GSM based Power Grid Monitoring System

ABSTRACT
Wireless automation in the generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity and billing has come of age. Traditional metering methods for
retrieving all data of consumers is not convenient. The present system of energy
billing is error prone, time, resource and labour consuming. The problem
worsens when consumers try to bypass meter units, thereby pay less than what
is actually consumed or the case of overbilling by the Electricity Company as the
case in many Nigerian houses. This paper presents the design and
implementation of a GSM based remote operation of an energy meter which
proffers the solution to power theft, consumption control, auto billing and
payment, data logging and labour reduction in power distribution and
management The objective of this project is to facilitate energy consumption
measurement and its corresponding billing scheme. The materials and method
deployed herein is the use of a microcontroller unit that continually monitors
the meter interfaced with a GSM MODEM with a dedicated SIM for remote
operations. The method used to carry out this project is the principle of serial
communication in collaboration with embedded systems. The meter provides
corresponding billing Information on a LCD screen.
 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND:
Today, humanity can be classified as living in a “machine society” where technological tools
are predominantly at different levels, interfacing in the day–to-day activity of man. These
livelihood activities constitute and deliver economic, social and political benefits and
potential risks to the survivability of nations –especially developing nations like ours.
Electricity has become one of the basic requirements of human civilization, being widely
deployed for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. In spite of the very well
developed sources of electricity, there are a number of problems with distribution, metering,
billing and control of consumption. Electricity is one of the vital requirements for sustainment
of comforts of life and so it should be used very judiciously for its proper utilization [1]. But in
our country we have lot of localities where we have surplus supply for the electricity while
many areas do not even have access to it. Our policies of its distribution are also partially
responsible for this because we are still not able to correctly estimate our exact requirements
and still power theft is prevailing [1]. On the other hand consumers are also not satisfied with
the services of power companies, most of the time they have complaints regarding statistical
errors in their monthly bills. Thus this project presents an innovation towards the
minimization of technical errors and reduction in human dependency at the same time. With
the help of this project the monthly energy consumption of a consumer will be received from
a remote location directly. In this way human effort needed to record the meter readings
which are till now recorded by visiting 16 every home individually is reduced. This results in
considerable loss of human hours and also provides considerable details regarding the
average consumption of a locality so that power supply can be made according to these data.
This will help the officials in deciding the specifications of transformers and other instruments
required in power transmission and distribution. This idea is economically efficient as well
because the meter reading can be gotten at a very low cost. The implementation is done in
such a way that a SMS is delivered to the GSM MODEM whose reading is to be noted and
then that meter replies to the server in the SMS format and it is known that SMS costs are
very low. The GSM AMR takes the advantage of available GSM infrastructure nationwide
coverage and the Short Messaging System (SMS) cell broadcasting feature to request and
retrieve individual houses and building power consumption reading back to the energy
provider wirelessly. 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT In Conventional metering system to measure
electricity consumption the energy provider company hire persons to visit each house and
record meter reading manually which is used for billing, the bill then sent to consumer by post
or hand delivery, this is not only sluggish but laborious, with the company having no control
over these meters. There is a stark amount of revenue loss being incurred by our country due
to energy theft which is a serious problem, people try to manipulate meter reading by
adopting various corrupt practices such as current reversal, partial earth fault condition,
bypass meter, magnetic interference etc.
With the aid of this project a definite solution is proffered which allows power companies to
have total control over energy meters and have real time information of same from a remote
location with little human effort and at reduced cost as compared to conventional methods.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this project is the remote monitoring and control of the domestic energy
meter; its aims includes: to design a circuit which continuously monitors the meter reading
and sends message to electricity company, programming of the GSM MODEM with AT
(Attention) command sequence, interfacing the programmable chip with the personal
computer, interfacing the programmable chip with the energy meter, interfacing of GSM
MODEM with the programmable chip, sending messages from the remote phone to control
device.

