Database 

– A database is an organized collection of data. For

example:- In a stationary shop, detailed records of the materials
available in the shop is database. Similarly in a computerized
system, we need to maintain several files, we would used
database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org
Base, and MySQL. These database programs are used to
organize the data as per our needs in the computer system.
Database Management System (DBMS) -  A database
management system is a software package with computer
programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a
database. A DBMS allows different user application  programs
to concurrently access the same database. Some of the
DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft
Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.
Data can be organized into two types:-
Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for
less amount of data.
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are
linked using a common field. Relational is suitable for medium
to large amount of data.
Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated
computers that hold the actual databases and run only the
DBMS and related software. Databases on the database
servers are accessed through command line or graphic user
interface tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are
referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data access is referred
to as Client-server model.
RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS)
is a database management system that is based on the
relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data
is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations
(tables). A database organized in terms the relational model is
a relational database.
Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used
for storing and managing information.
1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the
database.
2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.
3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields)
stored in your database about one of the items.
4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date
that you put in while adding information to your database.
For example,
Database :- Employee
Emp Emp Emp_ Emp_De Emp_C Emp_
_Co _Na Addre signatio ontactN Salar
de me ss n o y
E001 ABC Meerut Manager 987654 Rs.
3210 50,00
0
Item : Employee
Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address ,
Emp_Designation , Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary
Record :
E00 AB Meeru Manage 987654321 Rs.
1 C t r 0 50,00
0
Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs.
50,000
5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely
identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every
employee.
Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?
Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter
linked tables.
SESSION 2:- DATA STORAGE
TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized
using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each
row is identified by a unique key index or the key field.
COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a
particular simple type, one for each row of the table. For eg.
Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.
ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a
single, data items in a table. Each row in a table represents a
set of related data, and every row in the table has the same
structure.
DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data
we are going to store in the database.
Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly
classified into five categories:-
1. Numeric Types
2. Alphanumeric Types
3. Binary Types
4. Date Time
5. Other variable Types
NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric
values like mobile number, age, etc.
The different types of numeric data types available are-
1. Boolean (Yes / No)                      6. Numeric
2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer)                   7. Decimal
3. SmallInt (Small Integer)               8. Real
4. Integer                                         9. Float
5. BigInt (Big Integer)                      10. Double
ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-
The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric
types are :-
1. LongVarChar (Memo)   (Long Text)
2. Char         (Text-fix) (Small Text)
3. VarChar            (Text)      (Text of specified Length)
4. VarChar_IgnoreCase  (Text) (Comparisions are not case
sensitive)
BINARY TYPES:-
Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can
be used for storing photos, music files or (in general file of any
format) etc.
The list of different datatypes available in Binary types
are :-
1. LongVarBinary    (Image)
2. Binary          (Binary (fix) )
3. VarBinary            (Binary)
DATE TIME:-
Date time data types are used for describing date and time
values for the field used in the table of a database. It can be
used for storing information such as date of birth, date of
admission etc.
The list of different data types available in Date Time type
are :-
1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)
2. Time (Store hour , minute and second information)
3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)
PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies
a row in a table. These keys are also indexed in the database,
making it faster for the database to search a record.
FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of
columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set
of columns in another (referenced) table.
Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and
provides the PK(Primary Key) Attributes to be copied. The
“many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the
FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.
Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child ,
FK (Foreign Key)
SESSION 3
MANIPULATING DATA
In a database we can define the structure of the data and
manipulate the data using some commands.
There are two types of languages:-
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- It is a
standard for commands that define the different structures in a
database. DDL statements create,modify and remove database
objects such as tables, indexes and users.
Common DDL Statements are:-
1. Create :- Used to create database objects.
2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.
3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for
commands that enables users to access and manipulate data
in a database.
Common DML Statements are:-
1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the
database.
2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the
database.
3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.
4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the
database.
Types of DML:-
1.Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and
how to get it.
2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is
needed.
Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL
(Structured Query Language.)