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EM-II Lab 3.

The document discusses synchronizing two alternators that are connected in parallel by ensuring that four conditions are met: 1) their generated voltages are equal, 2) their frequencies are equal, 3) their phase sequences are the same, and 4) their phase angles are very close. The procedure involves using a DC motor to bring one alternator up to the synchronous speed of the grid, adjusting its voltage and phase to match the grid, and closing the circuit breaker when the light bulbs connected across it are darkest, indicating the voltages are synchronized.

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Subhash Kumar
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123 views3 pages

EM-II Lab 3.

The document discusses synchronizing two alternators that are connected in parallel by ensuring that four conditions are met: 1) their generated voltages are equal, 2) their frequencies are equal, 3) their phase sequences are the same, and 4) their phase angles are very close. The procedure involves using a DC motor to bring one alternator up to the synchronous speed of the grid, adjusting its voltage and phase to match the grid, and closing the circuit breaker when the light bulbs connected across it are darkest, indicating the voltages are synchronized.

Uploaded by

Subhash Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIM: - To study the parallel operation (synchronization) of Alternator

THEORY: - This theory can be found in your Energy Conversion textbook


among other resources.

To connect two alternators in parallel, the two alternators must be synchronized.


The synchronization process must be performed also when connecting an
alternator to the grid.

The purpose of synchronization is to ensure that at the moment of closing the


circuit breaker (closing the 3-pole single throw switch to connect the alternator to
the grid in this experiment), the voltages across the three phases of the breaker
are as close to zero as possible and remain so after the switch is closed. To
ensure that, the following conditions must be met:

1. The generated voltage must be approximately equal to the grid voltage.


2. The frequency of the generated voltage must be equal to that of the grid.
3. The phase sequence of the generated voltage must be the same as that of
the grid.
4. The phase of the generated voltages relative to some reference must be
very close to the phase of grid lines.

These conditions can be understood by considering the voltage of one line of the
grid, vg1, to be connected to one line of the alternator, va1. Suppose

Vg1 = vg1 (t) = V  sin (ω t + φ )           (1)


mg g1 g1

Va1 = va1(t) = V  sin (ω t + φ )           (2)


ma a1 a1

The voltage across the switch is Vg1-Va1. It is obvious that for this voltage to be
close to zero and remains close to zero, the above four conditions must be met.
In short, the above two voltage waveforms must be on top of each other if seen
on the oscilloscope. The voltage Vg1-Va1 can be seen by applying this voltage to
a light bulb. The brightness of the bulb is an indication of the voltage across it.
When the light bulb is totally dark, the voltage across it is zero.

Procedure:-

1. Examine the nameplate ratings of the DC machine and the AC machine


coupled to it. Write down these ratings.
2. Supply the DC machine with the appropriate voltage and practice
controlling the speed of the motor.
3. Connect the circuit shown below and insert an ammeter in the appropriate
place to measure the AC line current. Take the precautions necessary to
protect the ammeter against inrush currents.
4. Bring the synchronous machine up to the synchronous speed by means of
the direct-current motor; then excite its field. The synchronous machine will
now be operating as a generator and will develop voltage across its
terminals.
5. Observe the difference between the frequency of the generated voltage
and the system frequency using a stroposcope.
6. Adjust the generated voltage so that it is equal to that of the grid.
7. Observe the flashes of the light bulbs. If the light bulbs go on and off in
synchronism then the phase sequence of the generated voltages and that
of the system voltages are the same. If the light bulbs do not flash in
synchronism then the phase sequence is not the same and two grid wires
coming to the lamps switch mush be interchanged.
8. When the lamps go on and off very slowly (about less than once every few
seconds), and at the instant in time that is approximately in the middle of
the two bright instances (the lamps are darkest) the switch can be closed.
9. Try to change the speed of the DC motor very slowly by changing the field
current of the DC machine as you did in step 2.
10. Observe the rotor of the machine with a stroboscope.
11. Observe the brightness of the light bulbs.

Fig: - line synchronization scheme

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