SIGNIFICANCE:
The significance of these project benefits the Consumers of electric service and the electric
services company as it provides precise consumption information, clear and accurate billing,
automatic outage information and faster recovery, better and faster customer service, smart
automated processes instead of manual work, accurate information from the network load
to optimise maintenance and investments, detection of tampering of meters, demand and
distribution management, better company credibility, consumer meter reading which
eliminates cost and inadequacies of manual reading, observation and control of energy
consumption and production, this is useful for planning and power allocation purposes. The
project provides learning’s on the following advancements in terms of theory practice: GSM
modem interfacing to Microcontroller, PC interfacing with GSM modem, energy meter
interfacing to Microcontroller, embedded C programming, PCB (printed circuit board) design,
LCD interfacing to Microcontroller.

SCOPE:
The scope of this project is to design and construct GSM based a one phase two wire energy
meter with voltage rating of 220V, current of 25 -100A operating at 50Hz and interfaced 18
with a microcontroller unit and GSM module with a LCD with the wireless communication
features over SMS. Within the scope of this project, the prototype model is equipped with a
dedicated SIM (Subscriber Identification Module).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
HARDWARE EQUIPMENTS DESCRIPTION
 microprocessors and microcontrollers

Microprocessors (MP):

A low-cost sensorless control scheme for BLDC motors can be implemented if rotor
position information is derived by filtering only one motor-terminal-voltage, which
leads to significant reduction in components count of the sensing circuit. As indicated
in Figure 9, only two of the three state-windings are excited at a time, and the third
phase is open during the transition periods between the positive and negative flat
segments of the back-EMF [22]. Therefore, each of the motor terminal voltages
contains the back-EMF information that can be used to derive the commutation
instants.
Cost saving is further increased by coupling the position sensing circuit with a
single-chip microprocessor or DSP for speed control. Figure 24 shows a block diagram
of the position detection circuit based on sensing all three motor terminal voltages
for a BLDC motor. Each of the motor terminal voltages, referred to as the negative DC
bus rail VA’, VB’ and VC’ are fed into a filter through a voltage divider of a resistor
network. This removes the DC component and high frequency contents that result
from the PWM operation. The phase information is extracted from the back-EMF. The
correction is based on measuring the elapsed time between the last two zero-crossing
instants and converting it to frequency. This operation is achieved when the filtered
voltage, VA”, is passed to a comparator to detect these zero-crossing instants, which
are further sent to a microprocessor for phase-delay correction and generation of
commutation signals. The microprocessor produces gate control signals for the
inverter and may perform closed speed control with the motor speed information
measured by the frequency of the detected signals [6].
Figure 24. Block diagram of the FPGA-based drive for DVD spindle applications
[6].
ARDUINO UNO :

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller
kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in
the physical and digital world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware
and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the
GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors
and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O)
pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards or Breadboards (shields) and other
circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus
(USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers.
The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the
Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the
Processing language project. The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students
at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy
way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using
sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists
include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors. The name Arduino comes from a
bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was
named after Arduino of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy
from 1002 to 1014.

Features of the Arduino UNO:

→ Microcontroller: ATmega328
 → Operating Voltage: 5V
→ Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
→ Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
→ Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
→ Analog Input Pins: 6
→ DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
→ DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
→ Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
→ SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
→ EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
→ Clock Speed: 16 MHz

ARDUINO HARDWARE PART:

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduinoto be exclusive to the official product and not
be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the
Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the
official product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided
the project name by using various names ending in -duino. Most Arduino boards consist of an
Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280,
ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino
Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-
row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation
into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and
possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards
include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some
designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator
due to specific form-factor restrictions. Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a
boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default
bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program
code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level
shifter circuit to convert between RS232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level
signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented
using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model
Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial
firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the
Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or
cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with 14 traditional microcontroller tools,
instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used.
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits.
The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six
digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers.
Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and
Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins
on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards. Many Arduino-
compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino
and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers,
often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others
are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with
shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

