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UNIT Understanding Development:

Perspectives, Measurement
1 and Sustainability

Learning Objectives

� To know the meaning of development from different perspectives

� To know the indicators of economic development
� Understand the meaning of economic development
� To know the policies for sustainable development

 Introduction  Different Perspectives

1 About Development
The word ‘development’ is used widely. It
refers to the progress of a particular field or Every human being has an ambition
a particular person. Similarly, the economic or desire of his or her own to achieve
progress of a country is known as ‘economic progress in life. Similarly, we have ideas
development’. However, the interpretation of about how a country should progress. If
the concept development keeps on changing our thinking turns towards progress and
from time to time, from person to person about the ways to achieve the many goals
and its meaning gets extended further. for progress, it leads to development.

Let us try to imagine what development means to different people.

Improvement
Growing process in
Progress a needed direcon

Way of moving forward

Freedom to grow
Development

Not doing same

Beering yourself mistake twice

Never ending Part of daily life

process Grows within Advance

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From the above diagram, you will

notice that other than income, people
seek freedom to grow on their own. Thus,
Final value of total goods and services
development refers to the improvement in
produced with in the geographic
quality of life such as higher income, better
boundaries of a country during a specified
education, better health and nutrition, less
period of time, normaly a year is known
poverty and more equal opportunity.
as Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
The term ‘economic development’
refers to the overall growth of all sectors
of the economy by adoption of new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Human
technologies. Economic development Development Index (HDI).
improves the living standards of the
people as well as the status of the country.
2.1 Net National Product
The Net National Product (NNP) is
Indicators of Economic considered as a true measure of national
2
Development output. It is also known as national income.
A rise in per capita income means an
The major indicators to measure the level increase in aggregate real output. Hence,
of economic development are Net National this is a better indicator than national
Product (NNP), Per Capita Income (PCI), income for measuring development.

Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India

Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

GDP per capita SAARC GDP per capita

G8 Countries
(Value in US dollars) Countries (Value in US dollars)
UK 40,03,000 Afghanistan 610.24
Russia 10,63,000 Bangladesh 1,66,000
Canada 47,66,000 Bhutan 3,22,000
France 42,42,000 India 1,99,000
USA 61,69,000 Maldives 132,000
Italy 33,73,000 Nepal 882.93
Japan 40,06,000 Pakistan NA
Germany 47,54,000 Sri Lanka 4,05,000

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Per Capita Income

According to the World Bank report,
new income measurements of countries
are classified as below (2017–18)
S. Types of Per Capita Income
No. Countries (US Dollar)
GDP per capita
BRICS Countries (Value in US 1 Low Income < 1005
dollars) 2 Lower 1006–3955
Middle
Brazil 10,51,000 Income
3 Upper 3956–12,235
Russia 10,63,000 Middle
Income
India 1,99,000
4 High Income > 12,235
China 9,38,000 Source: www.worldbank.org
South Africa 6,29,000
capita income. Calculations on the
Source: www.imf.org per capita income of all countries are
calculated only in the US dollar in order
to compare International level.
For measuring a country’s
development, its income is considered
to be one of the most important factors. 2.3 Purchasing Power Parity
Countries with higher income are Purchasing power parity is defined as the
considered to be more developed than number of units of a country’s currency
those with lesser income. So, income itself required to buy the same amount of goods
is considered to be one of the indicators of
economic development.

GDP per capita, current prices (in US dollars): 2018

2.2 Per Capita Income 25,000 or more NA 10,000 - 25,000

However, for comparing the

development of various countries, total
income is not an useful measure. Since
countries have different populations,
comparing total income will not be
suggestive of what an average person
is likely to earn. Are people in one
country better off than others in a
different country? The average income 25,000 or more
under 500 500 - 2,500 2,500 - 10,000
500 - 2,500
is calculated by dividing the country’s 10,000 - 25,000 under 500

total income by its total population. 2,500 - 10,000 no data

The average income is also called per

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and services in the domestic market as

one dollar would buy in the US. 
The technique of purchasing power The Ministry of Human Resource
parity allows us to estimate what exchange Development is responsible for the
between two currencies is needed to express development of human resources in
the accurate purchasing power of the two India. Its headquarters is situated at
currencies in the respective countries. Shastri Bhavan in New Delhi.
Recently, India became the third largest
economy in terms of PPP. China became the
all round development of the people in the
largest defeating the US to the second position.
society.
In the past, economists believed
2.4 Human Development
that the rate of economic growth of nations
Human resource is could be increased only by increasing
necessary for the progress investment in physical capital. But they
of any country. The term have realised over time that investment
‘human resources’ refers
to the collective abilities
of people, which can be
utilised in the production
sector. Human Development Report of the world
Human resource development means prepared and released by UNDP
the development of a person’s physical and
mental abilities through education, health
care and training. Therefore, investment Human Development Index
in education and health of people can
result in a high rate of returns in the future
HDI in HDI in
for a country. For example, if a child is S.No. Country
invested with good education and health, 2010 2015
he or she may turn to be very productive in
1 India 0.580 0.624
future in the form of higher earnings and
greater contribution to the society. Human
2 Russia 0.785 0.804
Development Index (HDI) Which indicates
3 China 0.700 0.738

4 Pakistan 0.525 0.550

5 Nepal 0.529 0.558

6 Bangladesh 0.545 0.579

7 South Africa 0.638 0.666

8 Sri Lanka 0.746 0.766

Source: hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends

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States

S. Andhra Karnataka Kerala Gujarat Uttar Tamil

India
No Parameter Pradesh Pradesh Nadu

Literacy
1 Rate % 67.02 75.36 94 78.03 69.72 80.09 74.04
(2011)
Sex Ratio
(Females
2 per 1000 993 973 1084 919 912 996 943
Males)
(2011)
Enrolment
in Higher
3 30.8 26.1 30.8 20.7 24.5 44.3 24.5
Education%
(2015–16)
Source: Niti Aayog

in human capital is as important as

investment in physical capital.

 Sustainability of Literacy rate of Tamil Nadu is the

3 second highest among the southern
Development states. Tamil Nadu’s literacy rate is
Sustainable economic development is higher than the national average.
taken to mean development without The enrolment for higher education
damaging the environment and not in Tamil Nadu is the highest in
compromising with the needs of the India.
future generation.
The consequences of environmental
degradation do not respect national resource. The question arises as to how
or state boundaries. Sustainability of sustainable development is possible if the
development is comparatively a new resources are over-used rather than getting
replenished. Non-renewable resources get
area of knowledge in which scientists,
exhausted after certain number of years
economists, philosophers and other social
of extracting and using them and they
scientists are working together.
cannot be replenished.
Natural resources
can be divided into
renewable resources and
non-renewable resources. “We have not inherited the world from
our forefathers. We have borrowed it from
Groundwater is an our children.”
example of a renewable
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Renewable resources Non-renewable resources

Renewable resources are pollution free Non-renewable resources pollute and

and environment friendly. These resources damage the environment. Million of years
take a short time for renewal. are needed for the formation of these
Example: Solar energy, wind energy, resources.
water, wood, paper. Example: Metals, glass, fossil fuels (coal,
petroleum, natural gas, diesel)

To achieve real sustainability, we need At all times, as a member of society and as

to balance economic, social and environmental individuals, we need to ask where we want
sustainability in equal harmony. to go, what we wish to become and what
In general, the question of our goals are.
development or progress is continuous.
 Policies for Sustainable
4
Development
Use of Non-conventional Sources
of Energy
India depends on thermal and hydro power
plants to meet its power needs. Both these
sources have an adverse environmental
impact. Thermal power plants emit large
quantities of carbon dioxide, which
pollute the environment.

Solar Power in India

Solar power is the conversion of energy
from sunlight into electricity either
directly using photovoltaic cells or
indirectly using concentrated solar power.

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Solar panels absorb the sunlight as a  Environmental Policies

source of energy to generate electricity. A 5
in India
solar electric system can reliably produce
electricity for our home and offices. Environmental policies in India have
These distributed solar systems are often been evolved considerably over the
installed by home and business owners to past three decades. These policies have
reduce their electricity costs. Solar power covered a wide range of issues such as air,
in India is a fast-developing industry. water pollution, waste management and
biodiversity conservation.
Tamil Nadu is the state with highest
installed solar capacity in India. Tamil India faces challenges in economic
Nadu is one of the leading solar power development, which has to be achieved
producing states in India. As on 31 July 2017, with limited resources, minimum
the total installed capacity in Tamil Nadu externalities and in the presence of an
is 1,697 MW. uncertain climate. One of the approaches
to overcome this challenge is through the
path of sustainable development.
The Supreme Court of India
has interpreted and introduced new
changes in environmental protection
through a series of directions and
judgements.

List of Environmental Acts in India

S. No Act Action

National Green Tribunal Environmental protection and conservation of

1
Act, 2010 forests and other natural resources

Biological Diversity Act,

2 To provide for conservation of biological diversity
2002

The Environment Providing for the protection and improvement of

3
(Protection) Act, 1986 the environment.

Forest (Conservation) Check deforestation and encourage afforestation

4
Act, 1980 of non-forest areas.

Water (Prevention and

Provides maintenance and restoration and
5 control of pollution)
quality of all types of surface and groundwater.
Act, 1974

Wildlife Protection Act,

6 Providing protection to wild animals and birds.
1972

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The Growth Story of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is one of the states that achieving rapid progress over a relatively short
period, though it started from appalling levels of poverty, deprivation and inequality.
It is during that period, Tamil Nadu is much to the consternation of many
economists, initiated bold social programmes such as universal midday meals in primary
schools and started putting in place an extensive social infrastructure – schools, health
centres, roads, public transport, water supply, electricity connections, and much more.
Today, Tamil Nadu has some of the best public services among all Indian states, and
many of them are accessible to all on a non-discriminatory basis.
First, active social policies constitute an important aspect of this shared
experience. This is particularly striking in the vigour of public education, but it also
extends to other domains, such as health care, social security and public amenities.
Second, these states have typically followed universalistic principles in the
provision of essential public services. This is especially noticeable in the case of
Tamil Nadu.
Third, these efforts have been greatly facilitated by a functioning and
comparatively efficient administration. The governments involved have delivered their
services in traditional lines and these ‘old fashioned’ public institutions-functioning
schools, health centres, government offices, Gram Panchayat and co-operatives have
left much room for private initiatives at a later stage of development.
Fourth, dealing with social inequality has also been an important part of these
shared experiences. In each case, the historical burden of social inequality has been
significantly reduced in one way or another. In Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Himachal
Pradesh, principles of equal citizenship and universal entitlements were forged through
sustained social reform movements as well as fierce struggles for equality on the part of
under-privileged groups-especially Dalits,.
Fifth, these experiences of rapid social progress are not just a reflection of
constructive state policies but also of people’s active involvement in democratic politics.
The social movements that fought traditional inequalities are part of this larger pattern.
Last but not least, there is no evidence that the cultivation of human capability
has been at the cost of conventional economic success, such as fast economic growth.
Tamil Nadu have some of the highest per capita incomes and lowest poverty rates among
all Indian states. Economic growth, in turn,
has enabled these states to sustain and
consolidate active social policies. This is an
important example of the complementarity
between economic growth and public
support.

Source: An Uncertain Glory by Nobel

laureate Prof. Amartya Sen.

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Article 51A(g) of the Constitution � The major indicators of economic

states that “it shall be the duty of every development are Per Capita Income, Net
citizen of India to protect and improve the National Product, Purchasing Power
natural environment including forests, Parity and Human Development Index.
lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have
� Human resource is necessary for the
compassion for living creatures.”
progress of any country.
Development increases the quality
of life. This means that people will have � Sustainable development means
higher incomes, better education, better development should take place
health and nutrition, less poverty and without damaging the environment
more equality of opportunity. and preserve it for the future.
� The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 is
Recap aimed at protection to wild animals and
� Development refers to the progress of a birds.
particular field or a particular person. � Thermal power plants emit large
� Economic development means overall quantity of carbon dioxide, which is
growth of all sectors of the economy. harmful to the environment.

GLOSSARY
Embodied — within Depletion — exhaustion;
Replenish — restore using up.
Perspective — outlook Conserve — protect
Sustainability — avoidance of
depletion

EXERCISE

I. Choose the correct answer: 2. The term ‘Human

1. Assertion (A): Development increases
resources’ refers to
the quality of life. a. investment on poor people
Reason (R): People will have higher b. expenditure on agriculture
incomes, better education, better c. investment on assests
health and nutrition, less poverty. d. collective abilities of people
a.  B oth (A) and (R) are true and (R) 3. For comparing development
explains (A) between countries, their ________
b.  B oth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is considered to be one of the most
does not explain (A) important attributes.
c.  (A) is correct and (R) is false a. growth b.  income
d.  (A) is false and (R) is true c. expenditure d.  savings

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 is more than the total population of USA. By adult population. iii) Income - Measured by
2030, more than 50% of India’s population is gross national income and percapita income.
expected to live in urban areas. The following
are the major problems of urbanization in 5.3.6 Human Development
India. Classification
• It creates urban sprawl. HDI classifications are based on HDI
• It makes overcrowding in urban centres. fixed cut off points, which are derived
from the quartiles of distributions of the
• It leads to shortage of houses in urban
component indicators. The HDI of less than
areas.
0.550 is used for low human development,
• It leads to the formation of slums.
0.550 - 0.699 stands for medium human
• It increases traffic congestion in cities. development, 0.700 - 0.799 for high human
• It creates water scarcity in cities. development and 0.8 or greater for very high
• It creates drainage problem. human development.
• It poses the problem of solid waste
management. 5.4  Transportation
• It increases the rate of crime.
Transport is a system in which passengers
5.3.3  Human Development and goods are carried from one place to
Dr. Mahabub-ul-haq defined as "it is a another. Transport system is considered as the
process of enlarging the range of people’s lifeline of a country. Earlier man travelled on
choice, increasing their opportunities foot or used animals for transport. With the
for education, health care, income and discovery of wheel, transport was made easier
empowerment. It covers the full range and gradually different means of transport
of human choices from a sound physical were developed. There are three major means
environment to economic, social and of transport in the world.
political freedom”.
Means of Transport
5.3.4 Human Development
Indicators: (as per UNDP)
Population trends, health outcomes, Land Water Air
education achievements, national income
and composition of resources, work and Domestic
Road ways Inland
employment, human security, human and airways
Railways waterways
capital mobility, supplementary indicators: International
Pipelines Ocean routes
perceptions of well-being and status of Airways
fundamental rights treaties are the human
development indicators. 5.4.1 Transport Network in India
Transport is one of the most important
5.3.5 Measuring of Human components of infrastructure and it is
Development essential for economic development of a
Human Development Index (HDI) is country, especially for a large country like
a composite index focusing on three basic India. India has a good transport network
dimensions of human development: i) Health of roads, railways, airways and waterways
- Life expectancy at birth ii) Education - providing necessary connectivity between
Expected years of schooling for school age different parts of the country.
children and average years of schooling for the

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 1.5  Economic Growth and GDP of the United States of America is 19.3 trillion
Development USD and ranked one.It shows how much the
production of goods and services has increased
As per the economist compared from last year in a quantitative manner.
Amartya Sen, economic It has many parameters to measure and few of
growth is one aspect of them are human Resources. They are Natural
economic development. Resource, Advancement in technology, Capital
Also, united nation see it like formation, Political and social economic factors.
this “Economic development
focuses not only on man’s Economic Development
materialistic need but it Economic development projects a
focuses on overall development or rise in its living broader picture of an economy which takes
standards. into account an increase in production level
or output of an economy along with an
Economic Growth improvement in the living standard of its
It is the quantitative measure which citizens. It focuses more on socioeconomic
considers the rise in the output produced in factors rather than the just quantitative
an economy or nation in a particular period increase in production. Economic
in its monetary value. The key parameters of development is a qualitative measure which
economic growth in any economy are its Gross measures improvement in technology, labour
Domestic Product (GDP) and gross national reforms, rising living standards, broader
product which helps in measuring the actual institutional changes in an economy.
size of an economy. Human development Index (HDI) is apt
For example, we say GDP of India is 2.8 tool to measure the real development in an
trillion USD and ranked 6th in globe whereas economy.

Differences between Economic Growth and Economic Development

Comparison
between Economic
Growth and Economic Growth Economic Development
Economic
Development
It considers the rise in the output in an
It is the positive quantitative
economy along with the advancement of
Definition / change in the output of an
HDI index which considers a rise in living
Meaning economy in a particular time
standards, advancement in technology
period
and overall happiness index of a nation.
Economic growth is the Economic development is the “Broader”
Concept
“Narrower” concept concept
Nature of Approach Quantitative in nature Qualitative in nature
Rise in life expectancy rate, infant,
Rise in parameters like GDP,
Scope improvement in literacy rate, infant
GNP, FDI,FII etc.
mortality rate and poverty rate etc.
Term / Tenure Short term in nature Long-term in nature
Applicability Developed nation Developing economies

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 Measurement Increase in real national income i.e. per
Increase in national income
Techniques capita income
Frequency of
In a certain period of time Continuous process
Occurrence
Highly dependent on government
It is an automatic process so
intervention as it includes widespread
Government Aid may not require government
policies changes so without government
support/aid or intervention
intervention it is not possible
Economic growth does not It focuses on a balanced and equitable
emphasize on the fair and equal distribution of wealth among all
Wealth Distribution
distribution of wealth/income individual and tries to uplift the
among all its people. downgrade societies.

Human Development Index

1.6   Developmental Path based
on GDP andEmployment
In 1990 Mahbub ul Haq,
a Pakistani Economist at the In the development path
United Nations, introduced the of India, it first undertook
Human Development Index the policy of closed trade.
(HDI). The HDI is a composite This was to give a thrust
index of life expectancy at birth, adult literacy to domestic industries
rate and standard of living measured as a and reduce dependence
logarithmic function of GDP, adjusted to on foreign products and
purchasing power parity. companies.Trade and interaction with the
outside world remained limited. This outlook
India climbed one spot to 130 out of 189
continued till 1991 when India finally decided
countries in the latest human development
to open its borders to free trade and liberalized
rankings released today by the United Nations
its economy by allowing foreign companies to
Development Programme (UNDP). India’s
enter the Indian economy.
HDI value for 2017 is 0.640, which put the
country in the medium human development
A thrust was given to employment
category. Between 1990 and 2017, India’s HDI
generation under the Five Year plans. This was
value incased from 0.427 to 0.640, an increase
to make up for a rising population and lacking
of nearly 50 percent – and an indicator of the
jobs to absorb the increased workforce size.
country’s remarkable achievement in lifting
Rural development was also given importance
millions of people out of poverty.
in India, for the important constituent it was of
the Indian landscape.
Between 1990 and 2017, India’s life
Poverty alleviation came as a corollary of
expectancy at birth too increased by nearly
rural development and a part of the development
11 years, with even more significant gains in
path of India. India inherited a poverty-stricken
expected years of schooling. Today’s Indian
economy from the British rule, which had
school-age children can expect to stay in school
destroyed its resource base completely.
for 4.7 years longer than in 1990. Whereas,
The public sector was given significant
India’s GNI per capita increased by a staggering
importance, Private companies and industries
266.6 % between 1990 and 2017.
were subject to strict regulations and standards.
It was believed that the government was the sole

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Unit -II

Political Parties

Learning Objectives

™™To define what political party is and to understand the importance of

the political party
™™To know the role and function of a political party
™™To understand the party system in India and the role of opposition
party

Student Siva : Good morning Mam. May I come in?

Teacher Ms.Aadhi: Good morning Siva. Always you will be on time. Why are you so late today?
Siva: Sorry mam. I was delayed due to a procession.
Ms. Aadhi: What is it about? Who arranged this procession?
Siva : My uncle said “That is the work of the political party”.
Ms. Aadhi: Oh. I see!
Siva : What is political party mam? Why are they doing so?
Ms. Aadhi: Wait. Today I am going to teach about political parties. Let us know all
about that.
In earlier times, emperors and kings ruled India. The king was the supreme head of the Legislative,
Executive and Judiciary branches. Governance was in the hands of one person. The welfare of the
people depended on the ruler. People had no rights to do against the ruler. Later foreign powers made
India as their colonies. The colonies became states after Independence was declared.
In 1950 India became a democratic country. A vibrant democracy needs a strong political party
system. Party System is a modern phenomenon. In a democracy people are able to voice their opinions
on any subject.

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What are Political Parties? A party is recognized if

™™it has been engaged in political activity for
Political parties are the voluntary associations of
five years.
individuals with broad ideological identity who
agree on some policies, formulate an agenda ™™its candidates secure at least six percent of
and programme for the society. Political parties total votes in the last general election.
seek to implement their policies by winning Characteristics of Political Parties
people’s support through election. Parties vary
in size and in the ways they organize themselves Political parties
as well as in their policies. ™™consist a group of persons of common goals
Any political party has three basic components and shared values.

™™the leader ™™have its own ideology and programme.

™™the active members ™™capture power only by constitutional means.

™™the followers ™™endeavour to promote the national interest

and national welfare.
Importance of political parties
Party ‘manifesto’
Political parties are the backbone of democracy.
Parties are not part of the formal arrangement During the campaign
of a government but they are essential elements before election, the
to form the government. They formulate public candidates announce the
opinion. They serve as intermediaries between programmes and policies that their
the citizen and the policy makers. party will undertake if voted to power.

Provide
loyal opposition ,
accountability
& stability
Nominate
Select and nominate
individuals to elected
office Organize
Organize political campaign,
rallies and announcement
of Manifesto to win
Functions public office
of the
Political Parties Inspire
Put forward different
policies and programmes
for the welfare of the people
Co -ordinate
Connect the society and the
state. co-ordinate among
members elected to office
Govern
Form and run the
government and
develop public policy

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Types of Party System Party system in India

There are three major types of party system. Countries that follow a federal system have two
Single Party System: a system in which a kinds of parties. India’s party system originated
single political party has the right to form in the late 19th century. In fact India has the
the government. Single party is existed in the largest number of political parties in the world.
communist countries such as China. North In India we find the existence of political
Korea and Cuba. parties at three levels. They are National
Bi – Party System: In Bi –Party system the parties, Regional parties, and Registered but
power is usually shared between two parties. Of unrecognised parties (independent candidates).
the two parties one becomes the ruling party Every party in the country has to register with
and the other becomes opposition. eg Bi-Party Election Commission.
system can be seen in U.K. (the Labour Party
Election Commission –
and the Conservative Party) and in U.S.A (the
Statutory body
Republican Party and the Democratic Party)
T h e
Multi – Party System
Election
When the competition for power is among Commission of India
three or more parties, the system is known as is an autonomous,
multi party system. This type of party system constitutional
is in existence in India, France, Sweden and authority responsible for administering
Norway etc. elections. Its head quarter is located in
New Delhi.

TO FORM A POLITICAL PA
HOW RTY?

Must have atleast Must write a

Must get registered
100 members. Each member Party Constitution
with
needs to hold a
Election Commission
voting card.
of India

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Criteria for Recognition

The Election Commission of India has some criteria for the recognition of political parties in India.

Regional / State Independent

National Parties Parties candidate
A candidate who
A party that secures A party that secures wishes to contest in
atleast 6% of the valid atleast 6%of the either of the
votes in Lok sabha valid votes in the
election or assembly state legislative Parliamentary, State
elections in four states. assembly election. Assembly but does
they must win one
not have an
They must win 4 seats
in Lok sabha from any Lok Sabha seat for affliation with the
every 25 seats or
State/States.
atleast 2 seats in
other parties, may
Legislative assembly. contest the election
It has to win 2% of needs to win a as an Independent
seats in Lok sabha
from atleast 3
minimum of 3% of candidate.
the total number of
different states in the seats in Legislative
latest general election. Assembly.


Recognized parties Majority Party
Parties that fulfill these criteria are called
The Political Party whose number of candidates
recognized parties. They are given a unique
elected is more than the others is called the
symbol by the Election Commission.
majority party. The Majority Party forms and
A registered but unrecognized political runs the government. They select and appoint
party cannot contest election on its own symbol. their ministers to run the government. They play
This party has to choose one symbol form free a decisive role in making laws for the country.
symbol 'poll panel' announced by the Election
Commission.

Free symbols ‘Poll panel’

As per the Election Symbols order 1968,
symbols are either reserved or free.
• A reserved symbol is meant for a
recognized political party.
100
• A free symbol is reserved for Minority Party
unrecognized party.
Those with lesser number of elected candidates
are called the minority party.

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Opposition Party In a Multiparty system a single party sometimes

may not secure the majority required to form
The party which gets second largest number
the government. In such a case, some parties
of seats next to the majority party in the
join together to form the government. Such
election is called the Opposition party. An
government is called Coalition Government.
effective opposition is very essential for the
successful operation of the democracy. They Electoral Symbols and its importance
are as important as that of ruling party. They
An electoral symbol is a standardised symbol
check the autocratic tendencies of the ruling
allocated to a political party. They play an
party. They critically examine the policies and
important role in elections. They can be
bills introduced by the government. They raise
easily identified, understood, remembered
their voice on the failures and wrong policies.
and recognized by the voters. The Election
They highlight important issues which are not
commission has stopped allotting animals
acted upon the Government. The leader of the
as symbols. The only exceptions are the lion
opposition party enjoys the rank of Cabinet
and the elephant. The symbol of nationally
Minister.
recognized parties is standard throughout
Coalition Government India. That symbol will not be allotted to any
other party or individual.
State parties are allotted to certain symbols
that no other party can use the symbol in that
particular state but which different parties in
different states can use the same symbol. (e.g
Shiv Sena in Maharashtra and Jharkhand Mukti
Morsha in Jharkhand use bow and arrow as
their symbol).

National Party Regional /State Party

™™National parties are political parties which ™™Regional parties are political parties
participate in different elections all over India. which participate in different elections
but only within one state.
™™It should be strong enough in at least four states. ™™It should be strong enough in at least
one or two states.
™™It has an exclusive symbol throughout the ™™A symbol is reserved for it in the state
country. in which it is recognized. But the same
symbol can be allotted to different
parties in different states.
™™It resolves State, National and International ™™It promotes regional and state interest.
issues.
Both National and Regional parties trigger the growth of the nation and work for the welfare of the
people.

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UNIT Election, Political Parties and

Pressure Groups
2
Learning Objectives

„„Know about the electoral system in India.

„„Know the different types of elections in India.
„„Understands the meaning of political party.
„„Know the functions of state party and national party.
„„Understand the pressure groups in India.

 Introduction (ii) The Parliament may make provision

with respect to all matters relating to
An election is a formal decision-making elections to the Parliament including
process by which a people chooses an the preparation of electoral rolls, the
individual to hold public office by voting. delimitation of constituencies and all
other matters necessary for securing
their due constitution.
1   Electoral System in India
iii) The state legislatures can also make
(
The electoral system in India has been provisions with respect to all matters
adapted from the system followed in the relating to elections to the state
United Kingdom. India is a socialist, legislatures including the preparation
secular, democratic republic and the of electoral rolls and all other matters
largest democracy in the world. The necessary for securing their due
modern Indian nation state came into constitution.
existence on 15August1947.
Articles 324 to 329 in part XV of the
Constitution make the following provisions
with regard to the electoral system in our
country.
(i) Article 324 of the Indian Constitution Kudavolai was the
provides for an independent Election system of voting
Commission in order to ensure free followed during
and fair elections in the country. At the Chola period in
present, the commission consists of Tamil Nadu
a Chief Election Commissioner and
two Election Commissioners. Kudavolai

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The Above). Rule 49-O in the Conduct of

Elections Rules, 1961, of India describes
We celebrate National Voters Day on this procedure.
25th January in India.

1.1 Election Process

At the national level, the head of
government, the Prime Minister, is
elected by members of the Lok Sabha, the Symbol used with NOTA option on
lower house of the Parliament in India. electronic voting machines in India
In representative democracy like ours,
elections are extremely important. Voting
in elections are the best way to make your
‘voice’ heard.

NOTA was first introduced in the

General Elections held in 2014. India
is the 14th country in the world to
introduce NOTA.

1.3 Types of Elections in India

Elections are classified into two types:
direct and indirect elections.
Voters Verified Paper Audit Trail
(VVPAT) 1.3.1 Direct Elections

People directly vote for the

candidates in the fray and
elect their representatives.
The following are examples
Voters Verified Paper Audit Trail of direct elections in which
(VVPAT) is the way forward to people over the age of 18
enhance credibility and transparency years participate in the electoral process by
of the election process. This system was casting their votes.
first introduced in the 2014 General (i) Lok Sabha elections, in which the
Election. Members of Parliament are elected.
(ii) Elections to the state Legislative
Assemblies, in which the Members
1.2 Introduction of the NOTA
of Legislative Assemblies are elected.
Option
(iii) Elections to the local governing bodies,
If the people in a democratic country are in which members of the local governing
not willing to elect any candidate, they can bodies like the municipal corporation
vote for the option called NOTA (None Of or the panchayat are elected.

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1.3.1.1 Merits 1.3.2.2 Demerits

(i) As the voters elect their representatives (i) If the number of voters is very
directly, direct elections are considered small, there exists the possibility of
to be a more democratic method of corruption, bribery, horse trading
election. and other unfair activities.
(ii) It educates people regarding the (ii) It is less democratic because people
government activities and helps in do not have a direct opportunity to
choosing the appropriate candidates. elect, but they instead do it through
Also, it encourages people to play an their representatives. So, this may
active role in politics. not reflect the true will of the people.
(iii) It empowers people and makes the
rulers accountable for their actions.

1.3.1.2 Demerits

(i) Direct elections are very expensive. How is the President of India elected?
(ii) Illiterate voters sometimes get misguided The President of India is elected by
by false propaganda and sometimes the members of an electoral college
campaigning based on caste, religious consisting of
and various other sectarian consideration 1. The elected members of both
spose serious challenges. Houses of Parliament
(iii) Since conducting direct elections is a 2. The elected members of the
massive exercise, ensuring free and Legislative Assemblies of all the
fair elections at every polling station states and Union territories in
is a major challenge to the Election India
Commission.
(iv) There are instances of some political NOTE: The members nominated to
candidates influencing the voters either House of Parliament or the
through payments in the form of Legislative Assemblies of states are
cash, goods or services. not eligible to be included in the
(v) Election campaigns sometimes electoral college.
results in violence, tension, law and
order problems and affects the day-
to-day life of people.
2.   Political Parties
1.3.2 Indirect Elections Political parties are an essential part of
Voters elect their representatives, who, in democracy. Parties are the link between
turn, elect their representatives to formal government and the people.
offices like the President’s office.
2.1  Meaning of Political Party
1.3.2.1 Merits A political party is an organisation
(i) Indirect elections are less expensive. formed by a group of people with a
(ii) It is more suited to elections in large
certain ideology and agenda to contest
countries. elections and hold power in the
government. A political party has three

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components: a leader, active members symbol. Only the official candidate of

and the followers. the party can use that election symbol.
In 2017, there were seven recognised
national parties.
2.2  Types of a Party System
There are three types of party system in 2.3.2 State Parties
the world namely.
Other than the seven national parties,
i. Single-party system in which one most of the major parties of the country
ruling party exists and no opposition are classified by the Election Commission
is permitted. China, Cuba, the former as ‘state parties’. These are commonly
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist referred to as regional parties. A party is
Republics) are the examples for the recognised as a state party by the Election
single-party system. Commission of India based on certain
ii. Two-party system in which only percentage of votes secured or a certain
two major parties exist, for example, number of seats won in the Assembly or
USA, UK. Lok Sabha elections.
iii. Multi-party system in which there
2.3.3 Recognition to the Parties
are more than two political parties,
for example, India, Sri Lanka, France For getting recognition as ‘national
and Italy. party’, a party has to fulfill any one of the
following criteria:
2.3  Types of Political Parties i. At least 6% votes in at least four states
and members to the Lok Sabha.
Political parties in India are classified
according to their area of influence into ii. In the election of Lok Sabha, at least
two main types:(1) national and (2) state 2% members from at least three
parties. states are elected to Lok Sabha.
iii. Recognition as a state party at least
four states.
Political parties
2.3.4 Functions of Political Parties
National State „„Parties contest elections. In most
democracies, elections are fought
Ruling Opposition Ruling Opposition mainly among the candidates put up
by political parties.
„„Parties put forward their policies and
2.3.1 National Parties programmes before the electorate to
consider and choose.
A party which is recognised as a state
„„Parties play a decisive role in making
party in at least four states is recognised
laws for a country. Formally, laws are
as a national party. Every party in the
debated and passed in the legislature.
country has to register with the Election
Commission while the Commission „„Parties form and run the governments.
treats all the parties equally. It offers some „„Those parties that lose in the elections
special facilities to state and national play the role of the Opposition to the
parties. These parties are given a unique party or a group of coalition parties
in power, by voicing different views
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and criticising the government for its that they neither contest elections nor try
failures or wrong policies. to capture political power.
„„Parties shape public opinion. They raise
and highlight issues of importance.
„„Parties function as the useful link between
people and the government machinery.

2.4 Role of Opposition Parties in

a Democracy
In a democracy, there may be a two-party
system like in the USA or a multi-party
system like in India and France. The ruling
party may have received the mandate of the 3.1  Pressure Groups in India
majority people and the Opposition party A large number of pressure groups exist in
represented the remaining people. The India. But, they are not developed to the
Leader of the Opposition party occupied same extent as in the USA or the Western
a prominent place in all democratic forms countries like Britain, France, Germany
of the government. He enjoys the rank of and so on.
a Cabinet Minister. He opposes the wrong
policies of the ruling party, which affects
the general public. As the Chairman of the
Public Accounts Committee questions the
functioning of the government departments
and examines the public money used for
the well-being of the people. Similarly,
he plays an important role to select the
Chairman and members of the Central
Vigilance Commission, Chairperson and
members of the Information Commission.
The Opposition Parties reflect genuine The pressure groups in
demands and concern of the people to play a India can be broadly
constructive role in a democracy. classified into the
following categories:
3.   Pressure Groups 1. Business groups
2. Trade unions
The term ‘pressure group’ originated in
3. Agrarian groups
the USA. A pressure group is a group of
4. Professional associations
people who are organised actively for
promoting and defending their common 5. Student organisations
interest. It is so called as it attempts to 6. Religious organisations
bring a change in the public policy by 7. Tribal organisations
exerting pressure on the government. 8. Linguistic groups
The pressure groups are also called 9. Ideology-based groups
‘interest groups’ or vested groups. They 10. Environmental protection groups
are different from the political parties in

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government policy and using high-profile

academics, scientists and even celebrities
to get their views across, with an emphasis
Examples for Pressure Groups to cultivate expert authority.
1. Federation of Indian Chamber of
Commerce and Industry (FICCI) 3.1.1.3 Policy Formulation
2. All India Trade Union Congress Though the pressure groups themselves are
(AITUC) not policy-makers, yet it does not prevent
3. All India Kisan Sabha many of them from participating in the
4. Indian Medical Association (IMA) policy-making process. Many pressure
5. All India Students Federation (AISF) groups are vital sources of information
and render advice to the government and
6. All India Sikh Students Federation
therefore they are regularly consulted in
7. Young Badaga Association the process of policy formulation.
8. Tamil Sangam
9. Tamil Nadu Vivasayigal Sangam
10. Narmada Bachao Andolan
4  Mobilisation and
People’s Participation
3.1.1 F
 unctions of Pressure Groups in
India
4.1 Mobilisation
Mobilising people towards socially
Pressure groups are the interest groups
productive activities that lead to the overall
that work to secure certain interest by
betterment of people’s lives is essential.
influencing the public policy. They are Sometimes earthquakes, tsunamis, floods
non-aligned with any political party and other such natural disasters on a
and work as an indirect yet powerful massive scale occur and people’s immediate
group to influence the policy decisions. mobilisation for evacuation and emergency
Pressure groups carry out a range of relief becomes most essential.
functions including representation,
political participation, education, policy 4.2  Democratic Participation
formulation and policy implementation.
Democracy can succeed only when smaller
3.1.1.1 Political Participation local groups and, in fact, every citizen
can take action that supports the tax and
Pressure groups can be called the informal face revenue collection systems, observance of
of politics. They exert influence precisely by national norms in environmental protection,
mobilising popular support through activities cleanliness, health and hygiene, sanitary
such as petitions, marches, demonstrations drives and immunisation programmes like
and other forms of political protest. Such pulse polio.
forms of political participation have been However, we must keep ion mind
particularly attractive to young people. that there is no better form of government
than Democratic government. To create a
3.1.1.2 Education better society and nation, the people of India
Many pressure groups devote significant along with the union and state governments
resources by carrying out research, should come together to fight against the
maintaining websites, commenting on miseries of human life.

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Recap „„Political parties in India are classified

„„The Prime Minister is elected by
into two types: (1) National Parties,
(2)State Parties.
members of the Lok Sabha.
„„In 2017, there were seven recognised
„„There are two types of elections: direct national parties.
and indirect elections. „„The term ‘pressure group’ originated
„„A political party has three components: a in the USA.
leader, active members and the followers. „„A large number of pressure groups
exist in India.

GLOSSARY
1. Legislature – the legislative body of a country or state.
2. Constituency – a group of votes in a specified area who elect a representative to a
legislative body.
3. NOTA– the people in a democratic country are not willing to elect any candidate;
they can vote for the option called NOTA (None Of The Above).
4. Pressure groups – a group of people who are organised actively for promoting and
defending their common interest.

EXERCISE

I. Choose the correct answer: (c) Article 324

1. India has adapted the electoral (d) Article 325
system followed in the 4. Which part of the constitution
(a) USA of India says about the election
(b) United Kingdom commission?
(c) Canada (a) Part III
(d) Russia (b) Part XV
(c) Part XX
2. The Election Commission of India is
a / an (d) Part XXII
(a) Independent body 5. Who accords recognition to various
(b) Statutory body political parties as national or regional
parties?
(c) Private body
(a) The President
(d) Public corporation
(b) The Election Commission
3. Which Article of the Constitution
(c) The Parliament
provides for an Election Commission?
(a) Article 280 (d) 
The President in consultation
(b) Article 315 with the Election Commission

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UNIT

10 Public Opinion and Party System

Introduction
This chapter focuses on the meaning and evolution of the Party
system as adopted in various countries of the world. Tracing the
emergence of party system in modern democracies we seek to explain
the nature, characteristics, types and functions of political parties
especially in a democracy. Deriving from this general background,
the evolution of the party system in India at the national
and regional levels are studied, with a specific focus on
Tamil Nadu. The chapter also presents the meaning and
importance of public opinion and its role in the effective
working of a democracy

making
Learning Objectives

possible version
cool

Lippmann
public opinions function
 To define the meaning of party journalist

opinion
system
control make social
 To identify the role, function and
press

Science
types of party system within a two news
world

assume
democracy picture knowledge
people
 To trace the historical evolution of
the party system in modern times.
 To outline the structure of the party
system in India at the national and others with similar beliefs. In short it is
regional levels the collective views of the people, their
 To evaluate the importance of public attitudes and opinions.
opinion in the effective functioning
of a democracy It is the people’s collective preferences
 To assess the impact and limitations on matters relating to government and
of the party system politics. It is based on the premise that
collective individual opinions matters in
10.1 Defining Public Opinion: a democracy and public opinion should
carry more weight than individual opinion.
Public opinion can be defined as Others opine that public opinion can be
a psychological and social process in influenced and controlled by organized
which the behaviour of each member groups, government leaders, and media
of the public is conditional to that of all elite.

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In fact, democracy derives its a section or many sections of the people

authority from the people. Public opinion on any public issue or concern.
is not the opinion of an individual, though
he or she may be a highly respected Role of Public Opinion:
person. It is not a private opinion. It is Public opinion is an essential element for
also not an expert opinion, irrespective of successful working of a democracy where
the wisdom of the expert. Public opinion the views of all citizens are respected and
is an organized and considered opinion of no government can survive by ignoring it.

ACTIVITY

PUBLIC OPINION
Read the following article by one of the senior political leaders late
Madhu Dandavate carefully and answer the questions.

GANDHI’S DIALOGUE WITH THE NATION

For Mahatma Gandhi, the Dandi March was not just a non-violent weapon of struggle. It
was also a means of dialogue and communication with the people along the route.

At the 44th session of the Indian National Congress held on the banks of river Ravi
at Lahore, a resolution demanding complete independence was passed on December
31, 1929. Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the session and Mahatma Gandhi made a
memorable speech while moving the main resolution. However, Gandhi did not rest
content with merely delivering a speech. He led the famous Dandi March starting from
the Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930, culminating in the Salt Satyagraha at Dandi,
a coastal village in Gujarat, on April 6, 1930.

Gandhi had a definite strategy and perspective about the Dandi March and the
Salt Satyagraha. He did not want the march to be too massive to remain under control.
At the same time, he did not want it to be too small to have any perceptible impact.
These considerations made Gandhi reject Vallabai Patel's suggestion of a massive march
to Delhi. He also did not approve of the romantic idea of Nehru to set up a parallel
government. Gandhi proposed a march of 78 dedicated and disciplined satyagrahis from
Sabarmati to Dandi village to offer Salt Satyagraha. Gandhi chose salt as the symbol of
satyagraha because it was the lowest common denominator of the food consumption
of the nation. The rich needed salt for a change of taste and the poorest of the poor
needed it for mixing with water so that they could dip their dry and stale bread in
the mixture as an alternative to the rich man's spicy curry. During the Dandi March,
some overenthusiastic admirers of Gandhi brought for him and his fellow pilgrims large
quantities of fresh fruit and wholesome milk from dairies.

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Gandhi, however, humbly refused to accept them

on the ground that those who were involved in the noble
cause of fighting for the poor through their march must not
avail themselves of such lavish hospitality. Gandhi looked
at the Dandi March not only as a non-violent weapon of
struggle against injustice but also as a medium of dialogue
and communication with the people along the route of the
march. On their way to Dandi, Gandhi and his satyagrahis
halted for night rest at various villages. He used this
interlude to speak to the satyagrahis, the residents of the villages and accompanying
journalists about the background of the Salt Satyagraha and wider issues of national
importance. He treated the Dandi March as an educative process. He continued this
dialogue with the people during all the 25 days of the march. Thrilled by the march,
several journalists sent elaborate reports every day. These were well displayed by
newspapers and journals. Thus what Gandhi said during the Dandi March became a
dialogue with the nation.

Courtesy : The Hindu, article by MadhuDandavate- 6.4.2005

On the basis of your reading and understanding of the above article answer the
following questions briefly :
A. What is the importance of the Lahore Congress Session of 1929?
B. Why did Gandhi choose ‘Salt’ as the symbol of Satyagraha?
C. What, according to Gandhi, revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule?
D. What was the Civil Disobedience Movement associated with?
E. Describe briefly the ‘Salt March’undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi.

towards important issues related to unity,

10.2 Hindrances to formation of a
commitment, integrity and progress of the
genuine public opinion
nation.
Public opinion needs to be the true
reflection of the peoples` ideas and Illiteracy: It is expected that literate and
opinion, however there are some responsible public make good citizens
hindrances to genuine public opinion; by exercising their franchise without
fear or favour. Illiterate masses are often
Selfish interests (Me above nation): The misled by party workers and guided
interest of the people seeking personal by sentiments, favours and rhetoric. A
advancement over the affairs of their own sound public opinion can be formed only
country. People need to be sensitized in the environment of free thought and
knowledge.
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(a) Poverty: The poor in any country are general public on issues concerning the
easily influenced by the false promise society and state and they also prescribe
of political leaders and cast their votes alternatives. Through propaganda they
subjectively. Sound and objective public educate people on political issues and
opinion is possible only by alleviating garner their support for their policies
poverty. and programme. In legislative bodies
(b) Racist and Caste based they represent organized opinion of the
Discrimination: Sentiments that provoke voters. In parliamentary democracies the
discrimination based on caste, creed party or an alliance of parties can win a
and religion create a divide among the majority of seats in legislature and forms
masses that are often manipulated by the ministry (executive) examples: UK,
political parties for their advantage. Social India. In presidential democracies, the
disharmony in the country is detrimental chief executives (president) are elected on
to the effective working of a democracy. party basis (USA, France). In any system
political parties function as intermediaries
(c) Freedom of speech and the media:
between the government and people.
There is consistent competition
between the various political parties
and this competition ensures the mature
functioning of a democracy.

