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Orbit

1) The document discusses using shaft orbit analysis to diagnose machine faults and issues. Orbits are produced from the interaction of sinusoidal waveforms with different amplitudes and phase differences. 2) Different orbit shapes indicate different problems, such as unbalance, misalignment, oil whirl, or rubs. Unbalanced or bent shafts produce large sinusoidal orbits. Oil whirl orbits have a subsynchronous frequency and whirling motion. 3) Highly elliptical or irregular orbits suggest abnormal forces or stiffness affecting the machine. Changes in relative phase between frequency components can transform orbit shapes, helping with diagnosis.

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Thair El-Kabbary
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135 views12 pages

Orbit

1) The document discusses using shaft orbit analysis to diagnose machine faults and issues. Orbits are produced from the interaction of sinusoidal waveforms with different amplitudes and phase differences. 2) Different orbit shapes indicate different problems, such as unbalance, misalignment, oil whirl, or rubs. Unbalanced or bent shafts produce large sinusoidal orbits. Oil whirl orbits have a subsynchronous frequency and whirling motion. 3) Highly elliptical or irregular orbits suggest abnormal forces or stiffness affecting the machine. Changes in relative phase between frequency components can transform orbit shapes, helping with diagnosis.

Uploaded by

Thair El-Kabbary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Orbit

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45° 45°
A B

2
Orbit Analysis

45° 45°
A B

Orbit resulting from two sinusoidal waveforms


with a phase difference of 90 O

3
Orbit resulting from two unequal amplitude sinusoidal
Waveforms having a phase difference of 150 O

4
Orbit produced by two complex signals

5
Time base display Comment
Malfunction (one axis only) X-Y Display
Large, essentially sinusoidal
Unbalanced
Waveforms in both axes of
Or bent
Measurement.One phase
shaft
Phase marker Indicator marker per cycle

Fully developed whirl looks like


Unbalance, but frequency of whirl
Oil whirl
Is less than 0.5 of shaft frequency
Typically 2 phase marks per cycle.

One phase mark per cycle.


Misalignment Diagram for quit sever
misalignment

Erratic signal superimposed upon


Simple shaft orbit.
Rubs
Phase marker varying in position
From cycle to cycle
A phase indicator marker can be superimposed upon the oscilloscope-displayed waveforms using the output
Signal from s shaft-speed tachometer arranged to generate one pulse per revolution of the shaft.

6
The Orbit in Diagnostics

¾ The orbit is an example of the synchronous


(1x) response of a rotor system to unbalance
force and asymmetric (anisotropic) stiffness.
¾ The relative phase of the X and Y frequency
components determine the direction of
vibration (forward, in the direction of rotation,
or reverse, in the direction of opposite
rotation), while the relative phase and
amplitude determine the shape and
orientation of the ellipse.
¾ The major and minor axes of the ellipse are
aligned with the stiffness axes.
¾ If this system has isotropic stiffness, then
the orbit would be circular.

7
The Orbit in Diagnostics

¾ This rub orbit consists of residual


unbalance response (1x) and excitation of
a subsynchronous response at << than
running speed.
¾ The friction( wear and heat), rebound
(relative mass and elasticity), energy
(rotational and vibrational), and rotative
speed versus natural frequencies are some
of the characteristics which play a major
role in determining shape of the response
orbit, and thus the magnitude and phase of
the frequency components.

8
The Orbit in Diagnostics

¾This whirl orbit consists of a forward,


high amplitude, subsynchronous (<1x)
frequency component, due to a fluid-
induced instability, plus the residual
unbalance (1x) response.
¾This instability occurs when the system
experience both mechanical and fluid-
induced resonance at the same time.
¾ The keyphasor marks appear to move in
the reverse direction because they sample
the motion at a rate somewhat less than
1/2x

9
The Orbit in Diagnostics

¾ Highly elliptical shape of these orbits


suggests an abnormal load (force) or
stiffness is affecting the response of the
system.
¾ This load could be the result of extreme
misalignment of machine components.
¾ A small change in the phase of 2x
component relative to the phase of 1x
component will transform the shape of the
orbit into a crescent, which is more typical
of sever misalignment.

10
The Orbit in Diagnostics

¾This orbit consists of a highly elliptical,


synchronous (1x) frequency component
due to residual unbalance, and a highly
elliptical 2x orbit.
¾ This highly elliptical shape of these
orbits suggests an abnormal load (force)
or stiffness is affecting the response of the
system.
¾A small change in the phase of the 2x
component will transform the shape of the
orbit into a figure 8. This shape is
sometimes seen in the case of severe
misalignment, but is more often seen in
the response of gears.

11
The Orbit in Diagnostics

¾ This Internal loop orbit of two forward


frequency components, a synchronous (1x)
component due to residual unbalance and 2x
component which is close to a resonance.
¾ Decreasing the relative amplitude of the 2x
component will change the loop in a cusp.
¾ Changing the phase of the 2x component
versus the 1x component will roll the loop
around (as when the 2x component moves
through a resonance frequency).
¾ Changing the 2x component to a 3x
component will produce 2 internal loops, etc.

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