MICRO CONTROLLERS:

1. AVR MICROCONTROLLERS

Atmel mega AVR microcontrollers:

Atmel megaAVR microcontrollers (MCUs) are the ideal choice for designs that need some
extra muscle. For applications requiring large amounts of code, megaAVR devices offer
substantial program and data memories with performance up to 20 MIPS. Meanwhile,
innovative Atmel pico Power technology minimizes power consumption. All mega AVR
devices offer self-programmability for fast, secure, cost-effective in-circuit upgrades. You
can even upgrade the Flash memory while running your application.
Based on proven, industry-leading technology, the mega AVR family offers our widest
selection of devices in terms of memories, pin-counts and peripherals. These include
everything from general-purpose devices to models with specialized peripherals like
Peripheral Touch Controller (PTC), USB, LCD controllers, as well as CAN, LIN and Power Stage
Controllers (PSC). You will easily find the perfect fit for your project in the mega AVR
product family. All these devices are supported by the Atmel Studio development platform,
which further reduces your time-to-market.
2.2 Key Features:
• Broad family — The mega AVR family offers our widest selection of devices in terms of
memories, pin counts and peripherals, enabling reuse of code and knowledge across
projects.

• Pico Power technology — Selected mega AVR devices feature ultra-low power
consumption and individually selectable low-power sleep modes that make them ideal for
battery-powered applications.
• High integration — Devices feature on-chip Flash, SRAM, internal EEPROM, SPI, TWI

• (I2C), and USART, USB, CAN, and LIN, watchdog timer, a choice of internal or external
precision oscillator, and general-purpose I/O pins, simplifying your design and reducing the
bill-of-materials.
• Analog functions — Advanced analog capabilities include ADC, DAC, a built-in temperature
sensor and internal voltage reference, brown out detector, a fast analog comparator and a
programmable analog gain amplifier. This high level of integration allows designs with fewer
external analog components.
• Rapid development — megaAVR MCUs speed development with powerful in-system
programming and on-chip debug. In addition, in-system programming simplifies production
line programming and field upgrades.

• IoT ready — The IoT (Internet of Things) can extend to almost any application—from
typical building and home automation to medical and healthcare systems. IoT designs
typically require some form of processing power to perform embedded computing tasks and
transmit data to the Internet. Increasingly, these devices are battery driven, thus power
consumption often becomes the key success factor for a user-friendly IoT-enabled product.
megaAVR devices are among the best MCUs in the world when it comes to power
consumption, making them a natural choice for IoT applications.
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture – 135 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle
Execution – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers – Fully Static Operation – Up to 16
MIPS Throughput at 16MHz – On-Chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Non-volatile Program and Data Memories – 16/32KB of In-System Self-Programmable
Flash – 1.25/2.5KB Internal SRAM – 512Bytes/1KB Internal EEPROM – Write/Erase Cycles:
10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM C(1) C/ 100 years at 25 – Data retention: 20 years at 85 –
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip
Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation Parts using external XTAL clock are pre-
programed with a default USB bootloader – Programming Lock for Software Security
• JTAG (IEEE® std. 1149.1 compliant) Interface – Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the
JTAG Standard – Extensive On-chip Debug Support – Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses,
and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface

• USB 2.0 Full-speed/Low Speed Device Module with Interrupt on Transfer Completion –
Complies fully with Universal Serial Bus Specification Rev 2.0 – Supports data transfer rates
up to 12Mbit/s and 1.5Mbit/s – Endpoint 0 for Control Transfers: up to 64-bytes –

• Six Programmable Endpoints with IN or Out Directions and with Bulk, Interrupt or
Isochronous Transfers – Configurable Endpoints size up to 256 bytes in double bank
mode – Fully independent 832 bytes USB DPRAM for endpoint memory allocation –
Suspend/Resume Interrupts – CPU Reset possible on USB Bus Reset detection –
48MHz from PLL for Full-speed Bus Operation – USB Bus Connection/Disconnection
on Microcontroller Request – Crystal-less operation for Low Speed mode
• Peripheral Features – On-chip PLL for USB and High Speed Timer: 32 up to 96MHz
operation – One 8-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode

Pin Configuration:

Overview:

The ATmega16U4/ATmega32U4 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR

enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed.