ACTIVITY

Following are the lists of various

functions of political parties in a
Unbiased, objective and independent
democracy:
media as well as respect for individual
freedom of speech and assembly play a  Parties contest in elections
very significant role in the formation of  Parties put forward different policies
healthy opinion. The vital importance of and programmes
an independent and impartial media that  Parties make laws for the country
respects peoples freedom and exercises  Parties form and run government
responsible news reporting are important  Parities play the role of the opposition
criteria for formation of mature and
 Parties shape public opinion
responsive public opinion.
 Parties provide people the access to
10.3 Definition of Political Parties government welfare schemes

Political parties are indispensable Follow the newspaper for one month and
instruments in a democratic system. They collect news items related to the various
are formed with definite ideologies, and functions of political parties
programme of action. They enlighten the

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Quotable
uote
In a democracy public opinion is
according to specific party objectives and
agenda, it helps sustain good governance.
harnessed through political parties.
A political party is a group
10.4 Functions of Political Parties of people who come together to
In a democracy, political parties contest elections and hold power
serve as an integral link through which in the government. They agree on
government and the public can interact. some policies and programmes
Political Parties act as a foundation that for the society with a view to
orients the people towards political promote the collective good.
initiatives and public experience. Political (Symbols or Flag of different political
Parties work to influence political parties )
thought and opinion with the intention of Three components of a Political
mobilizing votes. They provide a platform Party – Leaders, Active Members and
for political, economic and social activism Followers.
that serves as a training ground for future
regional and national leadership. In the Types of Party Systems
long run they hold leaders accountable
for their actions through rigorous debate Different types of party system have
and queries both within the party as well evolved in various parts of the globe
as through opposition parties. Thus the depending on the particular elements of
people are presented with a diverse choice democracy practiced. By and large the
of candidates, ideologies and approaches quality of a democracy is determined by
to various issues governing the nation. how the government is representative of its
Their confidence in democracy is thus people, how accountable the government
reinforced in the knowledge that they can is to its people, how human rights and
bring about change and transformation equality of status and opportunity is
should a majority of the population desire guaranteed to all citizens and the level
a transformation in the way they are of political participation exercised by
governed. the people. The various types of party
system address these issues in different
The Party System ways, thereby determining the quality of
The party system helps to operate democracy practiced.
and stabilize governments and they are
particularly relevant for the effective
functioning of democracies. The party One Party
System
system provides a system of checks and
balances against the government’s policies.
By soliciting popular support among
the masses and providing a structure for Two Party Multi Party
leadership and dialogue within the party System System

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A. One Party System prove detrimental to national interests.

Examples of the two-party system include
In a one party system, a single
USA –Democrats and Republicans and
political party exercises its right to form
UK Conservatives and Liberals.
the government, which is often derived
from a written or unwritten constitution. However, in either country there is
In most cases under a one party system, no constitutional restriction on number
there is less participation and weaker of parties. The constitutional procedures
accountability. Examples: Communist and peoples’ political maturity led to the
Party of China, (CPC) the Peoples` Action emergence of two party system.
Party (PAP)in Singapore, Korean Workers
Party, (KWP) North Korea, Communist C. Multi-Party system
Party of Vietnam (CPV) Vietnam,
Communist Party of Cuba (CPC) Cuba. In the Multi- party system,
The single party system does not provide multiple political parties are capable of
adequate space for democratic expressions garnering popular support and forming a
and not provide scope for alternative. For government, either as a majority party or in
example in the 1920s fascist movements coalition with many non-majority parties
advocating nationalistic militarism, with similar political objectives. In this
captured power in Germany under Hitler, system, the political leaders are constantly
in Italy under Mussolini and in Spain observed and checked by checks and
under General Franco. They prevented balances by their coalition partners. They
other political parties to emerge. are also subject to rigorous accountability
to the people. The multi-party system
B. Two Party System offers the electorate the multiple avenues
of political participation and the ability
In the two party system, two
to bring about political change for greater
political parties, with distinctly different
national development.
interests have equal opportunity to attain
a majority and form the government. The proportional representation
The majority party is the governing system in France and Italy results in
party and the minority party forms the multi-party systems and coalition cabi-
opposition party in two-party systems. nets.
The Two-Party system has far greater
accountability by the political leaders and Examples of countries with
greater political participation. The threat multi-party systems include Canada,
of being voted out by the opposition hangs France, Germany, India and Sweden.
as a ‘Damocles sword’ on the incumbent
thereby guaranteeing a higher degree of ACTIVITY
responsible conduct and action. However
since the political atmosphere is heavily THINK – PAIR – SHARE
polarized, drastic changes can happen
Topic for Pair 1:Why is one party system
once a party loses power which may
not considered a good option?
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10.5 Role of Political Parties in a

Topic for Pair 2:Why do we need Democracy
at least two parties in a democratic
The existence of political parties is
system?
largely responsible for ensuring the quality
Topic for Pair 3: If all the decision and effectiveness of a democracy. In a
of a political party are made by a federal multicultural and plural societies
single family and all other members such as the United States of America and
are neglected, then what challenge is India, the maintenance of peace, unity
being faced by that party? and communal harmony are vital for
social-economic progress. While single
Topic for Pair 4: Do you think that party system may have greater flexibility
dynasty (family) politics is confined towards quicker decisions making and
to only a few states or parties? cohesive action, these decisions may not
represent mass opinion and thus it would
create greater opposition and dissent for
the government.

The Role of Political Parties in a Democracy

What are political parties? Many political scientists believe that
parties are essential to democracy
 T
 hey recruit and run candidates for
public office under the party level  T
 he political party is seen by some
 T
 hey try to organize and coordinate as the main instrument of popular
the activities of government officials sovereignty and majority rule.
under the party name.  W
 hen political parties are working
properly they can be essential tools
of popular sovereignty

In the dual party system due to the Citizenship training and greater civic
nature of the party structure and participation, youth in democratic nations
leadership, this usually result in public can play a greater role in political parties
policies and decisions blocked in political thereby fostering more mature and wider
polarization rather than collaboration. democratization in countries.
While in Multi party systems, the
performance is on the basis of deliberation
and negotiation between coalition
Quotable
uote
Political parties are the drivers of a
members, and issues are mostly settled by democracy.
reaching a mutually derived consensus
after debate and discussion. Thus, political Politicians exercised oratorical and
parties are the drivers of a democracy that leadership skills to create public
are necessary to safeguard the rights and opinion.
freedoms of the people. Through effective
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10.6 Modern Party system between them. Nevertheless, after

American Independence, the first parties
A. Party system in the United Kingdom
in the newly constituted nation under the
Presidency of George Washington were
the Federalist Party supporting a strong
national government and the Democratic
N
Republican Party supporting state
W E autonomy.
S

Two Party System

 R are around the world
 E
 venly balanced national at
National and local level
 E lectoral system
 Winner take all
Map not to scale
 Wasted vote
In the United Kingdom, polarization  Priority system
of opinions on issues relating to the status  B
 road coalitions form before
and role of monarchy led to the emergence election
of two parties:  Opinion of voters
A.  Tories or Conservatives and  D
 ifficult for third parties to get
B.  Whigs or liberals. on ballot

In the 20th century labour party

became a major force eclipsing the liberals. In 1828, the democratic Republican
Party was renamed as the Democratic
B. Party System in the USA Party which championed state rights. In
1854, the Republican Party established
N
W E
S

itself on the anti slavery platform and

gained pre-dominance with Abraham
Lincoln as President of USA.
Since the United States settled for
the Two-Party system, the Republican and
Democratic parties have dominated the
American political scene, though third
Map not to scale party candidates have been floated on and
The founding fathers of the United off.
States wanted to steer clear of political
parties and the ensuing factional conflict

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Winner -Take - All

rules
Existing parties make
rules to perpetuate Only one winner
their power (loser gets nothing)

How the two-party

system perpetuates
itself
Fewer parties flourish Strategic voting and
the "wasted vote"
Voters choose not to sup- theory
port parties that they do
not view as viable
Lack of voters support
discourages formation of
minor parties

Democrats. By the 19th century socialist

C. Party system in Europe: movements gained popularity and social
N democratic or labor parties emerged
W E
which became popular and gained trade
S
union support.

In Soviet Russia, the Bolshevik

Party, was responsible for the Communist
Revolution in 1917 which created
the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics), popularly called the Soviet
Union. The COMINTERN (Communist
International) was established with the
task of encouraging world communist
Map not to scale
revolution by supporting Communist
After the French Revolution (1789), parties in other countries. After the end
democratic forces gained strength in of the Cold War era, the Communist
European Nations, and political parties party lost its popularity in Russia, though
emerged. Political parties in Continental some minor communist parties still
Europe were largely divided into influence governmental policies within
Conservatives, Liberals, and Christian democratic states. Communist Parties

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however continue to control authoritarian

 Regular election
governments in China and North Korea.
 A multi-party system of
Democratic political systems are democrate government to ensure
often reactive and responsive to the accountability, responsiveness and
basic socio –economic values of their openness
citizens. There has always been significant
transformations in values and these are ACTIVITY
reflected in the political opinion of the
people through political parties and their GROUP DISCUSSION
varying objectives. By late 20th century, Following are the challenges faced by
socio-economic factors impacting Europe political parties in our country:
were reflected in the emergent types
 Lack of internal democracy within
of parties some of which were more
parties
nationalistic and less open-minded,
vocalizing their sentiments against  Dynastic succession
immigration and the refugee influx that  Growing role of money and muscle
they see as a threat to European culture, power
security and economy.  Parties do not seem to offer a
meaningful choice to the voters
D. Party System in South Africa

E. Party System in India

The party system in India emerged
along with the rise of nationalism and out
Indian Ocean

N
W E of the freedom struggle against British
S
rule. While Indian politics today represent
a multi-party system, for long periods in
Atlantic Ocean
Indian political history, one party has
dominated the political stage. The Indian
Map not to scale
National Congress (INC) was established
in 1885 by A. O Hume, as the indigenous
In African countries, political parties base for the political
were at first formed to secure participation of
decolonization. In many decolonized Indians in legislative
African countries, political parties are and political wings.
struggling hard against militarism. It demanded political
reforms in gradual
The Constitution of stages. After the
South Africa non-cooperation
 Universal adult suffrage vote at 18 movement (1921-23) Indian National
 A national common voters roll Congress began to demand absolute
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political freedom. In the 20th century, the with the British government. Gradually
parties with communal agenda have also the Indian National Congress evolved to
come up i.e. The All India Muslim League play a pivotal role in the development of
in 1906 and Hindu Maha Sabha in 1916. India’s political party system. After the
In the Madras Presidency the South Indian partition of Bengal in 1905, the Indian
Liberal Federation (Justice Party) was National Congress was divided between
formed to project their interest of the the Moderates (policy of petitions) and the
Non-Brahmins (Dravidian). Extremists (aggressive militant strategy).
The formation of the Muslim league in
ACTIVITY 1906 resulted in the era of conflicting
political bargaining, reflected the true
beginnings of the Indian party system.

The entry of Mahatma Gandhi into

the political scene with his moral-ethical
focus on non-violence as a political
ideology and strategy, transformed the
Indian National Congress to represent
all sections of Indian society- the
poor agriculturalists and lower caste
people. Other parties that also emerged
representing specific goals which included
I want to see how many of you are the Swaraj Party formed by Chittaranjan
against the new policy- please raise Das in 1922, the Congress Socialist Party,
your hands formed in 1934 by Acharya Narendra
Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan and the
Topic for Group Discussion : Why
do we have a multi-party system
in India? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of a Multi-party
system?
Divide the class into three or four
groups and conduct Group Discussion.
Select anyone of the teams and present
their views to others.
(Courtesy: Cartoon, The Hindu)

However, the Indian National

Congress represented the urban, upper
caste elite, mostly western educated and
provided a platform for negotiations
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Communist Party, formed in the new parties have emerged that represent
1920’s by the efforts of M. N. Roy were the and seek to address the trans formative
other major political parties. challenges faced by various diverse
sections of the people. Since the 1990’s
There were a number of political we see a federalization of politics with
parties which carry on political campaigns regional parties gaining greater influence,
and propaganda, but do not contest representative of regional aspirations
elections, they function as pressure against the dominance of the Centre.
groups. Till 1977, the Communist
Party, the socialist parties, and the right N

wing Janasangh were the mentionable W E

S
opposition parties at the national level.

Until 1977, no single party could

become an alternative to Indian National
Congress at national level. Hence, a
number of so called national parties,
under the stewardship of Jayaprakash
Narayan, merged to create a large national
alternative party known as Janata Party.
In 1977, it captured power at the centre.
Yet this party lacked cohesion and unity Map not to scale

and became shattered after 1980. The

Jana Sangh was revived with a new name
Bhartiya Janata Party, Meanwhile Kanshi
Ram’s Bahujan Samaj Party emerged as
national level party with social justice as
its main plank. The Communist Party of
India (Marxist) became very powerful in
a few states like Kerala,West Bengal and
Tripura.

The 1990s was the period of an

increasing quest towards coalition In the present period, regional
governments in Indian politics. The alliances indicate a growing trend towards
Indian Political System became more coalition governments that form an
competitive, more democratized and more effective voice in favour of federal polity.
representative of the multicultural social This fragmentation is largely due to the
nexus and diversity that is observed in regionalization of politics, with parties
contemporary India. It is observed that old having high support base in specific areas.
parties became obsolete and defunct, and

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Regional Parties and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra

Kazhagam (AIADMK) in Tamil Nadu are
Shiromani Akali Dal in the Punjab,
some of the major regional parties.
Samajwadi Party in the Uttar Pradesh,
Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh, While there is growing political
Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) in Bihar, awareness among the electorate, there is
Trinamool Congress in West Bengal, also greater mobilization along lines of
Telangana Rashtra Samithi in Telangana, regional, social and religious identities.
Asom Gana Parishad in Assam, Shiv Sena in There is a widespread difference in the
Maharastra, National Conference, People composition of political groups, and
Democratic Party in Jammu & Kashmir, characteristics of political and social
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) groups between one region and another.

Parties that gained seats in Parties that gained seats in

Parliament in 2009 Elections Parliament in 2014 Elections

Indian National Congress (INC) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Indian National Congress (INC)

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra

Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Kazhagam (AIADMK)

Samajwadi Party (SP) All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Biju Janata Dal (BJD)

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) Shivsena (SHS)

Shivsena Telugu Desam (TDP)

Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS)

Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party

All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)
(YSRC)
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Kazhagam (AIADMK)

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Party System in Tamil Nadu independent India. There are very clear
socio-economic, cultural and historical
In Tamil Nadu, like most Indian
reasons for this development. The long
states, the early independence period was
history of rationalist and social justice
dominated by the Congress party.
movements from the colonial era and the
However, issues of caste hierarchy, and the
mobilization of Dravidian consciousness
rising North South divide eroded the
since the beginning of 20th century have
popularity of Congress leadership in the
fundamentally transformed the nature of
state. The Dravidian movement
politics and the future of party system in
regenerated in Tamil Nadu under Periyar
state politics.
E.V Ramasamy and garnered popularity
on assertion of Dravidian Rights and ACTIVITY
Dignity and through an anti-North, anti-
Hindi, anti-Brahmin social agenda. Anbu, Kumaran, Rajumar and
Amuthan were friends. They went
N
to watch a film that showed the hero
W E becoming Chief Minister for a day
S and making big changes in the State.
Anbu said this what the country needs.
Kumaran said this kind of a personal
rule without institution is dangerous
Rajkumar said all this is a fantasy. No
minister can do anything in one day.

Imagine you are the fourth person what

would be your reaction to such a film?

10.7 Role of Political Parties in a

Democracy
For the effective functioning of a
Map not to scale

democracy, the existence of political

parties that represent conflicting interests
is mandatory. While they advocate various
interests and policies, largely political
parties adopt Rightist ideology
(conservative, traditional and capitalistic)
or Leftist (pro-equality, liberal and labour
interests). While it is true that political
parties are essential for attaining the
The Party System in Tamil Nadu is a
democratic ideal, the rise of individual
pioneer model of the pre-eminence of the
parties with non-democratic agenda and
regional parties in state politics of
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authoritarian leadership is a critical Role of Opposition in a Democracy

challenge to Democracy. This is very
relevant in the case of a multicultural, The relationship between party
multilingual, multi religious and system and democracy will be incomplete
economically diverse country like India, without the discussion of the role
only political parties can truly represent of opposition parties in democracy.
the multidimensional interests of people Democracy has no meaning without an
from every corner of the country. It is vital effective opposition party or parties in
in a democracy like India that political the country. The nature of democracy
parties exercise maturity and maintain a is not only determined by the strength
secular position, the precious and of ruling party alliance but also in the
precarious unity and stability of India role and functioning of the opposition
cannot be maintained. It is in the interests party alliance. In fact, the leader of the
of the nation, that responsibly and Opposition party enjoys the status and
principled parties show a level of maturity privileges of the rank of cabinet minister.
and responsibility in exercising their A weak opposition leads to either a
duties and functions for the sustainability government without accountability or the
of democratic institutions. tyranny of the majority.

Pressure or Interest groups also play an

ACTIVITY
important role in special issues and events.
These are organized groups, having
common political and social interests,
which influence decisions from outside.
Pressure groups have voluntary
membership and lobby for specific
interests. Unlike political parties, pressure
groups do not contest elections. The
Pressure Groups are able to influence the
government through various techniques
with various public policy issues and are
therefore called pressure groups.
Professional pressure groups may include
business interests, trade unions, Farmers,
Teachers and Students, Doctors, culture
Cartoon Courtesy : The Hindu, 5.5.2004. groups, and institutional groups. Pressure
Groups play an important role in the
The exit polls will be proved all Indian political system by acting as a link
wrong – an astrologer told me and source of communication between
The above mentioned cartoon is open the masses and the political parties. They
to many views and comments, what are sensitize the public towards vital socio-
yours? Share your views in the classroom. economic issues and through their

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lobbying, influence both the government actual results. Yet they are important in
and the administrative policies. generating opinions among the unsure
and undecided as well as help to sustain a
"Leadership and learning
balance in voting practices for all parties
are indispensable to each
concerned.
other."
John F. Kennedy Glossary

Political Party: An organization that seeks

Psephology to achieve political power by electing its
Psephology deals with the study and members to public office
statistical analysis of elections and polls. One-party system: A system in which a
Public opinion polls play an important single political party has the right to form the
role in psephology. They analyze both government, usually based on the existing
Opinion Polls and Exit Polls as well as constitution, or where only one party has
election results. Opinion Polls and Exit the exclusive control over political power
Polls are both
i m p o r t a n t Two-party system: A system where only two
indicators of parties or alliances, typically placed either
voter’s choice side of the centre, have a realistic chance of
during the forming a majority. Other parties are very
elections. minor or solely regional.
Multi-party system: A system in which
multiple political parties have the capacity
to gain control of government offices,
separately or in coalition.
Ballot: This piece of paper contains
information on the symbols and names of
the candidates contesting in a constituency.
By-election: When a seat in Legislature
The main difference between the becomes vacant between general elections
two is that opinion poll is conducted (often because the incumbent has either
before the voter actually votes and the exit resigned, defected to another party or died),
poll is conducted after a voter comes out a by-election is held.
after casting his or her vote. Results of exit
polls are generally considered to be more Election: The process whereby eligible
trustworthy than that of opinion polls. persons vote to determine who will hold a
political office.
The result of opinion polls may
Elector: A person who is included in the
or may not actually collaborate the
electoral roll for an electorate.

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 C HA P TER

11 Tamil Nadu Economy

“If the nature of the work is properly appreciated and applied, it

will stand in the same relation to the higher faculties as food is to the
physical body”
–J.C.Kumarappa

Learning Objectives

1 To understand the resource position of Tamil Nadu

economy

2 To analyse the performance of Tamil Nadu economy in relation to other

states.

of contribution to GDP, third highest in

11.1
terms of per capita income, investment,
Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and
industrial output. It has been ranked as
The economic and social development the most economically free state by the
of states in India are not uniform. Wide Economic Freedom.
regional disparities exist. The western region
and southern regions are better off than the In the social and health sector also Tamil
other regions. Tamil Nadu is geographically Nadu’s performance is better than many
eleventh largest and population wise third other states and better than national
largest. Tamil Nadu fares well with many average in terms of health, higher
achievements. It stands to second in terms education, IMR and MMR.

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 NAGAPATTINAM
}

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 11.2 11.3
Highlights of Tamil Nadu Performance of Tamil Nadu
Economy Economy

„„Growth of SGDP in Tamil Nadu has Some of the States like Gujarat and
been among the fastest in India since Maharashtra seem to perform well in some
2005. of the economic indicators. Kerala tops in
„„Poverty reduction in Tamil Nadu has literacy, IMR and MMR. In recent years Tamil
been faster than that in many other Nadu’s performance is outstanding and far
States. ahead of all other states in the spheres of health,
higher education, growth of MSMEs, poverty
„„Tamil Nadu contains a smaller
alleviation and employment generation.
proportion of India’s poor population.
„„Tamil Nadu is the second largest
contributor to India’s GDP. Tamil Nadu is placed third in health
„„Tamil Nadu ranks 3rd in Human index
Development Index (source: UNDP- The Tamil Nadu state has come third
2015) after Kerala and Punjab in a health
„„Tamil Nadu ranks 3rd in terms of index report. The neo natal mortality
invested capital (₹2.92 lakh crore) and rate is 14 lower than that of many other
value of total industrial output (₹6.19 states and that the under 5 mortality has
lakh crore). dropped from 21 in 2014 to 20 in 2015
„„Tamil Nadu ranks first among the - Healthy States, Progressive India
states in terms of number of factories Report, (2018) –NITI AAYOG
with 17% share and industrial workers
(16% share) of the country.
The reasons for the relative success
„„Tamil Nadu is placed third in health
of Tamil Nadu lie in extending social
index as per the NITI AAYOG report.
policies to cover most of the population.
„„Tamil Nadu has a highest Gross For instance the Public Distribution
Enrolment Ratio in higher education. System, midday meals and public health
„„Tamil Nadu has the largest number of infrastructure have near universal coverage.
engineering colleges
„„Tamil Nadu has emerged as a major 11.4
hub for renewable energy.
Natural Resource
„„Tamil Nadu has highest credit Deposit
Ratio in commercial and Cooperative
banks. 11.4.1 Water Resources
„„Has highest ranks first on investment
Tamil Nadu is not endowed with rich
proposals filed by MSMEs.
natural resources compared to other

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 States. It accounts for three per cent of
water sources, four per cent of land area
against six per cent of population.

North East monsoon is the major source of with Thermal power plants, Fertilizer and
rainfall followed by South West monsoon. Carbonisation plants. Magnesite mining
There are 17 river basins in Tamil Nadu. is at Salem from which mining of Bauxite
The main rivers are Palar, Cheyyar, ores are carried out at Yercaud and this
Ponnaiyar, Cauvery, Bhavani, Vaigai, region is also rich in Iron Ore at Kanjamalai.
Chittar, Tamiraparani, Vellar, Noyyal Molybdenum is found in Karadikuttam in
Siruvani, Gundar, Vaipar, Valparai etc. Madurai district.
Wells are the largest source of irrigation
in Tamil Nadu (56%). Table 11.2 Mineral Resources
Mineral Reserve National
Table 11.1 Water Resources (Tonnes) Share
Source of Numbers Lignite 30,275,000 87%
Irrigation Vermiculite 2,000,000 66%
Reservoirs 81 Garnet 23,000,000 42%
Canals 2239 Zircon 8,000,000 38%
Tanks 41262 Graphite 2,000,000 33%
Tube Wells 3,20,707 Ilmenite 98,000,000 28%
Open Wells 14,92,359 Rutile 5,000,000 27%
Source: Tamil Nadu Government Season & Monazite 2,000,000 25%
Crop Report 2012-13
Magnesite 73,000,000 17%
(Source: Department. of Geology and
11.4.2 Mineral Resources Mining)
Tamil Nadu has a few mining projects based
11.5
on Titanium, Lignite, Magnesite, Graphite,
Limestone, Granite and Bauxite. The first one 11.5.Population
is the Neyveli Lignite Corporation that has
led development of large industrial complex Tamil Nadu stands sixth in population
around Neyveli in Cuddalore district with 7.21 crore against India’s 121 crore as
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 per 2011 census. However, Tamil Nadu’s 995 which is far better compared to most
population is higher than that of several of the States and all India level. Tamil Nadu
countries according to UN Report. stands third next only to Kerala state and
Puduchery Union Territory in sex ratio.
Table 11.3 Population
Table 11.4 Health and Social
State / Country Population Indicators
(in Crore)
Sl. Indicator Tamil India
Tamil Nadu 7.2 No Nadu
U.K. 6.5
1 IMR 17 34
France 6.5
2 MMR 79 159
Italy 5.9
3 Life Expectancy
South Africa 5.6
Total 70.6 67.9
Spain 4.7
Male 68.6 66.4
Sri Lanka 2.1 Female 72.7 69.6
(Source: Projections published by the United
Nations in the 2017 Revision of World
4 Literacy Rate
Population Prospects.) Total 80.33 % 74.04 %
Male 86.81 % 82.14 %
11.5.1 Density Female 73.86 % 65.46 %
The density of population which measures 5 Sex Ratio 995 940
population per sq.km is 555 in 2011
against 480 in 2001. Tamil Nadu ranks 12th
in density among the Indian States and
11.5.4 Infant Mortality Rate
382 is the national average.
(mortality before
completing 1 year)
11.5.2 Urbanisation
Tamil Nadu is well ahead of national
Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized average and other states in IMR. According
state with 48.4% of urban population to NITI AAYOG, the IMR is 17 (per
against 31.5% for India as a whole. 1000) for Tamil Nadu which is just half of
The State accounts for 9.61% of total national average of 34 as on 2016.
urbanites in India against 6% share of
total population.
11.5.5 Maternal Mortality
11.5.3 Sex ratio (Number of Rate (MMR) (Mother’s
female per 1000 males) death at the time of
delivery per 1 lakh)
Balanced sex ratio implies improvement in
quality of life of female population. The sex Tamil Nadu has a good record of
ratio in Tamil Nadu is nearing balance with controlling MMR, ranking third with

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 79 (Kerala 61, Maharashtra 67) against Table 11.5 G ross State
national average of 159 again half of the Domestic Product
national average [NITI AAYOG].
State / Country GSDP /GDP
(Billion)
11.5.6 Life Expectancy at Tamil Nadu-GSDP $ 207.8
birth
Iraq-GDP $ 171
The average period that a person may New Zealand-GDP $ 184
expect to live is called life expectancy.
Sri Lanka-GDP $ 81
However, life expectancy in India still falls
short of most developed and developing (Source: IMF Outlook, April 2017)
nations.

11.5.7 Literacy 11.6.1 Sectoral Contribution

The literacy rate of Tamil Nadu is Is higher
than in many States

11.6
G ross State Domestic
Product (G SDP)

Just like GDP, the Gross State Domestic

Product refers to the total money value
of all the goods and services produced
annually in the State.
Tamil Nadu is the second largest The tertiary sector (service sector) is
economy in India with a GSDP of $ the major contributor to Tamil Nadu’s
207.8 billion in 2016-17 according to the GSDP at 63.70%. The secondary sector
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, (Industry) contribution is gradually on
Tamil Nadu. The GSDP of Tamil Nadu is the rise and now it is 28.5%. Agriculture
equal to the GDP of Kuwait on nominal occupies a prominent position in
term and GDP of UAE on PPP terms. occupation but its contribution to GSDP
The GSDP of Tamil Nadu is far higher is declining and now it is just 7.76%. This
compared to many countries as shown means that the tertiary and secondary
below. This is mainly due to population sectors have grown faster, the agricultural
effect. Per capita GSDP would be better for sector has grown slow. Agriculture
intercountry or interstate comparisons. sector provides employment and food to
Tamil Nadu may go below if per capita larger proportion of Indians and Tamils.
GSDP is considered for comparison. But, the same sector is growing slowly

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 Table 11.6 Per capita income
means it is not good. With this trend
sustainable development may not be State / Country Per capita Income
possible. (in USD)
Tamil Nadu 2200
11.6.2 Per capita Income India 1670
The Per capita GSDP of Tamil Nadu also Nigeria 2175
($ 2,200) which is higher than that of Nicaragua 2151
many other States in India. Per capita Pakistan 1443
GSDP of Tamil Nadu is nearly 1.75 times Bangladesh 1358
higher than the national average, as per Zimbabwe 1029
2018 data. In term of ₹ the per capita Nepal 729
income in Tamil Nadu was ₹ 1,03,600 in (Source: World Bank National Accounts data, and
2010-11 and it has increased to ₹1,88,492 OECD National Accounts data files. -https://data.
in 2017-18 as per the Budjet figures 2018. worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)

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 The Per capita income of Tamil Nadu crops is 27.1%. Among the food crops
among the southern States is given below: paddy takes a major share. Among the
non-food crops, groundnut and coconut
Table 11.7 Per capita take a major share.
Income (2015-16) Net sown area has been gradually
State PI (₹) declining; and, rural land, labour and
capital are moving towards urban projects.
Tamil Nadu 1,57,116
As a result, villages are emptied and cities
Kerala 1,55,516 are over-crowded and congested, leading
Karnataka 1,46,416 to spatially unbalanced bulging.
Telangana 1,58,360
Andhra Pradesh 1,37,000 11.7.1 Foodgrain Production
(Source: Reserve Bank of India, New Delhi.
February 2017.)

11.7
Agriculture

Tamil Nadu, with seven agro climatic zones

and varied soil types is better suited for
the production of fruits, vegetables, spices,
plantation crops, flowers and medicinal Rice production dominates among food
plants. The State is the largest producer of grain production with 79.49 lakh tones on
loose flowers and the third largest producer 2014-15 followed by millets at 40.79 lakh
of fruits. Tamil Nadu has historically been tons. There is significant jump in pulses
an agricultural State. At present, Tamil Nadu production from 3.59 lakhs ton in 2011-
is the India’s second biggest producer of rice, 12 to 7.67 lakh ton in 2014-15. There
next only to West Bengal. The state is one may be changes in these statistics. Hence
of the major producers of turmeric. It is updation is unavoidable.
also the leading producer of Kambu, Corn,
Groundnut, Oil seeds and Sugarcane. It 11.7.2 Productivity Position
ranks first in production of plantation crops of Tamil Nadu and
and banana and coconut, second in rubber India
and cashew nut, third in pepper and fourth
The Government of Tamil Nadu lays
in sugarcane.
emphasis on agricultural production and
The gross cropped area under productivity. As a result, Tamil Nadu
all crops was 58.97 lakh hectares in the tops in productivity, in food crops as
year 2013-14. The area under food crops well as non-food crops, among the States
account for 72.9% and that of non-food in India.

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 Table 11.8 Productivity 11.8
Position of Tamil Nadu
Industry
Crop Position of Tamil Nadu
at National Level Chennai is sometimes referred to as
Maize 1 the Health Capital of India or the Banking
Kambu 1 Capital of India, having attracted
Groundnut 1 investments from International Finance
Total Oilseeds 1 Corporationsand the  World Bank. It is
Cotton 1 also called as Detroit of Asia.
Coconut 2 Tamil Nadu has a network of
Rice 2 about 110 industrial parks/estates that
Sugarcane 3 offer developed plots with supporting
Sunflower 3 infrastructure.  Also, the Government
Jowar 3 is promoting other industrial parks
like Rubber Park, Apparel Park,
Coarse cereals 4
Floriculture Park, TICEL Park for
Total Pulses 8
Biotechnology, Siruseri IT Park and Agro
Source: Tamil Nadu Agriculture Department
Export Zones.
Policy Note 2017-18)
The heavy engineering
Tamil Nadu ranks first in maize, manufacturing companies are
kambu, groundnut, oil seeds and cotton; centeredaround the suburbs of Chennai.
second in rice and coconut, third in Chennai boasts of global car manufacturing
sugarcane, sunflower and jowar. giants as well as home grown companies.

INDUSTRY CLUSTERS IN TAMIL NADU

RANIPET : Leather

AMBUR : Leather
VANIYAMBADI : Leather
SALEM : Powerlooms, Home textiles, Steel, Sago

SANKAGIRI : Lorry fleet operators

TIRUCHENGODE: Borewell drilling services

NAMAKKAL : Transportation, Poultry
KARUR : Coach-building, Powerlooms
ERODE : Powerlooms, Turmeric
COIMBATORE : Spinning mills, Engineering industries
TIRUPUR : Knitwear, Readymade garments

RAJAPALAYAM : Surgical cotton products

SIVAKASI : Safety matches, Fireworks, Printing

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 Karur is known for its bus body mill capacity is in Tamil Nadu. The western
building which contributes 80% of part of Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore,
South Indian bus body building.  TNPL Tirupur, Erode, Dindigul and Karur has the
is the Asia›s largest ecofriendly paper majority of spinning mills manufacturing
mill.  Salem  is called as steel city and has cotton/polyester/blended yarn and silk
many sago producing units and mineral yarn used by garment units in Tamil Nadu,
wealth.  Sivakasi  is the leader in printing, Maharastra etc. Yarn is also exported to
fireworks, safety matches production China, Bangladesh etc.  Tirupur  known as
in India. It contributes to 80% of India’s “Knitting City” is the exporter of garments
total safety matches production and 90% worth USD 3 Billion.  Karur  is the major
of India’s total fireworks production. home for textile manufacturing (Curtain
Thoothukudi is the gateway of Tamil cloth, bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet
Nadu. It is a major chemical producer linens, table linens, wall hangings etc.) and
next only to Chennai. export hub in India. Erode is the main cloth
market in South India for both retail and
wholesale ready-mades.
11.8.1 Textiles

11.8.2 Leather
Tamil Nadu accounts for 30 per cent of
leather exports and about 70 per cent of
leather production in the country. Hundreds
of leather and tannery industries are located
around Vellore, Dindigul and Erode. Every
year the State hosts the India International
Leather Fair in Chennai.

11.8.3 Electronics
Tamil Nadu is the largest textile hub of Chennai has emerged as EMS Hub of India.
India. Tamil Nadu is known as the “Yarn Many multi  – national companies  have
Bowl” of the country accounting for 41% chosen Chennai as their South Asian
of India’s cotton yarn production. The manufacturing hub.
textile industry plays a significant role in
the Indian economy by providing direct
employment to an estimated 35 million 11.8.4 Automotives
people, and thereby contributing 4% of Chennai  nicknamed as “The  Detroit of
GDP and 35% of gross export earnings. Asia”is home to a large number of auto
The textile sector contributes to 14% of component industries. Tamil Nadu has
the manufacturing sector. From spinning 28% share each in automotive and auto
to garment manufacturing, entire textile components industries, 19% in the trucks
production chain facilities are in Tamil segment and 18% each in passenger cars
Nadu. About half of India’s total spinning and two wheelers.
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 The town of  Sivakasi  is a leader in the
11.8.5 Cement Industry
areas of printing, fireworks, and safety
Tamil Nadu ranks third in cement production matches. It was fondly called as “Little
in India (First Andhra Pradesh, Second Japan” by Jawaharlal Nehru. It contributes
Rajasthan). Among 10 largest cement to 80% of India’s fireworks production.
companies in India as on 2018, Ramco Cement Sivakasi provides over 60% of India’s total
and India Cement find prominent place. And offset printing solutions.
also Tamil Nadu stands second in number of
cement plants with 21 units against 35 units in
11.8.7 Other Industries
Andhra Pradesh.
One of the global electrical equipment
public sector companies viz BHEL has
11.8.6 Fire works
manufacturing plants at Tiruchirappalli and
Ranipet. The Tamil Nadu State Government
owns the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and
Papers (TNPL), the world’s biggest bagasse-
based paper mill in Karur. Tamil Nadu
is a leading producer of cement in India
and with manufacturing units located at
Ariyalur, Virudhunagar, Coimbatore and
Tirunelveli. The region around Salem is
rich in mineral ores. The country’s largest
steel public sector undertaking, SAIL has a
steel plant in Salem.

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 Coimbatore is also referred to as “the 11.9
pump City” as it supplies two thirds of India’s
Energy
requirements of motors and pumps. The city
is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet
grinders and auto components and the term Tamil Nadu tops in power generation
“Coimbatore Wet Grinder” has been given among the southern States as seen in
a Geographical indication following table.

Thoothukudi is known as Installed capacity of power utilities

“Gateway of Tamil Nadu”. Thoothukudi in States in southern region
is the major chemical producer in the
state. It produces the 70 per cent of the Table 11.11 Energy
total salt production in the State and 30 State Units Ranks
per cent in the country. Tamil Nadu 26,865 MW I
Karnataka 18,641 MW II
11.8.8 MSMEs Andhra Pradesh 17,289 MW III
The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Telungana 12,691 MW IV
are defined under the MSMED Act 2006. The Kerala 4,141 MW V
enterprises are classified as Manufacturing 79,627 MW
and Service enterprises based on the (Source: Central Electricity Authority, Ministry
investment in plant and machinery and of Power, Government of India. Retrieved
equipment (excluding land and building) the Jan.2017.)
classification of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises is given in Table- 11.11. Tamil Nadu is in the forefront of
all other Indian States in installed
Tamil Nadu accounts of 15.07% capacity. Muppandal wind farm is
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises a  renewable energy source, supplying
(MSMEs) in the country( the highest among the villagers with electricity for work.
all States) with 6.89 lakhs registered MSMEs. Wind farms were built in Nagercoil and
Producing over 8000 varieties of product for Tuticorin apart from already existing
a total investment of more than ₹32,008crore. ones around Coimbatore, Pollachi,
MSMEs produce a wide variety Dharapuram  and  Udumalaipettai. These
of products in almost all sectors. The areas generate about half of India’s
prominent among them are the engineering, 2,000 megawatts of wind energy or two
electrical, chemicals, plastics, steel paper, percent of the total power output of India.
matches, textiles, hosiery and garments
sector. Around 15.61 lakh entrepreneurs
11.9.1 Nuclear Energy
have registered, providing employment
opportunities to about 99.7 lakhs persons The  Kalpakkam  Nuclear Power Plant and
with total investment of ₹1,68,331 crore. the  Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant

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 Table 11.13 Thermal Power
Source Million Units %
Thermal 13304 49.52
Hydel 2203 8.20
Nuclear 986 3.67
Others (Wind, 10372 38.61
Solar)
Total 26865 100.00
are the major nuclear energy plants for the (Source: Central Electricity Authority, Ministry
energy grid. of Power, Government of India. Retrieved 15
Jan.2017.)

Table 11.12 Nuclear Energy 11.9.3 Hydel Energy

Units Existing Installed There are about 20 hydro electric units

Capacity (2018) in Tamil Nadu. The prominent units are
Hundah, Mettur, Periyar, Maravakandy,
Kudankulam 1834 MW (2 x 917)
Parson Valley etc.
Kalpakkam 470 MW (2 x 235)
11.9.4 Solar Energy
Tamil Nadu tops in solar power generation
in India as seen in following table.
Southern Tamil Nadu is considered
as one of the most suitable regions in

Table 11.14 Solar Energy

Ranking States Total capacity

(MW) 2017
1 Tamil 1590.97
Nadu
11.9.2 Thermal Power
2 Rajasthan 1317.64
In Tamil Nadu the share of thermal power
3 Gujarat 1159.76
in total energy sources is very high and
the thermal power plants are at Athippattu 4 Telangana 1073.41
(North Chennai) Ennore, Mettur, Neyveli 5 Andhra 979.65
and Thoothukudi. Pradesh
The generation of power under (Source :Data from MNRE)
various sources is given below.
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 the country for developing solar power Credit Deposit Ratio of 119.15% in the
projects. country whereas this ratio is 77.5% at the
national level.
11.9.5 Wind Energy
11.10.2 Education
Tamil Nadu has the highest installed wind
energy capacity in India. The State has very a. School E ducation
high quality of off shore wind energy potential Tamil Nadu is grouped among high Net
off the Tirunelveli coast and southern Enrolement Ratio (NER) States. According
Thoothukudi and Rameswaram coast. to NITI Aayog 2015-16 NER at primary
level in Tamil Nadu is 89.24% which is
11.10 higher than that of Kerala (79.94%) and
national average 74.74%. The all India
SERVICES average is 43% and the world average is
59%.
Banking, insurance, energy, transport and
communication fall under tertiary sector Table 11.15 Tamil Nadu’s
primary education statistics
i.e., services.
2016-17

11.10.1 Banking Number Primary 35,414

of schools Middle 9,708
In Tamil Nadu, Nationalised banks account
for 52% with 5,337 branches, Private High and Higher 12,911
Commercial Banks 30% (3,060) branches, Secondary
State Bank of India and its associates 13%
(Source: Tamil Nadu State portal, State interim
(1,364), Regional Rural Banks 5% (537)
Budget 2016-17)
branches and the remaining 22 foreign
bank branches. Gross Enrolment Ratio is 118.8%
Total deposits of the banks in Tamil for primary level(class 1-5); 112.3% for
Nadu registered an year-on year increase upper primary level (class 6-8), 62.7% for
of 14.32% by March 2017 and touched secondary level (class 9-10), 49.26% at
₹6,65,068.59 crores. Total credit of the Higher Secondary level (class 11-12). This
banks in Tamil Nadu registered a year-on has been possible mainly due to the supply
year increase of 13.50% by March 2017 and of free food, cloth, foot-wear, scholarship,
touched ₹6,95,500.31 crores. The share of laptop etc.
Priority Sector Advances stands at 45.54% b . Hig her E ducation
as against the national average of 40%.
The percentage of Agricultural advances In Gross Enrolment Ratio under higher
to total advances as at the end of March education (Tertiary level) Tamil Nadu
2017 works out to 19.81% as against the continues to be at the top level well ahead
national average of 18%. Banks in Tamil of other states. The GER is 46.9% in
Nadu have maintained one of the highest Tamil Nadu which is far higher against
national average and all other States This
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 higher GER is thanks to the distribution 24.8%. Both Karnataka & Kerala together
of free food,cloth, footwear, laptop and accounted for more than 60% of the total
scholarship. educational loan amount by Private Banks.

Table 11.16 G ross 11.10.4 Health

Enrolment Rate %
Tamil Nadu has a three – tier health
State 2016-17 infrastructure comprising hospitals,
Tamil Nadu 46.9 primary health centres, health units,
community health centres and sub-
Maharashtra 30.2
centres. As of March 2015, the State had
Uttar Pradesh 24.9
34 district hospitals, 229 sub-divisional
Odisha 21.0 hospitals, 1,254 primary health centres,
Bihar 14.4 7,555 Sub-centres and 313 community
All India 25.2 health centres.

