PUAD20073: Good Governance and Social Responsibility

Instructional Material Weeks 1-4 Reviewer

WEEK 1: Overview
Course Description:
The course deals with the basic conceptual themes and ideas about the interaction of
government, business and society as a governance framework. Emphasize the relationship between
good governance and social responsibility as relevant themes in Public Administration today, relate
theoretical principles in analyzing government and business interface, its development and present
challenges in promoting public-private convergence towards progress and societal advancement.

Course Requirements and Grading System:

Completion and submission of all work outputs at the end of the semester comprising 18 weeks of
course work will be the basis of your grade during this pandemic.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Vision
PUP: The National Polytechnic University
Mission
Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities
through a re-engineered polytechnic university by committing to:
● provide democratized access to educational opportunities for the holistic development of
individuals with global perspective
● offer industry-oriented curricula that produce highly-skilled professionals with managerial and
technical capabilities and a strong sense of public service for nation building
● embed a culture of research and innovation
● continuously develop faculty and employees with the highest level of professionalism
● engage public and private institutions and other stakeholders for the attainment of social
development goal
● establish a strong presence and impact in the international academic community

History
The history of PUP may well parallel the nation's growth and development. As it met the needs
of a fledgling Philippine civil service under American rule forged from an anvil of Spanish colonialism,
so will it serve the rising expectations of the people in the 21st century...desirous now of reclaiming their
rightful place in the community of independent nations. As it has withstood the test of time, so will it
continue to pace contemporary Philippine history.
Here are the highlights of its growth from a mere business school with an itinerant existence to
the country's largest state university.
● 1904-1951: Humble beginnings as a Business School
In response to the demand for training personnel for the government service and to the
felt need to provide skills essential for private business employment, the Manila Business
School was founded on October 19, 1904 as part of a City School system under the
superintendence of G. A. O'Reilly.
● 1952-1971: On becoming a College
Through Republic Act (RA) 778 passed by both houses of Congress on May 20, 1952
and signed by then Philippine President Elpidio Quirino on June 21, 1952, the PSC was
converted into the Philippine College of Commerce (PCC).
● 1972-1985: Transforming into a University
During this period, the PCC was converted into a chartered state university and
accordingly renamed Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) through Presidential
Decree (PD) 1341. This led to the broadening of course offerings and the
restructure/streamlining of the University's administrative organization.
● 1986-1990: Education as an equalizer
This period brought about a dramatic change in the University and reaffirmed its
commitment to education as an equalizing instrument in the development of the youth in
preparation for their role and responsibility in the progress and development of the nation.

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 ● 1991-1999: Change is constant
To keep pace with changing conditions, the University underwent continuous change.
During this period, the first lady president of the University was appointed, the first University
president underwent a selection committee, a series of infrastructure projects were made, and
an ICT infrastructure was built.
● 2000-2011: At the turn of the millennium
PUP celebrated its centenary during this period. It has gone far from what it was more
than a century ago. PUP continues to be a partner in nation-building and in poverty alleviation
for the marginalized sector of society with quality, responsive, and relevant education as a tool.
● 2012: Towards an epistemic community
The University has been and has sustained its role as a worthy catalyst of change for the
improvement and raising the quality of lives of its graduates and their families being the
centerpiece of its mission as a state university. PUP continues to make significant contributions
to the social and economic development of our country.

Logo

The star in the logo stands for the perfection of the human person as well as the search for
truth, while the five concentric circles depict infinite wisdom.
Both the five-pointed star and the five concentric circles stand for quintessence, meaning the
highest form of quality or the most perfect example of creation. The two arcs of laurel symbolize
excellence and quality of education as demonstrated by the rich achievements of the University in over
a century of its existence.
The star is golden yellow not only because this is a star’s natural color but also because,
together with the dark maroon used as background, it is the traditional color of the University. The five
concentric circles are white because it symbolizes purity.

