COURSE MODULE IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION

Course Module in
Questioned Documents Examination (For Final Term)
Bernadeth C. Pana, Ph.D.C.J.

Course Overview/Description
The course that deals in the examination of questioned and disputed documents. It is a forensic science that
principally covers the examination of handwriting (which includes signatures), secret or hidden messages, and hand
printings and determining the authenticity and the genuineness of typewriting and computerized documents with the
use of scientific instruments.

To Do List/ Module Guide

This module consists of three parts or three major topics/lessons as stipulated in the course’ syllabus which are the
following: 1. Understand the examination of signature and other aspects of questioned documents and 2. Determine
on how to collect and preserve the questioned documents and evaluation of handwriting . Every topic consists of
lecture notes and some activities that would be served as the learning outputs of the students. This paper consists of
different activities with summative assessment of the outputs. There are learning tasks, reflections and other
research activities that need to be filled up or as part of the output. You may just submit the learning tasks/reflections
or other assigned tasks part of this module and the rest will be serve as your learning materials to keep.

Good luck and

enjoy learning?

Learning Plan for this Module

Learning Topics/Content Activities/Tasks Assessment Resources
Outcomes
1. Understand  Identification of Comprehensive Rubrics on Ellen, D. et. al.
the examination Signatures question/ Learning comprehensive Scientific
of signature and  Forgery of Signatures Task and answer test/Learning Examination of
other aspects of  Alterations sheet. Task Documents:
questioned Methods and
documents Techniques. 2018
Camara.
Questioed
Documents
Examination: An
instructional
Manual.2016
Castillo, R. O. &
Magbanua, C. C.
Forensic
Documents
Investigation.
Wiseman Books
Trading.2008

Research/ Rubrics on Castillo, R. O. &

2. Know the *Basis of typewriting Comprehensive comprehensive Magbanua, C. C.
type writing and examination. question/Learning test/Learning Forensic

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type-print Task and answer Task Documents

examination and *Money counterfeit examination sheet. Investigation.
money Wiseman Books
counterfeit. Trading.2008

Cutamora, M.
Forensic
Handwriting
Examination and
the Rules on
Evidence on
Handwriting
Expert
Testimony.2014

Sally S. Kalalang,
M.S. Crim.
Questioned
Document
Examination (An
Instructional
Handbook),
Wiseman’s
Books Trading.
2009

Gonzales, J.A.
Forensic
Questioned
Document
Examination.
Wiseman’s Books
Trading.2008

Lesson 1 : Classes of Questioned Documents and Handwriting Identification

__________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives
The student may able to:
a. To learn the importance of signatures .
b. To explore on the different kinds of forgery.
c. To determine the typewriting examination and counterfeit.
Synopsis of the topic/Self-based notes from the listed resources
__________________________________________________________________________________
IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNATURES
Identification of signatures

The identification or so-called “verification” of signature is a specialized branch of handwriting examination for the
following reasons:
 A signature is a word most practiced by many people and therefore most fluently written
 a signature is a means to identify a person and has a great personal significance.
 a signature written with little attention to spelling and some other details.
 a signature is a word written without conscious thought about the mechanics of its production and is
written automatically
 a signature is the only word the illiterate can write confidence.

The identification of a signature is based on the combination of the two personal attributes of letter form and line
quality.
Note: no two specimens of a person’s signature are absolutely identical. The signatures normally vary from each
other in some details and the degree with which vary from each other depends on the individual writer and the
condition under which was written. As pointed out in “standard of comparison” it is because of normal variation in
signature that several signatures should be used to identify the one in questioned.

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Characteristics of a Genuine Signature

 Degree of skill- genuine signature even if showing tremors will show some free, connecting, and terminal
strokes made by the momentum of the hand.
 Firmness of strokes- in genuine signatures, hesitations and stops are on natural places
 Habitual speed of writing- even in slow and unskillful signatures, there will be consistency in speed.
 Fundamental muscular movement- in genuine signatures, the upward strokes show more smoothness and
freedom than the downward strokes
 Pattern of shading and pen emphasis
 Presence of natural variation- as no two signatures are exactly alike, a certain amount of natural variation is
expected and consequently allowed for letter design.
 Coordination, continuity and rhythm in writing
 Carelessness in stroke and movement.