(Source: All India Survey on Higher Education

(AISHE) released by the Ministry of Human
11.10.5 Communication
Resource Development- January 2018) Maharashtra has the highest number of
internet subscribers in the country at
Tamil Nadu has 59 Universities, 29.47 million, followed by States like Tamil
40 Medical colleges, 517 Engineering Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
colleges, 2,260 Arts and Science
According to government data,
colleges, 447 Polytechnics and 20 dental
India had a total of 342.65 million internet
colleges. Tamil Nadu produces nearly
subscribers at the end of March, 2016.
four lakh engineering and polytechnic
Tamil Nadu had 28.01 million subscribers,
students every year, the highest in the
while its neighbours Andhra Pradesh and
country.
Karnataka had 24.87 million and 22.63
million, respectively.
11.10.3 Educational Loans
As far as educational loans disbursed by 11.10.6 Transport
Public Sector Banks under priority sector Tamil Nadu has a well established
are concerned, 20.8% of the total amount transportation system that connects all
was disbursed in Tamil Nadu between parts of the State. This is partly responsible
2013-14 and 2015-16. Andhra Pradesh for the investment in the State. Tamil Nadu
was second with 11.2% of the total loan is served by an extensive road network in
amount followed by Maharashtra (10.2%). terms of its spread and quality, providing
Of the total amount of educational links between urban centres, agricultural
loans disbursed by Private Banks during market-places and rural habitations in the
the same period, Kerala accounted for countryside. However, there is scope for
37.8% followed by Tamil Nadu with improvement.

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 a. R oad c. A ir
There are 28 national highways in the Tamil Nadu has four major international
State, covering a total distance of airports. Chennai International Airport
5,036 km. The State has a total road length is currently the third largest airport in
of 167,000  km, of which 60,628  km are India after Mumbai and Delhi. Other
maintained by Highways Department.  It international airports in Tamil Nadu include
ranks second in India with a share of over Coimbatore International Airport, Madurai
20% in total road projects under operation International Airport and Tiruchirapalli
in the public-private partnership (PPP) International Airport. It also has domestic
model. airports at Tuticorin, Salem, and Madurai.
which connect several parts of the country.
Increased industrial activity has given rise
b . R ail
to an increase in passenger traffic as well as
freight movement which has been growing
at over 18 per cent per year.

d. P orts

Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network

as part of Southern Railway, Headquartered
at Chennai. The present  Southern Railway Tamil Nadu has three major ports; one
network extends over a large area of India’s each at Chennai, Ennore, and Tuticorin,
Southern Peninsula, covering the States of as well as one intermediate port in
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, minor Nagapattinam, and 23 minor ports. The
portions of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. ports are currently capable of handling
Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length over 73 million metric tonnes of cargo
of 6,693 km and there are690 railway stations annually (24 per cent share of India).
in the State. The system connects it with most All the minor portsare managed by the
major cities in India. Main rail junctions Tamil Nadu Maritime Board, Chennai
in the State include Chennai, Coimbatore, Port. This is an artificial harbour and the
Erode, Madurai, Salem, Tiruchirapalli and second principal port in  the country for
Tirunelveli. Chennai has a well-established handling containers. It is currently being
Suburban Railway network, a Mass Rapid upgraded to have a dedicated terminal for
Transport System and is currently developing cars capable of handling 4,00,000 vehicles.
a Metro system, with its first underground Ennore Port was recently converted from
stretch operational since May 2017. an intermediate port to a major port and
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 handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil and foreign tourists. Tourism in Tamil
Nadu. Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism
Development Corporation (TTDC), a
Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking.
11.11
The State currently ranks the highest
Tourism among Indian States with about 25 crore
arrivals (in 2013). The annual growth
Tamil Nadu has since ancient past been rate of this industry stood at 16 per cent.
a hub for  tourism. In recent years, the Approximately 28 lakh foreign and 11
state has emerged as one of the leading crore domestic tourists visit the State.
tourist destinations for both domestic

11.12 22nd with unemployment rate of 42

Unemployment and per 1000. There are different kinds of
Poverty unemployment with different economic
implications. All those aspects need
National average of unemployment to be studied to fully understand the
rate stands at 50 andTamil Nadu ranks employment situation.

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 Tamil Nadu is one of India’s richest
states Since 1994, the state has seen a
steady decline in poverty. Today, Tamil
Nadu has lower levels of poverty than

Percentage
most other States in the country. After
2005, Tamil Nadu was among India’s
fastest growing states, with growth being
driven mainly by services.

Year

34 33 32
Percentage

32
29

21 20 19
17 17
12 12

BH OD AS MP UP KA WB NL MH GJ MG TN

States

11.13 three ranks in health index, education,

development of MSMEs. It has a good record
Conclusion
of poverty alleviation and employment
generation. However, India in general and
The Tamil Nadu economy which is Tamil Nadu in particular need to work
not rich in natural resources has good more to eliminate female foeticide, reduce
record of agricultural growth, industrial the population living in slums, sleeping
progress, infrastructural development and on roadsides, beggers and rag pickers.
good record of robust growth of service Development is meaningless as long as the
sector especially banking, education, above eyesore continues.
transport and tourism. It occupies top

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 Appendix-I
Population Growth in Tami Nadu: At a Glance (2011 Census)
• Total Population 72138958
• Male 36158871
• Female 35980087
• Crude birth rate (per thousand) 15.7
• Crude death rate (per thousand) 7.4
• Growth Rate (per thousand) 8.3
• Districts with Highest Population (Chennai, Kancheepuram, Vellore and
Thiruvallur)
• Districts with Lowest Population (Perambalur, The Nilgiris, Ariyalur and
Theni)
• Population Density (per sq km): 555 (2011), 480 (2001)
• Maximum Density Chennai (26903);
Kanyakumari (1106)
• Minimum Density The Nilgiris (288);
Thiruchirappalli (602)
• Sex Ratio (per 1000 males) 995 females (2011)
987 females (2001)
• District with Highest Sex Ratio The Nilgiris (1041 females)
Thanjavur (1031 females)
Nagapattinam (1025 females)
• District with Lowest Sex Ratio Theni (900 females)
Dharmapuri (946 females)
• Child Sex Ratio (0-6 age group) 946 female children (2011)
942 female children (2001)
• District with Highest Child Sex Ratio The Nilgiris (985), Kanyakumari (964)
• District with Lowest Child Sex Ratio Cuddalore (896); Ariyalur (897)
• Literacy Rate 80.33% (2011)
73.45% (2001)
• Male Literacy 86.81% (2011)
82.33% (2001)
• Female Literacy 73.86% (2011)
64.55% (2001)
• District with Highest Literacy Kanyakumari (92.14%); Chennai 90.33%)
• District with Lowest Literacy Dharmapuri(64.71%; Ariyalur (71.99%)

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 www.tntextbooks.in

UNIT

13 Social Justice

Introduction
Until the late 20th century, most philosophical discussions
of justice and equality were limited in scope to a single society.
Even Rawls’s theory of justice, for example, had nothing to say
about the distribution of wealth between societies. In the 1990s
philosophers began to think about the moral implications of
the vast inequality in wealth between the leading industrialized
countries and the countries of the developing world, some
of which were afflicted with widespread famine and disease.
The German-born philosopher Thomas Pogge argued that
affluent countries are responsible for increasing the poverty of
developing countries and thus for causing millions of deaths
annually.

Learning Objectives

This Social Justice chapter – Provides insights into

 S everal dimensions of the concept  T

 he concept/political principle
of Social Justice of Affirmative Action/Positive
 Significance of Social Justice Discrimination.

 T
 he meaning and importance of  C
 aste discrimination and its
distributive justice. -Impact of consequences
Social hierarchy  Egalitarian society
 J ohn Rawls perspective of fair and  Reservation policy and its essentiality
just society
 Government’s role in upliftment
 S ocial Justice Movements in Tamil
Nadu.  Privileges and its impact

139

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 www.tntextbooks.in

13. 1 What do you mean by Social Justice? to capture the power sector. Among
different communities in a plural society,
The negative values which are
dominance of a single group is considered
made by the society results in inequality
as unfair and unjust. The dominant groups
and cleavation among people. Gender
activate racial, religious, caste, lingual and
inequality may be quite natural, if looked
cultural feelings and intend to misuse the
upon superficially. All along the centuries,
social rights of other groups that may end
women were subjugated and exploited
in permanent hostility between different
without an opportunity which portrays
groups. The struggle that is undertaken
them as weaker section. The negative
by the weaker groups in order to react for
attitude against blacks of Africa belongs to
establishing equal society is known to be
same category which is mentioned in the
Social Justice.
previous lines. Blacks were discouraged
and kept aside as knowledge less. This Background of Social Hierarchy
situation continued for many centuries and
The ancient Indian civilization had
factualised against the black community.
evolved with the “Varnashrama Dharma”
Same situation prevails also in India.
which kick-started the principle of
Many people were refused opportunities
hierarchy i.e. Upper and Lower strata. The
on the basis of caste and it is believed as
Varna system is also called as “Four Varna
natural one in the society. Every action
System” by which people were divided as
and reaction is fudged one in our country.
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vysyas and Shudras.
Power as a demon spread its tentacles in
all the sphere of the society, as stated by This division on the
so many experts and exponents. Social basis of birth has been
power is the dominant phenomenon inculcated and socialized
which leads to cut-throat competition and along different phases of
ends in absolute control of the subjects. It civilization from which
is in order to protect the social identity, inequalities surfaced in
the dominant communities endeavor the society.

Race, religion and lingual minorities UN proclamation – December 18, 1992.

Salient Features
1. All minorities are having equal right without any discrimination and intervention
to exercise their freedom in following hereditary values, to cling with religion, to
propagate and to use their language.
2. All minorities can make their own organization and are having every right to
maintain it.
3. Minorities should have right to upgrade their knowledge related with their history,
conventions, language and other hereditary values. They should also be provided
with opportunity to learn about entire society to which they belong to.
4. This declaration may not affect the basic freedom which is stipulated in the existing
rights declaration.

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Article 15 (4) of Indian Constitution different groups of religion, race and other
factors can live with their social identity,
Article 29 (2) may not act as an
tolerance and shared power.
obstacle in making special policy decisions
for socially and educationally backward Economic condition and status
communities or SC/ST people. is one among the reason for the wedge
created in the European society. Whereas
Article 16 (4) of Indian Constitution in India, the division is on the basis of
This will not prevent any sort of purusasvktha of Rigveda and particularly
appointment or reservation among Four Varna System.
backward communities, if sufficient
This Varna System prevents
representation is not provided. India is a
individuals from their exercise of rights
sub-tropical, sub-continent with varied
and values. Indian Constitution in this
geographical atmosphere. People speak
regard is implementing all its supervisory
different languages and follow unique
mechanisms and also is delivering
hereditary values. Albeit of these factors,
distributive justice which is the motto
inequality is existing due to the Varna
of the largest democracy. This justice
System. It is in order to advance and
intended to weed out the caste distinction
develop the socio-economic conditions
(Varna System) and to establish equal
of the downtrodden communities; Indian
society in India.
Constitution is having its ideal guidelines
with strong structural foundation. The democratic values in Indian
Constitution protects and delegate power
According to Indian Constitution, to all the people equally to develop
States which are having low technological themselves in the socio-economic sectors.
development or inadequate natural Sticking on with this constitutional
resources can make their own special provisions may lead to social development
policies for holistic advancement. In and further give place for social freedom
accordance with the existing constitutional and justice. Hence, vibrant social justice
provisions, the downtrodden and in India protects National Integration
underprivileged communities were from which distributive justice and
provided with special laws and privileges democratic values are concretized.
in all the states.
DEBATE
Ideas like all inclusive development
and self-sufficient societal growth highly
Democracy is being
hinges upon social justice along with
misunderstood as in terms of numbers,
special arrangements for the marginalized
votes or the reflection of majority. All-
sections. Equal opportunity is the process
inclusive representation is the new
and social arrangement by which social
thought which is growing in the society.
democracy can sustain and pluralism
Democracy succeeds successfully only
will be strengthened. In such a society
in the all inclusive system.
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In such a democratic atmosphere,

the fabric of ‘plurality’ will be generated.
Plural thinking and all-inclusive
representations are considered as bed
rock of Indian Democracy.

I3.2 Equality is essential for Social

Justice
People accept equality as an essential We give our voice for justice. First let
phenomenon but still inequality and us understand what we accept and which
discrimination are serving as distributing we refuse. If a person is treated with great
factors. Inequality prevails in almost respect on the basis of his caste, language
all spheres like opportunities, comforts or race, we may not tolerate the reputation.
and working atmosphere. This kind If a person wants to achieve in a field like
of inequality and discrimination are music and if he is denied opportunity on
permanent and unavoidable in our life, the basis of caste, religion, gender and
is it so? What we are going to do for the race that is injustice. Why this kind of
people, who do not have opportunities to discrimination and divisive tendencies
work for the development of our nation? exist?
How far cultural values are responsible for
ACTIVITY
this kind of inequality.
Visit a nearby building
This is not only happening in India,
construction site and check whether
but also at global level which creates stir
different wages are given to male and
in the minds of the people. It is for this
female workers for the same job?
reason, social equality stood in primary
place in the Socio-political principles. We have to understand the reasons.
Equality as a principle indicates what? If opportunity is denied along with social
What do you mean by “equal society”. identity, that is absolute injustice in a
How do we assure equality? With that society. This creates inequality among
assurance, what we are going to achieve? the people. Regardless of caste, gender,
Do we try to resolve inequality only in our religion and other differences, people
income? What type of equality has to be should be provided with appropriate
established? To whom we have to provide opportunities to prove their talent and
equality? capacities in the individual life. In socio-
political theories, the distinction between
Need of special privileges the difference among individual and
If poor children were not provided socio-cultural differences exiting among
with adequate education and proper them is considered as an important
health care, we are raising hue and cry. aspect. Individuals should receive respect
and reputation on the basis of their
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achievements and talents. It should 13.3 Just Distribution

not be on the basis of social identities.
When we agreed to the idea that
Inequalities and discriminatory practices
different people in a society must be treated
which prevail in the society are artificial
differently, the subsequent question
and are known as prejudices.
would be who and how we can ensure the
Justice. Governments can and will enact
ACTIVITY laws to facilitate the just distribution of
resources to individuals with in a society.
Extended Learning Laws simply pave the way for the fair
distribution of resources. Law enforcing
agencies may have to monitor the process
of the distribution itself. This is the ideal
situation.

Visit Frontline magazine website

and read the article by Nobel Laureate
Amartya Sen. His thought-provoking
essay entitled Many Faces of Gender
A country like ours where socio-
Inequality highlighted seven types of
cultural inequalities are well entrenched,
inequality. They are:
a law for fair distribution will not
1. Mortality inequality automatically ensure just distribution
2. Natality inequality of resources. Governments will have to
3. Basic facility inequality ensure a level playing field in order to
4. Special opportunity inequality establish Justice. In other words, before
the law brings us together, people should
5. Professional inequality
enjoy some basic equality of life conditions
6. Ownership inequality and opportunities. This attempt to create
7. Household inequality a level playing field must be seen as a
In his essay, which is based on necessary condition for each person to
the text of his inaugural lecture for pursue his/her objectives in life. Since our
the Radcliffe Institute at Harvard constitution has abolished untouchability
University, Professor Sen takes a and other caste based discriminatory
comprehensive and deeply concerned practices, both the State and the legislature
look at the “many faces of gender would have to ensure the creation of such
inequality.” After reading this essay a level playing field. Thus, the government
share your views in the classroom. which swears in the name of protecting

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our constitution has the obligation of This clearly conveys the meaning
ensuring one of the finest promises of our of what is the aim of providing equal
constitution itself – bringing in equality opportunity. When modern education
to our society. Therefore, it is legal, becomes the most significant resource
constitutional and moral on the part of and employment in government sector
the government to create a level playing remains a major source of livelihood,
ground for all its citizens especially those the concept of level playing ground or
who have been historically denied basic equal opportunity was advocated and
rights. subsequently this idea became an integral
part of our constitutional apparatus.
This level playing field or what we
popularly call ‘equal opportunity’ must There are several opinions in this
not be treated either as charity or as regard. How should we distribute the
philanthropic gesture of the government. resources and ensure equal opportunity/
It is the obligation on the part of the fair access to education and jobs to all
government to treat people differently in especially to the disadvantaged groups.
order to ensure Justice; more importantly Many especially people from the so called
it is a fundamental right enshrined in the upper echelon of the society tend to think
constitution for disadvantaged people to of treating people differently in order
seek legal, constitutional remedy. to ensure just distribution effectively
Similarly, level playing ground is aimed at amounts to discrimination. This opinion
creating equal opportunity only in slowly and steadily invokes strong passion
education and employment opportunities and at times results in violence too. The
for the disadvantaged communities. In fear of losing educational and employment
many realms of our everyday lives, there is opportunities among the privileged
virtually no demand from the marginalized communities was steadily growing as
sections to provide a level playing ground. the government planned to ‘reserve’
seats for people from marginalized and
underprivileged communities as part of
DEBATE its equal opportunity plan.
The idea of ‘merit’ would be
 Do people ask the Government invoked by the privileged sections of
to provide a level playing field in our country to argue that any attempt
sports? to ‘reserve’ seats for the underprivileged
people would strongly damage merit
 Does anyone seek similar
based output of our education system;
intervention from the government
thus it would subsequently affect the
in Private sectors, Armed forces?
professional abilities of the candidates.
 Does anyone demand that people But as students of political theory, we
must be treated differently in our must be able to dispassionately examine
criminal procedural system? the issues involved in our quest to
understand Justice. Do you first of all
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agree that some interventions are required B. Common Ownership Theories 

to help the marginalized, underprivileged These theorists argue that a fair
people? What would be the outcome if the distribution means each person in the
privileged section retains all the resources initial stages must have the same amount of
including education and employment land or other valuable resources. It clearly
opportunities with themselves even after means there are no major differences in
we become an independent country and terms of an individual’s preferences and
a republic? Should we opt for an inclusive abilities. All individuals are endowed with
nation or an exclusive mob? What kind equal amount of abilities. Therefore, by
of social Justice we would eventually ensuring common ownership of resources,
emulate? we can bring in substantial Justice.
13.4 Distributive Justice and Retributive
Justice C. Entitlements Theory

The substantial point of debate while It defines just distribution when land
studying the concept of Justice would be or any other resources disbursed must be
how the resources would be distributed historically justified. Individuals who have
to all section of the society. In order to never had the ownership of land or other
understand this point more clearly let us resources can appropriate it by voluntary
dwell upon a few important perspectives transfer between and among themselves.
on the issue of Justice. In conventional Transfer of resources, for them, must be
understanding of politics, there are a few absolutely voluntary.
major theories of Justice being discussed
All these perspectives as it is evident from
at length. Equality of Resources, Common
the brief description do focus on both
Ownership theories and Entitlements are
resources and human ability. Resources
often referred while discussing Justice.
could be for example, land as well as
A. Equality of Resources knowledge; human ability also plays a
vital role for some theorists. There is a
This perspective defines distribution
grand consensus that Justice in a society is
of resources to be just; that is to say, if
possible only when it becomes distributive
every individual has the same effective
rather than retributive. How do we define
resources that amounts to Justice. If, for
retributive justice?
some given work, each person obtains the
same amount of wage or reward, that is D. Retributive Justice
how we must realize Justice. If inequality
exists it is singularly the result of individual The concept of retributive justice is
choices – to be a productive earner or to often invoked in several contexts. One can
be a person of leisure. This perspective understand the framework of this form of
effectively rejects self-ownership and justice by following certain principles.
resource ownership but strongly advocates
only responsibilities and obligations. i). Those who have committed wrongful
acts, serious crimes do deserve harsh

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punishment quite proportionate to in our Indian context to realize the spirit

their crime. of Justice. Of all these perspectives, the
framework offered by John Rawls stands
ii). It is morally good; when the legitimate
out as a significant one; let’s study the vital
punisher gives the culprit a stern
aspects of his theory.
punishment what that person deserves;
no matter whether the punitive action 13.5 John Rawls Theory of Justice
against wrong doers is compared
with others or not, the punishment is John Rawls is considered as one of
necessary as moral good. the finest political philosophers of 20th
century. He developed the theory of
iii). 
It does not encourage punishing Justice based on the paradigm called
the innocent intentionally and Justice as Fairness. His framework treats
also disapproves inflicting large all personal attributes as being morally
punishments on wrongdoers arbitrary; therefore Justice for him
disproportionately. demands equality. For him ‘all social
values including liberty, opportunity,
Even though, the idea of retributive income, wealth, self-respect are to be
justice played vital role in theorizing distributed equally. In other words,
punishment and Justice for some time, injustice is ‘simply inequalities that not to
some of its pivotal features such as the benefit of all’. If/when any action/
proportionality, normative status of attribute of an individual that does not
suffering and the ultimate justification for benefit all actually signifies inequality and
retribution become highly contentious. unfair/unjust character of a society. This
perspective compels us to have a more
In a country like India, there are a few
comprehensive understanding of Justice
who tacitly approve violence as a mean to
itself. Let’s see what he says about Justice.
achieve and establish Justice by advocating
retributive justice for many wrong acts.
Impotant works of John Rawls
This is highly untenable proposition in
modern context. Retributive justice as a
 Theory of Justice - 1971
modes operandi to establish justice was  Die Idee Des Politischen
firmly rejected in our constitution itself. liberalismus - 1993
The architects of our constitution firmly  Justice as fairness - 1985
believed that violent methods will not  The law of People - 1993
bring in peaceful and enduring solutions
to our problems nor does it establish Just think of a moment when you
sustainable Justice in our society. are asked to imagine a new society. It is
obvious many would construct a society
Our intention is to introduce
in which they would place themselves
several perspectives on Justice to you. In
with all power/authority and privileges.
the process, we must also realize which
Do you think that anyone will imagine
perspective would be very appropriate
themselves in a pitiable situation? Most
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likely no one would do that? Why? It is not exactly who he/she would be and what is
possible also to imagine people sacrificing going to benefit him/her. Each one of us
their personal ambitions and self-interest will imagine the future society from the
in a new society. People will immediately point of view of the worst off. We usually
think of their children and their grand tend to place ourselves with all privileges
children’s welfare. Why would people and entitlements. Now in the new
sacrifice the well-being of themselves imagined society, we really do not know
and their children? You may wonder how where and what we will be. In such a
this simple question would be the basis situation, what strikes people is, what if we
for John Rawls theory of Justice. There unfortunately are born in a disadvantaged
are strong foundations for this simple section of the society with a few or very
question and its plausible answer. minimal opportunities? Suddenly, we
try to create new system in which even
John Rawls tries to find out an answer persons from the most marginalized
for this question. He offers a hypothetical sections get reasonable opportunities and
situation for us to imagine. Yes, let’s resources.
imagine ourselves to be in a situation in
which we have to make decisions about Even though this is a moment of
how society should be organized although departure, it is not so easy to erase our
we do not know which position we would identities and think/imagine oneself under
ourselves occupy in that society. We may a veil of ignorance. Similarly, it is not easy
not know which family we would be born to expect people to be self sacrificing and
in and similarly no knowledge about our share their good future with unknown
caste, class, religion, gender and region people. However, the merit of the ‘veil
etc. Here Rawls argues that if we do not of ignorance’ framework is that it expects
know where we will be and what options people to just be their usual rational selves;
would be available for us in the future they are expected to think for themselves
society, we will most likely support a and choose what they regard to be in their
decision on the rules and organizations of interest.
that future society which would be fair for
all members. When we are quite uncertain But what is more important here is
about our future, we like to facilitate an that by wearing an imagined veil of
order in which all members would get a ignorance is the first step towards arriving
fair deal. at a system of fair laws and policies. It
tries to latch its trust in the human agency
This moment Rawls describes as of rationality among people in
thinking under a ‘Veil of Ignorance’. We contemporary world. The ethics of reason
are ignorant about our possible position will create, for Rawls, a new political
and status in society; each person would structure in which people will think of
decide the way they generally do – trying polices not to optimize their self interests
to have optimum self interest in the new but rather envisage society as a whole.
society. But surprisingly no one knows This comprehensive and holistic

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perspective embedded in Rawls’ healthcare, education, nutritious food

framework makes it highly pertinent stuffs, minimum emoluments are the
while debating on Justice. That is to say, it basic needs to be provided to all without
would be in the interest of all sections of discrimination. Without these basic
the society as a whole must benefit from facilities, we may not call a society as
the policies and rules; not for an exclusive egalitarian one.
section of a society. Such fairness would
be the outcome of rational action not What are the main issues of our Nation?
benevolence or generosity. John Rawls Beliefs and practices on the basis of
theory premises upon the arrival of caste and religion are dastardly obstacles.
quintessential modern, rational beings to In many parts of India, the status of women
realize the spirit of Justice in our society; a is at lower level - education, employment,
society like ours wherein non-rational right to property are refused to women.
identities and sentiments play a major role If this situation extends and established
in organizing the society, may have to toil as our culture, a major catastrophe may
to truly understand the spirit of Justice as not be averted in India. If inequality and
emulated by John Rawls. discrimination is stamped as our cultural
value, the path of equality may be at cross
roads and cannot be attained at all.

Migrated people are also having Economic Equality

certain rights in the alien nations.
Economic equality can be
Refugees, migrated and exiled are also
identified by individual’s income and
exercising vital rights. The member
the value of property, he possess in a
nations of UN recognized those vital
society. Otherwise, the gap between
rights.
rich people community and poor may
indicate the status of economic equality.
13.6 Socio-Cultural Equality Further, by calculating number of people
In the diversified society, people under poverty line, we may draw strong
from different groups may practice their inferences and resolutions. This kind of
cultural values, habitual factors and identification is widespread among all
improve individual talents. For this to the nations. But certain discriminations
happen, equality in society is an essential on the basis of culture and historical cum
criterion. Every individual should be habitual practices, may create precarious
assured of fair opportunity in the society. issues in the concerned society. Radical
To a large extent, unequal atmosphere reformers during different phases of
should be wiped out for attaining liberal history, has made wide awareness about
society. these untoward and unethical happenings
to the people.
To put it in a nutshell, actions must
be taken at least to reduce the unequal "Humans respected on the basis of
circumstances. For instance, a good caste which he belongs to, is barbarian
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and anti-human thinking", exclaimed other benefit-less offices. They were not
E.V.Ramaswamy alias Periyar in permitted to occupy higher positions,
Tamilnadu. He out- rightly condemned because of their caste identity. Individuals
the cultural practices, habitual follow-ups and organization for the past centuries
and other so called values which refutes made onerous efforts to curb out in equal
equality in all its aspects. Periyar also was menace from the society.
against “Patriarchal Chauvinism” which
subjugated women all along the history. There some human communities
which needs special attention, since they
were totally ignored and exploited by the
DEBATE upper strata people.

Have a debate on State Intervention Truthful equality can be identified

and Free Market ? only in those rare occasions. Injustices
unleashed in the past must be identified
to know about what real or fair equality is.
That society is best which got rid
of caste, religion, gender and suppressive Reservation policy is a good initiative
habitual practices”, lamented Periyar. from the part of government in delivering
Modern society cannot be sanctified by equal justice. People, who were denied of
the people who cling towards the language education and employment opportunities
and discriminatory cultural practices. so far, were provided with reservation for
Apart from Periyar, various saints, seers uplifting the condition and status.
and philosophers took strenuous efforts
to have egalitarian society. People who Discriminatory practices which were
enjoyed all kind of privileges on the basis followed for long time in the historical
of dynasty, birth and descent so far has to phases may not be curbed out in a short
come to end. Determining an individual’s span. Expecting the change within one
capacity on accordance with the birth is or two generations is an utopian faith,
the primary and precarious feature of the stated researchers. If reforms happened
unequal society. in short time, it will be a good sign for the
development of the entire nation.
All are equal and individual’s
capacity, if decided on the basis of merit, Social Justice and Equality
is the first step towards equal society. So
far, number of modern nations refused to All civilizations were equipped with
provide voting rights for the poor people. the awareness of their practices. The
There are nations which restricts women accepted practices are “Dharma” and the
education and public offices in the 21st negative is “Adharma”. Those people who
century. breach these practices will be punished
by the king. Mistakes and related
In India, lower strata people are punishments are quite natural in all the
permitted to work only in the clerical and countries.

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First Commission for backward

community was established on 1953.
Kaka Kalelkar was the first head of
this Commission in Independent
India.
Greek philosopher Plato and his
disciples often debate and discuss about 13.7 Discrimination - Social Basis
justice and its practices. Discourses and Theory
teachings of Socrates consists of anti- As socio – psychologists describes,
justice people and their impact in the Human beings identify themselves as part
society. Justice and fairness may do only of their group. They felt prestigious and
good things in a society. energetic only when they are recognized
If justice do favour for certain as a part of their own group. What
individuals, that may not be considered discrimination means is that out grouping
and called as justice. Justice is all about their own members from the membership
the entire development and advancement of their group or ban their members
of a society. Fair justice is applicable from accessing natural resources. Indeed,
to all the people in a society, claimed wealth is an important matter. Someone
Socrates. We may infer from the above of the group’s eligibility and self – respect
said arguments that reservation is the fair indirectly defends of someone getting
justice provided to the people, who were wealth.
hitherto discriminated and exploited. Empirical studies confirm that
Proportional Justice persons with a low sense of social
recognition display more out-group
The social justice provided by our
devaluation and group-focused enmity
Indian Constitution to the depressed
based on an ideology of human inequality.
and downtrodden communities is a
Negative attitudes toward different out-
helping hand for their development and
groups (ethnic and religious minorities,
advancement. But how much and to whom
women, and people who are disabled or
are the major questions?
homeless) are strongly correlated with
Caste hierarchy is the primary reason each other, indicating the unspecific
for inequality in our nation. Hence on the nature of discrimination.
basis of the caste hierarchy, social justice
has to be maintained/must be maintained. 13.8 Affirmative Action
In categorization, we are having backward The principle of affirmative action
caste, most backward caste, scheduled is to promote societal equality through
caste and scheduled tribe for whom; the preferential treatment of socially
governments’ policies are distributed and economically disadvantaged people.
accordingly.
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Often, these people are disadvantaged for program in each executive department
historical reasons, such as oppression or and agency". In the U.S., affirmative
slavery. Support for affirmative action has action's basic purpose was to pressurize
sought to achieve a range of goals: bridging institutions into compliance with the
inequalities in employment and pay; nondiscrimination mandate of the Civil
increasing access to education; enriching Rights Act of 1964. Affirmation Action
state, institutional, and professional was extended to women in 1967.
leadership with the full spectrum of
society; redressing apparent past wrongs, United Nations
harms, or hindrances and in particular The International Convention on
addressing the apparent social imbalance the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
left in the wake of slavery and slave laws. Discrimination stipulates that affirmative
action programs may be required for all
For example, a 2017 study found that
countries that ratified the convention, in
affirmative action in the United States of
order to rectify systematic discrimination.
America "there is an increase in the share
It states, however, that such programs
of black employees over time: in 5 years
"shall in no case entail as a consequence
after an establishment is first regulated."
of unequal or separate rights for different
United States of America racial groups after the objectives are
achieved."
Though there were developments
in Liberty, Economy and Technology in The United Nations Human Rights
United States of America, still there were Committee states that "the principle of
sustained discrimination on the basis of equality sometimes requires State parties
colour till the later period of Twentieth to take affirmative action in order to
century. This raised Civil Rights agitations diminish or eliminate conditions which
there. cause or help to perpetuate discrimination
Following this Affirmation Action prohibited by the Covenant.
was introduced by John F.Kennedy in
Social Justice laws in South Africa
1960s in the United States of America.
This was called as Executive Order 10925. Following the transition to democracy
Through this order, Govt requested in 1994, South Africa chose to implement
the employers not to discriminate their affirmative action through legislations
employees or candidates on the basis of to correct previous imbalances. As such,
race, creed, colour, or national origin. all employers were compelled by law to
employ previously disenfranchised groups
This order was replaced by another (blacks, Indians, and Coloured). By this
order 11246 in the year 1965. By this the the companies employing more than 50
Federal Government commit "to promote people have to design and implement plans
the full realization of equal employment to improve the workforce demographics,
opportunity through a positive, continuing and report them to the Department of
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Labour. Employment Equity also forms British Empire. Laws like ‘Ryotwari’ were
part of a company's Black Economic made. Moreover, tax collecting system
Empowerment scorecard. Moreover, the was introduced. Further, military forces
Supreme Court has ruled that in principle were also instigated. In 1835, English was
blacks may be favoured. declared as official and administrative
language in India. Indians were appointed
China in the British Indian military forces.
China followed some sort of Majority of the people who joined in
affirmative action in education for military were non-Brahmins and deprived
minority nationalities. communities.

Russia
Quota systems existed in the USSR
for various social groups including ethnic
minorities, women and factory workers
for access to university education, offices
in the former Soviet union.

New Education – New Requisites

The educational system which we
had in Ancient India was discriminatory.
People were permitted to undergo
education on the basis of their own caste.
After the introduction of new education
system in modern India, the marginalized
communities are not allowed in the main Although colonial British regime
stream. appointed Indians in military forces, it
hesitated to permit Indian languages in the
In south India, new or modern educational institutions. This untoward
education was introduced by Christian situation remained same until the end of
missionaries of European nations. In the 19th century. People who are fluent in
the initial part of 19th century, British English were appointed in these services.
established more number of Christian Apart from the Europeans, Anglo- Indians
missionaries in many parts of India. and Brahmins were appointed in all
Many communities, who were denied government services.
educational opportunities, utilized the
choice for their development. Due to the establishment of
‘Jamindari’ and ‘Ryotwari’ system in the
13.9 Status in Madras Presidency initial part of 19th century, ‘Landlords’,
During the same period, Chennai ‘Zamindars’ and other dominant groups
presidency came under the direct rule of spearheaded in entire India. All the above

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said are “Caste Hindus”. “Caste Hindus” admission of children who belong to lower
domination in all villages greatly affected caste groups but the condition remains
the villages and particularly, the unchanged.
downtrodden communities were kept
Preferential Rights for the Downtrodden
aside from the lands in all villages of India.
In 1885, Madras Presidency
Government declared financial assistance
policies for the downtrodden communities
and also the government oriented new
schools for the lower caste people.
In the meantime, Tremancre,
collector of Chengalpet district submitted
a report on the downtrodden communities
of Chengalpet. Those excerpts are: People
In this connection, a British officer of downtrodden community were at low
‘Francis Ellis’ was appointed to submit the level in all aspects, particularly social-
status report regarding ‘Ryotwari System’. economic, educational spheres. Lands are
In similar way, another officer, ‘Thomas denied for them. They were not permitted
Munro’ also submitted a report related to to build houses for their own. Educational
the ‘Ryotwari System’. opportunities were rejected. They are sold
as slaves. Lots of lands are kept barren.
According to the reports, ‘Lands Due to this, income for the government
which were tilled by lower strata people, has been diminished. To increase the
were illegally occupied and acquired by income of the government, lands can be
‘Zamindars’ and ‘Landlords’ and thus distributed to the people.
caused quality-less farming and low level
of yields. It is also reported that Land There were so many
Income Tax was also affected due to this recommendations present in the officers’
acquisition. Moreover, the deprived and report. In 1892, this report was considered
downtrodden communities were checked- and accepted by the government.
out of their lands and also their children Accordingly 12 lakh acres were distributed
denied admissions in the schools and to the lower caste groups. These lands are
other educational institutions. called as “Panchami.” Schools for lower
caste groups are called as “Panchamer
In 1854, court delivered direction School”.
that there may not be any restriction to “Panchamer” means people who
admit children who belongs to lower caste are out of Varna System or excluded
groups. The Caste Hindus and other communities. ‘Ayothidasa’ and
dominant communities, however, didn’t ‘Singaravela’ opined that “Panchamer
obey the judgment of the court Schools” can be called as “Adidravidar”
proceedings. In 1865, Secretary of state schools. Since it is the traditional name
for India in British Parliament ordered for carved to the category.

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British India in the end part of 19th efforts in Maharastra for educating the
century supported Brahmin development depressed and downtrodden communities.
in all spheres, whereas minorities were
denied opportunities in education, society,
power and employment sectors.

The Non-Brahmins, particularly

minorities (lower caste) who studied in
the modern educational institutions were
dissatisfied with the government’s biased
stand. They demanded representation for
Justice Party
lower caste groups in government services.
There were
more applications
forwarded in 1913 to
Royal Commission
which was headed by
Alexander Cardow.
Apart from Madras
Presidency, Rangoon Thravi Association
and others also submitted their application
with demands to the commission. All
applications emphasized for appropriate
representation in employment for
backward, downtrodden and religious
minorities. Dr. Natesan, Pitti. Theagarayar,
T. M. Nair tried to submit and a report on
Those people who demanded for the burning issue of the minorities and
appropriate representation are Ayothidasa, low caste groups. P. Theagarayar has
Singaravelar, Rettamalai Srinivasan, Pitti written and published it as "Non-Brahmin
Theagarayar, Raja of Panagal and many Manifesto" in December, 1916.
others. Demands put forth by these people
were accepted in 1892. Community based
representation order was issued in all
departments of Madras Presidency. This
order is called 128(2). The order has to
be implemented in all parts of Chennai
Presidency, declared the government.
In 1916, Pitti. Theagarayar, T. M.
The efforts taken towards “education
Nair and others started South Indian
to all” in Tamilnadu also spread over to
Liberal Federation for the welfare of the
other states of India. Leaders like Jyotirao
Non-Brahmin communities. A magazine
Phule, Savithribai Phule took onerous
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“Justice” was also published by this It is the red lettered day in Indian
Federation to express their thoughts and history, lower caste groups, who were
ideas. Later on, this Federation was suppressed and deprived of Social and
popularly known as “Justice Party”. Economical condition for many centuries
had fullest confidence to lead their life
with self-respect and dignity by this
decree.

A resolution was submitted by

Munusamy the member of legislative
assembly in Chennai. The Resolution
reads; "Non-Brahmins with minimum
educational qualification should be
This movement spread out provided with employment opportunity.
“communal representation for Non- Non-Brahmins specifically, Christians,
Brahmin in education, and employment Muslims and lower caste groups to be
sectors. In 1915, Justice Party submitted appointed in all government services. For
a petition in which it condemned the this, a permanent order should be legalized.
domination of English and Sanskrit in If salary is above Rs.100, this order should
higher education. Further they demanded be implemented for 7years until it reaches
to include Tamil and other languages in 75% of the population". With regard to this
higher education. resolution, R.K.Shanmugam stated that “If
this historical and land mark resolution
In 1917, 54 Associations met the is implemented, the future generation
representative members of British empire may really appreciate our truthful efforts
and demanded “Fair Representation” for towards emancipation”. In supporting this
Non-Brahmin communities and other view, Dr.C.Nadesan voiced that “If fair
minorities. Moreover, “Communal representation is not provided for our
Representation” was demanded during people, we will not pay taxes”.
multiple conferences.
Periyar, EV.Ramaswamy, a staunch
First Communal Representation Order supporter of congress party also eulogized
the ideas of Justice Party, he expressed the
During the rule of Justice Party same demand in Congress Party. In 1925,
in Chennai Presidency, the demand during the Kanchipuram Congress Party
for communal representation reflected Conference, Periyar passed a resolution
in vigorous manner. The prolonged regarding communal representation in
struggle for communal representation by education and employment. Periyar came
Justice Party and wide support from the out of congress party, since his resolution
people propelled the central government was rejected by the high command.
to make resolution in this regard in 1921.
This resolution, later on was called as In 1928, during the leadership of
Communal Representation Decree. R.Muthiah, (Justice Party), Communal
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representation was passed and State wide protests erupted in

implemented in all the government Tamilnadu against the Verdict. E. V.
departments. Ramasamy, demanded for an amendment
in the constitution. It is due to efforts of
First Amendment Periyar, Tamilnadu congress committee
In the aftermath of the effective President Kamaraj, Prime Minister
implementation of Indian Constitution, Jawarharlal Nehru and Ambedkar, an
in 1951, Mr. Senbagarajan filed a suit in amendment was made related with the
the High Court; related to the denial of extension of Reservation Policy. This
Medical Seats. He also mentioned that, was the first Amendment in the Indian
communal representation is the reason Constitution. Due to this, backward
for the denial of his seat. and other communities retained the
opportunity of reservation.
According to articles 15 and 16
of Indian Constitution, "Socially and
economically backward people can be
provided with special privileges". This
provision made Nehru to come with First
Amendment in the Indian Constitution.
Accordingly, sub-sections 15 (4) and
16 (4) were included in the constitution.
The High Court gave its Verdict After the Amendment, from 1951 onwards
that Communal representation decree Backward Communities receive 25% and
is against the constitution and to be Lower Caste 16% respectively due to
abandoned. In addition to that, Supreme reservation policy.
Court also sided with the same Verdict.
Reservation Policy on the basis of caste Expansion of Reservation
was abandoned due to the Verdict.
Under the
Chief Ministership
of M.Karunanidhi,
a commission was
constituted under
the Chairmanship of
Sattanathan to take into account on the
welfare of backward community.
It is on the basis of the
recommendations of Sattanathan
commission, backward community
got 31% and SC/ST received 18% as
reservation in 1971.
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In 1979, Social Welfare Department In opposing this order, Indira

of Tamilnadu Government issued an Sawhney, filed a suit stating the order
order (MS No.1156, Dated 02.02.1979). breaches the constitutional provisions.
According to this order, annual family She also added that reservation policy
income of backward community was fixed overrides the principle “All are equal
as Rs.9,000/-. Later on, that order was before Law”.
repealed.
Supreme Court delivered a clear
verdict that 27% for backward community
A new order was issued, in which
in Central government services can be
reservation for backward community was
legalized. Further it states, “the reservation
increased from 31% to 50% and for SC/
should not reach beyond 50%”.
ST it is 18%. To sum-up, 68% reservation
came into effect in Tamilnadu. The Supreme court of India fixed 50%
as ceiling for reservation policy, whereas
In continuum with this, in 1989, it was not mentioned in the constitution.
another suit filed in Supreme Court with Moreover, the highest ceiling of 50% can
regard to allotment of separate reservation also be discharged.
for Scheduled tribe (ST) community.
Thus the Judgment says
In this case, Supreme Court of India
delivered the verdict by which, backward “Although 50% is the ceiling fixed
community, most backward, scheduled for the reservation in central government
caste and scheduled tribes received 30%, services, it may be changed, taking into
20%, 18% and 1% respectively. The entire account the diversified communities and
reservation was changed combinedly and abnormal situations of this nation”.
69% came into effect in Tamilnadu.
“People who are distant, those who
could not mingle with the mainstream
Reservation in Central Government:
society or without opportunity, unique in
Mandal Commission
culture may be exempted from this ceiling
The central government under the fixed by the Supreme Court.
Prime Ministership of V.P.Singh consented
with the recommendations of Mandal 50% of the ceiling may be exempted,
Commission. The Government issued an said the same judges who delivered the
order which confirmed 27% reservation famous verdict in this sensitive case.
for Backward Community in Central That said, a member of consumer
Government Services. trust, K.N. Vijayan from Tamilnadu filed a
suit stating, 69% reservation in Tamilnadu
is given against the Supreme Court
Verdict. Supreme Court, however, in its
Verdict mentioned that Engineering and
Medical Colleges should not be provided
reservation more than 50%. It also issued
Interim prohibition for the reservation.
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It was similar with the untoward appoint backward classes commission to

happenings during 1951, which prompted identify socially and educationally
the state government backward groups and also to submit
under J.Jayalalitha who recommendation related to their standards
passed a bill in the state and states.
assembly by citing the
reference from directive
principles of state policy
(Article 31(c)).
The bill on 30.12.1993 was given
consent by the President of India on
19.07.1994 by which 69% reservation
Hitherto, the Indian government
received fullest legal protection. To avert
has constituted the backward classes
further filing of suit against Tamilnadu
commission.
Government, it endeavored to incorporate
reservation policy in IXth schedule of the 1. Kaka Kalelkar Commission
Indian Constitution.
Kaka Kalelkar Commission was the
Parliament passed the 76th first one constituted in 29.01.1953. There
Amendment in which reservation policy of were 11 members including the Chairman
Tamilnadu Government was incorporated Jawaharlal Nehru who tabled the report
in IXth schedule of Indian Constitution. submitted by this commission in the
Further it came into retrospective effect Parliament.
from November 16, 1992.
2. Mandal Commission
Reservation for different
communities is a temporary effort to get Central Government under the
place in power sector. To attain social Prime Minister-ship of Morarji Desai
change and social ideals, caste hierarchy constituted Subindeswari Prasad Mandal
has to be demolished and eternal equality Commission on 20.12.1978. This is the
to be established. One among the means second such Commission established
to attain permanent equality is “Inter- for the backward community. S.S.Gill
Caste Marriages”. Marriages happening was appointed as the Secretary of this
within caste may further strengthen caste Commission.
system and serve as an obstacle for the It is in order to identify the condition
equal society. Casteless marriages and of backward community; a group was
lateral cum ideal thinking are the best constituted under the leadership of
contrivances for making radical social B.B.Mandal in 1978. The group travelled
change. all over the nation. This Commission on
Backward classes Commission the basis of 11 basic reasons identified
3743 castes which comes under backward
According to article 340 of Indian
community. Castes were identified on the
Constitution, President of India can
ground of peoples’ status in education and
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The Government of India appointed the 2nd Backward Classes Commission

in 1979.It was headed by B.P.Mandal. Hence it was popularly known as Mandal
Commission. It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and
educationally backward classes in our country and recommend steps to be taken for
their advancement. One of the recommendations was that 27 per cent of government
jobs be reserved for the socially and economically backward classes.