Hymn
S. Calabig, S. Roldan, and R. Amaranto

Sintang Paaralan
Tanglaw ka ng bayan
Pandayan ng isip ng kabataan
Kami ay dumating nang salat sa yaman
Hanap na dunong ay iyong alay
Ang layunin mong makatao
Dinarangal ang Pilipino
Ang iyong aral, diwa, adhikang taglay
PUP, aming gabay
Paaralang dakila
PUP, pinagpala
Gagamitin ang karunungan
Mula sa iyo, para sa bayan
Ang iyong aral, diwa, adhikang taglay
PUP, aming gabay
Paaralang dakila
PUP, pinagpala

College of Political Science and Public Administration

Vision
A Center of Excellence and Innovation in Public Administration, Political Science and Political Economy
education, highly valued for the relevance and impact of its scholarship and service to the nation.

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Mission
Uphold the primacy of public interest through scholarly thoughts and action by integrating excellent
instruction, research and extension in preparing current and emergent governance leaders towards
ethical, competent and effective public service.

History
https://www.pup.edu.ph/cpspa/history

WEEK 2: Governance
Definitions of Governance
❏ Came from the latin verb gubernare, originally from the Greek word kubernaein, which means to
steer.
❏ Comprises of all processes of governing
❏ The exercise of power/authority by political leaders for the development & welfare of the state
and its people
❏ Civil society, together with the government, are actors of governance
❏ Governance is aligned with politics because both discuss government, power, institutions,
policies, etc.
❏ Governance is about steering, governing, controlling, or maneuvering a state, a group of people,
and organizations. (International Bureau of Education, UNESCO Institute)

Sectors of Government that work together to attain good and effective governance:
❖ Public - state actors and institutions
❖ Private - private companies, entreprises, and households
❖ Civil society - non-governmental organizations

Governance Framework
Modern governance and legal operations require a governance structure. Why?
❏ It guides how individuals communicate with the company, its regulators and stakeholders, in
order to guide and track operations closely
❏ It helps prioritize strategies of an entity on common themes
❏ It recognizes who has a voice, who makes decisions, and who is accountable
❏ It is an integral support mechanism and a system of rules and practices, anchored on
responsibility, fairness, and openness.
Example:
State - creates a favourable political, legal, & economic environment
Market - creates opportunities for people
Civil Society - mobilizes peoples’ participation

Six Actors of Governance

1) Government - represented by the state; responsible for the implementation of regulations
within its territory to promote development
2) Institutions - plans and executes the projects and programs that benefit the whole
community
3) International Group/Community - sets the desired balance, structure, and system for
fostering good governance as the basis of the state
4 & 5) NGOs & Civil Society - assists the state by supporting its advocacy, mandates, and
other objectives that contribute to the growth of the state. They fill the void/shortcomings of the
government
6) The Citizen - the most significant actor; contributes to and benefits from development. If they
do not participate, the advancement of the entire society becomes slow-paced

What is Good Governance?

❏ The positive aspect of governance in which the people, society, and government function as one
for development.
❏ It measures how public institutions perform public affairs and utilize public resources in a
desired manner.

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 ❏ Governance is a decision-making mechanism and a method through which decisions are
enforced
METHOD (how a task is completed) – through which power is exercised in the management of a
country’s political, economic, and social resources for development (World Bank, 1992)
MANNER (mode of action) – in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s social and
economic resources for development (Asian Development Bank 1995)
PROCESS – whereby societies/organizations make important decisions, determine whom they involve
and how they render account (Canada Institute of Good Governance, 2002)

What is Bad Governance?

Factors that foster bad governance:
1. Organized Crime Syndicates - enterprises run by criminals that engage in illegal activity
2. Powerful & Influential Families - promote and preserve their self-interest
3. Corrupt Government - exploits the institution of the government, sets aside the public’s welfare
4. Inefficient Government - underdeveloped governance with no public trust

Levels of Good Governance

❏ International Level of Governance
The level of governance that studies and evaluates the relationships between
governments and markets, governments and people, governments and the private
sector and civil society organizations.
❏ National Level Governance
The level of governance wherein the national government conducts its programs and
strategies for the people and the state’s progress. Also delivers public services in an
efficient and sustainable manner through: 1) Healthcare, 2) Education, and 3)
Socioeconomic Growth
❏ Local Governance
Also known as city government, where growth begins because of the small yet integral
units of society: barangays and families.
❏ Corporate Governance
The ties between governance and corporate management, as they are similar to one
another because of the existence of an established system/bureaucracy.

