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    Research Topic 3

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    JE RI CO
    Research can be classified in various ways: 1. By purpose - as predictive, directive, or illuminative based on whether the goal is to predict the future, determine what should be done, or illuminate interactions. 2. By goal - as basic/pure research aimed at developing theories or applied research testing theories in practical applications. 3. By level of investigation - as exploratory to study variables, descriptive to study relationships, or experimental to study variable effects. 4. By type of analysis - as analytic to isolate components or holistic to focus on total situations and relationships. 5. By scope - such as action research aimed at solving limited, practical problems. Research

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    Research Topic 3

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    JE RI CO
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    Research can be classified in various ways: 1. By purpose - as predictive, directive, or illuminative based on whether the goal is to predict the future, determine what should be done, or illuminate interactions. 2. By goal - as basic/pure research aimed at developing theories or applied research testing theories in practical applications. 3. By level of investigation - as exploratory to study variables, descriptive to study relationships, or experimental to study variable effects. 4. By type of analysis - as analytic to isolate components or holistic to focus on total situations and relationships. 5. By scope - such as action research aimed at solving limited, practical problems. Research

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    Research topic 3 for Criminology

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    RESEARCH TOPIC 3

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    Research can be classified in various ways: 1. By purpose - as predictive, directive, or illuminative based on whether the goal is to predict the future, determine what should be done, or illuminate interactions. 2. By goal - as basic/pure research aimed at developing theories or applied research testing theories in practical applications. 3. By level of investigation - as exploratory to study variables, descriptive to study relationships, or experimental to study variable effects. 4. By type of analysis - as analytic to isolate components or holistic to focus on total situations and relationships. 5. By scope - such as action research aimed at solving limited, practical problems. Research

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    128 views3 pages

    Research Topic 3

    Uploaded by

    JE RI CO
    Research can be classified in various ways: 1. By purpose - as predictive, directive, or illuminative based on whether the goal is to predict the future, determine what should be done, or illuminate interactions. 2. By goal - as basic/pure research aimed at developing theories or applied research testing theories in practical applications. 3. By level of investigation - as exploratory to study variables, descriptive to study relationships, or experimental to study variable effects. 4. By type of analysis - as analytic to isolate components or holistic to focus on total situations and relationships. 5. By scope - such as action research aimed at solving limited, practical problems. Research

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    Criminological Research and Statistics

    Topic 3

    KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

    How are research classified?

    According to Jose F. Calderon and Expectacion C. Gonzales, there are many kinds of
    research which are classified according to their distinctive features. Some of the
    classifications are as follows:

    1. According to Purpose. Trow identifies three broadly different kinds of research,


    namely, predictive, directive and illuminative. (Treece and Treece, Jr. p.5)

    a. Predictive or prognostic research has the purpose of determining the future


    operation of the variables under investigation and with the aim of controlling or
    redirecting such for the better. "Predictive research proposes to give the result from
    one specific educational practice or pattern and seeks to establish a close statistical
    connection between characteristics of students and a prediction of educational
    outcome."
    b. Directive research determines what should be done based on the findings. This is to
    remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.
    c. Illuminative research is concerned with the interaction of the components of the
    variable being investigated, as for example, "interaction of the components of
    educational systems and aims to show the connections among, for example, student
    characteristics, organizational patterns and policies, and educational consequences"

    2. According to Goal. According to goal, research may be classified as basic or pure


    research and applied research.

    a. Basic or pure research is done for the development of theories or principles. It is


    conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this kind of research has
    been done in psychology and sociology. (Manuel and Medel p.18)
    b. Applied research is the application of the results of pure research. This is testing the
    efficacy' of theories and principles. For instance, a principle says that praise
    reinforces learning. To determine if this is true, one conducts an experiment in which
    there are two classes. In one class, be uses praise but in the other class there is no
    praise at all. All other are kept equal. At the end of the experimental period, he gives
    the same test to the two classes. If the scores of the students in the class with praise
    are significantly higher than those in the class without praise, then the principle is
    true.

    3. According to the Levels of Investigation. French categorizes research according to


    the levels of investigation into exploratory research, descriptive research, and experimental
    research.

    a. In exploratory research, the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific


    situation.
    b. In descriptive research, the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
    c. In experimental research, the experimenter studies the effects of the variables on
    each other.

    4. According to Types of Analysis. According to the type of analysis, Weiss classifies


    research into analytic research and holistic research.

    a. In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the
    components of the research situation.
    b. The holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the
    system first and then on its internal relationships.

    5. According to Scope. Under this category is action research. This type of research is
    done on a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is almost
    problem-solving.

    In education, it is a firing-line or on the job type of problem solving or research used by


    teachers, supervisors, and administrators to improve the quality of their decisions and
    actions; it seeks more dependable and appropriate means of promoting and evaluating
    students growth in line with specific and general objectives and attempts to improve
    educational practices without reference to whether findings would be applicable beyond the
    group studied.

    6. According to Choice of Answers to Problems. Ackoff divides research that is


    concerned with finding answers to problems into evaluation and developmental research.

    a. In evaluation research, all possible courses of action are specified and identified and
    the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
    b. In developmental research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable
    instrument or process than has been available.

    7. According to Statistical Content. Under this type may be mentioned quantitative


    research and non-quantitative research.

    a. Quantitative or statistical research is one in which inferential statistics are utilized


    to determine the results of the study. Inferential statistics such as correlation. Chi-
    square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis. This type of research
    usually includes comparison studies, cause and effect relationships, etc.
    b. Non-quantitative research. This is research in which the use of quantity or statistics
    is practically nothing. This is especially true in anthropological studies where
    description is usually used. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative
    data.

    8. According to Time Element. According to time element, Best classifies research as


    historical, descriptive, and experimental.

    a. Historical research describes what was.


    b. Descriptive research describes what is.
    c. Experimental research describes what will be.

    2 | Page
    Reference:

    Foronda, Mercedes A. (2012). Criminological Research and Statistics

    3 | Page

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