It was in December 1980 members of Mandal Commission submitted their report

to Zail Singh, the then Home Minister. After submitting the report B.P.Mandal said,

“I know much labour has gone into the writing of this report. But let me tell you
that today we have performed its immersion (visarjan) ceremon.”

Next ten years, the report lay in the Home Ministry’s office. Report was dusted
up by the then National Front Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1931 – 2008)
for implementation in 1990. Mandal Commission report became the single-most
burning topic of controversy and heated discussion. There was total confusion in the
national political arena and V.P. Singh was accused of indulging in the worst form
of opportunism. No major political party supported the implementation of Mandal
Commission recommendations.

Some section of people and associations opposed to this order filed a number of
cases in the court. Eleven judges of the Supreme Court heard arguments of both sides
and by a majority, the Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared that this was valid.
At the same time the Supreme Court asked the government to modify its original
order. It said that well-to-do persons among the backward classes should be excluded
from getting the benefit of reservation. Accordingly, the Department of Personnel
and Training issued another Office Memorandum on September 8, 1993. The dispute
thus came to an end and this policy has been followed since then.

Indira Sawhney V. Union of India AIR 1993 SC 477

 Also known as Ma n d a l Commission Case.

On January, 1979 under the Chairmanship of B.P.Mandal, the second Backward

 
Classes Commission under Article 340 was appointed by the Union Government
headed by Prime Minister Morarji Desai.

One of the major recommendation made by the commission was that, besides
 
the SCs and STs, for other backward classes which constitute nearly 52% of the
population, 27% government jobs are be reserved so that total reservation for all,
SC,ST and OBCs, amount to 50%.

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 No action was taken on the basis of the Mandal Report for long after it was
submitted, except that it was discussed in the Houses of Parliament twice, once in
1982and again in 1983.

 On August 13, 1990, the V.P.Singh Government at the Centre issued an office
memorandum accepting the Mandal Commission recommendation and
announcing 27% reservation for the socially and educationally backward classes in
vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India.

society. Promoting Social Justice

In order to achieve social justice, it
Mandal has written in the preface
is often suggested that reservation policy
of the report which reads, “Madras is a
is an important tool. We must realize that
pioneer state in communal representation.
reservation in education and in jobs is one
It has given representation for backward
of the methods to achieve ‘Social Justice’
classes”. We may infer that Tamilnadu is
and not the only method. Social Justice
the birth place for Social Justice and serve
must necessarily premise upon the idea
as a great pioneer for all other states.
of egalitarian philosophy that no one is
52% of the backward communities in inferior or superior to anyone by birth.
India has to be provided with 27%
Those who have been benefitted
reservation, remarked Mandal Report.
extensively by the philosophy of ascriptive
This reservation was implemented by
status (status based on birth) must realize
V.P.Singh Government on 13.08.1990 in
that such status cannot be part of a modern
all Government (Central) Services. Due
world; to be a modern person what is
to this order, backward communities who
more important is to have the
are backward in social and educational
consciousness of being equal to everybody
sectors entered into central services.
around us. Unfortunately ‘modern’ is
being equated with latest electronic items
ACTIVITY and luxury items we possess. Having
latest gadgets will not make us modern.
THINK-PAIR-SHARE For India to become a modern nation, this
Topic : "Secularism and Social Justice" radical transformation is required more
are two defining principles of Indian than anything. That is why the social
politics. justice is organically embedded in the idea
of modern India.
Students can think individually
about topic for three minutes and share
Glossary
his or her view with the pair. His/her pair
will share the views with counterparts.
Teacher can ask any three pairs to share Fraternity - Universal brotherhood which
their view in the class. is stipulated in the Indian constitution

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Unit - 3

Food Security and

Nutrition

Learning Objectives

„„To study about the meaning, definition of food security

„„To know about the availability and access to food grains
„„To understand about the purchasing power and agricultural
policy
„„To gain knowledge about the multi-dimensional nature of poverty
„„To study about nutrition and health status and policies in Tamil Nadu

Introduction environmental hygiene, primary health care

and primary education”.
Food is defined as any substance that people
The concept of food security has
eat and drink to maintain life and growth. Food
continuously evolved over the last five decades
security would denote a person’s ability to eat
or so. Initially it referred to the overall food
enough, stay active and lead a healthy life.
supply for a global, regional or national context.
From this idea of food security, which means
3.1   Food Security food supply/food production that addressed the
overall adequacy, it became clear that the term
The United Nation’s Food and Agriculture
had to be relevant at the community, household
Organisation defines food security as follows:
and individual level.
“Food security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical, social and economic access
3.1.1. Basic components of food
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which
meets their dietary needs and food preferences and nutrition security
for an active and healthy life.” (FAO, 2009) The term was broadened to include the
While this comprehensive definition three basic components of food and nutrition
highlights the need for food to be nutritious, in security. They are availability, access and
addition to that there are certain other aspects absorption:
that are required to achieve nutrition security. 1. Availability of food is physical availability
According to eminent agricultural scientist of food stocks in desired quantities, which
M.S.Swaminathan, nutrition security is: is a function of domestic production,
“physical, economic and social access changes in stocks and imports;
to a balanced diet, safe drinking water,
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2. A
 ccess to food is primarily a matter of America extended assistance through its
of purchasing power and is therefore Public Law 480 (PL 480) scheme to India
closely linked with the capabilities and during early 1960s. This situation was
employment opportunities to earn. popularly known as ‘Ship to Mouth’ existence.
Capabilities and opportunities in turn A country with a massive population
are related to one’s access to assets and growing hungry was perceived to be a
education. potential candidate for revolution. The
3. Absorption of food is the ability to American administration and philanthropic
biologically utilise the food consumed. organisations like Ford Foundation
Several factors such as nutrition, formulated a plan to increase food production
knowledge and practices, safe and in the country by introducing High Yielding
hygienic environmental conditions allow Varieties (HYV) of wheat and rice. This
for effective biological absorption of food programme was implemented in select districts
and health status. where irrigation was assured. The results were
promising and the programme was extended
3.2   A
 vailability and Access to cover a larger number of districts.
to Food Grains Thus, Green Revolution was born in the
Thus food security for people in a country country paving way for self-sufficiency in food
is not only dependent on the quantum of grain production. Increased food grain
food available but also on the ability of production was made possible by an increase
people to purchase/access food and to stay area cultivated with HYV of rice and wheat as
in appropriate healthy environment. Just as also an increase in the yield of these major
other developmental issues, food security of cereal crops. Area under food grains was a
people is also related to a country’s overall little more than 98 million hectares during
development process. After Independence, early 1950s. The country was producing just 54
India chose to adopt a planned developmental million tonnes of food grains then with an
model. average yield of food grains of 547 kg per
hectare. The food situation has steadily
improved over a period of 65 years. Area under
foodgrain cultivation has grown to 122 million
hectares, with an increase of five-fold increase
in food grain production. Yield of food grains
has increased four-fold between the time of
independence and at present. (see Table 1)
This growth in food grain production was
made possible by the HYV programme, which
Food Grains was implemented as a package. Apart from
introducing fertiliser-responsive high-yielding
After an initial focus on agriculture, varieties of rice and wheat, it ensured the
industrialisation was given priority. The availability of subsidised chemical fertilisers for
recurrent droughts experienced by India the farmers. Cheaper
pushed her to be dependent on imports of farm credit was
food grains. However, the available foreign disbursed to farmers
exchange reserve could not permit open through co-operative
market purchases and import of grains. India banks and societies.
had to plead for food grains from richer Minimum support
countries at concessional rates. United States price (MSP) for the crops were announced at the
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Table 1:  Area, Production and Yield of Foodgrain in India from 1951-52 to 2017-18
Triennium average Area Production Yield
centered around (Million ha) (Million tonnes) (Kg/ha)
1951-52 98.79 54.00 546.65
1971-72 122.07 103.54 848.18
1991-92 124.29 174.75 1406.02
2013-14 122.63 258.27 2106.00
2017-18 126.98 279.51 2201.00
Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2018; Economic Survey, 2017-18.

beginning of the season and the state procured the However, India could not succeed in attaining
harvested grains through the Food Corporation self-sufficiency in the production of pulses and
of India (FCI). The FCI had built huge storage oil seeds. Therefore, India depends on imports
godowns and built buffer stocks of food grain to meet the requirements of people.
during the harvest season to be distributed all
through the year. 3.2.1. Public Distribution System
The increase in food grain production
Minimum Support Price
need not result in increase in access to food
Minimum Support Price is a price for all. Given the unequal distribution of
fixed by an expert group for a particular income and the level of poverty that persists
crop by considering various costs involved in Indian economy, the government took steps
in the cultivation of that crop. After to distribute food grains at subsidised rates
announcing the MSP, the State will open through the Public Distribution System (PDS).
procurement centres in places where these The nature, scope and functioning of PDS varies
crops are widely grown. However, the from state to state.
farmers are free to sell in the open market
if they get a better price for their crop
produce. On the other hand, if the open
market price is lower than the MSP, the
farmers would get an assured price (the
MSP) by selling their produce to the FCI.
Thus, with the implementation of MSP
farmers are certain about the price they
would get at the end of the crop season.
Further, farmers also get insulated against
any price crash during the harvest season.
Public Distribution System
The rapid increase in food grain
production was accompanied by appropriate While Tamil Nadu has adopted an
technological interventions in the dairy, ‘Universal’ PDS, the rest of the states in India
poultry and fisheries sectors. As a result, the had a ‘Targeted’ PDS. Under universal PDS all
milk production in the country witnessed the family ration card holders are entitled to
an eight-fold increase, egg production grew the supplies from PDS. In the targeted PDS,
40-fold and fish production by 13-fold between the beneficiaries are identified based on certain
the time of Independence and mid-2000s. criteria and given their entitlements, leaving
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out the rest. Both the Union and the State 3.2.2. Role of Consumer
governments subsidised the supplies distributed Cooperatives in Food Security
through PDS. The level and quantum of subsidy
Consumer
also varied across states.
cooperatives play
Subsequently, the National Food Security an important role
Act (NFSA) was passed by the Indian parliament in the supply of
in 2013. The NFSA covers 50% of urban quality goods at
households and 75% of the rural households. responsible rates to Co-operative Society
These households are known as priority common people.
households identified based on a set of criteria. There is a three-tier structure of consumer
Priority households of this country now have the cooperative societies in India. They are primary
right to food supplied through PDS. The Union consumer cooperative societies. Central
government supplies rice at the rate of `  3 per consumer cooperative stores and state level
kg, wheat at the rate of ` 2 per kg, and millets at consumer federations. More than 50,000 village
the rate of ` 1 per kg under NFSA. Tamil Nadu level societies are engaged in the distribution
continues to have the universal system of PDS of consumer goods in rural areas. There are
and supplies rice at free of cost to all card holders. many benefits to consumer cooperatives such
as health care, insurance, housing etc.. This
scheme is playing an important role in food
Bio Metric Smart Family Cards security in India. For example out of all fair
The Government
of Tamil Nadu has
declared that SMART Buffer Stock
family cards will be Buffer stock
issued in lieu of existing is the stock of food
family cards. It has also grains, namely
been mentioned that the Director of Census wheat and rice,
Operations under the National Population procured by
Registry is conducting bio-metric capturing the government
of 10 fingerprints, two iris and face scan of Buffer Stock
through the Food
citizens to issue Unique Identification Number.
Corporation of India (FCI). The FCI purchases
After completion of this process of bio-metric
wheat and rice from the farmers in states where
capturing, it has been proposed to adopt this
there is surplus production. The farmers are
data to issue bio-metric SMART family cards.
The advantage is that since it is based on unique paid a pre-announced price for their crops.
identity, the data duplication of members and This price is called Minimum Support Price
bogus cards can be eliminated. (MSP). The MSP is declared by the government
every year before the sowing season to provide
incentives to farmers for raising the production
of these crops. The purchased foodgrains are
National Food Security Act in Tamil Nadu stored in granaries.
On 1 November 2016, Tamil Nadu Buffer stock is done to distribute
became the last state in the country to foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the
implement the National Food Security poorer strata of the society at a price lower
Act after holding out for three years. In a than the market price also known as the Issue
government order issued on 27 October, the Price. This also helps resolve the problem
state specified that while it was enforcing the of shortage of food during adverse weather
law, it would be modifying its provisions. conditions or during the periods of calamity.

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price shops running in Tamil Nadu, around 2.  Increasing prices of essential goods
94% are being run by cooperatives. Even though there has been a constant
growth in the GDP and growth opportunities
Fair Price Shops in the Indian economy, there have been steady
At present, 33,222 Fair Price Shops are increase in the prices of essential goods.
serving 1.98 crore families. Out of 33,222 The continuous rise in the prices erodes the
Fair Price shops, 31,232 are run by the purchasing power and adversely affect the poor
cooperative societies, 1,394 are run by the people. During 2015–16 an average rate of 2%
Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation flood inflation, the prices of pulses rose by
and 596 are run by women self-help about 40%.
groups. To improve accessibility to PDS, it
is necessary that they are located in close 3.  Demand for goods
proximity to habitations. Accordingly, it When demand for goods increases, the
has been proposed to open new fair price price of goods increases then the purchasing
shops so that, no card holder walks more power is affected.
than 1.5 km.
4. Price of goods affect the value of currency
When the price increases the purchasing
power decreases and finally the value of
3.3   Purchasing Power
currency decreases and vice versa.
Purchasing power is the value of a
currency expressed in terms of the amount 5.  Production and supply of goods
of goods or services that one unit of money The production and supply of goods
can buy. Price increases purchasing power decline, the price of goods increases, then the
declines and vice versa. purchasing power is affected.

3.3.1. Factors affecting 6.  Poverty and inequality

Purchasing Power There exists
a huge economic
1.  Over population disparity in the
The population growth rate in India is Indian economy.
high as 1.7 per 1000. Large population leads to The proportion
increasing demand, but supply was not equal of income and
to the demand. So, the normal price level will assets owned by Inequality
be going an higher. So it affect purchasing top 10% of Indian
power, especially in rural population. goes on increasing. This has led to an increase
in the poverty level in the society. Generally
purchasing power is affected by poverty and
unequal distribution of wealth also.
Purchasing power affects every aspect of
economics, from consumers buying goods  to
investors and stock prices  to a country’s
economic prosperity. As such, a country’s
government institutes policies and regulations
to protect a currency’s purchasing power
and keep an economy healthy. One method
to monitor purchasing power is through the
Population Consumer Price Index.
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of living of farmers within a definite time frame.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
This policy is formulated for allround and
A concept related to purchasing power comprehensive development of the agricultural
is purchasing price parity (PPP). PPP is an sector.
economic theory that estimates the amount The following are some of the important
that needs to be adjusted to the price of objectives of india’s agricultural policy
an item, given exchange rates of the two
countries, in order for the exchange to 1.  Raising the productivity of inputs
match each currency’s purchasing power. One of the important objectives of India’s
PPP can be used to compare countries agricultural policy is to improve the productivity
income levels and other relevant economic of inputs so purchased like, HYV seeds,
data concerning the cost of living, or fertilisers, pesticides, irrigation projects etc.
possible rates of inflation and deflation.
Recently, India became the third largest 2.  Raising value-added per hectare
economy in terms of PPP. China became Agricultural policy is to increase per hectare
the largest economy, pushing the US to the value-added rather than raising physical output
second position. by raising the productivity of agriculture in
general and productivity of small and marginal
Largest economies by PPP - GDP in 2019
holding in particular.
27.4 (Int $ Tn)
27
3.  Protecting the interests of poor farmers
24 21.4 Agricultural policy is proposed to protect
21
the interests of poor and marginal farmers
18
by abolishing intermediaries through land
15 11.4 reforms, expanding institutional credit support
12
to poor farmers etc.
9
6 5.8
4.5 4.3
4.  Modernising agricultural sector
3 Here the policy
0
China US India Japan Germany Russia
support includes
the introduction of
modern technology in
 3.4   Agricultural Policy in India agricultural operations
and application of
The new agricultural policy based on improved agricultural
export of agricultural goods was announced by inputs like HYV seeds,
the Central government in 2018. This policy fertilizers etc.
states that the government has decided to
remove export restrictions on most organic and 5.  Environmental degradation
processed agricultural products. Agricultural policy of India has set another
The main reason is to give an assurance objective to check environmental degradation
that organic or processed agricultural products of natural base of Indian agriculture.
will not be under any export restrictions such as
export duty, export bans and quota restriction. 6.  Removing bureaucratic obstacles
Agricultural policy of a country is mostly The policy has set another objective to
designed by the Government for raising remove bureaucratic obstacles on the farmers’
agricultural production and productivity and co-operative societies and self-help institutions
also for raising the level of income and standard so that they can work independently.

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3.5   M
 ulti-dimensional living standards, income, disempowerment,
Nature of Poverty quality of work and threat from violence.

Multi-dimensional poverty measures can 3.5.1. Multi-dimensional Poverty

be used to create a more comprehensive picture.
Index 2018 in India
They reveal who is poor, how they are poor and
the range of disadvantages they experience. As Multi-dimensional Poverty Index 2018
well as providing a headline measure of poverty, report prepared by the United Nations
multi-dimensional measures can be broken Development Programme (UNDP) and the
down to reveal the poverty level in different Oxford Poverty and Human Development
areas of a country, and among different sub- Initiative makes the following observations
groups of people. about India.
The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index 1. India has reduced its poverty rate drastically
(MPI) was launched by the United Nations from 55% to 28% in 10 years, with 271
Development Programme (UNDP) and the million people moving out of poverty
Oxford Poverty Human Development Initiative between 2005-06 and 2015-16.
(OPHI) in 2010. The basic philosophy and 2. India still had 364 million poor people
significance of MPI is that it is based on the idea in 2015-16, the largest for any country,
that poverty is not unidimensional, and that it is although it is down from 635 million in
rather multi-dimensional. 2005-06.
Multi-dimensional poverty is made up of 3. O
 f the 364 million people who were MPI
several factors that constitute poor people’s expe- poor in 2015-16, 156 million were children
rience of deprivation such as health, education, whereas in 2005-06 there were 292 million

Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index - Ten Indicators

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INCIDENCE OF MULTI DIMENSIONAL POVERTY N After 1994, poverty has declined steadily
INDIA W E in both rural and urban areas of Tamil Nadu
S
and the state has a smaller share of India’s
poor relative to its population. After 2005, the
poverty reduction in this state has been faster
than in many other states in India. Tamil Nadu
leads in the poverty alleviation programmes
during 2014–2017. Government of India is
implementing many policies and programmes
to eradicate poverty.
These policies and programmes, if
LEGEND continued, will completely eradicate the poverty
HEADCOUNT (%) in the state. In future, Tamil Nadu can become a
<10
model of development in india.
10 - 20 Top and Bottom MPI districts in Tamil Nadu
20 - 30
S. Top 5 Bottom 5
30 - 40
No Districts Rank Districts Rank
>40
Not to Scale
1 Kancheepuram 1 Dharmapuri 32

2 Chennai 2 Perambalur 31
poor children in India. This represents a
47% decrease or 136 million fewer children 3 Cuddalore 3 Ramanathapuram 30
growing up in multi-dimensional poverty. 4 Coimbatore 4 Virudhunagar 29
4. 8 0% of people belonging to ST were poor in
5 Nagapattinam 5 Ariyalur 28
2005-06 and 50% of them were still poor in
2015-16.
3.6   N
 utrition and Health
5. B
 ihar with more than half its population in
poverty was the poorest state in 2015-16.
Status
6. Th
 e four poorest states Bihar, Jharkhand, 3.6.1. Status of Nutrition
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were We noted earlier that
still home to 196 million MPI poor people, food security includes
which was over half of all the MPI poor nutrition security too. Though
people in india. our country has reached
7. K
 erala, one of the least poor regions in 2006, self-sufficiency in food
reduced its MPI by around 92%. production, the nutrition
status of the population has
3.5.2. Multi-dimensional Poverty
not seen corresponding levels of improvement.
Index 2018 Report in In 2015–16, 27% of the rural women and 16%
Tamil Nadu of the urban women (in the age group of 15–
Over the last decades, Tamil Nadu has made 49 years) were counted as undernourished or
a significant progress in poverty reduction. The chronically energy deficient by the National
districts in Tamil Nadu are classified into three Family Health Survey.
categories, namely high-poverty districts (more More than half of the women in the
than 40% of the population living below poverty reproductive age group (15–49 years) in both
line), moderately poor districts (30% to 40%) rural and urban India were anaemic in 2015–
and low level poverty districts (below 30%). 16. As regards children, about 60% of the rural
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substantial resources into various health

TN commitment on Nutrition
and nutrition schemes and programmes
Amartya Sen, Noble Prize winning like Integrated Child Development Services
Economist, has observed that in India, (ICDS), mid-day meals, Reproductive and
hunger is not enough of a political priority. Child Health Programmes (RCH) and
The public expenditure on health is very National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).
low and funds allocated to programmes like However, an effective scaling up of these
child nutrition remain unspent. It is only in efforts is required to mitigate the incidence of
States like Tamil Nadu that he sees a political under-nutrition in the country.
will and commitment to tackle these issues
by setting goals like achieving the status of a Tamil Nadu has played a pioneering
“Malnutrition Free State”. role in bringing about significant changes in
the health and nutrition status of children
under six years of age, pregnant women,
and 56% of the lactating mothers and adolescent girls. The
urban children Government of Tamil Nadu’s successive
(in the age group budget outlays for nutrition and health are
of 6–59 months) the highest in the country. The performance
are counted to be of the ICDS scheme and the Puratchi
anaemic, in 2015– Thalaivar MGR Nutritious Meal Programme
16. About 41% of Underweight Child (PTMGRNMP) in Tamil Nadu are considered
the rural and 31% one of the best in the country.
of urban children are stunted, that is, they are
The Government of Tamil Nadu’s policy
not of the required height in correspondence
for “A Malnutrition Free Tamil Nadu” guides
to their age. Another indicator of nutrition
the state’s long-term multi-sectoral strategy for
deficiency among children is “underweight”,
eliminating malnutrition. The goal is “reducing
which is weight in relation to age. In India,
human malnutrition of all types to the levels
in 2015–16, about 20% of children(in the age
of best performing countries”.In Tamil Nadu,
group of 6–59 months) in rural and urban India
ICDS is being implemented through 54,439
are estimated to be underweight.
Child Centres (comprising 49,499 Anganwadi
Thus, though our country has reached self- Centres and 4,940 Mini Anganwadi Centres)
sufficiency in food production, we are yet to in 434 Child Development Blocks (385 rural,
attain food security for all. 47 urban and 2 tribal).
3.6.2. Nutrition and Health With steady expansion into unreached
Status in Tamil Nadu areas, increasing coverage of marginalised
Nutrition plays a crucial role in human groups, enhanced allocations and enlarged
health and well-being. At the national scope of services, ICDS is now considered to
level, despite higher economic growth, be one of the world’s largest programmes of its
improvements in human development kind and a model for the holistic development
indicators like nutrition levels of the of the child. To ensure that services reach the
population have been unacceptably slow. A intended beneficiaries, the programme has
large number of Indian children are stunted. been universalised and convergence promoted
A substantial number of Indian children with allied departments dealing with health,
and women are underweight, anaemic and education, drinking water, sanitation etc.
suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. To The PTMGRNMP is considered to be the
address these concerns, the Central and largest noon meal programme in the country
state governments have been channellising for combating malnutrition among children,

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increasing primary school enrolment and

Boosting peer group engagement
reducing dropout rates. Other states in the
country have modelled their noon meal •  Efforts will
programmes along the lines of Tamil Nadu’s be made to
pioneering efforts. strengthen the
‘Padhumaiyar
Kuzhu’ for
empowering
girls and making
them persuasive Padhumaiyar Kuzhu
catalysts of change.
• Innovative approaches will be considered
for drawing adolescent girls into the
programme, connecting them with various
services and encouraging their participation
in activities. A mobile centre was rolled
for widening the reach of services in nine
districts.
•  Distribution and monitoring of the

‘Padhumaiyar card’ will be further
strengthened.
ICDS Scheme

Important ongoing Schemes in Tamil Nadu

1. 
Under Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit
Scheme, financial assistance to the tune of ` 12,000 is
being disbursed to poor pregnant women with the aim
of meeting expenses on nutritious diet, to compensate
for loss of income during the delivery period and to
avoid low birth weight of new born babies in three
installments to those availing antenatal care, delivering
and immunising the babies born in government
institutions.
2. Th
 e Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance
Scheme was launched in the state in 2011-12 with the
aim to provide Universal Healthcare to All by providing
free medical and surgical treatment in Government and
private hospitals to any family whose annual income is
less than ` 72,000 by meeting all expenses relating to the
hospitalisation of the beneficiary. School Health Programme
3. T
 amil Nadu Health Systems Projects (TNHSP) has launched ambulance services free of
cost (The 108 Emergency Ambulance Service).
4. Th
 e School Health Programme mainly emphasises on providing comprehensive healthcare
services to all students studying in Government and Government-aided schools.
5. T
 he National Leprosy Eradication programme is being implemented in the state with the
aim to detect and to provide sustained regular treatment to all leprosy patients.

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Some Nutrition Programmes in Tamil Nadu

1. Purachi Thalaivar M.G.R. Nutrition Meal Programme:
It is being implemented in the rural areas from 1 July
1982 and in urban areas for the school students from
1984, old age pensioners from 1983 and for pregnant
women from 1995.
2. N
 ational Programme of Nutritional Support to
Primary Education
Mid-Day Meal Programme
3. G
 eneral ICDS Projects and World Bank Assisted
Integrated Child Development Services: The services started in 1991 in 318 blocks
covering 24districts. In 1999 this extended to 318 rural blocks and 19,500 centres.
4. P
 radhan Manthri Gramodaya Yojana Scheme (PMGYS): In this scheme, nutrition
supplementation in the form of weaning food is given to children in the age group of 6
months to 36 months in the unreached hamlets.
5. T
 amil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Programme: This project was started in 1980
targeting at 6 to 36 months old children and pregnant and lactating women.
6. M
 id-Day Meal Programme: This programme has been introduced for children between
ages 2 and 14 attending balwadis or schools at the expense of ` 0.90 per beneficiary.
This programme covered 5.57 crore children in 4,426 blocks.

SUMMARY

„„Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, which meets their dietary needs and food preferences
for an active and healthy life.
„„The term was broadened to include the three basic components of food and nutrition security.
They are availability, access and absorption.
„„The Green Revolution was born in the country paving way for self-sufficiency in food grain
production.
„„The National Food Security Act (NFSA) was passed by the Indian Parliament in 2013.
„„Purchasing power is the value of a currency expressed in terms of the amount of goods or
services that one unit of money can buy. Price increases purchasing power declines and vice
versa.
„„The new agricultural policy based on export agricultural goods was announced by the Central
government in 2018.
„„Multi-dimensional poverty measures can be used to create a more comprehensive picture.
„„Health has an important role in human resources development. Better medical care leads to
a healthy population.

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 7.7 The education system in India
consists of primarily six levels:
Social Infrastructure
„„Nursery Class
Social infrastructure refers to those „„Primary Class
structures which are improving the quality „„Secondary Level
of manpower and contribute indirectly „„Higher Secondary Level
towards the growth of an economy.
„„Graduation
These structures are outside the system
of production and distribution. The „„Post-Graduation
development of these social structures
help in increasing the efficiency and c. Education Institutions in India:
productivity of manpower. For example, Education in India follows the 10+2
schools, colleges, hospitals and other pattern. For higher education, there
civic amenities. It is a fact that one of are various State run as well as private
the reasons for the low productivity of institutions and universities providing
Indian workers is the lack of development a variety of courses and subjects. The
of social infrastructure. The status and accreditation of the universities is decided
developments in the social infrastructure under the University Grant Commission
in India are discussed below. Act. The Education Department consists of
various schools, colleges and universities
7.7.1 Education imparting education on fair means for all
sections of the society. The budget share of
a. E ducation in I ndia the education sector is around 3% of GDP,
Imparting education on an organized of this largest proportion goes for school
basis dates back to the days of ‘Gurukul’ education. However, per pupil expenditure
in India. Since then the Indian education is the lowest for school students.
system has flourished and developed with
the growing needs of the economy. The 7.7.2 Health
Ministry & Human Resource Development
a. Health in I ndia
(MHRD) in India formulates education
policy in India and also undertakes Health in India is a state government
education programs. responsibility. The Central Council Of
Health and Welfare formulates the various
b . E ducation system in I ndia health care projects and health department
Education in India until 1976 was the reform policies. The administration of
responsibility of the State governments. health industry in India as well as the
It was then brought under concurrent technical needs of the health sector are the
list (both Centre and State). The Centre responsibility of the Ministry Of Health
is represented by the Ministry of Human And Welfare.
Resource Development decides the India’s Health care in India has many
education budget. forms. These are the ayurvedic medicine
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 practice, unani or galenic herbal care, support of life. Since rain provides food,
homeopathy, allopathy, yoga, and many it forms the basis for stable economic life.
more. Each different healthcare form has Agriculture which is the most fundamental
its own treatment system and practice economic activity depends on rain,”It is rain
patterns. The medical practicing in India that both ruins and aids the ruined to rise”.
needs a proper licensing from the Ministry
of Health. All medical systems are now a. Factors of Production
under one ministry viz AYUSH.
Thiruvalluvar has made many passing
references about the factors of production
b . Health C are Serv ices in I ndia: viz., Land, Labour, Capital, Organisation,
The health care services in India are mainly Time, Technology etc. He says, “Unfailing
the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. harvest, competent body of men, group of
State wise, health status is better in Kerala men, whose wealth knows no diminution, are
as compared to other States. Compared to the components of an economy”.(Kural 61)
other developed countries, India’s health
status is not satisfactory. India’s health b. Agriculture
status is poor compared to Sri Lanka.
According to Thiruvalluvar, agriculture is the
most fundamental economic activity. They
7.8 are the axle-pin of the world, for on their
prosperity revolves prosperity of other sectors
Contributions of Indian of the economy, “The ploughmen alone”, he
Economic Thinkers says “live as the freemen of the soil; the rest
are mere slaves that follow on their toil”(Kural
7.8.1 Thiruvalluvar 1032). Valluvar believes that agriculture is
superior to all other occupation.
The economic ideas of
Thiruvalluvar are found
c. Public Finance
in his immortal work,
Thirukkural, a book Thiruvalluvar has elaborately explained
of ethics. Even though Public Finance under the headings Public
scholars differ widely Revenue, Financial Administration and
over the estimation of the Public expenditure. He has stated these
period of Thiruvalluvar, it is generally believed as 1) Creation of revenue, 2) Collection
that, he belongs to the Sangam age in Tamil of revenue, 3) Management of revenue
Nadu around third century A.D. Thiruvalluvar’s 4) Public expenditure
work is marked by pragmatic idealism.
A large part of Valluvar’s economic d. Public Expenditure
ideas are found in the second part of Valluvar has recommended a balanced budget.
Thirukkural, the porutpal. It deals with “ It is not a great misfortune for a state if its
wealth. Thiruvalluvar is a fundamental revenues are limited, provided the expenditure
thinker. He believes that rains are the basic is kept within bounds.” He has given certain

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Unit - 6

Physical
Geography
of Tamil Nadu

Learning Objectives

„ To know the history of formation of the state

„ To study the major physiographic divisions of the state
„ To understand the nature of climate, soils and natural vegetation
„ To familiarise the students with the geographical conditions of their living places
„ To know the major natural disasters and their occurrences in Tamil Nadu

Introduction LOCATION OF TAMIL NADU IN INDIA

The study of one’s own region is the first N

step to become a global citizen. The purpose of W E

studying our local territory is to understand life in S

our environment. In the last five lessons, you have

learnt about various geographical characterstics of
our country. In this lesson and those that follow,
we shall learn about the geography of Tamil Nadu.
You will get to know about the etymology, history
of formation, location, size, physical divisions,
rivers, climate, soil and natural vegetation of Tamil
Nadu in this chapter.
Our state Tamil Nadu has a hoary past with
a variety of cultural practices and traditions.
Its exquisite physiography and climate makes
our state unique in India. It has long and sunny Not to Scale

beaches, waterfalls, hills, forests and varied flora

and fauna.
fi nd out
Name the first state of India
„
As per, the States created on linguistic basis.
Reorganisation Act, 1956, state „ Why was the capital of Tamil Nadu
boundaries were reorganised renamed?
on some linguistic basis. „ What is the meaning of the word 'Chennai'?

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6.1  Formation of Tamil Nadu Indian Ocean in the south. Gulf of Mannar
and Palk Strait separate Tamil Nadu from the
During Sangam age, the Tamizham was Island of Sri Lanka, which lies to the southeast
ruled by three great emperors – Cheras, Cholas of India. The state has 1,076 km long coastline,
and Pandyas – and virtuous kings ruling small
the second-longest in India after Gujarat.
kingdoms like Adhiyaman and Pari. For a
short time, the Tamil country was ruled by 6.1.3  Administrative Divisions
the Kalabras, but not much about their time is Already we have learnt that the state of
recorded or known. Tamil Nadu had only 13 districts at the time of its
After the Kalabras, the Tamil country formation. After that, the state was reorganised
came under the control of the Pallavas, Cholas, several times for the purpose of administrative
Pandyas, Marathas, Mughals and Vijayanagara convenience. At present there are 35 districts
empires in succession until the British took in Tamil Nadu, including the newly created
administrative control over the entire country, districts such as Kallakurichi, Tenkasi and
starting from Madras. Chengalpet. The administrative divisions of the
During the British period, our country state are given in the following table.
was divided into three presidencies, namely
Divisions Numbers
Madras, Bombay and Calcutta for political and
military purposes. Tamil Nadu and parts of Districts 35 (32+3)
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Orissa Revenue Divisions 76
(Odisha) constituted the Madras Presidency. Taluks 226
After independence, following the linguistic
Firkas 1,127
division of states, Telugu-speaking areas
were bifurcated from the Madras state. After Revenue Villages 16,564
bifurcation, there were only 13 districts in Municipal Corporations 15
Madras state. The Madras state was renamed as Municipalities 125
Tamil Nadu by C.N. Annadurai, former Chief
Panchayat Unions (Blocks) 385
Minister of Tamil Nadu, on January 14, 1969.
Town Panchayats 561
6.1.1  Location and Size Village Panchayats 12,618
Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of Lok Sabha Constituencies 39
India, located in the southern most part of Assembly Constituencies 234
the country. This landmass extends from Source: maps of india.com  2019
8°4'N to 13°35'N latitudes and from 76°18'E
to 80°20'E longitudes. Its eastern and western Activity
extremities are defined by the Point Calimere
• Find out the coastal districts of Tamil
and the hills of Anaimalai respectively. The
Nadu with the help of a map.
northern extremity of the state is marked by
Pulicat lake and the southernmost point is • Group the districts of Tamil Nadu
Cape Comorin. which share their boundary with the
states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
It covers an area of 1,30,058 sq.km and is
and Kerala separately.
the 11th largest state in India. It covers 4% of
the area of our country.
  Physiographic Divisions
6.1.2 Boundaries and Neighbours We have learnt about endogenetic and
Tamil Nadu is bounded by Bay of Bengal exogeniec processes in 9th std. Have you ever
in the east, Kerala in the west, Andhra Pradesh thought what kind of landforms on which you
in the north, Karnataka in the northwest and live? Have you ever noticed the landscapes,

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N
W E
S

Not to Scale

All districts of Tamil

Nadu except the Chennai, fi nd out
„ Between in which
The Nilgiris and Kanyakumari latitude and longitude, is
were bifurcated at different your school located?
points of time.

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you come across while travelling from one height. Doddabetta is the highest peak (2,637
place to another? Have you ever wondered metres) of this hills followed by Mukkuruthi
how these landforms were formed? Let’s see (2,554 metres). Ooty and Coonoor are the
the major physical features of Tamil Nadu major hill stations located on this hills. It
and their characteristics. has more than 2,700 species of flowering
Tamil Nadu is located on the Peninsular plants and the state animal Nilgiri Tahr  is
Plateau, known as Deccan Plateau. It is also found in this hill. Much of the Nilgiris
a part of the ancient Gondwana land that natural  montane grasslands and shrublands
broke away 135 million years ago during have been disturbed or destroyed by extensive
Cretaceous Period. Tamil Nadu has many tea plantations and cattle grazing.
unique land features which include high
eroded mountains, shallow deep valleys and 6.2.2 Anaimalai
plains. The topography of the state slopes Anaimalai is located in the border
towards east. Based on the major differences of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is located to
in relief, Tamil Nadu is divided into the the south of Palghat Gap. Anaimalai Tiger
physical divisions of Western Ghats, Eastern Reserve, Aliyar Reserved Forest, Valparai
Ghats, Plateaus, Coastal and Inland plains. hill station, Kadamparai hydroelectric Power
Plant are located on this hills. Aliyar and
Tirumurthy dams are located at the foothills
6.2   Western Ghats of this range.
Western Ghats extends from the Niligris 6.2.3  Palani Hills
in the north to Marunthuvazh Malai at
Swamithope in Kanyakumari district in the
south. Height of the Western Ghats ranges
from 2,000 to 3,000 metres. It covers an area
of about 2,500 sq.km. Though the Western
Ghats is a continuous range, it has some
passes. The passes are Palghat, Shencottah,
Aralvaimozhi, and Achankoil. The Niligris,
Anaimalai, Palani hills, Cardamom hills,
Varusanadu, Andipatti and Agasthiyar hills Palani Hills
are the major hills of Western Ghats . Palani hills are the eastward extension of
the  Western Ghats. Except its western part,
6.2.1  Nilgiri Hills these hills are located in Dindigul district.
Vandaravu (2,533 metres) is the highest peak
in the Palani hills. Vembadi Shola (2,505
metres) is its second highest peak. The  hill
station  of  Kodaikanal (2,150 metres)  lies in
the south central portion of the range.
6.2.4  Cardamom Hills
These hills are also known as Yela Mala
hills located in the southwestern part of
Tamil Nadu. It acquires its name from the
Doddabetta cardamom spice, which is commonly grown
The Nilgiri hills is located in the here. Pepper and coffee are the other crops
Northwestern part of Tamil Nadu. It consists cultivated over the hills. They meet the
of 24 peaks with more than 2,000 metres Anaimalai hills in the northwest, the Palani
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into the Bay of Bengal. Its height ranges from

Peaks in Western Ghats Height(m) 1,100 to 1,600 metres. These hills separate the
Doddabetta 2,637 plains from plateaus. Javadhu, Servarayan, the
Mukkuruthi 2,554 Kalrayan, Kollimalai and Pachaimalai are the
Vembadisolai 2,505 major hills of the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu
Perumalmalai 2,234 and are located in northern districts of the state.
Kottaimtalai 2,019 6.3.1  Javadhu Hills
Pagasura 1,918
Javadhu hills are an extension of the
hills in the northeast and Varusanadu and Eastern Ghats spread across parts of Vellore
Andipatti hills in the southeast. and Tiruvannamalai districts and separates
6.2.5 Varusanadu and Andipatti Hills these two districts. Many peaks with the height
Another eastward extension of Western of 1,100–1,150 metres are located in this range.
Ghats is Varusanadu and Andipatti hills. Melpattu is its highest peak. The Vainu Bappu
Megamalai (the highway mountain), Observatory (VBO) Kavalur, which began
Kalugumalai, Kurangani hill station, and Suruli operations in 1967, is located on these hills.
and Kumbakarai waterfalls are found on these Many parts of this range are covered with bluish
hills. Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wild life grey granites. It is noted for its fruit bearing
Sanctuary is located in the southern slope of trees, medicinal herbs and sandalwoods.
these hills in Virudhunagar district. Vaigai river Due to illegal logging, sandalwood trees are
and its tributaries originate in this region. disappeared now.

6.2.6  Pothigai Hills 6.3.2  Kalvarayan Hills

The name ‘Kalvarayan’ comes from the
Its major part lies in Tirunelveli district
word ‘Karalar’, the ancient name of the present
with its southern slope in the Kanyakumari
tribes. It is another major range of hills in the
district. Pothigai hills are called with different
Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu. This range,
names such as the Shiva Jothi Parvath, along with the Pachaimalai, Aralvaimalai,
Agasthiyar hills and Southern Kailash. Javadhu and Servarayan hills, separates the
These hills feature richest biodiversity in the river basins of Cauvery and Palar. The height
Western Ghats. This area is known for its of this hill ranges from 600 to 1,220 metres.
rich evergreen forest, waterfalls and ancient These hills have two sections. The northern
temples. Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger section is referred as the Chinna Kalvarayan
Reserve is located in this region. and the southern one the Periya Kalvarayan.
6.2.7  Mahendragiri Hills The average height of Chinna Kalvarayan
is 825 metres and the Periya Kalvarayan is
This continous range is situated along the
1,220 metres.
border of Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts
and is a part of the southern range of the Western 6.3.3  Servarayan Hills
Ghats. Its average height is 1,645 metres. ISRO
It is a mountain range located near the
Propulsion Complex, a test facility for Indian
Salem city with the height ranging from 1,200
Space Research Organisation’s launch vehicles
and satellite propulsion systems, is situated on Peaks in Eastern Ghats Height(m)
the lower slopes of this mountain. Shervarayan temple 1,623
Mazhamalai 1,500
6.3   The Eastern Ghats
Urgamalai 1,486
Unlike Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats is a Kuttirayan 1,395
discontinuous and irregular one. It is dissected Muganur 1,279
at many places by the rivers, which drain Valsamalai 1,034

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Districts Hills 6.3.5 Pachaimalai

Maruthamalai, Velliangiri It is the lowest hill range, spreads over
Coimbatore
and Anaimalai the districts of Perambalur, Tiruchirapalli and
Theertha malai, Chitteri and Salem. In Tamil language, pachai means green.
Dharmapuri
Vathalmalai The vegetation in this range is greener than
Dindigul Pazhamalai and Kodaikanal the vegetative cover of the other hills in this
Erode Chenni hills and Sivan hills region. Hence it is named as ‘Pachai malai’.
Javadhu, Yelagiri and Jackfruit is a popular seasonal agricultural
Vellore product of this hills.
Rathinamalai hills
Namakkal Kolli hills 1. Name the hill resorts of
Servarayan, Kanjamalai and fi nd out
Western Ghats and Eastern
Salem
Chalk hills Ghats in Tamil Nadu.
Villupuram Kalvarayan and Gingee hills
2. Is Ooty located on Western
Perambalur Pachaimalai Ghats?
Kanyakumari Marunthuvazhmalai
3. Name the hill stations located in
Mahendragiri and Western and Eastern Ghats of
Tirunelveli
Agasthiyarmalai Tamil Nadu.
The Nilgiris Nilgiri hills
4. Why is the Nilgiri hills called as Blue
Major hills in Tamil Nadu
Mountains?
to 1,620 metres. The name of the range comes
5. What is the kind of landform on
from a local deity, Servarayan. The highest
which you live and what is its height?
peak in the southern part of the Eastern Ghats
is located in this range. The peak is Solaikaradu
6.4 Plateaus
and its height is 1,620 metres. The hill station
Yercaud, which is known as poor man’s Ooty, is Plateaus of Tamil Nadu are located
located on this range. Servarayan temple is its between the Western Ghats and the Eastern
Ghats. It is roughly triangular in shape and
highest point (1623 metres).
covers an area of about 60,000 sq.km. Its height
6.3.4 Kolli Hills increases from east to west. Its height ranges
It is a small mountain range located in between 150 and 600 metres. This plateau is
broader in the north and very narrow in the
Namakkal district. It covers an area of about
south. It has many subdivisions.
2,800 sq.km. It rises up to 1300 metres. This is
Bharamahal plateau is a part of the
a mountain range that runs almost parallel to
Mysore plateau situated in the northwestern
the east coast of South India. Arpaleeswarar part of Tamil Nadu. Its height ranges from 350
temple located on this range is an important to 710 metres. Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri
pilgrim centre. It has the largest cover of districts are located in this region.
evergreen or shola forest when compared Coimbatore plateau lies between the
to other parts of the Eastern Ghats. Several Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts. Its height
coffee plantations, fruits, flowers and silver- varies from 150 to 450 metres. This region
includes Salem, Coimbatore and Erode
oak estates are found in this region.
districts. The area of this plateau is about
fi nd out Why are mountain heights 2,560 sq.km. Its height varies from 352 to 710
measured from mean sea level metres. Moyar river separates this plateau
and not from ground level? from the Mysore plateau.