WEEK 3: Evolution/History of Good Governance

Development of Good Governance

❖ New Public Administration (1960s-1970s)
> The government concentrated on client-oriented economic development, but public
trust and satisfaction was low
❖ New Public Management & Reinventing the Government (1980s-1990s)
> Introduced administrative reforms, a redeveloped personnel system, and a new
framework for productivity
> Focused on the search for solutions to economic problems and an efficient
government with lower costs
> But a criticism of NPM was that it did not address the importance of citizenship over
entrepreneurship. Thus, a new period that focuses on the welfare of people and the
state’s socio-economic and political development, which is the next bullet.
❖ Public Administration as Governance (1990s-2000s)

“Governance is all about the values of a community of people or a state’s administration, oversight,
direction or governance. Good governance is a process or system that regulates a certain
community/state in a good way.”

Issue to be addressed:
After the independence of many colonized countries around the world, the complexities of
administration was created. This resulted in weak socio-political and economic performances of states.

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Good governance is seen to be the solution, as it is set as a necessary precondition for development in
1997.

Importance of Good Governance

❏ It promotes transparency and accountability in a community/company
❏ It helps eliminate/minimize corruption for society to grow
❏ With people’s engagement & government action, effective services and policies for society can
be developed/adopted
❏ It gives confidence to the government and also improves the trust and decision-making
processes for officials
❏ It encourages constructive elected leaders and public officials to perform their roles better
❏ It helps the performance of legislative functions of local government, as decision-making is open
and participation is higher.
❏ It offers an environment of open and transparent decision-making wherein elected officials and
council officers challenge themselves.

Criteria for Good Governance

From Onichakwe, C. (2016): The Role of Good Governance & Development Administration in
National Development, Nigeria, International Journal of Development & Management Review
1. Administrative Reforms
Good governance relies on the bureaucracy, thus putting a pressure on the behaviors of
government officials/leaders. Strategies focused on transparency, customer satisfaction, and
service delivery must be prioritized. Transitions must benefit society and it can take place
through positive administrative change.
2. Electoral Reforms
Democracy is focused on electoralism, where people have the right to vote and choose
their leaders. The state of which people can freely exercise their voting rights, as well as free
and fair elections, must be improved. The ruling party must not abuse state machinery to exploit
the voting process.
3. Judicial Reforms
Justice sets the pace of good governance. The judicial system must be functional,
available, affordable, quick and meaningful, and is capable of upholding the rule of law. The
executive and legislative branches should operate autonomously (checks and balances).
4. Curbing Corruption
Political, monetary, social and administrative corruption slows down development.
Effective institutionalization and reforms towards combating corruption must be put in place.
5. Developing a National Outlook
National unity must be fostered and cruelty towards ethnic groups must be eradicated.
Nepotism must be put to a stop. Any individual culture, partnership, faith or tradition should not
strongly influence authorities.

Elements of Good Governance

According to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)

1. Participatory
➢ Active and constructive involvement in the decision-making process.
➢ Entails an enabling environment wherein relevant information is disseminated
efficiently
2. Consensus-oriented
➢ Takes into account the diverse perspectives of the participants of society in
making decisions
➢ Conflict resolution mechanisms must be prioritized; they must be solid, unbiased,
and scalable
➢ Important to know: governance cannot be expressed by unilateral acts of policy
making; thus, public hearings are vital to achieve consensus
3. Accountable
➢ Ownership of one’s actions; implies that people must be responsible for their
actions, especially when these actions affect public interest