Forgery is committed by any person who, with intent to defraud, signed the name of another person, or of a fictitious
person, knowing that he has no authority to do so, or falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any check, draft and
due-bills for the payment of money or property, or counterfeits or forges the seal or handwriting of another knowing
the same to be fake, altered, or forged or counterfeit with intent to prejudice, damage or defraud any person.

A forge signature is the signature of another person, or of a fictitious person, written by a person who has no
authority to do so, with intent to defraud.
The forger produces fraudulent signatures, from the elementary process of merely writing the name
without attempt at making a close resemblance of the genuine signature to the more complicated process of
simulated on or tracing in an effort to produce a close facsimile of the genuine signature.

KINDS OF FORGERY:

1. SIMPLE FORGERY
This kind of forgery is best termed as a “ spurious signature”. In committing fraud, the forger who is
confronted with the absence to produce a facsimile of the genuine, but merely signs the name in his own, or in a
modified (disguised) Handwriting, and then contrives some means of passing the document as his own with intent to
gain before the obvious fraud is discovered. This is commonly employed by the check-chief who steals, endorses and
passes government, corporation, or other checks, or who procures printed check forms, completes and endorses
them with fictitious signatures in order to pass them off as genuine.
2. SIMULATED FORGERY
  As previously stated, genuine signature, especially done by a good writer, exhibit fluency and smoothness of
strokes. In simulated or traced forgeries, the motion of the pen is slow and careful. The beginning and ending lines
are usually blunt or clumsy in appearance.
3. TRACED FORGERY
A traced forgery is the result of an attempt to transfer to a fraudulent document an exact facsimile of a
genuine signature or writing by some tracing process. It is any fraudulent signature executed by actually following
the outline of a genuine signature with a writing.

Different Process of tracing:

 Carbon processes or carbon outline method
  A carbon paper is placed between the genuine signature (top sheet) and the fraudulent document (below). Outline
of model signature is traced with dry pen or pointed instrument to make a carbon offset on the lower sheet. Outline
is finally rewritten or retraced with suitable ink strokes.
 Indentation process
  An intended or canal-like outline of the genuine signature is produced in the fraudulent document by tracing
(with suitable pressure or force) the outline of the genuine signature with a pointed instrument. The outline is then
directly inked in some instances. The outline is first retraced lightly with a pencil before it is finally retraced with
suitable ink.
 Projection process or transmitted-light process
  A spurious document is placed immediately over the genuine signature, with strong light directed through the two
sheets of paper from below or behind. The outline that is seen through the upper sheet is then traced.

4. OPTICAL FORGERY - Simply known as “cut and paste” forgery, this is done either by:
Photoshopping through the use of any other graphic editing program.

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Copy paste, by taking a genuine signature, placing and pasting it in a document over the printed name of
the intented victim, have the documents photocopied or scanned and made it appear as copy of the original.
5. ELECTRONIC AND DIGITAL FORGERY - This is so-called counterfeit reality where documents, images, videos,
sounds and any kind of representation that appear to be convincingly realistic illustration of such representation,
electronically or digitally created, that is inexistent or is not exactly as represented.

Some Individual uses at least 3 classes of signatures:

Formal, complete, correct signature – signatures used for an important document such as wills and marriage
contracts.
Informal, cursory signature – used for routine documents and personal correspondence.
Careless scribble - usually used for the mail carrier, delivery boy and the autographed collector.