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N
W E
S

Not to Scale

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Rivers like Bhavani, Noyyal and beaches are scattered with palm and casuarinas
Amaravathi, which originate from Western groves. Marina and Elliot beaches of Chennai,
Ghats, form valleys in this region. Many Kovalam and Silver beaches of Kanyakumari
intermontane plateaus are found in the region are some of the famous beaches in Tamil Nadu.
of the Nilgiris. Sigur plateau is one such plateau.
6.6  Drainage
Madurai plateau found in Madurai
district extends up to the foothills of the Rivers of Tamil Nadu are its lifeline.
Western Ghats. Vaigai and Thamirabarani Though it has many rivers, the rivers of
basins are located in this zone. Cauvery, Palar, Ponnaiyar, Vaigai and
Thamirabarani are the notable ones. Most
6.5  Plains of the rivers of Tamil Nadu originate from
The plains of Tamil Nadu may be divided Western Ghats and flow towards east
into two, namely inland plains and coastal and drain into the Bay of Bengal. All the
plains. Inland plains are drained by the rivers rivers of the state are non-perennial except
Palar, Ponnaiyar, Cauvery and Thamirabarani. Thamirabarani. It is perennial as it is fed by
Cauvery plains is one of the most important both the southwest and northeast monsoons.
fertile plains of the state. The plains of Cauvery
6.6.1 Cauvery
is found in Salem, Erode, Karur, Tiruchirapalli,
Pudukottai, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and The river Cauvery originates at Talacauvery
Nagapattinam districts. in the Brahmagiri hills of Kodagu(coorg)
district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats.
Coastal plains of Tamil Nadu are also
About 416 km of its course falls in Tamil Nadu.
called Coromandel or Cholamandalam (land
It serves as the boundary between Karnataka
of Cholas) plain, which extends from Chennai
and Tamil Nadu for a distance of 64 km. It
to Kanyakumari. It is formed by the rivers that
forms Hogenakkal waterfalls in Dharmapuri
flow towards east drain in the Bay of Bengal. It
district. Mettur Dam, also called as the
is more than 80 kilometres wide at some places.
Though it is an emerged coast, some parts Stanley Reservoir, is located across this river
are submerged into the sea. The sand dunes in Salem district. A tributary called Bhavani
formed along the coast of Ramanathapuram joins Cauvery on the right bank about 45
and Thoothukudi districts are called Teri. km from the Mettur Reservoir. Thereafter, it
Coral rocks are found at the head of Gulf of takes easterly course to enter into the plains of
Mannar in the east coastal plain. Tamil Nadu. Two more tributaries, Noyyal and
Amaravathi, confluence the river on the right
6.5.1 Beaches bank at Thirumukkudal 10  km from Karur.
The river is wider in this region, where it is
called as ‘Agandra Cauvery’.
In Tiruchirappalli district, the river
branches into two parts. The northern
branch is called Coleroon or Kollidam and

Pamban, Hare, Krusadai,

Nallathanni Theevu, Pullivasal,
Srirangam, Upputanni,
Island Grounds, Kattupalli
Marina Beach
Island, Quibble Island and
The Coromandel Coast along the Bay of Vivekananda Rock Memorial are some
Bengal consists of many beautiful and exotic major islands of Tamil Nadu
beaches. The golden sands of Tamil Nadu
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the southern branch remains Cauvery. From 6.6.4 Vaigai

here, the Cauvery delta begins. After flowing Vaigai river rises from the eastern slopes of
for about 16 km, the two branches join again the Varusanadu hills of Western Ghats of Tamil
to form the ‘Srirangam Island’. The Grand Nadu. It drains an area of 7,741 sq.km, which
Anaicut, also called as Kallanai was built across lies entirely in the state of Tamil Nadu. It flows
the river Cauvery. After Kallanai, the river through the districts of Madurai, Sivaganga
breaks into a large number of distributaries and Ramanathapuram. Its length is 258 km. It
and forms a network all over the delta. The discharges its water into the Ramnad Big Tank
network of distributaries within the delta of and some other small tanks. The surplus water
Cauvery in the coast is called as the ‘Garden from the tanks is finally discharged into Palk
of Southern India’. It merges into Bay of Strait near Ramanathapuram.
Bengal to the south of Cuddalore.
6.6.5 Thamirabarani
6.6.2 Palar The name is interpreted as Thamiram
The Palar river rises beyond Talagavara (copper) and Varuni (streams of river). The
village in the Kolar district of Karnataka. water of this river gives a copper like appearance
The Palar drains an area of 17,871 sq.km, due to the presence of dissolved suspended red
out of which nearly 57% lies in Tamil Nadu soil. It originates from a peak in Pothigai hills
and the rest in the states of Karnataka and on the Western Ghats above Papanasam in the
Andhra Pradesh. Ponnai, Goundinya Nadhi, Ambasamudram taluk. The origin of the river is
Malattar, Cheyyar and Kiliyar are its major associated with Sage Agasthiyar. It courses through
tributaries. Its total length is 348 km, out the districts of Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi
and finally flow into the Bay of Bangal near
of which 222 km of its course falls in Tamil
Punnaikayal in Thoothukudi district. Karaiyar,
Nadu. It flows through the districts of Vellore
Servalar, Manimuthar, Gadananathi, Pachaiyar,
and Kancheepuram before entering into Bay Chittar and Ramanathi are its main tributaries.
of Bengal near Kuvattur.
6.6.3 Then Pennaiyar/Then Ponnaiyar
N
TAMIL NADU
MAJOR RIVERS ANDHRA W E

PRADESH
It originates from the eastern slope of S

Nandi Durga hills in eastern Karnataka. It Nan i

d
Palar
drains an area of 16,019 sq.km, of which nearly
ar
77% lies in Tamil Nadu. It flows for a distance Ch e
yy
Ch

nn
a
i

KARNATAKA
of 247 km in the southeasterly direction in the
r

Kaliveli
Hogenakkal Saa Tank
nur
Falls Meur
districts of Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Vellore, Pala
r Dam
(Stanley) Gam
Pon
naiya Puducherry
ukha r
Tiruvannamalai, Cuddalore and Villupuram. Moyar
Bhavani
Cau
very

Makur
Wellingto Ve l l a r u BAY OF
It branches into two, viz. Gadilam and the
n
Bhavanisagar
Lake BENGAL
Aiyar

Noyil
ery Delta Region

Ponnaiyar near Tirukoilur Anaicut. Gadilam Cauvery

Ko
llid
am
Viranam
Lake

joins the Bay of Bengal near Cuddalore Am

ra
va

and Ponnaiyar near the Union Territory of Azhiyar

Cauv

Parambik
ulam ll a
Ve

Puducherry. Chinnar, Markandanadhi, Vaniar Vaigai

r

Palk Strait
Var
and Pambar are its tributaries. Heavy rain at
KER

shala
i
ALA

the river’s source cause sudden but short-lived

Va
i

Ar
iga

jun iga
i
Va

a
Palk Bay
floods. The river is extensively dammed for
Va

pa
ip

irrigation, especially in Tamil Nadu. There are

r

Chi
ar
Gulf of
reservoirs at Krishnagiri and Sathanur across Tha
mira
bar
ani
Mannar

this river. The Ponnaiyar is considered sacred Kothaiyar

Tank
by Hindus and festivals are held during the Not to Scale
INDIAN OCEAN
Tamil month of Thai (January–February).

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District Waterfalls Seasons of Tamil Nadu

Dharmapuri Hogenakkal
Season Period
Winter Season January-February
Thirunelveli Kalyanatheertham,
Courtallam
Summer Season March- May
Southwest Monsoon June-September
Theni Kumbakkarai and Suruli
Northeast Monsoon October –December
Namakkal Agayagangai
6.7.1 Winter Season
The Nilgiri Catherine and Pykara
During January and February, the
Salem Kiliyur vertical rays of the sun fall between the Tropic
Virudhunagar Ayyanar of Capricorn and the Equator. Hence, Tamil
Nadu and India on the whole receive slanting
Coimbatore Vaideki, Sengupathi, rays from the sun. So, the weather is slightly
Siruvani and Kovaikutralam
cooler during these months. The difference
Tiruppur Tirumurthy between summer and winter temperature is
not very high. Winter temperature in Tamil
Madurai Kutladampatti
Nadu varies from 15°C to 25°C. However,
Kanyakumari Tirparappu, Kaalikesam, in the hill stations, the winter temperature
Ulakkai and Vattaparai drops below 5°C occasionally. Some valleys
in the Nilgiris record even 0°C. This drop in
Major waterfalls in Tamil Nadu
temperature leads to the formation of thick
mist and frost. This season is practically dry.
6.7 Climate
6.7.2 Summer Season
You have already learnt that the Tropic of
Cancer divides India roughly into two equal The apparent migration of the sun
parts and the state Tamil Nadu lies to the south towards north during March, April and May
of Tropic of Cancer, which is near the Equator. results in the reception of vertical sun’s rays
As it receives vertical sunrays, the temperature by South India. Thus there is a steady rise in
of the state is relatively high throughout the temperature from the equator. Hence, Tamil
year. Though the state falls within the hot Nadu located to the south of Tropic of Cancer,
climatic zone, the east coast of Tamil Nadu experiences high temperature. Generally the
enjoys tropical maritime climate. The Bay of temperature varies from 30°C to more than
Bengal and Indian Ocean influence the climate 40°C. During this season particularly in the
of the coastal regions. The annual temperature month of May, southern part of the state
ranges from 18o to 43o and the annual rain fall receives some rainfall from pre-monsoon
is 958.5 mm. showers (Mango/Blossom showers) and some
parts experience convectional rainfall.
While the east coast experiences tropical
maritime climate, the western region of the state 1. What is Agni Nakshatram?
enjoys the mountainous climate. This climate fi nd out
prevails over the Blue Mountains, Anaimalai 2. Group the districts of Tamil
and the Kodaikanal hills. Thick forests and high Nadu into low, moderate
altitude make the climate of these areas cool and heavy rainfall regions.
and pleasant. Thus stations in this region attract
thousands of people during the summer season. 6.7.3 Southwest Monsoon
Low altitude and distance from the sea are the The intense heating of the landmass of the
reasons for high temperature and dry conditions north by the sun during March to May creates
in the central part of Tamil Nadu. The migration a well-developed low pressure in North India,
of vertical sun’s rays leads to the formation of which draws wind from the Indian Ocean.
different seasons in Tamil Nadu as follows.
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This  results in the formation of southwest receives 100 to 200 cm of rainfall. The rainfall
monsoon. During this season, Tamil Nadu is received by the central and northwestern parts
located in the rain shadow region for the wind, is 50–100 cm. The cyclones sometimes disturb
which blows from the Arabian Sea. As a result, the cultivation of crops and cause severe
Tamil Nadu receives only a meagre rainfall damage to life and property.
from this monsoon. Rainfall during this season
decreases from west to east. Coimbatore plateau Chinnakallar near Valparai
receives an average of 50 cm rainfall. However, is the 3rd wettest place in
the southern districts like Kanyakumari, India and the wettest place in
Tirunelveli and The Nilgiris record 50–100 Tamil Nadu.
cm rainfall during this period. The rainfall is
scanty in the eastern part of the state.
6.8 Soils of Tamil Nadu
Coriolis Force: An apparent force acts as a Soil is the loose material mainly formed by
result of the earth's rotation deflects moving the weathering and erosion of rocks. It forms an
objects (such as projectiles or air currents) important element of agriculture. It provides
to the right in the northern hemisphere and essential minerals and nutrients for the growth
to the left in the southern hemisphere. of vegetation. Soil is one of the important
non-renewable resources in the world. It takes
6.7.4 Northeast Monsoon 300–1,000 years to form two inches of soil.
The northeast monsoon season The soil of a place depends on the factors like
commences from the month of October and climate, parent rocks and vegetative cover of
lasts till mid-December. The high pressure the respective places. The soils in Tamil Nadu
created over Central Asia and northern part are broadly classified into five types according
of India becomes the source for the northeast to their characteristics. They are alluvial, black,
monsoon winds. The apparent migration of red, laterite and saline soils.
the sun from Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic 6.8.1 Alluvial Soil
of Capricorn causes a change in receiving
Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition
temperature and air pressure during this
of silt by the rivers. Alluvial soils are generally
season. It makes the wind to blow towards Bay
N
of Bengal from North India. After reaching Bay W E
of Bengal, the wind gets deflected by Coriolis S
force and takes the northeast direction. Hence
it is known as northeast monsoon. As the
northeast monsoon is a part of returning of
southwest monsoon wind, it is also called as
the retreating monsoon. This is the main rainy
season for Tamil Nadu, accounting for its 48%
of annual rainfall. Coastal districts of the state
get nearly 60% of their annual rainfall and
the interior districts get about 40–50% of the
annual rainfall during this season.
Tropical cyclones are common during this
season. Cyclone originating from the Bay of
Bengal bring heavy rainfall to the east coastal
regions of Tamil Nadu. More than 50% of the
state’s rainfall is received from tropical cyclones Not to Scale

during this period and east coastal region

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fertile as they are rich in minerals such as 6.8.4  Laterite Soil

lime, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen and This soil is formed by the process of
phosphoric acid. It is deficient in nitrogen and intense leaching. Laterite soils are found in
humus. It is porous and loamy. Paddy, sugarcane, some parts of Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and
banana and turmeric are cultivated in this soil. Thanjavur districts and some patches over
It is found in the river valley regions and the the mountainous region in the Nilgiris. Crops
coastal plains of Tamil Nadu. Generally this grown in this soil are paddy, ginger, pepper and
type of soil is found in the districts of Thanjavur, plantains. It is also suitable for the cultivation
Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Villupuram, of tea and coffee plants.
Cuddalore, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari. It 6.8.5  Saline Soil
is also found to a small extent along the river
Saline soils in Tamil Nadu are confined
valleys in few interior districts.
to the Coromandel coast. Vedaranyam has a
6.8.2  Black Soil pocket of saline soil. However, the tsunami
Black soils are formed by the weathering waves on December 26, 2004 brought a lot
of igneous rocks. It is also known as regur soil. of sand and deposited it all along the east
As cotton grows well in this soil, it is also called coast of Tamil Nadu. The tsunami made the
as black cotton soil. This soil is developed over coastal areas unsuitable for cultivation to a
the Deccan lava granite region under semi- considerable extent.
arid conditions. It is fine textured and clayey in 6.9   Soil Erosion
nature. It is poor in phosphoric acid, nitrogen
Soil is a non-renewable resource. It is very
and organic matter. Chief minerals found in this
difficult to replace the soil once it gets degraded.
soil are calcium, magnesium, carbonates, potash
Deforestation, overgrazing, urbanisation and
and lime. Cotton, sorghum, cumbu and fodder
heavy rain are responsible for soil erosion in
crops are the major crops cultivated in the
Tamil Nadu. Soil erosion reduces the fertility
black soil regions of Tamil Nadu. Black soils are
of soils, which in turn reduces agricultural
found extensively in the districts of Coimbatore,
productivity. So, it is necessary to take intensive
Madurai, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and
care to conserve the soil resources.
Thoothukudi.
Desertification is one
6.8.3  Red Soil
of the major problems of
Red soils cover over two-thirds of the Tamil Nadu. According
total area of Tamil Nadu. They are found to the desertification atlas
particularly in the central districts of the prepared by the ISRO. about
state. This soil is sandy and loamy in texture. 12% of the total geographical area is under
However, the characteristic features of the red
desertification and land degradation. Theni,
soil vary according to its formation and climatic
the Nilgiris and Kanyakumari are the worst
condition under which the soil was formed.
affected districts. About 12,000 hectares (120
Red soil is porous, friable and non-retentive
Sq.km) were affected by sand deposition in
of moisture. The colour of the soil is due to the
presence of high content of iron oxides. This Theni and Rajapalayam.
soil is poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, acids and
humus. paddy, ragi, tobacco and vegetables 6.10   Natural Vegetation
are the chief crops grown in this soil. Almost Natural vegetation refers to the forest
all types of crops can be grown in this soil cover. Landforms, nature of soil, temperature
with the application of manure and irrigation and rainfall are the major factors that control
facilities. It is dominantly found in Sivagangai the distribution of natural vegetation. As per
and Ramanathapuram districts.
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National Forest Policy, 1988, a minimum of 6.10.2 Montane Temperate Forest

one-third of the total geographical area must It is found in sheltered valleys of
be under forest cover. The total forest cover of Anaimalai, Nilgiris and Palani hills over a
Tamil Nadu is far lower than this. According 1000 metres altitude. They are known as
to the Tamil Nadu State of Forest Report - 2017 ‘Sholas’. The trees in this forest are evergreen
assessment, the area under forest in the state and usually short. Nilgiri champa, wights
is 26,281 sq.km, which constitutes 20.21% of litsea and rose apple are the common trees
the total area. Tamil Nadu constitutes 2.99% found in this forest.
of India’s forest cover. The forest types in
the state varies from wet evergreen to scrub 6.10.3 Tropical Deciduous Forest
forests. The Western Ghats, the longest hill This type of forest lies in the margin of
range in the state, is one of the 25 global semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The
hotspots of bio-diversity and one of the three trees in this forest shed their leaves during
mega centres of endemism in India. The the dry season. The trees reach up to a height
of 30 metres. Some trees of this forest are silk
following table shows the categories of forest
cotton, kapok, kadamba, dog teak, woman's
and their areal extent classified under the
tounge, axlewood and siris. Bamboos are also
provision of Indian Forest Act.
common in this type of forests. Some trees of
this forest are economically important.
Forest Type Area(sq.km)
6.10.4 Mangroves
Reserved Forest 19,459
Protected Forest 1,782
Unclassified Forest 1,266
Total 22,507
Source: Tamil Nadu stastistical Handbook - 2016

Mangrove Forest in Pichavaram

Forest Types
This type of forest is found in the coastal
The forest in the state is broadly divided
areas, river deltas, tails of islands and over
into five types as follows
sea faces where accretion is in progress. The
vegetation is typically evergreen, moderate
6.10.1  Tropical Evergreen Forest
in height and has leathery leaves. The
This forest type is found in the regions vegetation of this forest is adapted to survive
that receive heavy rainfall. It is a dense, multi- in tidal mud and salt water. Asiatic mangrove,
layered forest. It is found in the upper slopes of white mangrove, wild jasmine/Indian pivot
Western Ghats of Tirunelveli, Kanyakumari, etc. are some of the notable trees of this
the Nilgiris and Coimbatore districts. The forest. Pichavaram, Vedaranyam, Muthupet,
major tree species of this forest are cinnamon, Chatram and Thoothukudi are the places
Malabar ironwood, panasa, java plum/jamun, in Tamil Nadu where the mangrove forest is
jack, kindal, ayani and crape myrtle. The semi- found to a considerable extent.
evergreen type of forest in the state is found
over the regions of sub-tropical climate over Role of Mangroves in Coastal Zone Management.
the Eastern Ghats. The prominent regions Mangroves helps in the prevention of coastal
are Servarayan, Kollimalai and Pachaimalai. erosion from waves and storms. It also
Species of Indian mahogany, monkey teak, protects coral reefs and sea grass meadows
woolly cassia, jack and mango trees are from being smothered in sediments.
common in this region.
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Districts with prominent forest

Pichavaram mangrove
cover in Tamil Nadu
forest is located near
Chidambaram, Cuddalore District Area (sq km)
Dharmapuri 3,280
district. This is the second
Coimbatore 2,627
largest mangrove forest in
Erode 2,427
the world covering about 1,100 hectares
Vellore 1,857
(11 sq.km) of area. It is separated from the The Nilgiris 1,583
Bay of Bengal by a sandbar. It consists of Dindigul 1,662
species like Avicennia and Rhizophora. It
also supports the existence of rare varieties
6.11   Wild life
of shell and fin fishes.
Animals and birds live in forests
6.10.5 Tropical Thorn Forest constitute the wild life. Tamil Nadu has a
Thorn forest in Tamil Nadu is found where variety of wild animals, birds and reptiles.
there is a little rainfall. These forests are found hills are an ideal refuge for elephants, bisons,
from plains up to 400 meters altitude. The tigers, deer and m
­ onkeys.
common trees of this forest are rusty acacia,
wheel, neem and palm. Shrubs are common Several Wildlife sanctuaries and National
vegetation in this type of forest. This type of Parks have been set up to protect the animal
forest is found in the districts of Dharmapuri, life in the state. The hills of the state provide
Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar and some an ideal condition for a variety of animals and
parts of interior districts. plants life. The list of Wild lifeSanctuaries,
National parks and Biosphere Reserves of
Tamil Nadu are listed in the following tables.
Year of
S.No Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu District
Establishment
1 Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary The Nilgiris 1940
2 Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary Tirunelveli 1962
3 Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary Nagapattinam 1967
4 Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Coimbatore 1976
5 Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary Tirunelveli 1976
6 Vallanadu Black Buck Sanctuary Thoothukudi 1987
7 Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Virudhunagar 1988
8 Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary Kanyakumari 2007
9 Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary Erode 2008
10 Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary Theni and Madurai 2009
11 Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary - Block A Thanjavur and Tiruvarur
2013
and Block B Nagapattinam
12 Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary Dindigul and Theni 2013
13 Gangaikondan Spotted Deer Sanctuary Tirunelveli 2013
14 Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri 2014
17 Nellai Wildlife Sanctuary Tirunelveli 2015

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S.No Bird Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu District Year of Establishment

1 Vettangudi Birds Sanctuary Sivaganga 1977
2 Pulicat Lake Birds Sanctuary Tiruvallur 1980
3 Karikili Birds Sanctuary Kancheepuram 1989
4 Kanjirankulam Birds Sanctuary Ramanathapuram 1989
5 Chitrangudi Birds Sanctuary Ramanathapuram 1989
6 Koonthankulam-Kadankulam Birds Sanctuary Tirunelveli 1994
7 Vellode Birds Sanctuary Erode 1997
8 Vedanthangal Birds Sanctuary Kancheepuram 1998
9 Udayamarthandapuram Birds Sanctuary Tiruvarur 1998
10 Melaselvanur-Keelselvanur Birds Sanctuary Ramanathapuram 1998
11 Vaduvoor Birds Sanctuary Tiruvarur 1999
12 Karaivetti Birds Sanctuary Ariyalur 2000
13 Theerthangal Bird Sanctury Ramanathapuram 2010
14 Sakkarakottai Tank Birds Sanctuary Ramanathapuram 2012
17 Oussudu Lake Birds Sanctuary Villupuram 2015

S. No Biosphere Reserves in Tamil Nadu According to United Nations office

for Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Risk
1 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Reduction( UNDRR) is the concept and practice
2 Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve of reducing disaster risks through systematic
3 Agasthiyarmalai Biosphere Reserve efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors
of disasters. This includes reducing exposure to
Tamil Nadu is a state with varied climate, hazards, lessening the vulnerability of people
landforms and resources. This makes our and property, wise management of land and
state a distinct one among the Indian states. environment, and improving preparedness and
In Tamil Nadu, If the available resources are early warning for adverse events.
utilised rationally, it may continue to be at top
in the country. So, it is the duty of the every Here we will discuss about the natural
individual to strive towards achieving this goal. disasters in Tamil Nadu and the measures to be
adopted before, during and after different disasters.
6.12  
Natural Disasters
6.12.1 Landslide
in Tamil Nadu
A collapse of a mass of earth or rock from
A sudden natural catastrophe that
causes great damage or loss to lives and a mountain or cliff is called landslide. Water
properties is called as disaster. The alteration is the most common trigger of a landslide.
of natural environment by the technology Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu is identified as one of
and developmental activities increase the the most vulnerable districts in the country and
frequency of disasters all over the world. landslides pose a major threat in this area. The
So, it is necessary to aware the measures to other regions which are prone to land slides are
be adopted during different types of natural Coimbatore and palani hill of Dindigul district
disasters to reduce the risk caused by them. where Kodaikanal hill station is located.
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Risk Reduction Measures floods resulted from heavy rainfall generated

Before: Create awareness; stay alert and awake; by the annual northeast monsoon in
monitor the news updates; make evacuation November–December 2015. They affected the
plan; listen for any unusual sounds that might Coromandel Coast region of the South Indian
indicate moving debris such as trees cracking, states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
boulders knocking and consider leaving the More than 500 people were killed and over
place of landslide if it is safe to do so. 1.8  million people were displaced. With the
estimates of damages and losses ranging from
During nearly  200 billion, the floods were the costliest
If indoors: Find cover in the section of natural disasters of the year 2015. Tamil Nadu
the building that is farthest away from the was the worst affected state by this flood.
approaching landslide; take shelter under a Generally the districts of Kancheepuram,
strong table or bench. Hold on firmly and Tiruvallur, Cuddalore, Villupuram,
stay until all movement has ceased. Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam,
Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli
and Kanyakumari are the most flood prone
districts of the state.

Landslide
If outdoors Flood
Move quickly away from its likely path, Risk Reduction Measures
keeping clear of embankments, trees, power Before: Know about relief centres and
lines and poles; avoid crossing roads and evacuation routes; keep emergency phone
bridges and stay away from the landslide numbers and important information; fold
because the slope may experience additional and roll up things on to higher ground.
failures for hours to days afterwards.
During: Be quick, keep safe and ensure that
After- Stay away from the slide area; listen to children and elderly are safe by leaving the
local radio or television stations for the latest house to a higher ground; turn off all electrical
emergency information; watch for flooding, appliances and gas; leave the area before its
which may occur after a landslide or debris get too late; do not drive through the water;
flow; check for injured and trapped persons stay away from power lines or broken power
near the slide, without entering the direct transmission cables and try to keep away
slide area. from flood water.
6.12.2 Flood After: Make sure to get back inside your
Flood is a common one in the coastal house, keep all power and electrical appliances
districts of Tamil Nadu during northeast off before it is okay to put them on and wear
monsoon. The recent flood occurred in the appropriate dress before cleaning house which
state was in 2015. The 2015 South Indian is necessary to clean the contamination.
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6.12.3 Cyclone During: Take care of the old and young, keep

all family members inside the house; switch
The coastal regions of Tamil Nadu are often
of all electrical appliances, stay in an empty
hit by the tropical cyclones formed in Bay of
room, movable items should be kept securely
Bengal during northeast monsoon. Occurrence
tied; try to help your neighbours but, don't go
of flood, losses to lives and properties are the
out during cyclone.
recurring one in the state. Based on the cyclone
hit areas, the state of Tamil Nadu can be divided After: Those who shifted to the cyclone
into five zones namely very high, high, medium, centre must remain there till instructions are
low and very low cyclone prone zones. Southern received; strictly avoid loose electrical wires
part of Chennai, eastern part of kancheepuram, after the cyclone; beware of snakes and other
eastern part of Villupuram, northeastern part of animals immediately after the cyclone; clear
Cuddalore and Union Territory of Puducherry debris and carcasses from/near the premise
fall under the very high cyclone prone zone. after the cyclone and report losses truthfully
Nagapattinam, Tiruvallur, Tiruvarur (except and accurately to the authorities.
northwestern part), southern part of Thanjavur,
eastern part of Pudukkottai, eastern part of 6.12.4 Drought
Cuddalore, middle portion of Villupuram, Tamil Nadu is water deficit state. It is
eastern part of Tiruvannamalai, western part of almost a regular one and not a seasonal one.
kancheepuram, northeastern part of Vellore and It depends mostly on northeast monsoon for
northern part of Chennai districts are included its rain. Its failure ends in disastrous. The total
in the high cyclone prone zone. assessed water resources in the state amount to
1,587 TMC (Thousand million cubic feet) while
the state government's demand estimate is
1,894 TMC. Demand exceeds supply by 19.3%,
this happens when rainfall is "normal".
The government classifies groundwater
blocks into different categories. Only 145
of 385 such blocks are classified safe. The
others are in various stages of depletion:
over-exploited, critical and semi-critical.
About 2% of the blocks are already saline.
About 64% of the total area of the state is
Cyclone
drought prone. Coimbatore, Dharmapuri,
Risk Reduction Measures Kanyakumari, Madurai, Ramanathapuram,
Before: Ignore rumours, stay calm, don’t be Salem, Tirunelveli, and Tiruchirappalli are
panic; Keep your mobile phones charged to the districts which are more drought prone.
ensure connectivity; use sms; listen to radio;
watch TV; read newspapers for weather
updates. Keep your documents and valuables in
water proof containers; prepare an emergency
kits with essential items for survival; secure
your house; carry out repairs; don’t leave sharp
objects loose; untie cattle/animals for their
safety. Fishermen should keep a radio set with
extra batteries handy; keep boats and rafts tied
up safely and don’t venture out in the sea. Drought
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According to the desertification atlas Risk Reduction Measures

prepared by the ISRO, about 12 percent of the
Before: Create defensible space to separate
total geographical area is under desertification
your home from flammable vegetation
and land degradation. Theni, Virudhunagar,
and materials (30 feet); follow all local
the Niligris and Kanyakumari are the worst
fire and building codes; keep all trees and
affected districts. To manage the water deficit,
shrubs trimmed. Use approved fire resistant
rain water harvesting and water conservation
materials; make evacuation plans with family
methods have to be implemented strictly.
members which include several options with
Some methods of water conservation are: an outside meeting place.
Protection of water from pollution; During: Listen to radio; watch tv; read
redistribution of water; rational use newspapers for updates; if adequate water are
of groundwater; population control; available fill buckets with water. turn a light
renovation of traditional water sources; use on a room in case of smoke; turn off gas and
of modern irrigation methods; increasing electrical appliances and be ready to evacuate
forest cover; changing crop pattern; flood all family members.
management and use of geothermal water
After: Check with fire officials before
are some of the major water conservation
attempting to return to your home; use
methods.
caution when re-entering a burned area -
flare ups can occur; check grounds for hot
6.12.5 Forest Fire
spots and check the roof and exterior areas
Tamil Nadu is a tropical for sparks and embers.
state. The high temperature
during summer leads to 6.12.6 Tsunami
occasional forest fire in Though Tsunami is not a common one
deciduous and thorn forests. in India, its incident in 2004 alerted India
The recent fire accident and the state of Tamil Nadu on this aspect.
in the state took place in 2018. The tragedy Almost all the countries situated around the
happened on March 11 when 37 people from Bay of Bengal were affected by the tsunami
Chennai and Erode regions were returning waves in the morning hours of 26 December
after a trekking trip to the Kurangani hills in 2004 (between 09:00 and 10:30 hrs IST). The
Theni district. The groups were struck in the killer waves were triggered by an earthquake
middle of a forest fire, which ultimately killed measuring 8.9 on the Richter scale that had
23 people. In the aftermath of the Kurangani
an epicentre near the west coast of Sumatra
forest fire, Tamil Nadu government has
in Indonesia. Waves rose up to 6-10 metres
banned trekking in the state for two months
and the impact was felt up to the East African
every year (February15 to April 15).
coast affecting Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya.

Forest Fire Tsunami

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Tremors and Tidal Waves in South India periods. Generally high risk zones of the
Tremors and Tidal waves hit South India country are located in the north and central
and Large Scale devastation was reported. Over parts. The state of Tamil Nadu is located in
a thousand people have been killed in tidal waves the moderately low risk zone.
in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Tamil Nadu was the "worst Earthquakes in Tamil Nadu
affected" state of India in this incident. 26 September 2001: A moderate quake
More than 1,500 people have been killed occurred in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of
in the state. Casualties reported were very the Union Territory of Puducherry, resulting
high in Nagapattinam (700), Kanyakumari in three deaths and minor damage to property
(250) and Cuddalore (200) districts. Around in Puducherry and coastal Tamil Nadu. It had
125 deaths have been recorded in the state a magnitude of 5.6 on Richter scale.
capital of chennai. Earlier, the tsunami was 7 June 2008: A mild earthquake occurred in
reported in India in 1881 and 1941. the Palar Valley region in Tamil Nadu. It had
Risk Reduction Measures a magnitude of 3.8 on Richter scale and was
Before: if you live in a coastal area, know felt in many parts of Vellore district.
about tsunami risk and local warning
12 August 2011: A mild earthquake occurred
arrangements; develop household emergency
in the Cauvery basin in Ariyalur district. It
plan; know where the nearest high ground is
had a magnitude of 3.5 on Richter scale and
and how you will reach it.
was felt in several districts in southern Tamil
During: Take your get away kit, don’t travel Nadu. It resulted in one death and caused
areas at risk; move immediately nearest high minor damages in the districts of Cuddalore,
ground; if you can’t escape tsunami, go to an Villupuram, Perambalur and Tiruchirappalli.
upper storey of the building or climb onto a roof
or tree or grab a floating objects; never go to the In 2012, Chennai experienced a mild tremor
shore to watch tsunami and listen to local radio with its epicentre in the Indian Ocean.
stations as emergency management.
Risk Reduction Measures
After: Continue to listen to the radio; don’t
return to the evacuation zone until authorities During: Take cover under a strong table or
have given all clear; check yourself for injuries any other piece of furniture and remain under
and get first aid and help others. cover until the shaking stops.

6.12.7 Earthquakes After: Proceed cautiously once the earthquake

India is a vast country which has stopped and always avoid roads, bridges that
experiences many earthquakes at different might have been damaged by the earthquake.

SUMMARY

„„ Physical geography is the branch of geography dealing with the different physical
aspects such as landforms, drainage, climate, soil, natural vegetation etc.
„„Tamil Nadu is broadly classified into three physical divisions namely mountains
(Western and Eastern Ghats), plateaus (Bharamahal, Coimbatore and Madurai) and
plains (inland and coastal).
„„Cauvery, Palar, Ponnaiyar, Vaigai and Thamirabarani are the major rivers of Tamil Nadu.
„„The climate of Tamil Nadu is tropical maritime. Winter, summer, southwest and
northeast monsoons are the seasons of Tamil Nadu.

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Unit - 7

Human
Geography
of Tamil Nadu

Learning Objectives
„„To understand the agricultural factors, major crops and their
distribution in Tamil Nadu
„„To learn about the water resources of Tamil Nadu
„„To study the mineral and industrial resources of Tamil Nadu
„„To analyze the population and its composition in Tamil Nadu
„„To learn about the man made disasters in Tamil Nadu

Introduction major occupation in Tamil Nadu. Agriculture

has been the mainstay of the state’s economy
Human geography refers to the study of since independence with more than 65% of the
ways of development of human societies and population depends upon this sector for their
their operation in relation to their physical
living. Agriculture provides employment for
environment. This chapter focuses on the
rural people on a large scale. There is a strong
distribution, characteristics and utilisation of
link between agriculture and economic growth.
different resources in Tamil Nadu. We have
Agriculture constitutes about 21% of the state’s
studied earlier that the earth is endowed
economy. However, it fluctuates from one year
with a variety of natural resources such as
to another. Paddy, millets and pulses are the
landforms, rivers, soil, natural vegetation,
principal food crops of the state. Sugarcane,
water and wildlife. These resources are useful
cotton, sunflower, coconut, cashew, chillies,
only when they are utilised. Human beings
use these resources using their intelligence gingelly, groundnut, tea, coffee, cardamom and
and skill. Thus, the human beings are the rubber are the major commercial crops.
most significant resource on the earth surface.
They turn all these natural resources into 7.2  Geographical determinants
useful products with their skills and abilities. of Agriculture

7.1   Agriculture Landform, climate, soil and irrigation

are the factors that determine the growth of
The word "agriculture" is derived from the agriculture.
Latin words "ager and cultura", which means
field and growing. Agriculture is a practice of 7.2.1 Landform
farming that includes the cultivation of crops, Tamil Nadu is a land of diverse landscape
rearing of animals, birds, forestry, fisheries comprising of hills, plateaus and plains.
and other related activities. Agriculture is the Among them the plains are most suitable
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for agriculture. The plains with alluvial soil

enhances agricultural productivity. Example: The Tamil Nadu Rice
Research Institute (TRRI) is an
Plains of cauvery. Agriculture in the plateau is
Indian research institute working
moderate and is poor on the hills.
in the field of rice under Tamil
7.2.2 Climate Nadu Agricultural University
(TNAU).It is situated at Aduthurai, in Thanjavur
Tamil Nadu is situated in the tropical district, it was established in April, 1985 in TNAU
zone, which is nearer to the equator. The state to meet the research requirements of the region
experiences a tropical climate. Hence, the with the help of existing Agricultural Colleges
temperature in Tamil Nadu is relatively high and Research centres and perform lead function
almost throughout the year. So, only the tropical for rice and rice based cropping system research.
crops are cultivated. Water is another limiting
factor of agriculture. Northeast monsoon is
the major source of rainfall for Tamil Nadu. 7.3  Cropping Seasons in
Therefore, the major cropping season begins Tamil Nadu
with this season. The rainfall in this season and
Farmers select different crops for
the irrigation facilities affect agriculture to a
different seasons of cultivation. It is based on
large extent.
the temperature and availability of moisture
in the soil. Accordingly, the state has the
7.2.3 Soil
following cropping seasons.
Soil is one of the most essential elements
of agriculture. It provides essential minerals or Name Sowing Harvesting Major crops
nutrients for the growth of crops and vegetation. Sornavari April-May August- Millets and
(chittirai September cotton
The regions of river valleys and the coastal plains pattam )
are the most agriculturally productive regions of the Samba July- January- Paddy and
state as they are covered with fertile alluvial soil. (Adipattam) August February sugarcane
Navarai November February- Fruits,
Types and regions of Agriculture - March vegetables,
Practices in Tamil Nadu December cucumber and
watermelon
Farming type Area practiced

} 7.4  Distribution of major

Subsistence Practiced all over
intensive Tamil Nadu with few
crops in Tamil Nadu
agriculture exceptions.
Plantation
Agriculture } Hill slopes of Eastern
and Western Ghats.
7.4.1 Paddy
Paddy is the most important staple food
Mixed farming Banks of River crop of Tamil Nadu. Ponni and kichadi samba
Cauvery and are the major varieties of paddy grown in
Thenpennai. Tamil Nadu. About 3 million hectares of the
state is under rice cultivation. Though it is
7.2.4 Irrigation cultivated all over Tamil Nadu, its cultivation
Monsoon rainfall in the state is highly is highly concentrated in Thanjavur, Tiruvarur,
Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Villupuram,
irregular. Further it is seasonal. Hence,
Cuddalore and Tirunelveli districts. It ranks
irrigation becomes necessary for successful
third in the production of rice among the states
cultivation of crops in the state. In the dry
of India. The deltaic region of river cauvery
regions, rain-fed crops are cultivated.
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(the undivided Thanjavur district) is the major

rice-producing region of Tamil Nadu. So, this To promote organic
region is rightly called as the "Granary of farming a central scheme named
Tamil Nadu." ‘National Project on Organic
Farming’ was launched Apart
from general things (creating
awareness, promoting organic fertilizers,
training, capacity building etc.), the scheme
provides financial assistance through Capital
Investment Subsidy Scheme for agro-waste
compost production units, bio-fertilizers/
bio-pesticides production units, development
and implementation of quality control
regime, human resource development etc.

Paddy Cultivation gram. Vellore and Kanyakumari districts

produce red gram.
7.4.2 Millets Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Thoothukudi
Millets form staple food of nearly one- districts are the principal producers of green
third of human population of Tamil Nadu. gram and black gram. Horse gram is widely
Sorghum/jowar (cholam), ragi (kezhvaragu) cultivated in Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri
and bajra (kambu) are the major millets. These districts.
are grown not only in drier areas but also in 7.4.4 Oil Seeds
the coastal plains. Sorghum is grown in the
Groundnut, gingelly castor, coconut,
Coimbatore plateau and Kambam valley. Ragi is
sunflower and mustard are some of the oilseeds
grown in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Vellore and
that are grown in Tamil Nadu. Apart from its
Cuddalore districts. Bajra is mostly cultivated use in food preparation, it is used in industries
in Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli, Karur, as a lubricant, in the manufacture of varnish,
Perambalur and Salem districts. soaps, candles, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Groundnut is the major oilseed of the state. The
India observed 2018 as cultivation of groundnut is mostly concentrated
national year of millets. FAO in Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Salem
has decided to observe 2023 as and Pudukottai districts. It is also grown to some
the International year of millets. extent in Dharmapuri, Cuddalore, Perambalur
and Madurai. Erode, Ramanathapuram,
7.4.3 Pulses Sivagangai and Virudhunagar districts are
its minor producers. Coconut is grown in
Pulses are the major source of protein.
Coimbatore, Thanjavur and Kanyakumari
Bengal gram, black gram, green gram, cowpea districts.
and horse gram are the important pulses grown
in Tamil Nadu. Pulses are grown in a wide range 7.4.5 Sugarcane
of climatic conditions mostly in drier regions It is one of the major cash crops of the
with or without irrigation. Mild cool climate state. It is an annual crop. It requires high
and a low to moderate rainfall are best suited temperature and heavy rainfall. It grows well in
for these crops. Pulses serve as excellent fodder. the tropical region. Major sugarcane-producing
Pulses are grown in almost all districts in the districts are Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Vellore,
state except Chennai, Nilgiris and Kanyakumari. Cuddalore, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore, Erode
Coimbatore leads in the production of Bengal and Tirunelveli.