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 ➢ Can be political/hierarchical/managerial
➢ Public/political accountability - elected officials’ accountability to the people they
represent
➢ Hierarchical accountability - ordered accountability of different organizations and
their respective officers and personnel
➢ Managerial accountability - organizational/individual efficiency-focused employee
accountability
4. Transparent
➢ Individuals must be aware of the decision-making processes and how they are
implemented
➢ Through transparency, dignity in public service and respect to the government
sector increases
➢ Needed in government transactions, transactions relating to public interests in
civil society, and transactions in the private sector that promotes & protects
democratic ideals
➢ Case in point: curbing corruption
5. Responsive
➢ Institutions and procedures must represent all stakeholders in a
timely/appropriate way
➢ Actors of governance must easily convey the will/desire of the people genuinely
➢ Case in point: gender equality in governance
6. Effective & Efficient
➢ Effectiveness (meeting needs) and sustainability (proper use of resources) must
go hand in hand. Good governance requires institutions, systems, and people to
meet the needs of society that allows effective use of resources
➢ Governance requires the enhancement and standardizing the quality of public
service
➢ It also needs to remove redundancies/overlaps in functions and activities in the
institution of government
7. Equitable & Inclusive
➢ All members of society must be taken into account in policy-making, especially
the most disadvantaged sectors
➢ Social equity is a justice that provides less privileged members of society with
more opportunities
➢ Case in point: PH Constitution; Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
8. Follows the rule of law
➢ Laws allow people to express their will and exercise their sovereignty, as well
requiring people to comply with it on a regular basis
➢ Laws ensure that the government must operate within the boundaries of the law’s
jurisdiction and functions
➢ Government is of law and not of men, no one is above the law
➢ Good democratic governance is adherence to the rule of law

WEEK 4: Four Dimensional Framework of Good Governance (From World Bank)

“The government has a duty to the public for their actions.”

According to the World Bank, a problem that governments must seek to resolve is economic and
financial transparency. Why? Because governments control their economies.
Example: If a government controls their economy poorly, progress towards growth is small.
Therefore, the World Bank established the Four Dimensional Framework of Good Governance, and
it is as follows:

Public Sector Management comprises of:

Public Expenditure Management

● Focused on public investments, budget planning, & budget process
● Problems to be dealt with: poor tax collection and control

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 Civil Service Reform
● Seeks to manage less yet manage better; strengthen the civil service
● Problems to be dealt with: poor public staff system
Reform of Public Enterprises
● Restructuring public enterprises through privatisation, strengthening management,
improving competitive conditions
● Problems to be dealt with: poorly-implemented policies

Predictability and Legal Framework for Development

The collection of guidelines and procedures for policies to be followed
1. A set of consistent rules must be developed
2. These rules must be adapted and flexible
3. A binding decision by an independent judicial body must be taken; there should be an
openness to amend/revise these rules when they are no longer functional.

Points to remember in adapting this framework:

● There must be significant contribution to a fair & just society, as well as social growth and
poverty alleviation prospects
● Judicial and legislative reforms, legal education, and training development must be emphasized
for this framework to be understood correctly
● The rule of law is the legal component of good governance

This framework seeks to provide TRANSPARENCY and INFORMATION, as they entail:

❏ Economic efficiency
❏ Prevention of corruption
❏ Analysis, articulation, and acceptance of governmental policy choices

In addition, the framework must provide ACCOUNTABILITY & CREDIBLE INFORMATION in order to:
❏ Gain the public’s sympathy
❏ Minimize corruption

The World Bank’s Six Dimensional Framework (World Governance Indicators of Good
Governance)
1. Voice and Accountability
➔ Public opinion, in which citizens can engage with the government through freedom of
speech, freedom of association, and free media, can create good governance
2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence
➔ A government that is stable and works well result to less crime and terrorism
3. Government Effectiveness
➔ Quality of public service must be measured and its enforcement must be proper
➔ The people must witness development and efficiency of public service
4. Regulatory Quality
➔ Policy formulation, its implementation, and the general rules that govern society must
protect and promote the growth of the private sector, as they are they key contributors to
development
5. Rule of Law
➔ Laws must be defined and people must abide. These laws also test whether the state
and its citizens are efficient and effective
➔ Considered the standard of contract compliance, property rights, police and courts, etc.
6. Control of Corruption
➔ The state’s most difficult enemy to combat as it is an exhibition of weak governance,
which leads to the underdevelopment of a state
➔ Tests whether public or private interest is the priority of the state’s government