ALTERATION
Alteration-changes or alteration, which usually affect the original meaning of a document, are made either at the
stage of preparation and are already part of the document when it is “signed, sealed and witnessed”, or fraudulently
after its execution.
Note: “an obvious, necessary change in a document often is evidence not of fraud, but of genuineness. “
“A delicate and partly conceal change may be very suspicious.”
Alterations are made in any of the following means:
a. Erasure
i. Mechanical –rubbing off with rubber erasure or scrapping off with sharp instrument.
ii. Chemical –ink eradicator or other bleaching solutions.
b. Addition- new pages of writing, typewriting or printing may be inserted.
c. Substitution- when an entire page has been remove from an instrument and has been replaced by
another piece containing matters different from those of the remove page.
d. Interlineation or intercalation (insert between the line)- writing between the lines of an
instrument for the purpose of adding a part to it or correcting what has been written.
e. Obliteration or “smeared-over” writing (blacking out portions of writing by some opaque material)
– the blotting out of writings to make the original invisible.

TYPEWRITING EXAMINATION
Some important dates:
January 7, 1714 - is the first recorded attempt to invent a typewriter found in the records of the British patent office,
granted by her majesty Queen Anne, to Henry Mill, and English Engineer.

1827 – the first United States patent for a mechanical writing machine was issued to William, A. Burt of Detriot
Michigan.

1867 - Christopher Lathan Sholes developed the Sholes glided and sole typewriter patented on June 23, 1568 it
mechanically the upper cased letter for the alphabet into a piece of paper. It may be viewed at the Smithsonian
Institute, Washington D.C.

1868 – 3 American inventors: CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES, CARLOS GLIDDEN and SAMUEL SOULE - they
invented a machine until in 1873 they were contracted with E. REMINGTON 8 SONS OF NEW YORK – manufacturers
of rifles and sewing machine – to produce their typewriter -> “BLIND WRITING MACHINE”

1870 – DANISH PASTOR, RASMUS MALLING HANSEN

“writing ball” – looks a pincushion.

1874 - the Remington TYPEWRITER model No. 1 and followed by Remington model No. 2 (1878).

1892 - the first visible writing machine was invented by the U.S which was introduced by the “Underwood
COMPANY” ROYAL & WOODSTOCK.

1912 - portable typewriter was developed.

1920 – IBM (International Business Machine Corporation) introduced the print elective typewriter.

Importance Details of Typewriter

Typeface – It is the printing surface of the type block. The most popular type used in business before are PICA and

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Elite.

PICA - it is composed of ten (10) characters in an inch.

ELITE – it is composed of twelve (12) characters in an inch.
ROMAN - larger in size than pica.

Character – refers to letters, symbols, numeral, or any point of functions in typewriter.

Typeface Defects - refers to any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the typeface metal. Type face
refers to the printing surface of the type block.
 Defect – is used to describe any maladjusted or abnormality in a typewriter which is reflected in its work
and which leads to its identification and individualization.
o Permanent defect - refers to any identifying attribute of typewriter which cannot be corrected by
simply cleaning the typeface or replacing the ribbon.
o Transitory defect – refers to identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated by
replacing the ribbon or cleaning the machine.

Basic of typewriting identification

1.) SAME TYPE SIZE – pica/elite spacing
lBM – proportional
2.) SAME TYPE DESIGN - 8 letters, all alphabet
numerals 1-9

3.) SIMILAR CONBINATIONS OF CORRECTLY AND DEFECTIVE WRITING CHARACTERS.

a.) alignment defect: horizontal
vertical
character print of all feet
tilted
4.) TYPEFACE DEFECTS EITHER: permanent
transitory
5.) LOOK FOR ERASURE MARKS.
6.) LOOK FOR MORE THAN ONE KIND OF INK HAVE BEEN USED.
7.) COMPARE.

Generally, 3 major types of typewriter machine

1. Office typewriter machine

2. Portable typewriter
3. Electric typewriter

TYPO – an error made by the printer.

SERIF – a light line/minute line or stroke erasing or projecting from the end of a main line or stroke in a letter.

TYPO GRAPHY - the arrangement style and appearance of printed matter.

TYPE FACE - the face or impression of a types

TYPE WRITER – keyboard machine for producing characters, letters, numbers, etc.

