Scribd
Upload
50 views16 pages

Ch5 SinglePhaseTrans Tutorial

This document discusses the parameters, equivalent circuit, testing methods, and efficiency calculation of a single-phase transformer. It provides specifications for an example transformer and works through calculations to determine its efficiency, short-circuit currents, and voltage regulation. The key points covered are transformer parameters, equivalent circuit diagrams, open and short circuit testing procedures, per-unit systems, efficiency calculation, voltage regulation definition, and working through an example problem.

Uploaded by

Brian Li
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50 views16 pages

Ch5 SinglePhaseTrans Tutorial

This document discusses the parameters, equivalent circuit, testing methods, and efficiency calculation of a single-phase transformer. It provides specifications for an example transformer and works through calculations to determine its efficiency, short-circuit currents, and voltage regulation. The key points covered are transformer parameters, equivalent circuit diagrams, open and short circuit testing procedures, per-unit systems, efficiency calculation, voltage regulation definition, and working through an example problem.

Uploaded by

Brian Li
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Single-phase Transformer- tutorial

Presented by
Prof. M. L. Chen
Dept. of Building services Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

1
Transformer Parameters

X1, X2 : self reactance


x1, x2 : leakage reactance
Xm1, Xm2: magnetising reactance;
Xm : mutual reactance
R1, R2 : coil resistance

n=V1/V2 = N1/N2 : transformation ratio


Xm = nXm2 = Xm1 /n
X1 = x1 + Xm1, X2 = x2 + Xm2

2
Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Primary:
V’2 =nV2, I’2=I2/n
R2’ = n2R2, x2’ = n2x2
Xm’ = nXm, ZL’ =n2ZL
Ri’ : core loss
Referred to secondary:
V”1 =V1/n, I”1=nI1
R1” =R1/n2, x1” = x2/n2
Xm” = Xm /n
Ri” =Ri/n2 , ZL : load
3
Open-circuit test
Open-circuit test for the excitation branch (Poc , Voc , Ioc)

Poc  I oc2 Ri Ri: equivalent core loss


Voc resistance in series with Xm1;
 Z oc  Ri2  X m2 1 Xm1= nXm: magnetizing
I oc
reactance of primary.
4
Short-circuit test
Short-circuit test for the short-circuit branch (Psc, Vsc, Isc)

Req=R1+n2R2:equivalent resistance
Psc  I Req
2
sc
referred to the primary;
Vsc xeq=x1+n2x2: equivalent reactance
 Z sc  Req2  xeq2
I sc referred to primary.

5
Per-unit System
Actual value of quantity
Definition: Quantity per unit 
base value of quantity
Pbase = Qbase = S base  Vbase I base
Vbase
Z base 
I base 1. Normally the base value is equal
I base to its nominal value.
Ybase  2. The base value will be different in
Vbase
both sides.
Z base 
Vbase  2
3. For the single-phase system, we
S base have the left equations.

6
Transformer Efficiency
Pout
   100%
Pin
Pout
  100%
Pout  Ploss
VS I S cos 
  100%
PR  Pcore  VS I S cos 
VS I S cos 
  100%
I S Req  Poc  VS I S cos 
2 '

R’eq =Rp/n2 +Rs: equivalent R referred to secondary

7
Transformer Voltage Regulation (VR)
 When a transformer feeds a varying load, the
terminal voltage VS may change as a function of the
load current IS, if the primary maintains at the rating
level. The change in voltage between no load
(secondary is opened) and full load is described by
voltage regulation VR, defined as follows:

VS ,nl  VS , fl
VR   100%
VS , fl
VS, nl is the terminal voltage at no-load condition, and
VS, fl is the terminal voltage at full-load condition.
8
Transformer Voltage Regulation
Equivalent circuit, Phasor diagram

For a load:
power factor = cos
VS,fl = Vs, the secondary rating voltage
IS,fl = Is, the secondary rating current
R’eq, X’eq, equivalent impedance referred to secondary

Then,
VS, nl = (VS cos + ISR’eq) +j(VS sin +ISX’eq)

9
Transformer Specifications
Rated Power: 2000kVA
Rated High Voltage: 10000V ±2.5% ± 5%
Rated Low Voltage: 400V
Frequency: 50Hz
Impedance at 75°C: 5%
No-Load Losses: 1kW
Load Losses at 75°C: 5kW

10
Specification (calculation)
Transformer Impedance (referred to LV):
Irated=Srated/(Vrated)=2000kVA/400=2500A.
Zbase =V2/Srated=4002/2000kVA =80 m.
ZT =5%*Zbase=4 m.
RT =P/(I2) = 5000/(25002) = 0.8 m.
XT =(ZT2-RT2) = 15.36 = 3.919 m.

11
Tutorial Example
Q. A single-phase cast-resin transformer with –2.5%
tapping is installed to supply electricity to various
loads. It is assumed that the supply voltage at primary
side is maintained at 11 kV.
Specifications:
Rated Power: 2000 kVA
Rated High Voltage: 11000 V ±2.5% ± 5%
Rated Low Voltage: 400 V
Frequency: 50 Hz
Impedance at 75°C: 6%
No-Load Losses: 3350 W
Load Losses at 75°C: 17800 W 12
Tutorial Example (continue)

a) Find the efficiency of the transformer, which is


connected to loads with a total rating power of 1500
kVA at 380 V and lagging power factor of 0.85.
b) Find the short-circuit current at both primary and
secondary sides if the secondary terminals are
accidentally grounded.
c) Find the VR of the transformer at unity power factor
unity

13
Tutorial Example -Answer
(a) Efficiency
Transformer impedance referred to secondary:
Irated=Srated/Vrated=2000kVA/400V =5kA.
Zbase/rated =V2/Srated=400V2/2000kVA =80 m.
ZT =6%*Zbase=4.8 m.
RT =P/I2 = 17800/50002) = 0.712 m.
XT =(ZT2-RT2) =4.746 m.
Load Impedance:
PF =0.85, impedance phase angle = 31.8°
ZL=3802/SL= 3802/1500kVA = 96.27m
RL=ZL.PF = 81.83m
XL=ZL.(1-PF2 ) = 50.72m
14
Tutorial Example -Answer (continue)
Load Current:
Vs =400(1-2.5%) =390V
Is =Vs /(ZT +ZL) = Vs /[(RT +RL)+j(XT +XL)]
=390/(82.54+j55.47) =3.92kA-33.9.
Efficiency:
Pout= Is2 RL=(3.92kA)2*81.83m =1249.29kW
Ploss=Piron+ Ip2 RT
=(3.35kW)+(3.92kA)2*0.712m = 14.29kW
 = Pout/(Pout +Ploss) = 1249.29/1263.58 =0.989
(b) Short-Circuit Currents:
Isc,s= Vs /ZT = 390V/4.8 m = 81.25kA.
Isc,p= Isc.s (400/11000) =2.95kA.
15
Tutorial Example- Answers (continue)
(c) VR at unity load:
At unity power factor , cos =1, sin  =0
Secondary rating voltage, VS,fl = Vs = 400 V
Secondary rating current, IS,fl = Is = 5 kA,
Equivalent impedance referred to secondary,
R’eq= 0.712 m , X’eq=4.746 m.
No-load secondary voltage,
VS, nl = (VS cos + ISR’eq) +j(VS sin +ISX’eq)

VS ,nl  VS , fl
VR  100%
VS , fl
16

You might also like