Block diagram :

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All
the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle.
The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten
times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The device provides the following
features: 16/32K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While Write
capabilities, 512Bytes/1K bytes, EEPROM, 1.25/2.5K bytes SRAM, 26 general purpose I/O
lines (CMOS outputs and LVTTL inputs), 32 general purpose working registers, four flexible
Timer/Counters with compare modes and PWM, one more high-speed Timer/Counter with
compare modes and PLL adjustable source, one USART (including CTS/RTS flow control
signals), a byte oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, a 12-channels 10-bit ADC with optional
differential input stage with programmable gain, an on-chip calibrated temperature sensor,
a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, IEEE std. 1149.1
compliant JTAG test interface, also used for accessing the On-chip Debug system and
programming and six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU
while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or Hardware Reset. The ADC Noise
Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except ADC, to minimize switching noise
during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the Crystal/Resonator Oscillator is running while
the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power
consumption. The device is manufactured using the Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory
technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-
system through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer,
or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any
interface to download the application program in the application Flash memory. Software in
the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated,
providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System
Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the device is a powerful microcontroller that
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications. The ATmega16U4/ATmega32U4 AVR is supported with a full suite of program
and system development tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program
debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.

Pin Descriptions :

1. VCC Digital supply voltage.

2. GND Ground.
3. Port B (PB7..PB0)

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tristated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B has better driving capabilities than the
other ports. Port B also serves the functions.

Port C (PC7,PC6):

Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tristated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Only bits 6 and 7 are present on the product
pinout. Port C also serves the functions of special features.
1. Port D (PD7..PD0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tristated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
2. Port E (PE6,PE2)

Port E is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port E output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port E pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port E pins are tristated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Only bits 2 and 6 are present on the product
pinout.
3. Port F (PF7..PF4, PF1,PF0)

Port F serves as analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port F also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional
I/O port, if the A/D Converter channels are not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port F output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port F pins that are
externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port F pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Bits 2
and 3 are not present on the product pinout. Port F also serves the functions of the JTAG
interface. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull- up resistors on pins PF7(TDI), PF5(TMS),
and PF4(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

4. DUSB
Full speed / Low Speed Negative Data Upstream Port. Should be connected to the USB D-
connector pin with a serial 22 resistor.
 5. D+
USB Full speed / Low Speed Positive Data Upstream Port. Should be connected to the USB D+

connector pin with a serial 22 resistor.

UGND USB Pads Ground.
UVCC

USB Pads Internal Regulator Input supply voltage.

UCAP

USB Pads Internal Regulator Output supply voltage. Should be connected to an external
capacitor (1μF).
VBUS
USB VBUS monitor input.

RESET
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
reset, even if the clock is not running.
XTAL1

Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin (input) for all the A/D Converter channels. If the ADC is not
used, it should be externally connected to VCC. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to
VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF
This is the analog reference pin (input) for the A/D Converter
 SOFTWARE

IDE:
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for
Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated from
the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such
as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace
matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and
upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source
code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE
supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE
supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and
output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the
sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main()
into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the
IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable
code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware. Sketch A program written with the Arduino IDE is called a
sketch. [58] Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file
extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde. 16 A
minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions: setup(): This function is called
once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and
output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. loop(): After setup() has been
called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until
the board is powered off or is reset. Blink example Most Arduino boards contain a light-
emitting diode (LED) and a load resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a
convenient feature for many tests and program functions. A typical program for a beginning
Arduino programmer blinks a LED repeatedly. This program uses the functions pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE
environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications):

Introduction:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a cellular network, which means
that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM
networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in
the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas use the 850 MHz and
1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already
allocated.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, where these
frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF
channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is
used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger
frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960
MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original
GSM-900 band. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-
rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving
eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use
alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s, and the
frame duration is 4.615 ms.
 GSM SIM 800A

GSM Advantages:

GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative to voice calls, the Short
t message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other
mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide
Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international travelers to
connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.