Principal technique utilized in typewriting identification:

The principal technical utilized in comparing questioned typewriting with a known typewriting on
their proper sequence are the following:
1. Measure the type pitch
2. Verify the size and design
3. Look for individual type face defects
Type face defects
1. Vertical Mal-alignment- A character printing above or below its proper position is vertical alignment.

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2. Horizontal Mal-alignment -An alignment defect in which the character prints to the right or left of its proper
position
3. Off-its Feet-The condition of a typeface orienting heavier on one side or corner than the remainder of outline
4. Rebound-Typeface defect in which a character is design to prints a double impression with the lighter slighter off-
set to the right or left 
5. Twisted Letter- Letter and character is design to print at a certain fixed angle to the baseline due to the wear and
damage to the type bars and the type bars and the type block some letters become twisted so that they loan to the
right or left their correct slant.
6. Actual Breakage- Any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the typeface metal which maybe
actual breakage in the line of the letters.
7. Clogged- The typeface became filled with dirt and ink. Particularly in enclose letters such a small letter o, e, p, and
g.

Forgers – were punished by Kings by corporal punishments – hanging, burning … even in U.S. there is a currency
printed by
Benjamin Franklin after bore the phrase “to counterfeit is death” - one who had the skill to counterfeit currency was
considered a threat to the safety of the state, had be eliminated.
 
Counterfeit – to make a copy of without authority for fraudulent purposes – to forge/ to imitate
-to carry on deception
COUNTERFIETING – is probably as old as money itself before the paper money was introduced, counterfeiting was
done by way of mixing base metals – supposed pure gold/silver.
Clipping – the process to which individual should “shave” the edges of a coin so that it weighed less than it was
supposed to
this not counterfeiting but the precious metals clippings use to make counterfeits
fourree – ancient type of counterfeit coin, in which a base metal core has been plated with a precious metal to look
like its solid metal counterpart
Definition of counterfeiting
A counterfeit is something made to imitate the real thing. It is an imitation that is usually made
with the intent to deceptively represent content or origin.
The word is usually applied to a form of forgery involving money. The right to make coins and
print paper money is limited by law to governments. Respective nations cannot make the coins of their own but also
the making of coins or paper money of other governments.
The word counterfeit most frequently describes forged currency or documents, but can also
describe clothing, software, pharmaceuticals, watches, or, more recently, cars and motorcycles, watches, or, more
recently, cars and motorcycles, especially when this results in patent in fringement or trademark infringement.

THE STORY OF MONEY

The story of money is told from the earliest trading times in the Philippines when primitive money
was used and barter was practiced to the creation of modern coins and banknotes.
------------ PRE HISPANIC PERIOD ------------
Small seafaring communities existed throughout the Philippine Archipelago for at least 2000 years
before the arrival of the Spaniards. The early Filipinos traded with neighboring countries, and the chief means of
trading was barter. Chinese merchants brought in porcelain, silk and metalware in exchange for gold, pearls, beeswax
and medicinal plants. Gold barter rings and piloncitos, the first recognized form of coinage in the country, were also
used as medium of exchange.

SPANISH ERA
The Gallon Trade started during the colonization of the Philippines in 1565 and lasted for 250
years. It was responsible for transforming Manila into a trade center for oriental goods that were brought across the
Pacific in exchange for odd-shaped silver coins called cobs or macuquinas. Other coins that followed were the dos
mundos or pillar dollars in silver, also in silver.
In the 18th century, the Royalty of Spain authorized the production of copper coins by the
Ayuntamiento or Municipality of fractional coins. These were called barrillas, and first appeared in 1728. The first
banknotes called pesos fuertes were issued in 1852. In 1861, the Casa de Moneda de Manila minted the first gold
coins with the worl “Filipinas” inscribed. These were called Isabelinas and later Alfonsinos.