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7.4.6 Cotton Cinchona is planted at heights varying

Cotton is a fibre and cash crop. It requires from 1060 to 1280 metres in Anaimalai hills.
black soil, long frost-free condition and warm Cardamom estates are located at few places in
and humid weather for its cultivation. Humid the hills of Madurai region at an elevation of
weather in the early stages and hot, dry weather 915 to 1525 metres.
during harvest period is suitable for this crop.
It is predominantly cultivated in Coimbatore TANTEA (TANTEA-
plateau and Vaigai-Vaippar river basins. It is Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation
also cultivated in Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Corporation Limited) is
Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, one of the Biggest Black Tea
Salem and Dharmapuri districts. Producers in India with high
quality clonal tea. Its plantation spreads
7.4.7 Plantation crops over nearly 4500 hec.
Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber and cinchona Tamil Nadu Dairy Development
are the major plantation crops of the state. Corporation Ltd. was transformed into the
Tamil Nadu ranks second in area and newly registered Tamil Nadu Co-operative
production of tea in India next to Assam. Tea Milk Producers Federation Limited
plantations are found in the hills of the Nilgiris Popularly known as “Aavin”.
and Coimbatore. The Nilgiris is the notable
regions for tea plantations. Coffee plants are
grown in the hills of Western Ghats as well 7.5  Livestock/Animal
as Eastern Ghats. It is also found in the hilly Husbandry
slopes of Dindigul, Madurai, Theni and Salem
Livestock has remained an integral part
districts. Yercaud, Kolli Hills and Kodaikanal
of socio-economic fabric of rural people.
are notable for coffee plantations. Tamil Nadu
The number of cattle found in Tamil Nadu is
stands second in area and production of
88,92,473. There are 47,86,680 sheep, 81,43,341
coffee next to Karnataka. Rubber plantations
goats and 11,73,48,894 poultry animals.
are significant in Kanyakumari. Pepper is
confined to the warm and wet slopes of Eastern 7.5.1 Goat
and Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Cashew is Goat is also known as ‘poor man’s cow’
extensively cultivated in Cuddalore district. in India. It forms a very important component
N
in dry land farming system. In the marginal or
TAMIL NADU W E undulating lands unsuitable for rearing of other
MAJOR CROPS
S
types of cattle like cow or buffalo, goat is the best
alternative. With very low investments, goat
LEGEND rearing can be made into a profitable venture
PADDY for small and marginal farmers.
SUGARCANE

RAHI 7.5.2 Sheep

COTTON Sheep is used for multiple purposes like
OILSEEDS wool, meat, milk, skins and manure, and
PULSES forms an important component of the rural
MILLETS economy, particularly in the arid, semi-arid
TEA and mountainous areas of Tamil Nadu. It
COFFEE
provides a dependable source of income to
RUBBER
the shepherds through the sale of wool and
Not to Scale

animals.

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A variety of cattle breeds are reared in the

Second Green Revolution (Eco-Farming
state for the milk and forms a major component
or Organic Farming)
of the rural economy. The poultry hub of
Tamil Nadu are Namakkal, Salem, Erode and In organic farming synthetic fertilizers,
Coimbatore districts. pesticides, growth regulator and livestock
feed additives are not used. This type of
7.5.3 Fishing farming rely on crop rotation, crop residues,
animal manure, off-farm organic wastes
Since Tamil Nadu is a coastal state, fishing and biological pest control to maintain soil
is one of the major occupations in the state. productivity. This farming method is being
With widespread reservoirs and rivers, inland adopted by very few farmers in the state. It
fishing also is also seen to a considerable has to be increased in number.
extent. There are about 2500 species of fishes
found in different aquatic environments. swamps. Oysters and prawns are cultured
in original nurseries. Catamaran, diesel
7.5.4 Marine Fishing boats and floating nets are used in fishing.
Tamil Nadu Fisheries Department has
The length of the coastline of Tamil introduced several programmes for
Nadu is 1076 km (13% of the country’s the betterment of fishing. The major
coastline). The coastal region of the state programmes are aquaculture in farm
covers an area of 0.19 million sq.km. An ponds and irrigation tanks, fish seed bank,
area of 41,412 sq.km of continental shelves fish seed rearing, ornamental fish culture
of the state favours coastal fishing and Tamil and the establishment of Fish Farmer
Nadu is one of the leading states in marine Development Agency. Vellore district leads
fish production. Marine fishing is also called in the production of inland fish production
inshore fish or neritic fishing, carried out in with 10% of state’s production. Cuddalore,
oceans and seas. Large mechanised boats are Sivagangai and Virudhunagar districts stand
used for fishing. In ocean or seawaters, fishing second with 9% of inland fish catch each.
within few kilometres from the shoreline is Fishing sector contributes 1.25% of state’s
called inshore fishing and the fishing far from economy.
the shore typically 20–30 miles out in water
hundreds and thousands of feet deep is called
off-shore fishing. The fish varieties caught 7.6   Water Resource
are sharks, flying fish, counch, catfish, silver
bellies, and crabs. Chennai, Kanyakumari, Water is the precious
Tirunelveli, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and gift of nature to humankind
Ramanathapuram districts contribute about and millions of other species
40% to marine fish production in the state. living on the earth.
Their coastal location favours fishing in these
Tamil Nadu constitutes
regions. The state has three major fishing
4% of India’s land area and is inhabited by
harbours, three medium fishing harbours
6% of India’s population, but has only 2.5%
and 363 fish landing centres. The export of
percent of India’s water resources. More than
marine products from the state during 2007–
95% of the surface water and 80% of the
08 accounted for 72,644 metric tons.
ground water have already been put into use.
Major uses of water include human/animal
7.5.5  Inland Fishing
consumption, irrigation and industrial use.
Inland fishing is carried out in lakes, The state is heavily dependent on monsoon
rivers, ponds, estuaries, backwaters and rains. The annual average rainfall is around

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930 mm (47% during the northeast monsoon, 7.6.3  Bhavani Sagar Dam
35% during the southwest monsoon, 14% in
The Bhavani Sagar Dam is located 80 km
summer and 4% in winter).
away from Coimbatore city in the district of
Surface Water Erode. It has been constructed across the river
Numbers
Resources Bhavani. This dam is one of the biggest earthen
River Basin 17 dams in the country.
Reservoirs 81 7.6.4  Amaravathi Dam
Tanks 41,127
The Amaravathi dam is situated 25 km
Tube wells and other
4,98,644 away from Udumalpet in Tirupur district. The
wells
dam has been constructed across the river
Open wells 15,06,919
Amaravathi, a tributary of Cauvery. The dam
Total (Million Cubic was built primarily for irrigation and flood
2046788 MCM
metres) control. A small hydropower station has also
Source: Statistical handbook of been installed recently. This reservoir is notable
Tamil Nadu - 2017 for the significant population of mugger
7.6.1 Multipurpose River Valley crocodiles. It is also a familiar tourist spot.
Projects 7.6.5  Krishnagiri Dam
Multipurpose river valley projects are
basically designed for the development of Krishnagiri dam is situated at a distance of
irrigation for agriculture and hydropower 7 km from Krishnagiri towards Dharmapuri.
generation. However, they are used for many This dam drains an area of 5428 sq.km. This is
other purposes as well. a famous tourist spot too. This dam is flooded
with tourists during the weekends.
7.6.2  Mettur Dam
7.6.6  Sathanur Dam
The Mettur Dam was constructed in
a gorge, where river Cauvery enters the Sathanur Dam was constructed across
plains. It is one of the oldest dam in India. the river Thenpennai in Chengam taluk. It is
It provides irrigation to Salem, Erode, Karur, in the midst of Chennakesava hills. The water-
Tiruchirappalli, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and holding capacity of the dam is 7321 million
Nagapattinam districts for about 2,71,000 cubic feet (full level: 119 feet). About 7183
acres of farmland. The dam, park, major hectares of land is drained by the left bank canal
hydroelectric power stations and hills on all and 905 hectares by the right bank canal of this
sides make this dam an important tourist dam. It irrigates the land in Thandrampet and
spot. Tiruvannamalai blocks. There is also a large
crocodile farm and a fish grotto. Parks are
maintained inside the dam for tourists and the
gardens are used by the film industry.
7.6.7  Mullaiperiyar Dam
Mullaiperiyar dam was built by the
British administration in 1895. It has been
constructed on the Periyar river, which
originates from Thekkady hills of Kerala. The
dam was built mainly for watering the farming
Mettur Dam

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land of Tamil Nadu, which is perennially 7.6.12 Surface water Resources

drought-prone. Though the dam is located in
The total surface water potential of the
the state of Kerala, most of its water is used
state is about 24,864 mcm (million cubic
to irrigate Tamil Nadu. The dam is 175 feet in
height and 1200 feet in length. metre). There are 17 major river basins in
the state with 81 reservoirs and about 41,262
7.6.8  Vaigai Dam tanks. Most of the surface water has already
This dam built across the river Vaigai been tapped, primarily for irrigation, where
near Andipatti. The dam with a height of 111 water use is largest. An area of 24 lakh
feet can store water up to 71 feet. It is located 7 hectares of the land are irrigated by surface
km from Andipatti and 70 km from Madurai. water through major, medium and minor
This dam was opened on 21 January, 1959. schemes.
The dam has a unique garden that deserves 7.6.13 Ground Water Resources
the surname ‘Little Brindavan’. It is a popular
The utilizable groundwater resource of
picnic spot in Theni district.
the state is 22,423 mcm. The current level
7.6.9  Manimuthar Dam of utilization of water is about 13,558 mcm
which is about 60 percent of the available
Manimuthar dam is located about 47
recharge, while about 8875 mcm (40 percent)
km from Tirunelveli. The gorgeous garden of
is the balance available for use.
the dam is located about 5 km from the dam
and is accessible through a zig-zag ghat road. 7.6.14 W  ater Resource
Pleasure boating and waterfalls are additional Management
tourist attractions near the dam. Water resource management is the
activity of planning, developing, distributing
7.6.10  The Papanasam Dam
and managing the optimum use of water
It is also known as Karaiyar dam and is resources. The demand for water in Tamil
located about 49 km away from Tirunelveli. Nadu is increasing at a fast rate both due to
The dam is used to irrigate 34,861 hectares of increasing population and also due to larger
land in Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts. per capita needs triggered by economic
It generates 28 MW of hydro power. growth. The per capita availability of water
resources is just 900 cubic metres when
7.6.11 Parampikulam Aliyar
compared to the national average of 2,200
Project cubic metres. Agriculture is the largest
It is a joint venture of Tamil Nadu and consumer of water in the state using 75% of
Kerala states. It envisages the construction of the state’s water resources. Demands from
seven interconnected reservoirs by harnessing other sectors such as domestic and industries
the water of seven rivers, which include major have been growing significantly. The state is
rivers of Parambikulam and Aliyar. heavily dependent on monsoon rains. Since
the state is entirely dependent on rains for
Parappalar project is located near recharging its water resources, monsoon
Ottanchatram. Its storage capacity is 167 failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe
million cubic feet of water. It is about 75 km droughts. So, it is important to save water for
from Madurai and is in Palani taluk. us and the future generation.

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TAMIL NADU
N Ramanathapuram, Salem and Tiruvallur
W E
MULTIPURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
S
districts. Magnesite is obtained in Coimbatore,
POONDI
SATYAMOORTHY
SAGAR Dharmapuri, Karur, Namakkal, the Nilgiris,
CHEMBARAMBAKKAM
Salem, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli and Vellore
districts. Feldspar, quartz, copper and lead are
KRISHNAGIRI
also found in some parts of the state.
SATTANUR

METTUR GOMUKHI 7.8  Industries

BAVANI SAGAR WELLINGTON
Industries use raw
materials and convert them
into usable product or goods.
PARAMPIKULAM

AMARAVATHI
MANIMUTHARU
Textiles, sugar, paper, leather,
cement, electrical equipment,
VAIGAI
MULLAI
PERIYAR
automobiles, information
technology and tourism are
PAPANASAM the major industries of Tamil Nadu.
LEGEND

7.8.1 Textile Industry

KOTHAIYAR
DAMS

LAKES

Not to Scale
Textile industry is one of the traditionally
well-developed industries in Tamil Nadu. The
textile mills are concentrated in Coimbatore,
7.7   Mineral Resources Tirupur, Salem, Palladam, Karur, Dindigul,
Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi,
Tamil Nadu is the leading holder of
Madurai and Erode. Tamil Nadu has about
country's resources of vermiculite, magnetite,
3,50,000 power looms manufacturing cotton
dunite, rutile, garnet, molybdenum and
fabrics and accounts for 30% of India's exports
ilmenite. The state accounts for the country's
of textiles products. Erode in Tamil Nadu is
55.3% of lignite, 75% of vermiculite, 69% of
well known for marketing of handloom, power
dunite, 59% of garnet, 52% of molybdenum
loom and readymade garments. Coimbatore is
and 30% of titanium mineral resources.
also known as the ‘Manchester of Tamil Nadu’.
Important minerals are found in Coimbatore, Tirupur and Erode contribute
the state are as follows: Neyveli has large a major share to the state’s economy through
lignite resources. Coal is also availablein textiles. So, this region is referred as ‘Textile
Ramanathapuram. Oil and gas are found in Valley of Tamil Nadu’. Karur is known as ‘The
the Cauvery basin. Textile capital of Tamil Nadu’.
Iron deposits are found in Kanjamalai
region in Salem district and Kalrayan Malai
region of Tiruvannamalai district. Magnesite
ores are available near Salem. Bauxite is found
in Servarayan Hills, Kotagiri, Udagamandalam,
Palani and Kollimalai areas. Gypsum is obtained
in Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi
and Virudhunagar districts. Ilmenite and
rutile are found in the sands of Kanyakumari
beach. Limestone is available in Coimbatore,
Cuddalore, Dindigul, Kancheepuram, Karur, Textile Industry
Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur,

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7.8.2 Silk Textiles exporter of finished leather goods in the country.

Tamil Nadu occupies fourth position in Vellore leather accounts for more than 37%
the country in silk production. Kancheepuram of the country's export of leather and leather-
silk is unique in its quality and is known for its related products (such as finished leathers, shoes,
traditional value all over the world. The annual garments and gloves). Central Leather Research
silk production in Tamil Nadu is around Institute (CLRI), a CSIR research laboratory, is
1200 metric tons. Kancheepuram, Arani, located in Chennai.
Kumbakonam, Salem, Coimbatore, Madurai
7.8.4 Paper Industry
and Tirunelveli are the important silk-weaving
centres in Tamil Nadu. Ramanathapuram has Many paper industries are located in
some specialised areas for the manufacturing the state. Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers
of synthetic silk clothes. Limited (TNPL) is a government of Tamil
Nadu enterprise producing newsprint and
7.8.3 Leather Industry printing and writing paper at its mill located
Tamil Nadu accounts for 60% of leather at Kagithapuram in Karur district. It was
tanning processes of India and 38% of all leather started in 1979 with an installed capacity of
footwear, garments and components. Hundreds 2.45 lakh MT of production per annum. TNPL
of leather tanneries are located around Vellore is one of the most accomplished mills in the
and nearby towns, such as Ranipet, Ambur and world, producing different varieties paper of
Vaniyambadi. The Vellore district is the top acceptable quality primarily from bagasse and
pulpwood. Other paper mills of the state are
GI Tag found in Pukkathurai of Kancheepuram district,
Bhavanisagar, Pallipalayam, Paramathi Vellore,
GI(Geographical Indication)is a name or
Coimbatore, Udamalaipet, Thoppampatti,
sign used on products which corresponds to
Nilakkotai and Cheranmahadevi.
a specific geographical location. It provides
rights and protection of holders. 7.8.5 Cement Industry
Some important GI Tags of Tamil Nadu are: Cement production and consumption
continue to grow despite the general recession in
Place Products
the economy. India is one of the largest cement
Arani Silk
producers and ranked second in the world with
Kancheepuram Silk
an annual production capacity of 181 million
Coimbatore Wet Grinder and Coracotton
tons. Tamil Nadu Cements Corporation Limited
Thanjavur Paintings, Art plate,
(TANCEM) is one among the major cement
Doll and veenai
producers in Tamil Nadu operating two cement
Nagercoil Temple Jewellery
units: one at Ariyalur and another at Alangulam.
Erode Turmeric
Asbestos cement sheet plant at Alangulam and
Salem Venpattu(salem silk)
stoneware pipe unit at Virudhachalam are the
Bhavani Jamakkalam
other units of TANCEM. Sankar Cement, Zuari
Madurai Sungudi
Cement, Ultratech Cement, Madras Cement
Swamimalai Bronze Icons
and Dalmia Cement are the major private
Nachiarkovil Kuthuvilakku
cement brands produced in Tamil Nadu.
Pattamadai Mat
Nilgiri Orthodox Embroidery 7.9  Information Technology
Mahabalipuram Stone sculpture
Sirumalai Hill banana According to National Association of
Eathomozhi Coconut Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM),
the southern states continue to account for

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more than half of the country's total export 7.9.3 Automobile Industries
of software. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh The share of Tamil Nadu in all-India
together account for 59.6% of India's total production of automobiles and heavy vehicles is
software exports. Tamil Nadu is the second rather significant. Automobile industry plays a
largest software exporter in the country next to crucial role in the state’s economy and has been
Karnataka. one of the key driving factors. contributing
8 percent to state GDP and giving direct
A special economic zone (SEZ) is an employment to 2,20,000 people.
area in which the business and trade laws are Tamil Nadu accounts for about 21% of
different from the rest of the country. SEZs are passenger cars, 33% of commercial vehicles
located within a country's national borders, and 35% of automobile components produced
and their aims include increased trade in India. Major automobile manufacturers
balance, employment, increased investment, like Ford, Hyundai, HM-Mitsubishi, Ashok
job creation and effective administration. Leyland, and TAFE have their manufacturing
base in Tamil Nadu.

7.9.1 Special Economic Zones

Special economic zones (SEZs) provide
an internationally competitive and hassle-
free environment for exports. Units in SEZ
manufacture goods and provide a range of services.
SEZs are located in Nanguneri, Ennore, Hosur
and Perambalur. IT & ITES SEZ named TIDEL-II
and TIDEL-III and Bio-Pharmaceuticals SEZ are
located in Chennai and Coimbatore SEZ called
the TIDEL Park–IV is located in the city.
Automobile industry

The list of IT parks in Tamil Nadu

7.9.4 Chemical & Plastic Industry
Tidel Park, Ascendas, Mahindra world The chemical industry is one of the fastest
city 4 IT & ITES SEZ TIDEL-II, IT & ITES growing sectors of industry and the economy.
SEZ TIDEL-III, Coimbatore SEZ - Tidel Park The sector contributes 13% to the state's GDP
and constitutes 8% of the total exports of the
country.
7.9.2 M  anufacturing &
Engineering Industry 7.9.5 Handlooms and Powerlooms
The handloom sector in the state is the
The manufacturing industry is one of
the vibrant sectors of the state economy and single largest cottage industry providing
contributes significantly to the industrial output. livelihood to a large number of rural
The manufacturing industry broadly covers people and promoting export earnings. The
manufacture of machinery and equipment, handloom sector and its related economic
motor vehicles, basic metal and alloy industries, activities generate gainful employment for
metal products and repair of capital goods. more than 4.29 lakh weaver households
Tamil Nadu's share of the industrial output and 11.64 lakh weavers in the state. These
is around 11–12% of the country's output and societies mainly produce the cloth required
15% of the country's exports excluding software. for the scheme of ‘Free Supply of Uniforms
Tamil Nadu accounts for about 17% of India's to School Children and Free Distribution of
software exports. Sarees and Dhotis Scheme’.

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7.9.6 Sugar Industry TAMIL NADU N

MAJOR INDUSTRIES W E

Sugar industry in Tamil Nadu is an S

important agro-based industry. It plays a

vital role in the economic development of
the state, particularly in rural areas. The
sugar industry provides large-scale direct
employment to several thousands and indirect
employment to several lakhs of farmers and
agricultural labourers in the rural areas who
are involved in cultivation of sugarcane,
harvesting, transporting and other services.
There are 34 sugar mills in Tamil Nadu, in
which 16 are in the cooperative sector and LEGEND

18 in the private sector. TEXTILE

LEATHER

7.9.7 Tourism Industry

SUGAR

PAPER

Tourism is considered as an industry SILK

CEMENT

because of its enormous potential in creating INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

employment for a large number of people.

Not to Scale
ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS

In recent years, the state has emerged as

one of the leading tourist destinations for 7.10  Population
both domestic and foreign tourists. Tourism
The term ‘population’
in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu
refers to the number of
Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC).
people living in a defined
The state currently ranks the highest among
area. The statistical study
Indian states with about 25 crore arrivals
of the characteristics of
(in 2013). The annual growth rate of this
human population is called
industry stood at 16%. Approximately 28 lakh
demography. Demographers
foreign and 11 crore domestic tourists visit
make a deep and detailed study of the
our state annually. The presence of ancient
population. The rapid increase of population
monuments, pilgrim centres, hill stations, a
may be responsible for retarding economic
variety of natural landscapes, long coastline,
growth. Hence, overpopulation is one of the
along with rich culture and heritage make
major problems confronting our nation with all
Tamil Nadu the best destination for tourists.
its evil effects.

Activity 7.10.1 G
 rowth of Population in
Tamil Nadu
Plan a visit to a manufacturing unit in
your city. Find out how raw materials are The total population of Tamil Nadu is
converted into finished products. Talk to the 72,140,703 or 7.21 crores as per 2011 Census. Its
workers and manager to know more about population was 6.24 crore in 2001 and registered
the industry. a growth of nearly 1 crore population in a decade.
Plan a field visit with your social science The male and female population of the state in
teacher to visit a variety of geographical 2011 is 36,137,975 and 36,009,055 respectively
features, pilgrim centres, monuments, hill and it was 31,400,909 and 31,004,770 in 2001.
stations and prepare a field visit report. It shows that the population of the state is shared
almost 50% each by male and female. The growth

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rate of population in the decade 2001–2011 among the Indian states in population density.
was 15.61% while in the previous decade it was The national average density of population
11.19%. The population of Tamil Nadu forms as per the 2011 Census is 382. Chennai is the
5.96% of country’s total population as per 2011 densest district with 26,903 persons per sq.km
Census. In 2001, it was 6.07%. followed by Kanyakumari (1106), Tiruvallur
(1049), Kancheepuram (927), Madurai (823),
7.10.2 Distribution of Population
Coimbatore (748), Cuddalore (702), Thanjavur
Based on the actual size of population, (691), Nagapattinam (668), Salem (663), Vellore
Tamil Nadu is divided into the following regions. (646) and Tiruchirappalli (602). These are the
regions with high density of population. The
7.10.3 Regions of High Population
least density of population is recorded in the
Chennai has the highest urban population Nilgiris (288 per sq.km) and the other districts
with 4.219 million people, but the city ranks have moderate density of population.
second in the district-wise count, next to
Coimbatore district, which had 4.224 million 7.10.7 Religion
people as per 2011 Census. Coimbatore,
Chennai, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Hinduism, Christianity and Islam are
Villupuram, Dharmapuri, Salem, Madurai and the major religions in the state. The Hindus
Tirunelveli are the most populous districts in the constitute 87.58% of the population, followed
state. Agriculture and industrial development by Christians (6.12%) and Muslims (5.86%).
are the main causes of high concentration of Jainism (0.12%), Sikhism (0.02%) and Buddhism
population of these districts. (0.02%) also have a presence in the state.
People of other religions constitute 0.01%
7.10.4 R
 egions of Moderate
and the percentage of people with unstated
Population religion is 0.26%.
Tiruvannamalai, Cuddalore, Tiruchirapalli
and Thanjavur districts have a population 30– 7.10.8 U
 rban and Rural
35 lakh. Vellore, Dindugal, Virudhunagar and Population
Thoothukudi districts each have a population of As per 2011 Census, the urban population
15–20 lakh. Other than agriculture, small-scale of Tamil Nadu is 3,49,17,440, which constitutes
industries and fishing along the coastal areas are 48.40% of the total population of the state. The
the major occupations of people in these districts. rural population of the state is 3,72,29,590, which
7.10.5 R
 egions of Sparse constitutes 51.60% of the state population.
Population 7.10.9 Sex Ratio
The coastal districts Nagapattinam, The sex ratio represents the number of
Tiruvarur, Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram females per 1000 males. The sex ratio of the
and Sivagangai have a less than 15 lakh. The state increased from 987 in 2001 to 995 in 2011.
Nilgiris district has a population of less than The sex ratio in India is 940 in 2011 as against
10 lakh (764,826) population and it is the least 933 in 2001. It shows that the sex ratio is more
populated district as per 2011 Census. favourable in the state than the country.
7.10.6 Population Density As per 2011 Census, 15 out of 32 districts
have recorded the sex ratio of more than 1000
The density of population in Tamil Nadu is
and a similar trend was noticed in the 2001
555 per sq.km as per the 2011 Census, while it
Census also. Only Sivagangai has recorded
was 480 per sq.km in 2001. The state ranks 12th
the sex ratio of exactly 1000. It is noted that

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12 districts have the sex ratio of less than in total road projects under operation in the
1000 and it ranges between 980 and 1000. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
The highest sex ratio is found in the Nilgiris
district (1041) followed by Thanjavur district Length
Types of the Roads
(1031). The lowest sex ratio is reported in (Km)
Dharmapuri district (946) followed by Salem National Highways 4994
district (954).
State Highways 57291
7.10.10 Literacy Rate Corporation & Municipalities Road 23350
The literacy rate of Tamil Nadu as per the Panchayat Union 147543
2011 Census is 80.33%. It was 73.45% in 2001.
Village Panchayat Union 21049
The male literacy rate is 86.81% and the female
literacy rate is 73.86%. The corresponding Others(Forest Roads) 3348
rates in 2001 were 82.42% for males and Commercial 12.13
64.43% for females. It may be observed that Non commercial 20.34 Lakhs
more than three-fourths of the population is
Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu -
literate among males in all the districts (except
2017
Dharmapuri), while more than two-thirds
of the population is literate among females
in all but eight districts. The districts are 7.11.2 Railways
Dharmapuri (60.03%), Krishnagiri (64.86%), Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network
Tiruvannamalai (65.71%), Villupuram as part of Southern Railway, headquartered
(63.51%), Salem (65.43%), Erode (65.07%), at Chennai. The present Southern Railway
Perambalur (66.11%) and Ariyalur (62.22%). network extends over a large area of India’s
The literacy rate for India as per 2011 southern peninsula, covering Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
census is 74.04, of which the male literacy Puducherry, minor portions of Karnataka and
rate is 82.14 and the female literacy rate Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu has a total railway
is 65.46. In 2001, the literacy rate of India track length of 6,693 km with 690 railway stations
stood at 64.8. It was 75.3 and 53.7 for males in the state. The system connects it with most of the
and females, respectively. The district of major cities in India. Main rail junctions in the state
Kanyakumari has reported the highest literacy include Chennai, Coimbatore, Erode, Madurai,
rate (92.14%) while Dharmapuri district has Salem, Tiruchirappalli and Tirunelveli. Chennai
the lowest rate (64.71%). A high level of has a well-established suburban railway network,
literacy rate is also seen in Chennai (90.33%), a mass rapid transport system(MRTS) and is
Thoothukudi (86.52%), the Nilgiris (85.65%) currently developing a Metro system, with its first
and Kancheepuram (85.29%) districts. underground stretch in operation since May 2017.

7.11.3 Airways
7.11  Transport and
Tamil Nadu has four major international
Communication airports. Chennai International Airport is
currently the third largest airport in India
7.11.1 Roadways
after Mumbai and Delhi. Other international
The State has a total airports in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore,
road length of 167,000 Madurai and Tiruchirapalli airports. It also
km, In which 60,628km has domestic airports at Tuticorin and Salem
are maintained by state connecting several parts of the country.
Highways Department. It Increased industrial activity has given rise
ranks second in India with a share of over 20%
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N
W E
TAMIL NADU - TRANSPORT S

ROAD WAYS
ROADWAYS RAILWAYS
RAILWAYS
N N

W E W E
S S

LEGEND

LEGEND

SEAWAYS
SEA WAYS AIRWAYS
AIRWAYS
N N

W E W E
S S

LEGEND
Major Sea Ports

Minor Sea Ports

Important Sea Routes

LEGEND

Not to Scale

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to an increase in passenger traffic as well as 7.13  Trade

freight movement, which has been growing at
over 18% per year. Export and import are the two
components of trade. Export means goods
NH - 44 is the longest and services sold for foreign currency. Tamil
national highway in Tamil Nadu Nadu contributes 12.2% to the country’s
which runs from Hosur to exports. Import refers to goods and services
Kanniyakumari (627.2 km) Via are brought from overseas producers. Tamil
Dharmapuri-Salem-Karur- Nadu imports many goods from outside. The
Dindigul-Madurai-Tirunelveli. difference between the values of export and
NH - 785 is the shortest national
import is called the balance of trade.
highway in Tamil Nadu which runs from
Madurai to Natham (38 km).
Major Exports of Tamil Nadu
7.11.4 Waterways (i) Agricultural tobacco, cereals, cotton,
Products sugarcane, paddy,
Tamil Nadu has three major ports. They
groundnut, spices and
are in Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin. It has
vegetables.
an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and
15 minor ports. The ports are currently capable
(ii) Leather wallets, purses, pouches,
of handling over 73 million metric tonnes of
Products handbags, belts, footwear
cargo annually (24% share of India). All the
and gloves
minor ports are managed by the Tamil Nadu
Maritime Board, Chennai Port. This is an
(iii) Gems and pearls, precious
artificial harbour and the second principal port
Jewellery stones, gold jewellery,
in the country for handling containers. It is
decorations and antiques
currently being upgraded to have a dedicated
terminal for cars capable of handling 4,00,000 (iv) Chemicals and paper, chemicals, rubber
vehicles. Ennore intermediate port was recently related products and glass.
converted as a major port and handles the major
coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu.
7.14   Imports of Tamil Nadu
7.12  Communication
Machineries like transport equipment,
Communication is derived from the Latin
machine tools, non-electrical machinery,
word communicare, meaning ‘to share’. The
act of conveying or exchanging information is electrical machinery, pharmaceutical
called means of communication. They are mass products, petroleum, fertilizers and newsprint
communication and personal communication. are its major imports. The state contributes
10.94% to the country’s trade through major
Postal Districts and Headquarters in
ports.
Tamil Nadu
The above discussion shows that Tamil
Zone /districts Head quarters
Nadu is an important state of India in terms
Chennai Chennai of size, population, resources and economic
Western Coimbatore development. People in the state are well
Central Thiruchirapalli secured. The new schemes introduced by the
state government periodically have enabled
Southern Madurai
notable progress in various fields.
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7.15  
Man made Disasters On 21st April, 2019 seven people were
in Tamil Nadu killed and 10 injured in a stampede during a
local festival at a temple near Thuraiyur in Tamil
7.15.1  Definition Nadu. The incident took place when hundreds
A disastrous events caused directly of devotees gathered at the Karuppasamy temple
or indirectly by human actions are called in Muthiampalayam village for the ‘padikasu’
as manmade disaster. Man-made disaster (temple coin) distribution ceremony.
can include hazardous material spills, fires,
groundwater contamination, transportation
accidents, structure failures, mining accidents,
explosions and acts of terrorism.

7.15.2  Industrial Disaster

Disasters caused by industrial
companies either by accident, negligence, or
incompetence fall under industrial disasters. 7.15.4 Mitigation
Electrical faults seem to be the major reason Hazard mitigation refers to any sustained
for industrial disasters in the country. action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-
Overheating, aging of the material and use term risk to human life and property from
of sub-standared quality of electrical gadgets hazardous conditions.
have been the main factors contributing to • Regular maintenance of machines and
the increasing fire accidents in industries. wires may reduce the frequency of
Electricity is not just a life line; It can also take accidents,
away life when handled improperly’, Apart
from these, explosions, leaking of poisonous • Creating awareness and training the
gases, injuries and deaths caused by machines workers to be cautious during work hours
are the other causes of industrial disasters. may help them to reduce risk during
disasters.
Sivakasi, is considered the “fireworks
capital”of India. Series of industrial accidents • Wearing specially designed dresses and
causing deaths are reporting frequently in the other safety materials would help the
regions of Virudhunagar and Sivakasi where workers to protect themselves from any
a number of fireworks and match units are serious injuries.
in operation. An explosion occurred on 5 • Conducting periodical medical camps
September, 2012 in a private firework company. would help them to assess their health
In this incident 40 workers were killed and more status. The Provision of having life
than 70 workers were injured. Various measures insurance policies will secure their future.
are being taken by the Government to reduce the
• Besides these, the administration should
fire accidents and casualties caused by industries.
be employees friendly and ready to
In another industrial accident which took place
extend their help in case of any untoward
at Coimbatore on 2nd February 2016 in a tyre
incidents.
melting unit, six migrant workers were critically
injured.
Disaster emergency contact
7.15.3 Stampede number
A situation in which a large number 1077 - Control room of District
of animals or people running in the same Collector/Magistrate.
direction in an uncontrolled way causing
injuries and deaths is called stamping

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7.15.3  Road Accidents Accelerated changes in demographic and

The road accidents in India is on very economic trends disturb the balance which
high level. Tamil Nadu leads in the number of leads to increased frequency and the negative
road accidents in the country. Increase in road impact of disaster. At present the society face
traffic, high speed of vehicles and violation of a challenging mix of demographic, ecological
traffic rules are the causes of major of accidents. and technological condition which make
In 2013, 14504 accidents had taken place in the population more vulnerable to the impact of
state which resulted in 15563 deaths. In the ten the calamities. Though the number of natural
years from 2002-2012, Tamil Nadu tops the list disasters are in decline than they were in the
in number of road accidents among the states past, the increasing level of magnitude poses
of India. It is reported that about 15 percent of a threat. Besides the various measures taken
accidents of the country takes place in Tamil by the government and the public, education
Nadu. The figure of 2017 also puts Tamil Nadu on awareness regarding the disasters may
on top with recording of 16157 deaths out of help in the reduction of risks during disasters.
147913 deaths recorded in the country. Death
toll came down rapidly in 2018 to 12213 deaths, For the management of disasters
a decline of 24.5 percent. in the state, the following forces and
organizations are in service.
(i) State Disaster Management Authority
(Chairman-Chief Minister)
(ii)  Relief/ Disaster Management
Department
(iii) Police
(iv) Forest Department
Risk Reduction Measures (v) Fire and Civil Defence Services
Before: Avoid Speeding, Drunk and driving, (vi) Health Services
use helmets and seat belts and follow traffic (vii) Transport Department
rules (viii) Public Works Department
After: Call police or ambulance; seek medical (ix) Veterinary Services
attention; make an accurate record and
(x) Food & Civil Supplied Department.
exchange information.
The Organizations at District Level
KNOW - RISK...!
NO - RISK...! (i)  District Magistrate (Chairman-
District Collector)
7.15.6  Basic Road Safety Rules (ii) Revenue Department
• Aware of the road signals (iii) Civil Administration,
• Stop, look and cross (iv) Local Police,
• Listen and ensure whether a vehicle is (v) Civil Defence,
approaching;
(vi) Fire & Emergency Services,
• Don’t rush on roads;
(vii) Home Guards (also Local
• Cross roads in pedestrian crossings; Community, Non-Governmental
• Don’t stretch hands while driving vehicles; Organisations, Voluntary
• Never cross road at bends and stay safe in Agencies) etc.
a moving vehicle.
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 Beaches
India is a country with 7517 km long coastline comprising the most beautiful beaches bounded
by Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal. Indian beaches are enriched with diverse coastal land forms filled
with aquatic flora and fauna . Lush backwater in the lagoons of Kerala and picturesque beaches of
Goa such as calangute, Aguda are the notable tourist destinations for water sports activities. The most
charming and enchanting beaches of India are listed below.

Beach in Goa

S.No. Beaches State Geographical features

1. Dhanushkodi Tamil Nadu Turquoise blue sea water
2. Varkala Beach Kerala Sea Cliffs for wonderful sunset views
3. Tarkarli Beach Maharashtia Coral reefs and marine adventure
4. OM Beach Karnataka Two semi circular caves that join together forming the
inverted symbol of OM
5. Aguda Beach Goa A huge hill dominates the southern side of the beach.
6. Marari Beach Kerala Saddle like rock(Hammock) Beach

Tourist Attraction in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has various tourist attractions like religious centres, spiritual retreat centres,
beaches, hill stations, waterfalls, wildlife, art, culture, architecture, crafts, heritage monuments etc.
The Government of Tamil Nadu has recognized the importance of tourism long ago and facilitated
its development in desired directions. Exploring new avenues like medical tourism and adventure
tourism in the past decades have helped Tamil Nadu tourism to achieve more than twenty percent
annual growth. Tamil Nadu earns the largest share of income from tourism in India.

Religious Tourism
Tamil Nadu is a state popularly known as land of Temples and has been the greatest source for
spiritual rejunuvation for travellers all over the world. The state is home to around 33,000 ancient
temples that mainly belongs to Dravidian style of architecture. Some of the world renowned religious
destinations are as follows:
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  Thanjavur Big temple
 Madurai Meenakshi temple
Rameswaram Ramanathaswami temple
 
 Temples of Kancheepuram
 Velankanni Madha church
 Nagore Dargah

Hill Stations in Tamil Nadu Madurai Meenakshi Temple

Tamil Nadu being situated in the Southern end of the Western and Eastern Ghats, is the home
for several hill stations. Popular among them are Udagamandalam (Ooty), Kodaikanal, Yercaud,
Coonoor, Valparai, Yelagiri, Sirumalai, Kalrayan Hills and Palani Hills, Shevroy hills and Cardamom
Hills. They are also abodes of thick forest and wild life.
Ooty - Queen of Hills
Yercaud - Lake forest (Poor Man's Ooty)
Yelagiri - 14 hairpin bends
Kodaikanal - Princess of Hill Stations
Kotagiri - Green Hills
Velliangiri Hills - Kailash of the South
Kolli Hills - motor able terrain with 70 hairpin bends
Anaimalai Hills - Top slip
Meghamalai - High wavy mountains
Javadi - Nature’s Heaven
Waterfalls in Tamil Nadu
Mountains and rivers of Tamil Nadu combined together created many endearing waterfalls.
Waterfalls in Tamil Nadu with its inspiring natural wonders attracts many tourists. A trek amidst
thick green trees, steep hills and a bath in the gushing water is most rejuvenating. Here is the list of
famous water falls of Tamil Nadu.
S.No. Waterfalls Geographical location
1. Hogenakal falls It is a beautiful waterfall located in Dharmapuri district.
2. Kumbakkarai falls River Pambar cascades to form this fall at the foot hills of Kodaikanal
in Theni district.
3. Monkey falls This waterfall lies on Anaimalai hills range in Coimbatore surrounded
by Evergreen forests.
4. Killiyur falls Situated in the shervarayon hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats.

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 5. Courtallam Courtallam is located in Tirunelveli district. It is known for medical
spa.
6. Agaya Gangai It is a waterfall in Puliacholai on Kolli Hills in Eatern Ghats of
Namakkal district.
7. Suruli Falls This falls is also called as Cloud Land falls (or) Meghamalai falls. It is
located in Theni district.

Wildlife and Bird Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu

Wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu includes Bird
sanctuaries and National Parks. Tamil Nadu is also
well known for the diverse natural heritage that it
possesses. Hence tourists are highly excited about
the wildlife tour across the state. The total area of
Tamil Nadu is approximately 130,058 sq.km. 17.6%
of the land area comprises of thick forests. Visitors
will get to watch a smooth blend of wet evergreen
forest, dry and wet deciduous forests, grasslands,
sholas, mangroves and thorny scrubs. Besides varied Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
natural vegetation, another prized possession of Tamil Nadu is wildlife Sanctuaries including Tiger,
Elephant, Deer, Monkey, Bison etc., for protecting the entire flora and fauna. Wildlife Sanctuaries of
the state are enlisted below:

Wildlife Sanctuaries
S.No. Name of Wildlife Sanctuary District
1. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Nilgiris
2. Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary Tirunelveli
3. Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary Nagapattinam
4. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Coimbatore
5. Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary Tirunelveli

Bird Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu

S.No. Name of Birds District
Sanctuary
1. Vettangudi Sivagangai
birds Sanctuary
2. Karaivetti birds Ariyalur
Sanctuary
3. Vellode birds Erode
Sanctuary
4. Vedanthangal Kancheepuram
birds Sanctuary Vedanthangal birds Sanctuary

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 National Parks in Tamil Nadu
S.No. Name of District
National Parks
1. Guindy Chennai
National Park
2. Gulf of Mannar Ramanathapuram
Marine Park
3. Indira Gandhi Coimbatore
National Park
4. Mukurthi Nilgiris Marina Beach in Chennai
National Park
5. Mudumalai Nilgiris Environmental Impact of Tourism
National Park The quality of the environment is essential
Beaches in Tamil Nadu for tourism. The tourism industry created
several positive and negative impacts on the
Tamil Nadu being a Coastal state in India
environment.
which consists of several beaches. Some of them
are world famous tourist spots. Beach is a lovely Positive Impacts
place to hang around with friends, families and  Direct financial Contributions
kids. All these are ideal destinations for sun  Contributions to government revenues
bath relaxation and water sports activities.
Improved environmental management
 
S.No. Beaches Geographical and planning
features
 Increasing environmental awareness
1. Kovalam Beach Small fishing
Kanchipuram village Protection
  and reservation of
2. Marina Beach Second longest environment
Chennai urban beach Negative Impacts
3. Kanyakumari Multi-coloured
Beach sand 1. Depletion of Natural Resources
4. Rameshwaram Waveless beach  Water resources
Beach
 Local resources
5. Elliot Beach Beautiful beach
Chennai active in day &  Land degradation
night 2. Pollution
6. Mahabalipuram Architectural and
 Air and Noise Pollution
Beach Archeological
Kanchipuram beach  Solid Waste and Litering
7. Silver Beach Water  Sewage
Cuddalore sports is the
3. Destruction and Alteration of Eco system
entertainment
8. Muttukadu Calm and  Air
Beach Shallow
 Water
Kanchipuram
 Soil
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 Development Administration in Tamil Nadu

Impact of Social Reform movements

in the Socio - Economic
Development of TamilNadu.

The Justice Party rule in the Madras the Dravidian concept. Later the ancient Tamil
Presidency constitutes an important chapter in literature had been rediscovered and printed
the history of South India. The ideology and by various Tamil scholars including Arumuga
objectives of the Justice Party had been unique Navalar, C.V.Damodaram Pillai and U.V.
and somewhat different from those of the Swaminatha Iyer. V. Kanakasabhai Pillai in his
Congress Party. The Justice Party represented famous historical work, The Tamils 1800 Years
the Non-Brahmin Movement and engineered Ago pointed out that Tamils had attained a
a social revolution against the domination of high degree of civilization before the Advent
Brahmins in the sphere of public services and of the Aryans. This led to the growth of
education. Dravidian feelings among the non-Brahmins.
Birth of the Justice Party These factors collectively contributed to the
Various factors had contributed to birth of the Non-Brahmin Movement and the
the formation of the Justice Party, which Justice Party.
represented the Non-Brahmin Movement. The precursor of the Justice Party was the
The social dominance of the Brahmins was Madras United League which was renamed
the main cause for the emergence of the Non- as the Madras Dravidian Association in
Brahmin Movement. Their high proportion November 1912. Dr.C.Natesa Mudaliar played
in the Civil Service, educational institutions a significant role in nurturing this organization.
and also their predominance in the Madras In 1916 the South Indian Liberal Federation
Legislative Council caused a great worry was formed for the purpose of ‘promoting the
among the non- Brahmins. The Brahmins had political interests of non-Brahmin caste Hindus’.
also monopolized the Press. The rediscovery The leaders who stood behind the formation
of the greatness of the Tamil language and of this organization were Pitti Theagaraya
literature also provided a stimulus to the non- Chetti, Dr.T.M. Nair, P.Ramarayaninger (Raja
Brahmins. Particularly, the publication of the of Panagal) and Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar. The
book entitled A Comparative Grammar of the South Indian Liberal Federation published an
Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages English newspaper called Justice and hence
by Rev. Robert Caldwell in 1856 gave birth to this organization came to be called the Justice

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 Development Administration in Tamil Nadu

Party. The other news paper which supported to lead the ministry, A.Subbarayalu Reddiar
the Justice Party was Dravidan (in Tamil). formed the ministry. In the election of 1923
Besides, the Justice Party organized a series it fought against the Swarajya Party. The
of public meetings, conferences, lectures to Justice Party again won the majority and the
popularise Non- Brahmin movement. Similarly, ministry was formed by Raja of Panagal. In the
the Justice Party formed District Associations, election of 1926 a divided Justice Party faced
the Non-Brahmin Youth League. the opposition of a united Congress. Therefore,
The Justice Movement an independent, A.Subbarayan with the help
The Justice Party’s rule in the of the Swarajya Party formed the ministry.
Madras Presidency constitutes In 1930 when the next election was held the
an important chapter in the Justice Party won the majority and formed a
history of South India. The ministry with B. Muniswami Naidu as the
Justice Party represented the leader. In 1932 Raja of Bobbili replaced him as
Non-Brahmin movement and Prime Minister of the Presidency. In 1934 Raja
engineered a social revolution against the of Bobbili formed his second ministry, which
domination of Brahmins in the sphere of public continued in power until the election of 1937.
services and education. Then Justice party came under the leadership
The Justice Party, officially known as South of Periyar E.V.Ramasamy and his self-respect
Indian Liberal Federation was a political party movement. In 1944 at Salem conference.
in the Madras Presidency of Periyar transformed the Justice Party into a
British India. This party was social organization called Dravidar Kazhagam
established in 1916 by T.M. and withdrew it from the electoral politics.
Nair and Thiyagaraya Chetty. There were many causes for its failure.
During its early eyars, the party  The Justice Party came to power
involved in petitioning to the when the world was in economic
imperial administrative bodies demanding depression.
more representation for non-Brahmins in  The Nationalist Movement was
administration. This party published popular and heading for freedom.
‘Dravidian’ in Tamil, ‘Andhra Prakasika’ in  Caste and Wealth played vital role.
Telugu and ‘Justice’ in English. Hence it came Hence the party lost its hold.
to be called as the ‘Justice Party’.  The rise of Congress under the
Justice Party Rule Thus the Justice Party lost its vitality after a
The Justice Party came to power following few years of its existence.
the election of 1920 held according to the Achievements of the Justice
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. The Justice Party
Party captured sixty three out of ninety The Justice Party remained in power for
eight elected seats in the Madras Legislative a period of thirteen years. Its administration
Council. As Pitti Theagaraya Chetti declined was noted for social justice and social reform.

