain tumors, which it operates in UWB range (i.e. 3.1–10.6
GHz). The proposed antenna is a printed dipole-like fed by a
coplanar waveguide because it provides high frequency response.
The antenna is numerically simulated using CST Microwave Fig 1. A radar-based microwave imaging system.
Studio 2014 and experimentally measured near to a semi-solid
head-equivalent phantom, particularly S11 and radiation pattern Microwave has been widely investigated for medical
on xy- and yz-plane at 5.8 GHz. imaging on moving organs and tissue containing water [4].
Owing to its noninvasive characteristics leads to easier conduct
Keywords—coplanar waveguide feeding, microwave imaging, the evaluation and measurement. Authors in [5] have proposed
printed dipole, ultrawideband antenna. some configuration for microwave imaging system, such as
cylindrical, hemispheric and planar structure. Some UWB
I. INTRODUCTION
y
In several decades, world economic growth has changed
people’s lifestyle, leading to arise so many degenerative R2
disease cases around the world. Brain tumor is one of W1 L1
S
degenerative diseases that have been concerned by doctors and R
researchers to be investigated. Brain tumors statistically occur W h1
as a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in adult LG
males/females and children as well. There are nearly 700,000 LF
f
people in the U.S. living with a brain tumor, which L2 FABRICATED ANTENNA
meningioma represent 34% of all primary brain tumors, x
? L
making them the most common primary brain tumor [1]. In z FRONT VIEW
Indonesia, the number of brain tumor cases is only based on
Fig 2. Proposed UWB CPW-fed dipole-like antenna.
neurosurgeons experience or autopsy in hospitals and there is
no accurate statistical data reporting about it [2]. antennas have been proposed for brain imaging, recently, such
To treat patients with brain tumors without the use of as an antipodal exponentially corrugated tapered-slot antenna
neuroimaging is impossible to imagine. From this reason, for 1–4 GHz [6] and an UWB array tapered slot antenna in
researchers do efforts to develop neuroimaging modalities for UWB band 3.1–10.6 GHz [7]. However, the size of the antenna
selecting and developing appropriate therapy, detecting early is relatively large by 74 mm × 42 mm and yet in the desired
treatment failure, and providing accurate and clinically relevant frequency band is not able to be covered by the measurement.
biologic end points for high-risk, but potentially high-reward, Moreover, a UWB antenna using coplanar waveguide (CPW)
and tumor specific therapies tailored to the unique biology of is proposed by [8] for UWB band applications. By such a
an individual brain tumor [3]. Magnetic resonance imaging feeding technique, the antenna is relatively easier to be
(MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and computed parameterized to get a smaller size, but unfortunately it does
tomography (CT) are commonly used as modalities for not cover the entire desired working frequencies.
neuroimaging, since those techniques provide accurate and
978-1-4799-8897-6/15/$31.00 2015
c IEEE 326
In this paper, a UWB printed dipole-like antenna is confirm the simulation results, in particular in terms of the S11
proposed by using CPW feeding for frequency band of 3.1 – and the radiation characteristics. The results show good
10.6 GHz aimed at brain imaging system. The proposed
antenna is designed for miniaturized size with covering the
entire desired working frequency band by adding some
perturbation structure on the antenna structure.
II. SYSTEM DESIGN AND PROPOSED ANTENNA
Tumor detection by using microwave is developed by
differentiating a suspected tumor and healthy tissue
characteristics when they are exposed to microwave. Two
common methods of microwave imaging, i.e. microwave
tomography and radar-based imaging [9]. It was reported that
Fig 4. S11 characteristics.
Fig 3. Measurement set-up using an agar-based head-equivalent phantom
relatively stable and higher-resolution reconstructions can be

achieved by the use of ultrawideband (UWB) data compared
with mono-frequency [10]. In this approach, a UWB signal is
used to illuminate an object, and the reflected signal is
measured at numerous locations. The amplitude and time agreement between measured and simulated results.
arrival information of the reflected signals is utilized to identify
the presence and location of significant scatters. As a result, a REFERENCES
qualitative image of the object under investigation is obtained [1] American Brain Tumor Association. Available at http://www.abta.org/
[9]. View of radar-based microwave imaging is depicted in Fig. about-us/news/brain-tumor-statistics/ as of March 2015.
1. [2] H. Mahyuddin, A.B. Setiawan, “Karakteristik tumor infratentorial dan
The proposed antenna’s structure and fabricated antenna is tata laksana operasi di Departemen Bedah Saraf Fakultas Kedokteran
shown in Fig. 2. The antenna is designed and fabricated on a UI/RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2001-2005,” Majalah
Kedokteran Nusantara, vol. 39, no. 4, Dec. 2006. (in Indonesian)
low cost FR-4 substrate (İr = 4.4) with 1.6 mm thickness. To
[3] S. Cha, “Update on brain tumor imaging: from anatomy to physiology,”
obtain the desired working UWB band, parameters L1 and R2 American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 27, pp. 475– 487, Mar. 2006.
are parameterized. The antenna’s size is 30 × 25 mm2, which is
[4] L.E. Larsen and J.H. Jacobi, “Medical Applications of Microwave
considerably small. To simulate head imaging, the antenna is Imaging,” pp.47-58, New York: IEEE Press, 1986.
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A UWB dipole-like antenna fed by CPW technique has Nov. 2011.
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simulate the head imaging. The measurement is conducted to
2015 IEEE 4th Asia-Paciﬁc Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP) 327

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Fig 4. S11 characteristics.

Fig 3. Measurement set-up using an agar-based head-equivalent phantom

relatively stable and higher-resolution reconstructions can be

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