The GSM Network:

GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the
functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The GSM
network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station
system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS).
The Switching System:

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber-
related functions. The switching system includes the following functional units.

Home location register (HLR): The HLR is a database used for storage and management of
subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores permanent
data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and
activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he
or she is registered in the HLR of that operator.

Mobile services switching center (MSC): The MSC performs the telephony switching
functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data
systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common
channel signaling, and others.
Visitor location register (VLR): The VLR is a database that contains temporary information
about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The
VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC
area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the
HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed
for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
Authentication center (AUC): A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption
parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The
AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular
world.
Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is a database that contains information about
the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or
defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand- alone nodes or as a
combined AUC/EIR node.

The Base Station System (BSS):

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station
controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).

BSC: The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and
BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell
configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver
stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.
BTS: The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio
equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group
of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.

The Operation and Support System

The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the
switching system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and
support system (OSS). The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator
monitors and controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-
effective support for centralized, regional and local operational and maintenance activities
that are required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide a network
overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance
organizations. GSM Network Areas:
The GSM network is made up of geographic areas. As shown in bellow figure, these
areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile
network (PLMN) areas.

Location Areas:

The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM
network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned to each cell.
The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the subscriber is paged. Each
LA is served by one or more base station controllers, yet only by a single MSC Each LA is
assigned a location area identity (LAI) number.

MSC/VLR service areas:

An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is covered by one
MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the MSC.

PLMN service areas:

The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator.

GSM Specifications:

Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems vary among the
different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and
characteristics for GSM.

Frequency band: The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz
(mobile station to base station). Duplex distance: The duplex distance is 80 MHz.
Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A
channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.

Channel separation: The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is
200 kHz.
Modulation: Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift
keying (GMSK).

Transmission rate: GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.

Access method: GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a
technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a
particular time slot.
Speech coder: GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the
bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal
passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps. .

Main AT commands:

"AT command set for GSM Mobile Equipment‖ describes the Main AT commands to
communicate via a serial interface with the GSM subsystem of the phone.
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of
Attention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's why modem commands are
called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control wired dial-up
modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO (Return to online
data state), are also supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Besides this
common AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support an AT
command set that is specific to the GSM technology, which includes SMS-related
commands like AT+CMGS (Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from
storage), AT+CMGL (List SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages).

Note that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a
command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT
command name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in

AT+CMGS. However, some books and web sites use them interchangeably as the name of
an AT command.

Here are some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modem
or mobile phone:

Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version (AT+CGMR).
Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM) and IMSI
number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI).

Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, mobile
phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status (AT+CREG), radio
signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC).
Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA, etc). Send
and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).

Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW) or

delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly received
SMS messages (AT+CNMI). Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search
(AT+CPBF) phonebook entries.

Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks (AT+CLCK),

checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing passwords (AT+CPWD).
(Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the SIM card every time the
mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain SIM card is associated with the
mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the mobile phone, a password must be
entered.])
Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For example,
you can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and whether error
messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format (AT+CMEE=1 or
AT+CMEE=2).
Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type (AT+CBST), radio
link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS center address (AT+CSCA) and storage of
SMS messages (AT+CPMS).
Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to SMS messaging such as the SMS
center address.