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

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The Cry of Balintawak led by Andres Bonifacio signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution
on 23 August 1896. After the proclamation of General Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the First Philippine
Republic, two types of 2-centavo copper coins were struck in the army arsenal of Malolos. Because their mintage was
so few, they are considered extremely rare. Paper notes were also issued, but the circulation was limited because the
government was short-lived.

AMERICAN REGIME
When the Americans took over the Philippines in 1901, the US Congress passed the Philippine
Coinage Act, which authorized the mintage of silver coins from 1903 to 1912. Silver Certificates were issued until
1918. These were replaced with Treasury Certificates that circulated until 1935. To save on cost of minting silver
coins, the Manila Mint was reopened in 1920. It produced coins until the Commonwealth Period.

JAPANESE PERIOD
During the Japanese Occupation (1941-1944), two kinds of notes circulated – the Japanese Invasion Money
issued by the Japanese Government, and the Guerrilla Notes or Resistance Currencies issued by Filipinos guerrillas.
REPUBLIC PERIOD
Republic Act No. 265 created the Central Bank of the Philippines on 3 January 1949, which was
vested with the power of administering the banking and credit system of the country. The Central Bank initially
issued the Victory notes with the overprint “Central Bank of the Philippines” in 1949. In 1951, it issued its first
official banknotes, the English series. This was followed by the Pilipino series in 1967, the Ang Bagong Lipunan
series in 1973, and the New design series in 1985.
The Central Bank issued coins of the English series in 1959, followed by the Pilipino series in 1967, and the
Ang Bagong Lipunan series 1975. It introduced the Flora and Fauna series in 1983. All of the series were
demonetized in 1997.
On the July 1993, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP series) was created pursuant to Republic Act No. 7653,
establishing an independent central monetary authority. The new logo of Bangko Sentral was carried in both its
banknotes and coins in 1995.

Philippine Banknotes: New Generation Currency Security Features

The New Generation Currency (NGC) banknotes of our country feature some interesting security features never
before seen in previous Philippine paper money in circulation. I would like to share these security features in this
post. I am quoting from a publication by Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas entitled, The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas’ New
Generation Currency Notes: Safeguarding the Integrity of the Philippine Currency by Maja Gratia L. Malic &
Nenette E. Malabrigo. This details the new security features of the new banknotes that help consumers identify
counterfeit bills from the real deal.
What follows is quoted from the publication.
For greater protection, the NGC notes were provided with four layers of security features:
Level I : Security features which can be easily recognized by the public without use of special instrument. These are the
“look, feel, tilt” elements in the notes such as watermark, security thread, security fibers, and others.
Level II: Security features recognizable by professional cash handlers/bank tellers with  the use of magnifying lens or
ultraviolet light. Examples are fluorophosporescent features, security fibers, and microprinting.

Level III: The hidden or covert security features reserved for the use of the Bangko  Sentral.
Level IV: Forensic security features for the use of law enforcers in testifying whether a  banknote is genuine or
counterfeit. These are detectable at specialized laboratories.
The publication goes further to detail Level I security features for public knowledge. Some of the Level II security
features can be seen, but Levels III and IV are not for public use.

Level I: Security features which can be easily recognized by the public without the use of special instrument.
These are the “look,” “feel,” and “tilt” elements in the notes, enumerated below.
1. Embossed prints: The embossed or raised print nature of the ink deposition combined with the quality of cotton-based
paper gives the traditional banknote a unique tactile effect that makes it the first and the most important line of defense
against counterfeiting. This can be felt over the words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,” denominational value in text,
signatures, and value panels particularly, the one located at the lower right corner of the obverse.

2. Asymmetric Serial Number: Alphanumeric characters at the lower left and upper right corners of the note bearing one
or two prefix letters and six to seven digits, with font increasing in size and thickness.

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3. Security Fibers: Visible red and blue fibers embedded on the paper and randomly scattered on the face and back of the
note.
4. Watermark: Shadow image of the portrait with the highlighted denominational  value that is particularly seen against
the light from either side of the blank space on the note.

5. See-Through Mark: The pre-Hispanic script (Baybayin) at the lower right corner of the face of the note slightly above
the value panel. This is seen in complete form only when the note is viewed against the light. This script means
“PILIPINO.”