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 Development Administration in Tamil Nadu

Justice rule gave adequate representation temples. Justice Party Government introduced
to non-Brahman communities in the public economic reforms. To assist the growth of
services. It improved the status of depressed industries State Aid to Industries Act, 1922 was
classes through education reforms. Justice passed. This led to the establishment of new
Party introduced following reforms in the field industries such as : sugar factories, engineering
of Education : works, tanneries, aluminium factories, cement
1. Free and compulsory education was factories and oil milling so on. This act provided
introduced for the first time in Madras. credits to industries, allotted land and water.
2. Nearly 3000 fisher boys and fisher girls This proved favourable for industrial progress.
were offered free special instruction by Similarly, Justice Party Government
the Department of Fisheries. introduced schemes for rural development
3. Midday Meals was given at selected to help agrarian population, public health
corporation schools in Madras. schemes to prevent diseases. To improve
4. The Madras Elementary Education Act village economy village road scheme was
was amended in 1934 and in 1935 to introduced. In the city of Madras the Town
improve elementary education. Improvement Committee of the Madras
5. The Education of girls received Corporation introduced Slum Clearance
encouragement during the Justice rule in and Housing Schemes. As a social welfare
Madras. measures the Justice Party Government gave
6. Education of the Depressed Classes was waste lands in village to Depressed Classes.
entrusted with Labour Department. The Devadasi system, a disgrace to women,
7. Encouragement was given to Ayurveda, was abolished. The Justice administration
Siddha and Unani medical education. reorganized the working of the University of
The government took over the power of Madras. During the administration of Justice
appointing district munsiffs out of the control Party, the Andhra University was established
of the High Court. The Communal G.O.s in 1926 and Annamalai University in 1929.
(Government Orders) of 1921 and 1922 provided It inaugurated the era of rural development
for the reservation of appointments in local through economic and social reforms.
bodies and educational institutions for non-  The Justice Party government set right
Brahmin communities in increased proportion. the imbalances in the representation
The Staff Selection Board, created by the of different communities and improved
Panagal Ministry in 1924, was made the Pubic the status of Depressed Classes.
Service Commission in 1929. It was the first of  The Communal G.O’s of 1921
its kind in India. The women were granted the and 1922 provided reservation of
right to vote on the same basis as was given to appointments in local bodies and
men. The Hindu Religious Endowment Act of educational institutions for Non-
1921, enacted by the Panagal Ministry, tried Brahmins.
to eliminate corruption in the management of

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 Development
Dravidan Administration
Movements in in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu

 To avoid Nepotism, Favouritism and Thus, the rule of Justice Party which introduced
other influences in the process of important social legislations came to an end.
selection, this government created a In 1944 the Justice party conference was held
staff selection board in 1924 and it in Salem. There Peraringar Anna passed a
became the Public Service regulate resolution thereby the name of justice party
the higher educational institutions. was changed as Dravidar Kazhagam.
 In 1925 Andhra University and in 1929 During the 19th and 20th centuries great
Annamalai University were opened. leaders like V.O.C, Subramaniya Bharathi, Bala
 To regulate temple accounts, Temple Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal
Committees were created. In 1926 Nehru, Rajaji were actively involved in the
the Hindu Religious Endowment Bill Freedom Struggle. Some of the great leaders
was passed. of Tamilnadu not only fought for political
 The Women were granted the right freedom has no meaning when people are
to vote in 1921, abolished Devadasi denied social justice, self respect and dignity.
system, prevented immoral traffic of Self Respect Movement
Women and passed Industries Act. E.V.Ramasamy Periyar was
 The system of giving free pattas the greatest social reformers of
for housing sites to the poor was Tamil Nadu. He was the first
introduced. leader, the country had ever
 By way of introducing mid-day seen to inculcate self respect,
meal schemes at Thousand lights rationalism, women liberation
Thiyagaraya Chettiar strengthened and social equality in the minds of the people.
the school. E.V.Ramasamy was born on September 17,
 It gave encouragement to Ayurveda, 1879 in Erode in a very rich Hindu family. He
Siddha and Unani Medical got married at 13th year and renounced his
Education. life in his 19th year. by wearing saintly dress,
End of Justice Party Rule he went to many holy places. He went to Kasi
The Government of India Act of 1935 where he noticed that the Brahmins ill-treated
provided for provincial autonomy and the the Non-Brahmins. He condemned it and
electoral victory meant the assumption of a returned to Tamilnadu. He joined the Congress
major responsibility in the administration in 1919 to realize his ideas. He was elected as the
of the province. K. V. Reddi Naidu led the Secretary of Madras State Congress Committee
Justice Party, while C. Rajagopalachari led the in 1921 and its President in 1923.
Congress in the South. In the election of 1937, He joined the non-cooperation Temple.
the Congress captured 152 out of 215 seats in Finally the Travancore government relaxed
the Legislative Assembly and 26 out of 46 in the such segregation and allowed the people to
Legislative Council. In July 1937 the Congress enter into the temple. Hence Periyar was given
formed its ministry under C. Rajagopalachari. the title of ‘Vaikam Hero’.

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 Development Administration in Tamil Nadu

Periyar visited a school on Gurukulam style In 1937 election, the Justice Party was
run at Sheramandevi out of congress funds. He defeated and its decline became inevitable. At
noticed the segregation of Non-Brahmin students Salem conference of 1944, the name of Justice
from the Brahmins by providing drinking Party was changed as ‘Dravidar Kazhagam’.
water and food in separate places. He protested Periyar’s ambitions were fulfilled by DMK and
against this anti-social practice and resigned AIADMK.
the Secretaryship of Madras State Congress. He
moved a resolution for reservation in government Role of Tamil Nadu in the
services for non-brahmins in the state Congress
Freedom Movement Madras
conference held at Kanchipuram. But this was
not allowed. So Periyar left the Conference and
Mahajana Sabha
started Self Respect Movement in 1925 to spread
Association:
and execute his ideas and policies.
Aims
 The self respect movement condemned
and fought against Brahmin
domination over other castes, society,
politics and religion.
 It fought to abolish traditionalism and
superstitions
 It advocated women education, widow
remarriage, intercaste marriages and
opposed child marriage.
It was established by Harley, Lakshmi
Achievements
narasu Chetty and Srinivasa Pillai in 1852. The
Periyar criticized the meaningless ideas,
Association criticized the policies of the East
superstitious beliefs and unbelievable puranic
India company. In 1884, the Madras Native
stories in the public meetings. He spread self
Association was merged with the Madras
respect principles through Kudiarasu, Puratchi,
Mahajana Sabha established by S.Ramaswami
Viduthalai. He also published some books
Mudhaliar, P.Anandacharlu and P.Rangaiah
against social evils propagated 14 points of the
Naidu. The Sabha functioned at the office
Socialists Manifesto. The Justice Party accepted
of ‘The Hindu’, Ellis Road Junction, Mount
the same and tried to propagated it.
Road.
In order to check the growing population and
P.Rangaiah Naidu was elected first
to keep good health, he suggested the family
President of the Sabha. The Sabha adopted a
planning. He also encouraged Tamil Script
moderate policy in its early days. However,
reform and suggested to adopt Roman Script to
its aims and the objectives were considered
ensure easy learning. He was given the title of
seditious. In Dec 1895, on his visit to Madras,
‘Periyar’ by Ladies Conference held at Madras.
the Viceroy of India, Lord Elgin refused to

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 Development Administration in Tamil Nadu

receive the welcome address from the Madras Iyer, V.O.C. Chidambaram Pillai, Subramania
Mahajana Sabha. Bharathi, C. Rajagopalachari and K. Kamaraj
Madras Mahajana Sabha was considered to the National Movement. Besides, the
to be a unique one that paved the way for our nationalist movement in Tamil Nadu was as
national freedom. The Sabha voiced out the active as elsewhere.
fundamental rights of our countrymen. It had Beginning of the National Movement
developed very close relationship with the in Tamil Nadu
Indian National Congress since 1920 onwards. The earliest political organisation, the
Consequently in 1930, the Sabha organized Madras Native Association was started in July
the Salt Satyagraha movement on April 22nd 1852. Lakshminarasu Chetty and Srinivasa
in Madras George town, Esplanade, the High Pillai were the founders of this organization.
court and beach areas. The members were The Madras Native Association was sharply
attacked savagely by the British police. As critical of the policies of the East India
the Sabha insisted on a legal enquiry about Company’s rule. Subsequently in 1884, the
the injustice done towards the participants of Madras Mahajana Sabha was established by
the enquired thirty people and submitted its P. Anandacharlu and P. Rangaiya Naidu. The
report to the government. Madras Native Association was ultimately
When the British Government banned merged with this organization.
the Congress party, Madras Mahajana Sabha The Madras Mahajana Sabha strongly
conducted numerous exhibitions to instigate supported the activities of the Indian National
the partriotic feelings in the hearts of our Congress. It had also initiated social reform. G.
countrymen such as All India Khadi Exhibition Subramania Iyer performed the remarriage of
and Swadeshi Exhibition. his widowed daughter in December 1889. He
The father of our nation-Mahatma Gandhiji moved the first resolution in the first session
had delivered a speech at the meeting of of the Indian National Congress in 1885. He
Mahajana Sabha on Oct 24th 1896. Pandit started the nationalist papers like The Hindu
Jawaharlal Nehru also had participated in the in English and Swadeshamitran in Tamil. In
golden Jubilee celebrations of the Sabha. 1892, the Madras Provincial Conference was
Tamil Nadu in the Indian National started to mobilize people in the rural areas
Movement of Tamil Nadu. The third session of the Indian
Tamil Nadu played an important role in the National Congress was held in Madras in 1887
Indian National Movement. Even prior to the under the presidentship of Fakruddin Thyabji.
Great Revolt of 1857, the rebellion in Panchalam Later a number of such annual sessions were
Kuruchi, the 1801 “South Indian Rebellion” of also held in the city of Madras.
the Marudu brothers and the Vellore Mutiny Swadeshi Movement in Tamil Nadu
of 1806 were the early anti-colonial struggles in The Partition of Bengal in 1905 led to the
Tamil Nadu. During the nationalist era Tamil beginning of Swadeshi Movement in Tamil
Nadu provided the leaders like G. Subramania Nadu. During this period the important

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leaders of the National Movement were – One of the followers of this association Vanchi
V.O.Chidambaram Pillai, Subramania Siva and Nathan shot dead the notorious British official
Subramania Bharathi. In May 1907 Bharathi Robert William Ashe at Maniyatchi junction in
brought Bipin Chandra Pal one of the leaders June 1911.
of extremists in the Congress to Madras city. Home Rule Movement in Tamil Nadu
After the Surat split in 1907, V.O.C and fellow The Home rule Movement in Madras was
nationalists started the Chennai Jana Sangam. organized by Mrs. Annie Besant between 1916
Subramania Bharathi was a non-conformist, and 1918. The first indication of Annie Besant’s
unorthodox and a revolutionary in social and decision to launch a Home Rule Movement
political ideas. He edited the Tamil Weekly appeared in New India in September 1915.
India. He wrote nationalist songs called the Besant sought the support of the Indian National
Swadesa Geethangal. V.O.Chidambaram Congress at its annual meeting at Bombay in
Pillai was a lawyer by professionand he joined December, 1915. She was supported in her
the nationalist movement in 1905. He was a movement by Tilak. Home Rule Movement
follower of Bal Ganghadar Tilak. He led the was vigorous during the First World War.
Coral Mill Strike in February 1908 in Tuticorin. Non-co-operation Movement
In 1906 he launched the Swadeshi Steam In Tamil Nadu the Non-co-operation
Navigation Company in Tuticorin. Hence Movement was strong during the years
he was called Kappalottiya Tamilan. There 1921—23. Beginning in March 1921 there were
was competition between Swadeshi Steam campaigns of Non-Cooperation against the
Navigation Company and British India Steam foreign regulations. In 1921 and 1922 there were
Navigation Company. V.O.C advocated the campaigns against the consumption of liquor
boycott of the British India Steam Navigation in many parts of the province. Temperance
Company and this had resulted in the campaign was particularly prominent in
Tirunelveli uprising in March 1908. He was Madurai. Non- Cooperation had been a
ably assisted by Subramania Siva. Both were success in Tamil Nadu. C. Rajagopalachari, S.
arrested and imprisoned. They served six Satyamurthi and E. V. Ramaswami Naicker
years rigorous imprisonment. They were given were the important leaders of the Non-
harsh punishment inside the prison. V.O.C Cooperation Movement in Tamil Nadu.
was asked to draw an oil press and hence he is At that time E.V.Ramaswami Naicker was
known as Chekkilutta Chemmal. the President of the Tamil Nadu Congress
The arrest of the nationalist leaders, harsh Committee. C. Rajagopalachari stressed that
punishment for the nationalist leaders inside the the council boycott was a central part of the
prison and the collapse of the Swadeshi Steam Gandhian Programme. However, this view
Navigation Company led to the formation was not shared by Kasturi Ranga Iyengar,
of a revolutionary organization in Tamil Srinivasa Iyengar, Varadarajulu Naidu and
Nadu called the Bharathamatha Association. Vijayaraghavachari. In the meantime, Periyar
Nilakanta Bramachari played a vital role in it. E.V.R launched the Vaikom Satyagraha in Kerala

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against the practice of social segregation. Later important leaders who participated in the
he resigned from the Congress and came out Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha were T.S.S.Rajan,
on the social segregation issue at Seramandevi Mrs. Lakshmipathi Sardar Vedaratnam Pillai,
Guru Kulam of V.V.S. Iyer. S. Satyamurthi of C. Swaminatha Chetty and K.Santhanam.
Pudukkottai was one of the important freedom Tiruppur Kumaran who led the flag march was
fighters. He led the anti-Simon Campaign in fatally beaten. Since he guarded the national
1929 when the Simon Commission visited flag in his hands he was called Kodi Kaththa
Tamil Nadu. The other important nationalist Kumaran. Commemorating his sacrifice the
leader was K.Kamaraj from Virudhunagar. Government of India issued a postal stamp in
He participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha in his honour.
1924 and thus entered nationalist movement. Similarly, the National Movement was
He was the vice-president and treasurer of the encouraged by songs composed by Namakkal
Ramnad District Congress Committee in 1929. Kavinjar Ramalingam Pillai. In his songs he
From the beginning, Kamaraj was the man praised the Gandhian methods in the struggle
of the masses. He spoke in simple and direct for freedom. He sang that “a war is coming
language. He had a sound common sense and without knife and blood”. This highlighted
practical wisdom. He was fully aware of the the Gandhian principle of non-violent struggle
rural Tamil Nadu. He visited each and every against the British.
village and understood the different problems Quit India Movement
of the masses. He always identified himself Later, in 1937 when elections were held in
with the common man of Tamil Nadu. Thus, accordance with the 1935 Act, Congress won
he really brought the Congress movement to the elections and formed the ministry in Madras
the villages in Tamil Nadu. headed by C. Rajagopalachari. There were nine
Salt Satyagraha other ministers in his cabinet. The ministry
As part of the Civil Disobedience Movement, was in power from July 1937 to October 1939.
Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha. The ministry had resigned along with other
He undertook the Dandi March in 1930. Congress ministries in the different provinces
C.Rajagopalachari became the TNCC president over the issue of the Indian involvement in the
in April 1930. Authorized by TNCC and AICC Second World War. During Second War, after
to direct the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu the failure of the Cripps’s Proposals Gandhi
Rajaji undertook the famous Vedaranyam had launched the Quit India Movement. In
Salt Satyagraha March. He selected the Tamil Nadu Quit India Movement drew the
route from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam factory workers, students and common people.
in Thanjauvr district. The March began on It was a wide spread movement.
Tamil New Year’s Day (13th April). The The Buckingham & Carnatic Mills, Port Trust
March reached Vedaranyam on 28 April 1930. and the Tramway workers joined the movement
Two days later Rajagopalachari was arrested in large numbers. Quit India Movement was
for breaking the salt laws. Some of the other launched in places like North Arcot, Madurai

10

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and Coimbatore. There was police firing at when India attained independence on 15th
Rajapalayam, Karaikudi and Devakottai. August, 1947 the Madras Government under
Besides, Subhash Bose’s INA had many men O.P. Ramaswami Reddiar passed a resolution
and women soldiers from Tamil Nadu. Finally, appreciating the Indian Independence Act.

•••

11

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 Development Administration in Tamil Nadu

Political parties and Welfare

schemes for
various sections of people

Political parties in T.N

Foundation
S.No Name Abbreviation States / UT
Year
1. All India Anna Dravida Puducherry,
AIADMK 1972
Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu
2. Desiya Murpokku
DMDK 2005 Tamil Nadu
Dravida Kazhagam
3. Dravida Munnetra Puducherry,
DMK 1949
Kazhagam Tamil Nadu
4. Puducherry,
Pattali Makkal Katchi PMK 1989
Tamil Nadu
5. Marumalarchi Dravida
MDMK 1994 Tamil Nadu
Munnetra Kazhagam

Populist schemes in TN  Transport Corporations established.

1967 - 1969  Electricity to all the villages.
 “Madras” State was renamed as  Link roads to all the villages having a
“Tamil Nadu”. population of 1500.
 Act to provide legal status to the Self-  Slum Clearance Board.
respect Marriages.  Drinking Water Supply and Drainage
 Two language formula providing for Board.
Tamil and English.  Free Eye camps Scheme.
 Surrender of Earned Leave and  Beggars Rehabilitation Scheme.
its encashment for Government  Abolition of Hand-pulled Rickshaws and
Servants. free distribution of Cycle Rickshaws.
1969 - 1971  Free Concrete Houses for Scheduled
 Nationalisation of Transport. Castes and Tribes.

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 Act to provide conferment of ownership  Inclusion of Urdu Speaking Muslims

of house-sites (Kudiyiruppu Act); Act in the list of Backward Classes, like
fixing fair wages to farm labourers. Tamil Speaking Muslims.
 Police Commission – First in India.  Abolition of Land Tax on dry lands.
 Separate Ministry for Backward  “Manu NeethiThittam”.
Classes and Scheduled Castes.  Poompuhar Shipping Corporation.
 Constitution of the Backward Classes  “KonguVellalar” included in the list
Commission and increasing the of Backward Classes.
quantum of reservation for Backward  Green Revolution.
Classes to 31 percent from 25 percent 1989 - 1991
and for Scheduled Castes to 18  20 per cent separate reservation for
percent from 16 percent. Most Backward Classes including
 Free Education to all upto P.U.C.. Vanniar and Seer Marabinar.
 May Day declared as a Holiday with  18 per cent separate reservation for
wages. Scheduled Castes and 1 per cent for
 Birthday of “NabigalNayagam” Scheduled Tribes.
declared as a Holiday.  Free Education to Most Backward
1971 - 1976 Classes and subject to income ceiling
 First Agricultural University at to Backward Classes upto Degree level.
Coimbatore  Free Education to Scheduled Castes
 Family Benefit Fund Scheme to and subject to income ceiling to
Government Employees women upto Degree level.
 Confidential Reports on Government  Free Electricity to Farmers – First
servants abolished. time in the Country.
 Free Housing Scheme to  Law for equal property rights to women.
Fishermen.  30 per cent reservation for women in
 “KarunaiIllam” in Temples for Government services.
children.  First Veterinary and Animal Sciences
 Salem Steel Plant. University – First in Asia.
 Land Ceiling Act, fixing 15 standard  Financial Assistance to poor girls for
acres as the ceiling. marriages.
 Second Mine-Cut and Electricity  Financial Assistance to Widows for
Scheme at Neyveli. remarriages.
 Petroleum and Industrial Chemicals  Financial Assistance to encourage
at Thoothukudi. inter-caste marriages.
 Small Industries Development  Direct Paddy procurement centres.
Corporation (SIDCO).  Incentive and payment of cart-hire
 SIPCOT Complexes. charges for procurement from farmers.

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 Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation  15 per cent reservation in professional

established. courses for rural students.
 Financial assistance to pregnant  Periyar Memorial Samathuvapuram
women. Scheme to eradicate caste
 Wage hike for Government employees discrimination.
on par with the Central Government  Mini Bus Scheme for Rural areas.
Employees with retrospective effect.  Dr.Ambedkar Law University – First
 Women’s Self-Help groups benefiting in India.
10 lakh women.  Periyar University in Salem.
 Manonmaniam Sundaranar  Tamil Virtual University to help world
University. Tamils.
 PavendharBharathidasan University.  Urdu Academy.
 Dr. M.G.R. Medical University.  Minorities Economic Development
 Efforts to set up Cauvery Tribunal. Corporation.
1996 - 2001  Chennai Film City named after MGR,
 Within six months after assuming by changing the name “J.J. Film
office, elections for local bodies and City”.
cooperatives.  Farmers Market Scheme.
 33 per cent reservation for women in  VarumunKappom.
local bodies – by which 44,143 women  Cattle Protection Scheme.
including 2 Women Mayors assumed  VazhvoliThittam in Schools.
office; of the two Women Mayors one  133 feet high Thiruvalluvar Statue in
belonged to SC community. Kanniyakumari.
 ‘Madras’ renamed as ‘Chennai’.  Tidel Park in Chennai.
 Single window system for admission  Computer Training Scheme for
in Engineering and Medical Government college students.
colleges.  Over two lakh families given house
 Transparent New Industrial Policy. sites in poramboke lands, where they
 Single window system for obtaining were living in houses constructed.
all licenses for starting industries.  Community Certificate, Nativity
 Improved roads, new bridges. Certificate, Income Certificate
 Concrete streets in villages. on completion of 10th and 12th
 Desilting of rivers, tanks and canals standards from the year 1999-2000.
in an unprecedented scale.  Scheme for grant of expenses of
 24 hour Primary Health Centres. higher education for first three rank
 For the first time in India, MLA holders in State and District levels
Constituency Development Fund. in the 10th and 12th standard
 Protected water for all villages. examinations from the year 1996.

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 Development Administration in Tamil Nadu

 Bus Terminal at Koyambedu in  New Medical colleges at Vellore,

Chennai – Biggest in Asia. Tuticorin and Kanniyakumari
 Special Scheme for the economic districts.
development of Southern districts.  Tamil Virtual University.
 Women’s Small Trade Loan Scheme 2006 - 2011
with saving scheme.  1 Kg. of rice for 1 Rupee.
 Separate Welfare Board for  Distribution of palm oil, red gram,
agricultural labour. black gram, suji, maida and fortified
 Welfare Boards for wheat flour under Special Public
unorganisedlabour. Distribution system at subsidised
 Manimandapam for Tamil Scholars rates.
and martyrs.  10 items of provisions at Rs.50.
 Supply of eggs with nutritious meal.  Cooperative loan of Rs. 7,000 crores
 Construction of over 20 dams. waived to benefit 22 lakh 40 thousand
 New buildings for Collectorates in and 739 families of farmers.
nine districts.  No interest on crop loan to farmers
 For the first time Bench of High who repay on time.
Court at Madurai; Construction  Enhanced procurement rice at
of buildings for it and for courts in Rs.1050/- for common variety of
various districts. paddy and Rs.1100/- for fine variety
 Free bus passes for students. of paddy per quintal.
 Anna Marumalarchi Scheme.  Renewal of 117 old UzhavarSandhais
 NammakuNaame Scheme. and 45 new UzhavarSandhais.
 Indigent Family Welfare Scheme.  Rs.2000 per tonne of sugarcane,
 Rs.104 crore new buildings for including transport charges and
Chennal General Hospital. incentive to sugarcane farmers.
 Reappointment of 13,000 welfare  Linking of rivers within the State :
workers. Cauvery – Gundaru Linking Project
 For the first time 10,000 road workers taken up at a cost of Rs.189 crores.
appointed.  Tamirabarani – Karumeniyaru –
 Nationalisation of the works of Tamil Nambiyaru Linking Project taken up
scholars. at a cost of Rs.369 crores.
 Nine fly overs in Chennai.  UnorganisedLabour Welfare Boards
 350 electricity sub-stations (power) numbering 31 established, including
at Rs. 1500 crores. the Welfare Board for Agricultural
 Pension scheme for contract labour. labour and enrolment of 2 crore 2
 Pension Scheme for transport lakhs 21 thousand 564 members in
workers. the Welfare Boards.

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 Disbursement of 616 crores 43  A new Medical Insurance Scheme for

lakhs 44 thousand and 832 rupees Government Servants for providing 2
as financial assistance to 13 lakhs lakhs worth of medical assistance in
6 thousand 492 members of the a period 4 years.
UnorganisedLabour Welfare Boards.  Under “VarumunKappomThittam”
 Free house-sites to 1 crore 58 lakhs 18 thousand 742 camps have been
8 thousand and 288 families. conducted so far, benefiting 77 lakhs
 Kamarajar Birthday celebrated as 5 thousand and 8 persons.
“Education Development Day” in all the  “NalamanaThamizhagamThittam” for
schools – A Special Legislation enacted. medical check-up to create awareness
 5 Eggs / Bananas per week with in regard to heart disease, diabetics
Nutritious Noon Meal. and cancer.
 Free Bus pass to 24 lakhs 82  Under Kalaignar Insurance Scheme,
thousand school students and 2 2 lakhs 70 thousand 265 poor people
lakhs 99 thousand college students have got their life-saving surgeries at
every year. a cost of Rs.702 crores.
 Common Entrance Examinations to  Free 108 Emergency Ambulance
Professional Courses scrapped. Scheme with the Central assistance has
 Tamil made a compulsory subject upto benefited 8 lakh 8 thousand 907 persons
10th Standard in all the schools. so far; Further, lives of 42 thousand 232
 Central Institute of Classical Tamil persons have been saved.
shifted to Chennai from Mysore.  25 MoUs have been signed for starting
 Kumbhabishekam and renovations 37 new industries on an investment of
works carried out in 4724 temples Rs.46,091crores, which would provide
at a cost of Rs.523 crores; during the employment opportunities to about 2
current year Kumbhabishekam 1100 lakh 52 thousand 569 persons.
temples at a cost of Rs.100 crores.  Monthly doles totaling Rs. 240 crores
 10,000 cycles on an estimate of have been disbursed so far to 3 lakh 5
Rs.277 lakhs, distributed to Archakas thousand 801 educated unemployed
and Poojaris free of cost. youth.
 MoovalurRamamirdhamAmmaiyar  New Employment to 4 lakhs 65 thousand
Financial Assistance for marriages of 658 youth in Government offices.
poor girls increased to Rs.25,000/-  Tidel Parks at Coimbatore, Trichy,
from Rs.10,000/-. Madurai and Tirunelveli.
 Financial Assistance of Rs.6000/-  Monthly Maintenance Grant of
disbursed to each of 20 lakh 11 Rs.200 increased to Rs.500 for 10
thousand 517 poor pregnant thousand differently abled persons,
women. who are severely affected.

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 So far 4 lakhs 41 thousand 311 Self  With a view to create a casteless society,
Help Groups for Women have been 145 PeriyarNinaivuSamathuvapurams
formed; Loan assistance of Rs.6342 have already been established; 95 new
crores has been given to these SHGs Samathuvapurams are added.
so far.  World class Anna Centenary Memorial
 Basic infrastructural facilities have Library at Kotturpuram-Chennai at a
been created in 10 thousand 96 Village cost of Rs.171 crores.
Panchayats at a cost of Rs.2033  New Secretariat-Assembly Complex
crores, under “AnaithuGrama Anna in Omandurar Government Estate at
MarumalarchiThittam”. a cost of Rs.1200 crores.
 Basic infrastrutural facilities  Adyar Ecological Research Park
have been created in 420 Town established at a cost of Rs.100 crores.
Panchayats at a cost of Rs.210  “SemmozhiPoonga” in the heart of
crores, under “AnaithuPeruratchi Chennai City.
Anna MarumalarchiThittam”.  Desalination of Sea Water Project at
 Improvement and maintenance Minjur, North Chennai.
works have been carried out on 57  Desalination of Sear Water Project at
thousand 787 kilometer long roads Nemmeli, South Chennai.
at a cost of Rupees 12 thousand 94  Metro Rail Project at a cost of
crores. Rs.14,600crores with the assistance
 4,945 Kilometer long roads have of Japan Bank for International
been broadened and converted to Cooperation.
two-lane roads.  Hogenekkal Combined Water Supply
 Local Cess, Local Cess Surcharge and Scheme at a cost of Rs.1929 crores
water charges have been scrapped. with the assistance of Japan Bank
A notional tax of Rs.2 per acre of dry for International Cooperation.
lands and Rs.5 per acre of wet lands  Ramanathapuram – Paramakudi
levied as a mark of land-ownership. Combined Water Supply Scheme at a
 Without increase in tariff 12 cost of Rs.630 crores completed.
thousand 137 new buses plying on  TESMA and ESMA scrapped;
the roads; Further 300 new buses Concessions withdrawn from
being added. Government servants and teachers
 3 per cent separate reservation for have been given back to them;
Arunthathiyar Community. Recommendations of the 6th Pay
 Persons of any caste can become Commission have been implemented
Archakas in Temples – Legislation with effect from 1.1.2006, on an
enacted to establish an equitable annual expenditure of Rs.5,155.79
society. crores.

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 Kalaignar Housing Schemes for  Equitable Education being

converting 21 lakh huts into concrete implemented.
houses in a period of 6 years.  One Man Commission has been
 Pension for Pressmen increased from appointed for fixing the fee structure
Rs.4000 to Rs.5000 and their family in private schools.
pension increased from Rs.2000 to  The cradle baby scheme
Rs.2500.  Thalikkuthngam
 First World Classical Tamil Conference  AmmaUnavagam
held at Coimbatore in June 2010.  Amma Scheme
 119 new Courts have been opened;  Thai Scheme
Rs. 302 crores allocated for providing  Amma Salt
infrastructural facilities in the Courts.  Amma Cement
 Action has been taken to reduce the  Amma water
pendency of cases, by establishing  Amma Laptop
Evening and Holiday Courts, as per  Amma Mobile
the recommendation of the 13th  Amma Pharmacies
Finance Commission.  Ammamixi and Grinder
 Anna Technical University at Trichy,  Amma Seeds
Madurai, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli  Uzhavar scheme
established.  Amma vegetable shop
 Rs. 331 crores allocated for filling  Amma Call Centre
11,307 teacher vacancies and 648
non-teacher vacancies in Government-
Aided Minorities Schools.

•••

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 RESERVATION IN INDIA

Introduction

The age-old caste system of India is responsible for the origination of the reservation system in
the country.

In simple terms, it is about facilitating access to seats in the government jobs, educational
institutions, and even legislatures to certain sections of the population.

These sections have faced historical injustice due to their caste identity.

As a quota based affirmative action, the reservation can also be seen as positive discrimination.

In India, it is governed by government policies backed by the Indian Constitution.

Historical Background

William Hunter and Jyotirao Phule in 1882 originally conceived the idea of cast-based
reservation system.

The reservation system that exists today, in its true sense, was introduced in 1933 when British
Prime-Minister Ramsay Macdonald presented the “Communal Award”.

After long negotiations, Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar signed the “Poona Pact”, where it was
decided that there would be a single Hindu electorate with certain reservations in it.

After independence, initially reservations were provided only for SCs and STs.

OBCs were included in the ambit of reservation in 1991 on the recommendations of the Mandal
Commission.

Mandal Commission

❖ In exercise of the powers conferred by Article 340 of the Constitution, the President
appointed a backward class commission in December 1978 under the chairmanship of
B.P. Mandal.
❖ The commission was formed to determine the criteria for defining India’s “Socially
and educationally backward classes” and to recommend steps to be taken for the
advancement of those classes.
❖ The Mandal Commission concluded that India’s population consisted of
approximately 52 percent OBCs, therefore 27% government jobs should be reserved
for them. The commission has developed eleven indicators of social, educational, and
economic backwardness.

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 ❖ Apart from identifying backward classes among Hindus, the Commission has also
identified backward classes among non-Hindus (e.g., Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, and
Buddhists.
❖ It has generated an all-India other backward classes (OBC) list of 3,743 castes and a
more underprivileged “depressed backward classes” list of 2,108 castes.

Indra Sawhney Case of 1992

In the Indra Sawhney Case of 1992, the Supreme Court while upholding the 27 percent quota for
backward classes, struck down the government notification reserving 10% government jobs for
economically backward classes among the higher castes.

Supreme court in the same case also upheld the principle that the combined reservation
beneficiaries should not exceed 50 percent of India’s population.

The concept of “Creamy layer” also gained currency through this judgment and provision that
reservation for backward classes should be confined to initial appointments only and not extend
to promotions.

Recently, the Constitutional (103rd Amendment) Act of 2019 has provided 10%
reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for the
“Economically backward” in the unreserved category.

The Act amends Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution by adding clauses empowering the
government to provide reservation on the basis of economic backwardness.

This 10% economic reservation is over and above the 50% reservation cap.

Reservation in India is a government policy, backed by the India Constitution (by

means of various amendments)

Constitutional Provisions Governing Reservation in India

Part XVI deals with reservation of SC and ST in Central and State legislatures.

Article 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution enabled the State and Central Governments to reserve
seats in government services for the members of the SC and ST.

The Constitution was amended by the Constitution (77th Amendment) act, 1995 and a new clause
(14A) was inserted in Article 16 to enable the government to provide reservation in promotion.

Later, clause (14A) was modified by the Constitution (85th amendment) Act, 2001 to provide
consequential seniority to SC and ST candidates promoted by giving reservation.

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Constitutional 81st Amendment Act, 2000 inserted Article 16 (4B) which enables the state to fill
the unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for SCs/STs in the succeeding year, thereby
nullifying the ceiling of fifty percent reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.

Article 330 and 332 provides for specific representation through reservation of seats for SCs and
STs in the Parliament and in the State Legislative Assemblies respectively.

Article 243D provides reservation of seats for SCs and STs in every Panchayat.

Article 243T provides reservation of seats for SCs and STs in every Municipality.

Article 335 of the constitution says that the claims of STs and STs shall be taken into
consideration constituently with the maintenance of efficacy of the administration.

Reservation Reservation Quota

category (%)
ST 7.5
SC 15
OBC 27
EWS 10
Total 59.50%

SC/ST Reservation

The objective of providing reservations to the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs)
in services is not only to give jobs to some persons belonging to these communities.

It basically aims at empowering the man ensuring their participation in the decision-making
process of the State.

Besides, the state is also keen to end practices such as untouchability.

Scheduled Castes (SC) are given 15% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions while
Schedule Tribes (ST) are given 7.5% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions.

Reservation is provided not only with respect to direct recruitment but also with respect to
promotions for SC/ST category (Article 16 (4A)).

There is no concept of “Creamy layer” with respect to SC/ST reservation. This means that
irrespective of the income status or the government posts held by the parents, children of SC/ST
parents will get SC/ST Reservation.

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OBC Reservation

❖ Reservation for Other Backwards Classes (OBC) was introduced based on the Mandal
Commission Report (1991).
❖ The quota for OBCs is 27% in government jobs and higher educational institutions.
❖ However, there is a concept of “creamy layer” with respect to the OBC
reservation. Only those from OBC who comes under Non-Creamy Layer would get
OBC reservation.
❖ The creamy layer concept brings income and social status as parameters to exclude
some of the privileged members of OBC from the extent reservation.
❖ This concept also keeps a check to ensure that the benefit so reservation do not get
extended to subsequent generations.

EWS Reservation (10%quota)

The Central Government to India recently introduced EWS Reservation. 10% quota is provided
for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among General Category candidates in
government jobs and educational institutions.

This is done by adding clauses for the same in the Indian Constitution (103rd Constitution
Amendment Act, 2019).

Definition of Economically Weaker Section:

❖ Annual household income below Rs 8 lakh

❖ Agriculture land below 5 acres
❖ Residential house below 1000 sqft
❖ Residential plot below 200 yards in non-notified municipality area

10 percent reservation for general category: Who all will benefit?

According to government sources, this 10 percent reservation will apply for all communities and
caste is not going to be a criterion for eligibility.

The Narendra Modi government’s decision to provide 10 percent reservation to economically

backward’ upper castes is for all those communities/classes that do not come under the 50
percent quota as mandated by the Supreme Court. The 50 percent cap was set up in a 1992
judgment of the Supreme Court in the Indira Sawhney case.

According to government sources, this 10 percent reservation will apply for all communities, and
caste is not going to be a criterion for eligibility. The quota will be applicable to economically

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backwards among Hindus, Muslims and Christians. This means that this new quota won’t affect
the reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs.

So far Scheduled castes, who constitute 20 percent of the entire population in India, corner 15
percent reservation in the government sector. Scheduled Tribes, who constitute 9 percent of the
population, are provided with 7.5 percent reservation while communities in the Other Backward
Caste corner the lion’s share of 27 percent reservation.

Together, SCs, STs and OBCs, who constitute about 70 percent of the population, are provided
with 49.5 percent reservation in the government sector. It is the rest 30 percent or 39 crore, who
fall under the general category, which will be eligible to avail the 10 percent reservation
announced by the Centre.

Maharashtra accounts for maximum OBCs with 261 communities, while Karnataka has the most
number of SCs at 101. With 62 different Scheduled Tribe communities, Odisha has the maximum
number of STs.

Gujarat becomes first state to implement 10 percent quota for EWS in general
category.

Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rupani has announced that his government will implement the 10
percent reservation for economically weaker sections of the general category with immediate
effect. The decision comes just a day after president Ram Nath Kovind gave his assent to the
Constitutional amendment.

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 ACHIEVEMENTS OF TAMIL NADU IN VARIOUS FIELDS

Agriculture

• Tamil Nadu, with seven agro climatic zones and varied soil types is better suited
for the production of fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation crops, flowers and
medicinal plants.
• The State is the largest producer of loose flowers and the third largest producer of
fruits.
• Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state. At present, Tamil Nadu is
the India’s second biggest producer of rice, next only to West Bengal.
• The state is one of the major producers of turmeric. It is also the leading producer
of Kambu, Corn, Groundnut, Oil seeds and Sugarcane,
• It rants first in production of plantation crops banana and coconut,
second in rubber and cashew nut, third in pepper and fourth in sugarcane.

Area of Cultivation

• The gross cropped area under all crops was 58.97 lakh hectares in the year 2013-
14. The area under food crops account for 72.9% and that of non-food crops is
27.1%.
• Among the food crops paddy takes a major share. Among the non-food crops,
groundnut and coconut take a major share.
• Net sown area has been gradually declining, and rural land, labour and capital
are moving towards urban projects. As a result, villages are emptied and cities are
over-crowded and congested, leading to spatially unbalanced bulging.

Food grain production

• Rice production dominates among food grain production with 79.49 lakh tones on
2014-15 followed by millets at 40.79 lakh tons.
• There is significant jump in pulses production from 3.59 lakhs ton in 2011-12 to
7.67 lakh ton in 2014-15.

Productivity Position of Tamil Nadu and India

• The Government of Tamil Nadu lays emphasis on agricultural production and

productivity.
• As a result, Tamil Nadu tops in productivity, in food crops as well as non-food
crops, among the States in India.

Productivity Position of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu ranks first in maize, cumbu, groundnut, oil seeds and cotton second in
rice and coconut, third in sugarcane, sunflower and jowar.

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 Crop Position of Tamil Nadu at
National Level

Maize 1

Cumbu 1

Groundnut 1

Total Oilseeds 1

Cotton 1

Coconut 2

Rice 2

Sugarcane 3

Sunflower 3

Jowar 3

Coarse cereals 4

Total Pulses 8

Industry

• Chennai is sometimes referred to as the Health Capital of India or the Banking

Capital of India, having attracted investments from International Finance
Corporations and the World Bank. It is also called as Detroit of Asia.
• Tamil Nadu has a network of about 110 industrial parks/estates that offer
developed plots with supporting infrastructure.
• Also, the Government is promoting other industrial parks like Rubber Park,
Apparel Park, Floriculture Park, TICEL Park for Biotechnology, Siruseri IT Park
and Agro Export Zones.
• The heavy engineering manufacturing companies are centered around the suburbs
of Chennai. Chennai boasts of global car manufacturing giants as well as home
grown companies.
• Karur is known for its bus body building which contributes 80% of South Indian
bus body building.
• TNPL is the Asia’s largest eco friendly paper mill.
• Salem is called as steel city and has many sago producing units and mineral
wealth.

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 • Sivakasi is the leader in printing, fireworks, safety matches production in India.
It contributes to 80% of India’s total safety matches production and 90% of India’s
total fireworks production.
• Thoothukudi is the gateway of Tamil Nadu. It is a major chemical producer next
only to Chennai.

Textiles

• Tamil Nadu is the largest textile hub of India. Tamil Nadu is known as the
“YarnBowl” of the country accounting for 41% of India’s cotton yarn production.
• The textile industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy by providing
direct employment to an estimated 35 million people, and thereby contributing 4%
of GDP and 35% of gross export earnings.
• The textile sector contributes to 14% of the manufacturing sector.
• From spinning to garment manufacturing, entire textile production chain facilities
are in Tamil Nadu. About half of India’s total spinning mill capacity is in Tamil
Nadu.
• The western part of Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Dindigul
and Karur has the majority of spinning mills manufacturing
cotton/polyester/blended yarn and silk yarn used by garment units in Tamil Nadu,
Maharastra etc. Yarn is also exported to China, Bangladesh etc.
• Tirupur known as “Knitting City” is the exporter of garments worth USD 3
Billion.
• Karus is the major home for textile manufacturing (Curtain cloth, bed linens,
kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens, wall hangings etc.) and export hub in
India.
• Erode is the main cloth market in South India for both retail and wholesale ready-
mades.

Leather

• Tamil Nadu accounts for 30 per cent of leather exports and about 70 percent of
leather production in the country.
• Hundreds of leather and tannery industries are located around Vellore, Dindigul
and Erode.
• Every year the State hosts the India International Leather Fair in Chennai.

Electronics

• Chennai has emerged as EMS Hub of India. Many multi-national companies have
chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub.