LCD (Liquid Cristal Display):

 A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists
of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and
two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without
the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other.
The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through
the other.
A program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that
communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an
controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the controllers are
16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per
line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual information.
LCD displays designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are inexpensive, easy to use, and it is
even possible to produce a readout using the 5X7 dots plus cursor of the display. They have a
standard ASCII set of characters and mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit data bus, the display
requires a
+5V supply plus 10 I/O lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0). For a 4-bit data bus it only
requires the supply lines plus 6 extra lines(RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4). When the LCD display is not
enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the operation of the
microcontroller.

Features:
Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor.

Display data RAM

80x8 bits (80 characters).

Character generator ROM

(5). 160 different 57 dot-matrix character patterns. (6).

Character generator RAM

(7) 8 different user programmed 5 7 dot-matrix patterns

(8).Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be Accessed by the microprocessor.

Numerous instructions.

Accessed by the microprocessor.

(9).Numerous instructions

(10).Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Blink Character, Cursor Shift,
Display Shift.

(11). Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON. (12). Built-in oscillator.

Data can be placed at any location on the LCD. For 16×1 LCD, the address locations

are:

Fig : Address locations for a 1x16 line LCD

Shapes and sizes:

Even limited to character based modules, there is still a wide variety of shapes and sizes
available. Line lengths of 8,16,20,24,32 and 40 characters are all standard, in one, two and
four line versions.
Several different LC technologies exists. ―supertwist‖ types, for example, offer Improved
contrast and viewing angle over the older ―twisted nematic‖ types. Some modules are
available with back lighting, so so that they can be viewed in dimly-lit conditions. The back
lighting may be either ―electro-luminescent‖, requiring a high voltage inverter circuit, or
simple LED illumination.

ELECTRICAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Power supply for lcd driving:

PIN DESCRIPTION:

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins
(two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).

Fig: pin diagram of 1x16 lines lcd

CONTROL LINES:
EN: Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To
send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the other two
control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN
high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from
LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

RS: Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or
special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being
sent is text data which sould be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the
screen you would set RS high.

RW: Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is
being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the
LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write commands, so
RW will almost always be low. Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode
of operation selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0,
DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Logic status on control lines:

E - 0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Access to LCD enabled

R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD

1 Reading data from LCD

RS - 0 Instructions

1 Character

Writing data to the LCD:

1. Set R/W bit to low

2. Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

3. Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

4. Set E line to high

5. Set E line to low

Read data from data lines (if it is reading)on LCD:

6. Set R/W bit to high

7. Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

8. Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

9. Set E line to high

 10. Set E line to low

Entering Text:

First, a little tip: it is manually a lot easier to enter characters and commands in hexadecimal
rather than binary (although, of course, you will need to translate commands from binary
couple of sub-miniature hexadecimal rotary switches is a simple matter, although a little bit
into hex so that you know which bits you are setting). Replacing the d.i.l. switch pack with a
of re-wiring is necessary.

The switches must be the type where On = 0, so that when they are turned to the zero
position, all four outputs are shorted to the common pin, and in position ― F all four
outputs are open circuit.
All the available characters that are built into the module are shown in Table 3. Studying the
table, you will see that codes associated with the characters are quoted in binary and
hexadecimal, most significant bits (―left-hand‖ four bits) across the top, and least
significant bits (―right-hand‖ four bits) down the left.
Most of the characters conform to the ASCII standard, although the Japanese and Greek
characters (and a few other things) are obvious exceptions. Since these intelligent modules
were designed in the ―Land of the Rising Sun,‖ it seems only fair that their Katakana
phonetic symbols should also be incorporated. The more extensive Kanji character set,
which the Japanese share with the Chinese, consisting of several thousand different
characters, is not included!

Using the switches, of whatever type, and referring to Table 3, enter a few characters onto
the display, both letters and numbers. The RS switch (S10) must be ―up‖ (logic 1) when
sending the characters, and switch E (S9) must be pressed for each of them. Thus the
operational order is: set RS high, enter character, trigger E, leave RS high, enter another
character, trigger E, and so on.