6. Concealed Value: The denominational value superimposed at the smaller version portrait at the upper left portion of
the note. This becomes clearly visible when the note is rotated 45 degrees and slightly tilted.

7. Security Thread (Embedded or Windowed): Embedded thread that runs vertically across the width of 20- and 50- piso
notes when viewed against the light. Also, the stitch-like metallic thread on the 100-, 200-, 500- and 1000-piso notes
which changes color from red to green and bears the cleartext of “BSP” and the denominational value on the obverse and
“BSP” on the reverse, both in repeated series.

8. Optically Variable Device (OVD) Patch: Found only in 500- and 1000-piso notes, this patch is a reflective foil, bearing
the image of the Blue-naped parrot for 500-piso/clam with South Sea pearl for 1000-piso, changes color from red to
green when the note is rotated 90 degrees.
*Incorporated on the OVD patch is a logo of BSP that also changes color when viewed from different angles, the
denomination at the upper right and bottom center, the text BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS on the upper left of the
oval, and a micro print right below the clam or parrot.

9. Optically Variable Ink (OVI): Found only in the 1000-piso note, this embossed denominational value at the lower right
corner of the face of the note changes color from green to blue when viewed at different angles.

REFERENCES:
 Huber and Headrick’s Handwriting Identification. 2018
 Ellen, D. et. al. Scientific Examination of Documents: Methods and Techniques. 2018
 Camara. Questioned Documents Examination: An instructional Manual.2016
 Castillo, R. O. & Magbanua, C. C. Forensic Documents Investigation. Wiseman Books
 Trading.2008
 Cutamora, M. Forensic Handwriting Examination and the Rules on Evidence on Handwriting Expert
Testimony.2014
 Sally S. Kalalang, M.S. Crim. Questioned Document Examination (An Instructional Handbook), Wiseman’s
Books Trading. 2009
 Gonzales, J.A. Forensic Questioned Document Examination. Wiseman’s Books Trading.2008

Learning Task/Exercise
No.1
Illustration of Some Individual Characteristics in Writing

Objectives: Familiarization of individual characteristics in hand writing.

Materials: pencil, ball pen and ruler

Procedure:

1. Illustrate the following in at least 3 letters or words.

2. Draw an arrow to indicate the illustrated words.

1. Eye/Eyelet

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2. Diacritics

3. Foot

4. Baseline

5. Hiatus

6. Hook

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7. Initial Stroke

8. Loop

a. Upper Loop

b. Lower Loop

c. Blind Loop

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26

9. Retrace

10. Spur

11. Terminal Stroke

12. Buckle/Buckle Knot

27

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13. Pen Jump

14. Shoulder

15. Staff or Stem

16. Oval

17. Hump

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18. Beard

19. Arch/Garland

20. Connecting Stroke

21. Body

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Learning Task/Exercise
No.2

Some Security Features of Philippine Banknotes

Objective: To know some distinct features of big denomination of the Philippine banknotes.
Materials: non genuine paper money, ball pen, pencil, and paste.
Instruction: Each should provide counterfeit/non genuine paper money and have it paste on the provided
space with indicators of some security features through putting an arrow.
Denomination:

Denomination:

Denomination:

Denomination:

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Denomination:

Denomination:

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Learning Task/Exercise
No.3

Identification of Some Type Face Defects

Objective: To identify some type face defects.

Materials: typewritten document, ball pen, and pencil.

Instruction: Provide two authentic typewritten documents and look for any obvious type face defects.

Specimen 1 Observations:

Specimen 2 Observations:

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Research Work

Research Work
Direction: Make one (1) Case Study. The title of the study will be based on the Mid Term coverage
topic ( The Reliability of Handwriting Analysis) . Strictly follow the format: The remaining parts:
1. Methodology
2. Recommendation (at least 500 words)

3. References

Thank You and Stay Safe!

you and Stay Safe and Healthy!

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