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Automotives

• Chennai nicknamed as “The Detroit of Asia” is home to a large number of auto

component industries.
• Tamil Nadu has 28% share each in automotive and auto components industries,
19% in the trucks segment and 18% each in passenger cars and two wheelers.

Cement Industry

• Tamil Nadu ranks third in cement production in India (First Andhra Pradesh,
Second Rajasthan).
• Among 10 largest cement companies in India as on 2018, Ramco Cement and India
Cement find prominent place.
• And also Tamil Nadu stands second in number of cement plants with 21 units
against 35 units in Andhra Pradesh.

Fire works

• The town of Sivakasi is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, and safety
matches.
• It was fondly called a “Little Japan” by Jawaharlal Nehru. It contributes to 80%
of India’s fireworks production.
• Sivakasi provides over 60% of India’s total offset printing solutions.

Sivakasi – A fireworks manufacturing hub

➢ Sivakasi is a town in Virudhunagar District of Tamilnadu.

➢ World renowned for firework Production.
➢ Accounts for USD 80 Million exports of safety Matches, printing and Firework
in 2013-14.

Other

• One of the global electrical equipment public sector companies viz BHEL has
manufacturing plants at Tiruchirappalli and Ranipet.
• The Tamil Nadu State Government owns the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers
(TNPL), the World’s biggest bagasse – based paper mill in Karur.
• Tamil Nadu is a leading producer of cement in India and with manufacturing units
located at Ariyalur, Virudhunagar, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli.
• The region around Salem is rich in mineral ores. The country’s largest steel public
sector undertaking, SAIL has a steel plant in Salem.
• Coimbatore is also referred to as “the Pump City” as it supplies two thirds of
India’s requirements of motors and pumps. The city is one of the largest exporters
of jewellery, wet grinders and auto components and the term “Coimbatore Wet
Grinder” has been given a Geographical indication.

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 • Thoothukudi is known as “Gateway of Tamil Nadu” Thoothukudi is the
major chemical producer in the state. It producers the 70 per cent of the total salt
production in the State and 30 per cent in the country.

MSMEs

• The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are defined under the MSMED Act
2006. The enterprises are classified as Manufacturing and Service enterprises
based on the investment in plant and machinery and equipment (excluding land
and building).
• Tamil Nadu accounts of 15.07% Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
in the country (the highest among all states) with 6.89 lakhs registered MSMEs.
Producing over 8000 varieties of product for a total investment of more than
Rs.32,008 crore.
• MSMEs produce a wide variety of products in almost all sectors. The prominent
among them are the engineering, electrical, chemicals, plastics, steel paper,
matches, textiles, hosiery and garments sector. Around 15.61 lakh entrepreneurs
have registered, providing employment opportunities to about 99.7 lakhs persons
with total investment of Rs.1,68,331 crore.

Energy

• Tamil Nadu tops in power generation among the southern States as seen in
following table.
• Installed capacity of power utilities in States in Southern region.

State Units Ranks

Tamil Nadu 26,865 MW I

Karnataka 18,641 MW II

Andhra Pradesh 17,289 MW III

Telungana 12,691 MW IV

Kerala 4,141 MW V

79,627 MW

(Source : Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India.

Retrieved Jan. 2017)

• Tamil Nadu is in the forefront of all other Indian States in installed capacity.
• Muppandal wind farm is a renewable energy source, supplying the villagers with
electricity for work.
5

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 • Wind farms were built in Nagercoil and Tuticorin apart from already existing ones
around Coimbatore, Pollachi, Dharapuram and Udumalaipettai.
• These areas generate about half of India’s 2,000 megawatts of wind energy or two
percent of the total power output of India.

Nuclear Energy

Units Existing Installed Capacity

(2018)

Kudankulam 1834 MW (2 x 917)

Kalpakkam 470 MW (2 x 235)

Thermal Power

In Tamil Nadu the share of thermal power in total energy sources is very high and
the thermal power plants are at Athippattu (North Chennai) Ennore, Mettur, Neyveli and
Thoothukudi.

The generation of power under various sources is given below.

Hydel Energy

There are about 20 hydro electric units in Tamil Nadu. The prominent units are
Hundah, Mettur, Periyar, Maravakandy, Parson Valley etc.

Ranking States Total Capacity

(MW) 2017

1 Tamil Nadu 1590.97

2 Rajasthan 1317.64

3 Gujarat 1159.76

4 Telangana 1073.41

5 Andhra Pradesh 976.65

Source Million Units %

Thermal 13304 49.52

Hydel 2203 8.20

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 Nuclear 986 3.67

Others (Wind, Solar) 10372 38.61

Total 26865 100.00

Solar Energy

• Tamil Nadu tops in power generation among the southern States as seen in
following table.
• Southern Tamil Nadu is considered as one of the most suitable regions in the
country for developing solar power projects.

Wind Energy

Tamil Nadu has the highest installed wind energy capacity in India. The state has
very high quality of off shore wind energy potential off the Tirunelveli coast and Southern
Thoothukudi and Rameswaram coast.

Services

Banking, insurance, energy, transport and communication fall under tertiary

sector i.e., services.

Banking

• In Tamil Nadu, Nationalized banks account for 52% with 5,337 branches, Private
Commercial Banks 30% (3,060) branches, State Bank of India and its associates
13% (1,364), Regional Rural Banks 5% (537) branches and the remaining 22 foreign
bank branches.
• Total deposits of the banks in Tamil Nadu registered an year – on year increase of
14.32% by March 2017 and touched Rs.6,65,068.59 crores.
• Total credit of the banks in Tamil Nadu registered a year on year increase of 13,50%
by March 2017 and touched Rs.6,95,500.31 crores.
• The share of Priority Sector Advances stands at 45.54% as against the national
average of 40%.
• The percentage of Agricultural advances to total advances as at the end of March
2017 works out to 19.81% as against the national average of 18%.
• Banks in Tamil Nadu have maintained one of the highest Credit Deposit Ratio of
119.15% in the country where as this ratio is 77.5% at the national level.

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Education

a. School Education

• Tamil Nadu is grouped among high Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) States. It ranks
third next only to Kerala (81%) and Himachal Pradesh (74%). The all India average
is 43% and the world average is 59%.
• Gross Enrolment Ratio is 118.8% for primary level (class 1-5); 112.3% for upper
primary level (class 6-8), 62.7% for secondary level (class 9-10), 49.26% at Higher
Secondary level (class 11-12). This has been possible mainly due to the supply of
free food, cloth, foot-wear, scholarship, laptop etc.

b. Higher Education

• In Gross Enrolment Ratio under higher education (Tertiary level) Tamil Nadu
continues to be at the top level well ahead of other states.
• The GER is 46.9% in Tamil Nadu which is far higher against national average and
all other states.
• This higher GER is thanks to the distribution of free food, cloth, footwear, laptop
and scholarship.

Gross Enrolment Rate %

• Tamil Nadu has 59 Universities, 40 Medical colleges, 517 Engineering colleges,

2,260 Arts and Science colleges, 447 Polytechnics and 20 dental colleges.
• Tamil Nadu products nearly four lakh engineering and polytechnic students every
year, the highest in the country.

Educational Loans

• As far as educational loans disbursed by Public Sector Banks under priority sector
are concerned, 20.8% of the total amount was disbursed in Tamil Nadu between
2013-14 and 2015-16.
• Andhra Pradesh was second with 11.2% of the total loan amount followed by
Maharashtra (10.2%).
• Of the total amount of educational loans disbursed by Private Banks during the
same period, Kerala accounted for 37.8% followed by Tamil Nadu with 24.8%.
• Both Karnataka and Kerala together accounted for more than 60% of the total
educational loan amount by Private Banks.

Health

• Tamil Nadu has a three – tier health infrastructure comprising hospitals, primary
health centres, health units, community health centres and sub-centres.

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 • As of March 2015, the State had district hospitals, 229 sub-divisional hospitals,
1,254 primary health centres, 7,555 sub-centres and 313 community health centres.

Communication

• Maharashtra has the highest number of internet subscribers in the country at 29.47
million, followed by States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
• According to government data, India had a total of 342.65 million internet
subscribers at the end of March, 2016. Tamil Nadu had 28.01 million subscribers,
while its neighbours Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka had 24.87 million and 22.63
million, respectively.

a. Road

• There are 28 national highways in the State, covering a total distance of 5,036 km.
• The State has a total road length of 167,000 km, of which 60,628 km are
maintained by Highways Department.
• It ranks second in India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under
operation in the public-private partnership (PPP) model.

b. Rail

• Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of Southern Railway,

Headquartered at Chennai.
• Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 6,693 km and there are 690 railway
stations in the state.
• Chennai has a well – established Suburban Railway network, a Mass Rapid
Transport System and is currently developing a Metro system, with its first
underground stretch operational since May 2017.

c. Air

• Tamil Nadu has four major international airports.

• Chennai International Airport is currently the third largest airport in India after
Mumbai and Delhi.
• Other International airports in Tamil Nadu include,

1. Coimbatore International Airport

2. Madurai International Airport and

3. Tiruchirapalli International Airport

• It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin, Salem and Madurai which connect
several parts of the country.

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 • Increased industrial activity has given rise to an increase in passenger traffic as well
as freight movement which has been growing at over 18 per cent per year.

d. Ports

• Tamil Nadu has three major ports ; one each at Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin as
well as intermediate port in Nagapattinam and 23 minor ports.
• The ports are currently capable of handling over 73 million metric tonnes of cargo
annually (24 per cent share of India). All the minor ports are managed by the Tamil
Nadu Maritime Board, Chennai Port. This is an artificial harbour and the second
principal port in the country for handling containers.
• It is currently being upgraded to have a dedicated terminal for cars capable of
handling 4,00,000 vehicles.
• Ennore Port was recently converted from an intermediate port to a major port and
handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu.

Tourism

• Tamil Nadu has since ancient past been a hub for tourism. In recent years, the state
has emerged as one of the leading tourist destinations for both domestic and
foreign tourists.
• Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development
Corporation (TTDC), a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking.
• The State currently ranks the highest among Indian States with about 25 crore
arrivals (in 2013). The annual growth rate of this industry stood at 16 per cent.
Approximately 28 lakh foreign and 11 crore domestic tourists visit the state.

Unemployment and Poverty

a. Unemployment

• National average of unemployment rate stands at 50 and Tamil Nadu ranks 22nd
with unemployment rate of 42 per 1000.
• There are different kinds of unemployment with different economic implications.

b. Poverty

• Tamil Nadu is one of India’s richest states since 1994, the state has seen a steady
decline in poverty.
• Today, Tamil Nadu has lower levels of poverty than most other states in the
country. After 2005, Tamil Nadu was among India’s fastest growing states, with
growth being driven mainly by services.

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Conclusion

• The Tamil Nadu economy which is not rich in natural resources has good record of
agricultural growth, industrial progress, infrastructural development and good
record of robust growth of service sector especially banking, education, transport
and tourism. It occupies top three ranks in health index, education, development
of MSMEs.
• It has a good record of poverty alleviation and employment generation. However,
India in general and Tamil Nadu in particular need to work more to eliminate
female foeticide, reduce the population living in slums, sleeping on roadsides,
beggers and rag pickers. Development is meaningless as long as the above eyesore
continues.

Population Growth in Tamil Nadu : At a Glance (2011 Census)

• Total Population 72138958

• Male 36158871

• Female 35980087

• Crude birth rate (per thousand) 15.7

• Crude death rate (per thousand) 7.4

• Growth Rate (per thousand) 8.3

• Districts with Highest Population (Chennai, Kancheepuram, Vellore and

Thiruvallur)

• Districts with Lowest Population (Perambalur, The Nilgiris, Ariyalur and

Theni)

• Population Density (per sq. km) 555 (2011), 480 (2001)

• Maximum Density Chennai (26903); Kanyakumari (1106)

• Minimum Density The Nilgiris (288); Thiruchirappalli (602)

• Sex Ratio (per 1000 males) 995 females (2011)

987 females (2001)

• District with Highest Sex Ratio The Nilgiris (1041 females)

Thanjavur (1031 females)

• District with Lowest Sex Ratio Theni (900 females)

Dharmapuri (946 females)

• Child Sex Ratio (0-6 age group) 946 female children (2011)

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 942 female children (2001)

• District with Highest Child Sex Ratio The Nilgiris (985); Kanyakumari (964)

• District with Lowes Child Sex Ratio Cuddalore (896); Ariyalur (897)

• Literacy Rate 80.33% (2011)

73.45% (2001)

• Male Literacy 86.81% (2011)

82.33% (2001)

• Female Literacy 73.86% (2011)

64.55% (2001)

• District with Highest Literacy Kanyakumari (92.14%); Chennai (90.33%)

• District with Lowest Literacy Dharmapuri (64.71%); Ariyalur 971.99%)

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 s-GOVERNANCE IN TAMIL NADU
Vision

To fulfill the vision of Good Governance using the tools that information technology provides,
such that working within Government becomes transparent and efficient with concomitant
transparency and efficiency in delivery of services to our Citizens.

Mission

The mission of TNeGA is to improve the quality of life of our Citizens through efficient delivery
of Government Services using the tools of information Technology, and to create cost effective,
scalable solutions for Governance, making full use of Emerging Technologies like Block chain,
Al(Artificial intelligence), IoT, Drones, Data Analytics, AR/VR, etc.

Objective

• To be the Chief Technology and Innovation Organisation for the Government of Tamil
Nadu.
• To transform Governance in every Government Institution of Tamil Nadu, such that
these institutions become paperless, hassle free, transparent and free of physical touch
points.
• Transformation of the business of Government to make the experience quick and
pleasant for all stakeholders.
• Act as a ‘force multiplier’ by building the soft infrastructure for smart Governance,
improving competitiveness of the State economy and making the State future ready.
• Handholding and supporting Government Department and Agencies in meeting their
information Technology needs.
• Identifying the common service needs of various Government Departments and
providing a cost effective and efficient solution.
• Proactively engaging with Government Departments, NGOs and International
Organizations and institutions engaged in program and objectives similar to TNeGA, in
developing a shared vision of Governance.
• Creating a vibrant ecosystem of academic institutions, research organizations, startups,
funding agencies and eminent individuals, to innovate, design and implement solutions
for pressing Governance issues.
• Capacity Building of all Government employees at all levels in Information Technology
to enable efficiency in Governance.
• Organize workshops, seminars, conferences on e-Governance.

1
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 • Publish research papers, journals, workshop proceedings, newsletters etc. at National
and International forums.

Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency

Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA), as a State Nodal Agency has been formed to support
and drive all e-Governance initiative of the Government of Tamil Nadu. TNeGA is implementing
various e-Governance projects with the objective of making all Government services, wherever
feasible and accessible to the common man in an efficient and transparent manner.

Fulfill the Vision

Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency aims to fulfill the Vision, Through use of Information
Technology in Governance and delivery of services to public at their doorsteps. This e-
Governance Agency was formed under the Information Technology Department, Government
of Tamil Nadu to function as an intrinsic arm of the Government with a mandate to drive e-
Governance in the State. This agency has been registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Act.
The Policy is to achieve the vision of integrated service delivery to the Citizen at the nearest
location at an affordable cost. The achieve this, a simple front end delivery mechanism, a robust
back-end computerization, connectivity with adequate bandwidth (TNSWAN) and support
infrastructure (SDC, SSDG, State Portal and other stakeholders) along with the application
software integrated with the required MIS is absolutely necessary.

Accessible Delivery Channels

Tamil Nadu shall harness Information Communication Technology continuously and

continually evolve the e-Governance. The services are delivered to the citizens through
convenient and easily accessible delivery channels / web enabled media, ensuring efficiency,
transparency and reliability at affordable costs and to make all citizens an integral part of the
ever growing knowledge society and accomplish quality living.

National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) envisions mechanism to reach the service delivery to
the Citizens. Tamil Nadu, even before the formulation of NeGP, has implemented many e-
Governance Projects especially in the land Records, Registration, Transport departments etc.
Tamil Nadu has in fact progressively aligned its entire e-Governance plan in consonance with
NeGP, ever since its formulation in Many 2006 by the Government of India.

Common Service Centres

TNeGA has implemented G2C projects such as e-District, Common Service Centres (CSCs) / e-
Sevai Centres in Rural and Urban areas, Capacity Building (CB) in Information and

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Communication Technology (ICT) & Tools, Tamil Nadu Geographical Information System
(TNGIS), State Residence Data Hub (SRDH), State Services Delivery Gateway (SSDG).

Tamil Nadu e-Governance Policy

About :

Tamil Nadu Government launched an e-governance policy that would enable public,
government and commercial establishments get all it’s services through digital mode.

Aim :

‘The policy aims to provide all government services through digital mode and also through
common service centres and mobile applications under the Government’s Vision 2023 plan.

Features :

Chief Minister K. Palaniswamy released the e-Governance policy 2017 booklet. The Vision 2023
document was released by the late Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa in March 2012 aiming to make
the State ‘numero uno’ in the country and set a target of 11 per cent growth in GSDP by 2023.

• The e-Governance policy would also have guidelines to provide a ‘comprehensive IT

infrastructure’ for the digital initiatives taken by the government.
• Noting that the drive would enhance integration of various government departments, it
claimed this move would result in increase in production and reduce expenses on
computer maintenance.

Establishing an integrated environment for delivering seamless

• Government to Citizens (GSC)

• Government to Employee (GSE)
• Government to Government (G2G) and
• Government to Business (GSB)

In a cost-effective manner, besides increasing productivity levels within government are some
of the key objectives of the policy.

State-level apex committee

State-level apex committee for e-Governance headed by the Chief Secretary would be formed for
periodic review of the implementation of the policy and would provide necessary guidelines for
its implementation.

‘Considering the mobile phone penetration among the people, all departments would ensure
that their applications are compatible to mobile access and utilize the common mobile

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infrastructure provided by Government of India and the State Government like Mobile Service
Delivery Gateway (MSDG) etc. Mobile applications will be developed in English and Tamil
Language using open standards, to the extent possible. The State Portal and Government
Departmental Portals will be made ‘mobile compliant’ in due course,’ the policy said.

The policy made it clear that the departments would ensure use of Open Source and Open
Standard technologies for software development, unless the use of proprietary technology is
unavoidable. This would enable respective departments to prevent vendor lock-in, unnecessary
cost on user licences and long -term cost liabilities.

Project Management Information System

The policy also envisaged setting up of Knowledge Management Facility that would maintain
Project Management Information System (PMIS) related to e-Governance projects in the State.
Public Private Partnership would be encouraged in e-Governance projects in the State to the
extent possible. Social media will be leveraged to increase the awareness on delivery of services
to citizens.

To promote paperless office and to increase the efficiency of office work, e-Office Application
will be implemented in all government offices throughout the State. Steps will be taken to ensure
that Government files/documents/records are made available in digitized form and are easily
accessible to those authorized for access. To enable proper identification and authentication of
electronic transactions, use of digital signatures / e-Sign facility for online processing would be
encouraged.

State Resident Data Hub (SRDH), an integrated framework which provides a unique centralized
database of citizens with Aadhaar linkage would be integrated with all e-Governance
applications wherever possible. The State would also come up with a framework for using
Aadhaar for the State government schemes, the policy said.

Government Allocation :

The policy has a provision for the government to allocate 0.5 per cent of the total funds in a
financial year for the digital initiatives and later increase it to three per cent in the next five years
in a phased manner.

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TNPSC ARCHAEOLOGY 2020

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TNPSC VETERINARY 2020

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 TNPSC GROUP II MODEL 2020
148. The importance of social harmony in economic development can be
understood by which of the following characteristics ?

(i) Social harmony also means peaceful co-existence of various groups

in a society which are otherwise divided by various identities.
(ii) Peaceful co-existence of various communities means that the
government can focus on initiatives related to economic development
and the expenditure towards Law and Order management gets
reduced to that extent.
(iii) Social harmony also ensures a peaceful investment atmosphere
wherein investors remain confident of their returns.
(iv) Social harmony increases economic disparities.

A) (i) only.
B) (i) and (ii) only.
C) (i), (ii) and (iii)
D) (i) and (iv) only.

bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy; rKf ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gpd;tUk; ve;j

gz;g[fshy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k;?

(i) rK:f ey;ypzf;fk; vd;gJ gy;ntW milahs’;fshy; gphpe;Jfplf;Fk; xU

rK:fj;jpd; gy;ntW FGf;fspd; mikjpahd rf thH;t[ vd;gija[k; Fwpf;Fk;/
(ii) gy;ntW rK:f’;fspd; mikjpahd rfthH;t[ vd;gJ muR bghUshjhu
tsu;r;rpf;fhd Kd;bdLg;g[fspy; ftdk; brYj;j Kotijf; Fwpf;Fk;/ ,J
me;j mstpw;F rl;lk; xG’;F eph;thfj;jpw;fhd brytpd’;fisf; Fiwf;f
VJthfpwJ/
(iii) KjyPl;lhsu;fs; j’;fs; KjyPl;ow;nfw;w tUtha; fpilf;Fk; vDk;
ek;gpf;ifia tH’;Fk; xU mikjpahd KjyPl;Lr; NH;epiyia rK:f
ey;ypzf;fk; cWjp bra;fpwJ/
(iv) rK:f ey;ypzf;fk; bghUshjhur; rkkpd;ikia mjpfhpf;fpwJ/

[A] (i) kl;Lk; [B] (i) kw;Wk; (ii) kl;Lk;

[C] (i), (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk; [D] (i) kw;Wk; (iv) kl;Lk;

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149. Match the following :

i. Block chain backbone 1. Online services

ii. TNeGA 2. Remote sensing Technology
iii. E-sevai 3. Nambikkai Inaiyam
iv. TN-GIS 4. State Nodal Agency

Choose the correct option from the codes given below:

i ii iii iv
(A) 1 4 2 3
(B) 4 3 1 2
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 3 4 2 1

bghUj;Jf :

(i) gpshf; bra;d; ngf;nghd; 1) ,izatHpr; nritfs;

(ii) TNeGA 2) bjhiy czu;t[j; bjhHpy;El;gk;

(iii) ,?nrit 3) ek;gpf;if ,izak;

(iv) TN-GIS 4) khepy xU’;fpizg;g[ Kfik

fPH;fhz;gitapypUe;J rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLf;ft[k;

i ii iii iv
(A) 1 4 2 3
(B) 4 3 1 2
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 3 4 2 1

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150. Which is the objective of Arasu e-sevai centres ?

(A) Providing unified access to e-services of different government

departments on a common platform across the State.

(B) Providing overall guidance to e-governance projects at district

level.

(C) Providing on-line examination services.

(D) Providing residential data for Tamil Nadu.

muR ,iza tHpr; nrit (,?nrit) eLt’;fspd; nehf;fk; vJ >

(A) khepyk; KGtJk; gy;ntW muRj; Jiwfspd; ,iza tHpr; nritfisa[k;

xU’;fpizj;J xU bghJj;jsj;jpy; mQqFk; tifapy; tH’;Fjy;/
(B) khtl;l mstpshd kpd; MSifj; jpl;l’;fSf;F tHp fhl;Ljy;/
(C) ,izatHpj; njh;t[fSf;fhd nritapid tH’;Fjy;/
(D) jkpH;ehl;ow;fhd FoapUg;g[j; jut[fis tH’;Fjy;/

151. Who took major efforts in the emergence of labour organizations in

Madras Presidency ?

(A) M. Thirumalachariar

(B) A. Singaravelar

(C) Thanthai Periyar

(D) Maraimalai Adigal

brd;id khfhzj;jpy; bjhHpyhsh; mikg;g[fis cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; kpf

Kf;fpa g’;fhw;wpatu; ahu; ?

(A) vk;/ jpUkyhr;rhhpahh;

(B) V/ rp’;fhuntyh;

(C) je;ij bgupahu;

(D) kiwkiy mofs;

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152. The philosophy of Social Justice is largely rooted in :
(A) Natural Justice.
(B) Moral Justice.
(C) Distributive Justice.
(D) Legal Justice.

rK:f ePjpj; jj;Jtk; bgUkstpy; ntU:d;wpapUg;gJ :

(A) ,aw;if ePjpapy;/

(B) mwk; rhh; ePjpapy;/

(C) g’;fPl;L ePjpapy;/

(D) rl;lk; rhh; ePjpapy;/

153. Match the following :

Social Reform Movements Reformers

a) Theosophical Society 1. Veerasalingam Pantulu

b) Self-Respect Movement 2. C. Natesanar, T.M. Nair,

Thyagarayar.
c) Widow Re-marriage Movement 3. Madam Blavatsky
d) Justice Movement 4. Thanthai Periyar.

a b c d
(A) 1 3 4 2
(B) 3 4 2 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 4 3 2 1

fPH;f;fz;ltw;iwg; bghUj;Jf :

rK:f rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f’;fs; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;

a) jpnah!h`gpfy; r’;fk; 1. tPnuryp’;fk; ge;JY

b) Rakhpahij ,af;fk; 2. rp/ enlrdhu;. o/vk;/ ehah;. jpahfuhau;

c) tpjit kWkz ,af;fk; 3. g;shthl;!;fp mk;ikahh;

d) ePjp ,af;fk; 4. je;ij bgupahu;

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a b c d
(A) 1 3 4 2
(B) 3 4 2 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 4 3 2 1

154. The plight of the villagers and the sufferings they endure while
trying to resolve their problem of water scarcity is depicted in the
Tamil movie :

(A) Mahanathi (B) Neerpparavai

(C) Thanneer Thanneer (D) Eeram

fpuhk kf;fs; j’;fspd; jz;zPu;g; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfSf;F jPu;t[

fhz KaYk;nghJ vjph;bfhs;Sk; Jau’;fis btspg;gLj;Jk; jkpH;j; jpiug;glk; :

(A) kfhejp (B) ePh;g;gwit

(C) jz;zPh; jz;zPh; (D) <uk;

155. (i) In India, Socio-economic inequalities are well entrenched.

(ii) A law for fair distribution will automatically ensure just distribution
of resources.
(iii) Governments will have to ensure a level playing field in order to
establish justice.

Which of the above statements is / are true with regard to

distribution of resources.

A] (i) only
B] (ii) only
C] (i) and (iii) only
D] (ii) and (iii) only

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(i) ,e;jpahtpy; rK:fg; bghUshjhu Vw;wj; jhH;t[fs; ed;F ntW}d;wpa[s;sd/
(ii) epahakhd tifapy; ts’;fisg; gfph;e;jspf;f tifbra;a[k; rl;l’;fs;
,aw;wpdhnyna nghJkhdJ/ mr;rl;l’;fs; mt;ts’;fs; rk mstpy;
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLtij cWjp bra;a[k;/
(iii) ePjpia epiyehl;l midtUf;Fk; rk tha;g;g[ tH’;fg;gLtij muR cWjp
bra;a ntz;Lk;/

ts’;fisg; gfph;e;jspg;gJ bjhlh;ghd nkw;fz;l Tw;Wfspy; rupahdit vJ - vit >

A] (i) kl;Lk;

B] (ii) kl;Lk;

C] (i) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;

D] (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;

156. Which of the following movement urged its members to give up

their caste surnames?

A] Pure Tamil movement

B] Self Respect movement
C] Quit India movement
D] Bakthi movement

fPH;f;fhQqk; ve;j ,af;fk; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fis j’;fsJ $hjpapd; bgaiu

j’;fs; bgaUld; ,izj;J miHf;Fk; tHf;fj;ijf; iftpl typa[Wj;jpaJ>

A] jdpj; jkpH; ,af;fk;

B] Rakupahij ,af;fk;

C] bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk;

D] gf;jp ,af;fk;/

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157. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act-2005
safeguards women from :

(A) Physical abuse. (B) Sexual abuse.

(C) Economic abuse. (D) All the above.

bgz;fSf;bfjpuhd FLk;g td;Kiwj; jLg;g[r; rl;lk; 2005 ve;j tpjkhd td;KiwfspypUe;J

bgz;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ tH’;FfpwJ?

(A) cly; hPjpahd td;Kiw (B) ghypay; hPjpahd td;Kiw

(C) bghUshjhu hPjpahd td;Kiw (D) ,e;j K:d;W tifahd

td;KiwfspypUe;Jk;

158. Match the Marriage Assistance Schemes of the Government of Tamil

Nadu with the respective names given to each scheme :

Scheme Name

a) Marriage Assistance for poor girls 1. Annai Terasa

b) Widow re-marriage assistance 2. Muthulakshmi Ammaiyar
Marriage assistance for orphan
c) 3. Dharmambal Ammaiyar
girls
Moovalur Ramamirtham
d) Inter-caste marriage assistance 4.
Ammaiyar

a b c d
(A) 4 3 1 2
(B) 2 1 3 4
(C) 1 2 4 3
(D) 3 4 2 1

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fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jkpHf murpd; jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;l’;fis
mtw;wpw;F N:l;lg;gl;Ls;s bgah;fnshL bghUj;jt[k; :

jpl;lk; bgah;

ViHg; bgz;fs; jpUkz cjtpj;

a) 1. md;id bjurh
jpl;lk;
b) tpjit kWkzj; jpl;lk; 2. Kj;Jyl;Rkp mk;ikahu;

c) Mjutw;wg; bgz;fSf;fhd jpUkz

3. jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh;
cjtpj; jpl;lk;

K:tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk;
d) $hjp kWg;g[j; jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk; 4.
mk;ikahu;

a b c d
(A) 4 3 1 2
(B) 2 1 3 4
(C) 1 2 4 3
(D) 3 4 2 1

159. The aim of the “Cradle Baby Scheme” of the government of Tamil
Nadu is :

[A] To promote mother-feeding.

[B] To ensure delivery of babies at Hospitals.

[C] To provide immunization to infants.

[D] To eradicate female infanticide.

jkpHf murpd; bjhl;oy; FHe;ijj; jpl;lj;jpd; nehf;fk; ;

[A] jha;g;ghy; Cl;Ltij Cf;Ftpj;jy;

[B] kUj;Jtkidfspy; FHe;ijg;ngW epfH;tij cWjpbra;jy;

[C] rpRf;fSf;fhd neha;j;jLg;g[ Kiwfis tH’;Fjy;

[D] bgz; rpRf; bfhiyfis xHpj;jy;

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160. Which one of the following is not the journal that carried on the
effective propaganda of self-respect ideals?
[A] Kudiarasu
[B] Revolt
[C] Swathesa Mithran
[D] Viduthalai

fPH;f;fhQqk; ehnsLfspy; Rakhpahijf; fUj;Jf;fis rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; gug;g[iu

bra;ahj ehnsL vJ >

[A] FoauR

[B] g[ul;rp

[C] Rnjrkpj;jpud;

[D] tpLjiy

161. (i) The concept of welfare state had its origin in Western Europe
after the second World War.
(ii) The main idea of welfare state is that the government should not
play any vital role in human development.

Which of the above statements is / are true ?

[A] (i) only. [B] (ii) only.

[C] Both (i) and (ii). [D] None of the above.

(i) kf;fs; ey muR vDk; fUj;jhf;fk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; nghUf;Fg; gpd;dh; nkw;F

Inuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;ljhFk;/

(ii) kf;fs; ey murpd; Kjd;ikr; rpe;jid vd;gJ murh’;fk; kdpj tsh;r;rpapy; ve;j xU

Kf;fpag; g’;fpida[k; Mw;wf; TlhJ vd;gjhFk;/

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nkw;fz;l Tw;Wfspy; rupahdJ vJ / vit ?

[A] (i) kl;Lk; [B] (ii) kl;Lk;

[C] (i) kw;Wk; (ii) [D] nkw;fz;l vJt[k; ,y;iy

162. Assertion (A): In the contemporary society, some people are tempted
towards “Hero worship”. This is not a healthy trend.

Reason (R): Rapid Urbanization creates a sense of being rootless. This

inturn creates a longingness “to belong somewhere / to
somebody”. Therefore, some people are attracted towards
the Heroes. It induces a blind following and thereby
inhibits a critical thinking of one‟s own socio-economic
problems.

[A] (A) is true, (R) is false.

[B] Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).
[C] (A) is false, (R) is true.

[D] Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of
(A).

Tw;W (A): ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; rpyh; “ehaf tHpghl;il” nehf;fp

<h;f;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;/ ,J xU Mnuhf;fpakhd nghf;F my;y/

fhuzk; (R): mjpntf efukakhf;fy; rpyUf;F mth;fs; j’;fsJ nth;fis

,He;Jtpl;lJ nghd;w xU czh;tpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/ ,J
,j;jifa egh;fsplk; jh’;fs; “VnjDk; xU ,lj;ijnah –
egiunah” rhh;e;jpUf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Vf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/
vdntjhd;. ,th;fs; g[fH;bgw;w kdpjh;fis nehf;fp
<h;f;fg;gLfpd;wdh;/ ,J me;j ehafh;fis fz;Ko
: j;jdkhfg;
gpd;gw;Wtij Cf;Ftpg;gjdhy;. mth;fs; j’;fSila rK:f.
bghUshjhug; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;j jpwdha;t[g; g{h;tkhf rpe;jpf;Fk;
jpwid tYtpHf;fr; bra;fpwJ/

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(A) (A) rhp Mdhy; (R) jtW

[B] (A) kw;Wk; (R) ,uz;Lk; rhp. nkYk; (R) vd;gJ (A)-tpw;F
rhpahd tpsf;fk;/
[C] (A) jtW Mdhy; (R) rhp

[D] (A) kw;Wk; (R) rhp. Mdhy; (R) vd;gJ (A) -tpw;F rhpahd
tpsf;fky;y/

163. Which of the following pair is correctly matched ?

Scheme Chief Minister

[A] Noon Meal Scheme i) J. Jayalalitha
[B] Cradle Baby Scheme ii) K. Kamaraj
[C] Samathuvapuram iii) C.N. Annadurai
[D] Nutritious Meal Scheme iv) M. G. Ramachandran

fPH;f;fz;ltw;Ws; rhpahfg; bghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,iz vJ ?

jpl;lk; Kjyikr;rh;

[A] kjpa czt[j; jpl;lk; i) b$/ b$ayypjh

[B] bjhl;oy; FHe;ijj; jpl;lk; ii) F/ fhkuh$;

[C] rkj;Jtg[uk; iii) fh/e/ mz;zhJiu

[D] rj;Jzt[j; jpl;lk; iv) k/nfh/ ,uhkr;re;jpud;

164. In the 1962 elections, the Dravida Munnetra Kalagam (DMK) was
supported by Swatantra Party. Who was the head of the latter party
at that time ?

[A] E.V.K. Sampath [B] C. Rajagopalachari

[C] K. Kamaraj [D] Omanthoor Ramasamy

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1962?Mk; Mz;Lj; njh;jypd;nghJ. jpuhtpl Kd;ndw;wf; fHfj;ij Rje;jpuhf; fl;rp
Mjhpj;jJ/ mg;bghGJ Rje;jpuhf; fl;rpapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu; >

[A] </ bt/ fp/ rk;gj; [B] r/ ,uh$nfhghyhr;rhhp

[C] F/ fhkuh$; [D] Xke;J}h; ,uhkrhkp

165. Which Chief Minister introduced the Mid-day Meal scheme in

independent India ?

[A] N.T. Rama Rao [B] V.S. Achuthananthan

[C] M.G. Ramachandran [D] K. Kamaraj

Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; kjpa czt[j; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Kjyikr;rh; ahh; ?

[A] vd;/ o/ ,uhkhuht; [B] tp/ v!;/ mr;Rjhde;jd;

[C] k/nfh/ ,uhkr;re;jpud; [D] F/ fhkuh$;

166. Assertion (A) : Agriculture continues to be the largest employer in

Tamil Nadu.
Reason (R) : Non-Agriculture sectors are yet to generate enough
employment to effect a shift of labour force.

[A] (A ) is true. But (R) is false.

[B] Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).
[C] (A) is false. But (R) is true.

[D] Both (A) and (R) are true. But (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).

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Tw;W (A): jkpHfj;jpy; tptrhank mjpf egu;fSf;F ntiytha;g;gpid tH’;fpf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ/
fhuzk; (R): ciHg;ghsh;fs; j’;fsJ bjhHpy;fis khw;wpf; bfhs;tjw;Fj; njitahd
mstpw;F ntiytha;g;g[fis tptrhaky;yhj Jiwfs; cUthf;ftpy;iy/ /

[A] (A) rhp Mdhy; (R) jtW

[B] (A) kw;Wk; (R) ,uz;Lk; rhp. nkYk; (R) vd;gJ (A)-tpw;F rhpahd tpsf;fkhFk;/

[C] (A) jtW Mdhy; (R) rhp

[D] (A) kw;Wk; (R) ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; (R) vd;gJ (A) -tpw;F rhpahd tpsf;fky;y/

167. Which of the following pair is correctly matched ?

City / Town Industry

[A] Ranipet i) Leather
[B] Namakkal ii) Fireworks
[C] Erode iii) Poultry Farms
[D] Sivakasi iv) Power looms

fPH;f;fz;ltw;Ws; ve;j ,iz rupahfg; bghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ >

khefuk; / efuk; bjhHpw;;rhiy

[A] ,uhzpg;ngl;il i) njhy;

[B] ehkf;fy; ii) gl;lhR
[C] <nuhL iii) nfhHpg; gz;izfs;
[D] rptfhrp iv) kpd;jwp

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168. (i) Tamil Nadu is grouped among the high enrolment ratio states in
respect of school education.
(ii) This has been possible mainly due to the supply of free
food, free uniforms, free footwear, scholarship, etc.

Which of the above statements is / are true ?

[A) (i) only.

[B) (ii) only.

[C) Both (i) and (ii)

[D) None of the above.

(i) gs;spf; fy;tpiag; bghWj;jtiu jkpH;ehL mjpfkhd nru;f;if tpfpjj;ijf;

bfhz;l khepy’;fspy; xd;whf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

(ii) ,J rhj;jpakhdjw;F Kjd;ikahd fhuz’;fshf ,Ug;gJ ,ytr czt[. ,ytrr;

rPUilfs;. ,ytrf; fhyzpfs;. fy;tp cjtpj;bjhif nghd;wit tH’;fg;gLtnj
MFk;/

nkw;fhzg;gLk; Tw;Wfspy; rhpahdit vJ - vit >

[A] (i) kl;Lk; [B] (ii) kl;Lk;

[C] (i) kw;Wk; (ii) ,uz;Lk; [D] nkw;fz;l vJt[k; ,y;iy

169. As per the census 2011, which district of Tamil Nadu possesses the
highest literacy rate ?

[A] Chennai [B] Coimbatore

[C] Kanyakumari [D] Namakkal

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2011 ?Mk; Mz;od; kf;fs; bjhiff; fzf;bfLg;gpd; go. jkpH;ehl;od; ve;j khtl;lk; kpf
mjpfkhd fy;tp tpfpjj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;sJ ?

[A] brd;id [B] nfhak;g[j;J}h;

[C] fd;dpahFkhp [D] ehkf;fy;

170. “Tamil Nadu developed a commitment to universal and well

functioning public services thanks to the power of
democratic action, public reasoning and social action”.

Who said this ?

[A] Amartya Sen and Jean Dreze.

[B] Dutt and Sundaram.

[C] Raghuram Rajan and Abhijit Banerjee.

[D] Milton Friedman.

*$dehaf bray;ghLfs; gFj;jwpa[k; jpwd;. rK:f bray;ghLfs; Mfpatw;wpd;

tpisthf midtUf;FkhdJk;. rpwg;g[ld; bray;gLtJkhd bghJr;nritfis
tH’;Ftjpy; jkpH;ehL jdJ mu;g;gzpg;ig tsh;j;Js;sJ/*

,t;thW TwpaJ ahu;>

[A] mku;j;jpah brd; kw;Wk; $Pd; onu!p/

[B] jj; kw;Wk; Re;juk;

[C] uFuhk; uh$d; kw;Wk; mgp$pj; ghdu;$p/

[D] kpy;ld; gpupl;bkd;/

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171. The most important reason/s for the relative success of Tamil Nadu
in extending social policies lie/s in :

(i) Near universal coverage of schemes.

(ii) Populist welfarism.
(iii) People‟s active involvement in democratic politics.
(iv) Targeted distribution systems.

[A] (i) and (ii) only

[B] (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
[C] (i), (ii) and (iii) only
[D] (iv) only

rK:ff; bfhs;iffis tpupt[gLj;Jtjpy; xg;gPl;lstpy; jkpH;ehl;od; btw;wpf;F

kpf Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf - fhuz’;fshf tps’;FtJ ;

(i) fpl;lj;jl;l midtiua[k; cs;slf;fpaj; jpl;l’;fs;

(ii) kf;fs;rhu; eyf; bfhs;if
(iii) $dehaf murpaypy; kf;fspd; jPtpu <LghL/
(iv) ,yf;F uPjpapyhd tpepnahf Kiwfs;

[A] (i) kw;Wk; (ii) kl;Lk;

[B] (ii), (iii) kw;Wk; (iv) kl;Lk;

[C] (i), (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;

[D] (iv) kl;Lk;

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172. Which is / are the reason/s for the success of
“The Tamil Nadu Model” of Public Health ?

(i) Tamil Nadu was the first state to enact a Public Health Act in
1939.

(ii) Creation of distinctive Public Health System at district level.

(iii) Good political commitment and leadership in Health sector.

(iv) Heavily centralized Health systems.

[A] (i) and (ii) only

[B] (ii) and (iii) only

[C] (iv) only

[D] (i), (ii) and (iii) only

bghJ Rfhjhuj;jpy; “jkpH;ehL khjpup”apd; btw;wpf;Ff; fhuzk; - fhuz’;fs; ahJ

– ahit >

(i) 1939 ?Mk; Mz;oy; bghJ Rfhjhur; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpa Kjy; khepyk;
jkpH;ehL/
(ii) khtl;l mstpy; jdpj;Jtkhd bghJ Rfhjhu Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpaJ/
(iii) Rfhjhuj; Jiwapy; murpay; uPjpahd mu;g;gzpg;g[ kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtk;/
(iv) bgupJk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Rfhjhu mikg;g[fs;/

[A] (i) kw;Wk; (ii) kl;Lk;

[B] (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;

[C] (iv) kl;Lk;

[D] (i), (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;

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174. Which of the following fact/s is /are correct ?

(i) Tamil Nadu has 30.50 % of its total population as urban

population.

(ii) IMR in Tamil Nadu is 17 per 1000 whereas the all India average
is 34 per 1000 as on 2016.

(iii) Tamil Nadu has come first in the Health Index Report as per
Progressive India Report (2018) – Niti Aayog.

(iv) Tamil Nadu accounts for 10% of leather exports and 50% of
leather production in the country.

[A] (i) only

[B] (i) and (ii) only
[C] (ii) only
[D] (iii) and (iv) only

gpd;tUk; Tw;Wfspy; rupahdJ-it vJ-vit >

(i) jkpH; ehl;od; bkhj;j kf;fs; bjhifapy; 30/50% kf;fs; efu;g;g[w’;fspy;

trpf;fpd;wdu;/
(ii) 2016?,y; mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; FHe;ijfspd; ,wg;g[ tpfpj ruhrup 1000?f;F
34 vd ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy;. jkpH;ehl;oy; FHe;ijfspd; ,wg;g[ tpfpjk;
1000?f;F 17 Mf ,Ue;jJ/
(iii) epjp Mnahf;fpd; Kw;nghf;fhd ,e;jpa mwpf;if 2018 ,d; Rfhjhu FwpaPl;L
mwpf;ifapy; jkpH;ehL Kjy; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ/
(iv) ehl;od; njhy; Vw;Wkjpapy; 10% njhy; cw;gj;jpapy; 50% jkpH;ehl;od;
g’;fspg;ghf cs;sJ/

[A] (i) kl;Lk;

[B] (i) kw;Wk; (ii) kl;Lk;

[C] (ii) kl;Lk;

[D] (iii) kw;Wk; (iv) kl;Lk;

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