The first 16 codes in Table 3, 00000000 to 00001111, ($00 to $0F) refer to the CGRAM. This
is the Character Generator RAM (random access memory), which can be used to hold user-
defined graphics characters. This is where these modules really start to show their potential,
offering such capabilities as bar graphs, flashing symbols, even animated characters. Before
the user-defined characters are set up, these codes will just bring up strange looking
symbols.
Initialization by Instructions:
ZMCT103C - Current Sensor

ZMCT103C Precision Current Sensor Pinout

Description of ZMCT103C Current Sensor Module

The microcurrent precision current sensor is a module capable to measure a current level up
to 5A. This current sensor module is based upon the ZMCT103C IC. The module has 4 output
pins and provides an analog output corresponding to the AC current passing through the wire.

Features:
ZMCT103C is a small size, high accuracy module with some features and specifications
mentioned below:
4. Current Ratio: 5 A:5 mA
5. Rated Primary Current at 50/60 Hz: 5 A
6. Winding D.C. Resistance at 20 °C: 155 Ω
7. Maximum Primary Current at 50/60 Hz: 20 A
8. Transformer Turns Ratio: Np:Ns = 1000:1
9. Isolation Voltage: 4500V
10. Onboard sampling resistor, to drop the voltage to lower levels
11. Operating Temperature: -40 to 85 °C
12. Pin Length of the secondary coil (encapsulation) > 3mm
13. Epoxy Encapsulation
Pin Configuration:
The ZMCT103C module has 4 pins, which are as follows:

1. Ground (G)
2. Ground(G)
3. Signal Out
4. VCC(+5V)

Working of a Current Sensor:

Current sensors operate on the principle of variation of magnetic field change between two
coils. It generates highly accurate, low noise output voltage signals which are proportional to
the applied AC current.

The module is in a donut shape which has an epoxy encapsulation, inside which a secondary
coil(Ns) is coiled around a ferrite bead. The wire whose current has to be measured is passed
through the donut hole and the wire then acts as a primary coil and the change in the
magnetic field results in the desired outputs. The measurement accuracy of the device can be
improved by increasing the number of turns in the primary coil. This current transformer
comes in use for multiple applications including HEV inverters, Electronic power steering
systems, detecting circuit overload, load drop, and shutdown.

Connecting ZMCT103C Current Sensor Module with Microcontroller:

The ZMCT103 current sensor module can be connected to a microcontroller or a processor
easily. The module has 4 output pins, two of which are to be shorted. The output pins are as
follows; VCC, Ground, Analog Output.

There are two grounds in the current sensor module which are to be shorted and connected
to the ground of the MCU. The VCC pin is connected to the 5V of the MCU and the OUT pin
on the module is to be connected to the Analog input pin of the MCU/MPU. Once the
connections are completed, the wire whose current has to be measured is to be passed
through the donut-shaped ZMCT103C IC as shown in the image above.

Module Configuration of a ZMCT103C Current Sensor

The ZMCT103C current sensor module consists of the donut-shaped IC which houses the
secondary windings and acts as a transformer for current measurement, as discussed above
in the ‘working section’. The module also consists of an OP07 operational amplifier which is
connected along with a sampling resistor.

This is a basic circuitry used with the sensor, generally used to amplify the signals generated
by the current transformer module.

Note: There is also a potentiometer on the ZMCT103C current sensor module which can be
used to adjust the amplification factor.

Applications of ZMCT103C Current Sensor Module:

Below are some of the applications of the ZMCT103C current sensor module:
1. Measuring AC currents
2. Monitor any current surges
3. Ground fault detection
4. Household electrical equipment
→
ZMPT101B AC Voltage Sensor:

ZMPT101B AC Voltage Sensor is the best for the purpose of the DIY project, where we need
to measure the accurate AC voltage with the voltage transformer. This is an ideal choice to
measure the AC voltage using Arduino/ESP8266/Raspberry Pi like an open source platform.
In many electrical projects, engineer directly deals with measurements with few basic
requirements like.

→ High galvanic isolation

→ Wide Range
→ High accuracy
→ Good Consistency

Applications of Small Size Voltage transformer

→ Metering (electrical energy meters)
→ AC Voltage measurement
→ Sensing Overload Current
→ Ground fault detection
→ Household electrical equipment
→ Industrial apparatuses
→ Electrical testing equipment and relay protection
Features of ZMPT 101B Micro Precision Voltage Transformers
→ low price
→ Small size (49.5mm x 19.4mm) and lightweight
→ Easy PCB mounting
→ Good consistency
→ widely acclaimed

Specifications Discriptions
Rated input current 2mA
Rated output current 2mA
Linear range 0~1000V 0~10mA
 Isolation withstand voltage 4000V
Turns Ratio 1000:1000
Measurement accuracy Class 0.2
Linearity 0.1%
Rated Burdon <=200Ohm
Operating Frequency 50-50Hz
DC coil Resistance 110 @ 20 deg Cel
Know More About micro Voltage Transformer ZMPT101B:
ZMPT101B is a high-precision voltage Transformer. This module makes it easy to monitor AC
mains voltage up to 1000 volts. A tiny little thing the size of a bouillon cube. Holds up to 4kV
per breakdown voltage, the ratio of turns is 1: 1, but this is a current transformer of 2mA:
2mA. We feed it a current and remove the current. The input current is simply set by the
resistor in series R1, and we use a sampling resistor R2 in parallel to get the output voltage.

ZMPT101B schematic Diagram:

Now we get 5 volts, but here an ambush. This voltage is varied from -5 to +5. And we need
measurements of 0 … 5 volts. What to do? Straighten.
See in next section.
Note: we use this same calculation for
AC Power Measurement Using Arduino project, where we use ZMPT107 | Best Low Cost AC
Voltage Transformer
ZMPT 101B Transformer Calculation
R1 is chosen so that the current through the winding does not exceed 2mA, it holds a
maximum of 10mA, but after 2mA linearity is lost and the output will be clear that.

Step 1: Determination of maximum output RMS voltage

VOutmax is decided by the ADC peak voltage in the sampling loop of Microcontroller.
For Bipolar ADC
VOutmax=(Peak Voltage)/(√2)
For example
As for ± 5V ADC, the maximum RMS voltage of the transformer:
VOutmax=(Peak Voltage)/(√2)=5V/(√2)=3.53V
For Unipolar ADC
VOutmax=(Peak Voltage)/(2√2)
For example
As for 0-3.3V ADC, the maximum RMS voltage of the transformer:
VOutmax=(Peak Voltage)/(2√2)=3.3V/(2√2)=1.16V
Step 2: Determination of input current-limiting resistor R1
Current-limiting resistor

R1=Vin/I
Where
Vin : Rated input voltage
I ： Rated operating current （ when Coil resistance is compared with current-limiting
resistor R1, it can be ignored.）

ZMPT101B usually working at rated current: 1~2mA.

When Rated input voltage ≤ 100V ，Usually choosing the operating current I=2mA; When
Rated input voltage ≥ 220V，To reducing the resistor power， usually choosing the operating
current 1 mA ≤ I ≤ 2 mA.
for example V=100V，I=2 mA，

R1=Vin/I=100/0.002=50kΩ

for example: V=220V，I=1.1 mA，

R1=Vin/I=220/0.0011=200kΩ
To improve reliability, the current-limiting resistor selected usually is greater than its 4 times
the rated power, and generally, uses a high temperature coefficient metal film resistor.
Step 3: Determination of the sampling resistor R2
R2=VOutmax/I=(VOutmax/Vin)×R1 Ω

for example: Voutmax =3.53V，Vin =100V

R2=VOutmax/I=(VOutmax/Vin)×R1=(3.53/100)×50 kΩ=1.765kΩ

The above formula is also suitable for the two ways of active and passive output.
When selecting the sampling resistor, Resistor should not exceed
R2=VOutmax/I=VOutmax/Vin×R1 Ω