a ees A Complete Solution Guide to Any Textbook @ For Homework, Test Preparation, Exams @ For use with introductory and advanced texts late Merl igi SM acel (ele A a a OY LolMe cel TUM E LTh a ol) assigned by your instructor or given on a test @ Each problem worked out in step-by-step detail, enabling you to understand the subject fully Se ol Lem Ce La Se oe Research & Education AssociationCHAPTER 1 FLUID PROPERTIES Basic Attacks and Strategies for Solving Problems in this Chapter. See pages 1 to 25 for step-by-step solutions to problems. A fluid is defined as a substance which cannot resist a shear stress by static deformation. Both liquids and gases are fluids and are distinguished from solids by the above definition. There are many properties of fluids to which numerical values can be given. Density, p, is defined as the mass of a small fluid element divided by its volume. Often, specific weight, Y= 8, is more useful since density and gravitational acceleration usually occur together. Both density and specific weight are dimensional quantities. Specific gravity, on the other hand, is dimensionless and is defined as the ratio of a fluid’s density to the density of some reference fluid. For liquids, water is the reference fluid, while for gases air is used (at a standard temperature and pressure). Buoyancy results when an object is placed in a fluid of higher density. Archimedes’ two laws of buoyancy are: a) _ the vertical buoyancy force on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, and b) a floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in which it is floating. In addition, for a floating body in static equilibrium, there can be no net moments; this concept can be utilized to examine the stability of floating objects. Viscosity, another important property of fluids, is the ratio of the local shearing stress to the rate of shearing strain of a fluid element in a moving fluid. For simple shear flows where velocity component u in the x-direction is a function of only the normal coordinate y, the shear stress, t, is equal to p du/dy, where wis called the coefficient of viscosity. This linear relation applies only to 1-ANewtonian fluids; fortunately, most common fluids, such as air, water, oil, etc., are Newtonian. The shear stress on a solid surface is equal but opposite to that applied to a fluid wetting the surface. Thus, frictional forces on surfaces can be found if the velocity gradient du/dy and the coefficient of viscosity 1 are known. Kinematic viscosity, v, is defined as vew. Vapor pressure, p,, is defined as the pressure at which a liquid will boil at a given temperature; p, depends greatly on temperature, and its value can be obtained from charts. In flows of liquids, local fluid pressures typically decrease as velocity increases. If the local pressure falls below p,, local boiling or cavitation may oc- cur. When a liquid forms an interface with a second liquid or a gas, a tensional force exists at the interface, much like the tension in the skin of a balloon. This so-called surface tension is responsible for such things as the formation of soap bubbles and capillary action. The coefficient of surface tension, y, is a measure of the tensional force per unit length of the surface. The dimensions of y are thus force divided by length. In analyzing fluid flows, the local acceleration, a, of a small fluid element is given by av av ase 4(V-¥)V. dt at FOND The first term on the right is the local or unsteady acceleration, while the last term (the convective acceleration) represents acceleration which arises when the particle moves through regions of varying velocity. Note that a can be non-zero even in a steady flowfield.Step-by-Step Solutions to Problems in this Chapter, “Fluid Properties” DENSITY AND SPECIFIC WEIGHT @ PROBLEM 1-1 Calculate the density of gasoline, where S = 150 Solution: From Figures 1 and 2 y= 4x 107° ape - sec/ft? v= 3.2.x 10° £t?/sec respectively. Since v is defined as simply the ratio of the absolute viscosity to density, i.e., ved p the density is found to be -6 p = B= 4* 10 sings /tt! = 1.25 slugs/tt 3.2 * 10888838 888228 see rns (Ps w>}OOI7/6 = ss1edpusD “Aysoosia tert 20 3040 6080100 200300 600 1000 Tee Po exetient 1 Fig.a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookfrom which 2 = 1.33 . VISCOSITY © PROBLEM 1-5 A block weighing 100 1b and having an area of 2 ft* slides down an inclined plane as shown in Fig. 1, with a constant velocity. An oil gap between the block and the plane is 0.01 in. thick, the inclination of the plane is 30° to the horizontal, and the velocity of the block is 6 fps. Find the viscosity of the lubricating film. Fig. 1 Solution: Consider a fluid flowing over a smooth surface so that any fluid particle has motion parallel to the surface only (see Fig. 2). Such a flow is called laminar because the fluid moves in layers or "laminae." Next to the surface, molecules of the fluid become em- bedded in the solid wall, and this layer of fluid is obvious- ly at rest relative to the wall. Further from the wall the fluid has velocity v, which increases with distance from the wall y, giving a velocity distribution as shown in Fig. 2. y a ved LAMINAR FLOW PROFILE CLOSE + TO A BOUNDARY. Fig. 2 WALLa You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this book© PROBLEM 1-6 A shaft 15.00 cm in diameter rotates at 1800 r/min inside a bearing 15.05 cm in diameter and 30.0 cm long. The uniform space between them is filled with an oil of viscosity u = 0.018 kg/m s. What power is required to overcome vis- cous resistance in the bearing? Refer to Figure 1. Vewrs eS. ROTATING SHAFT Fig. 1 Solution: The radial clearance is much less than the shaft diameter, and thus the velocity gradient may be considered constant at V/dr. Thus, power = total shear force times peripheral shaft speed = tlAghearea) (VI where Vv = ur = 600r = 4.57 m/s P = u(V/dr) (nL) (V) (0.018) (4.5m/0.00025) (7) (0.150) (0.300) (4.57) 2034 W = 2.034 kW© PROBLEM 1-7 The space between two very long parallel plates separated by a distance h is filled with fluid of constant viscosity u. The upper plate moves steadily at a velocity Vo relative to the lower one and the pressure is everywhere constant. Find the velocity distribution between the plates and the shear stress distribution in the fluid. This problem is to be solved by selecting an element of the fluid of some arbitrary length dx and height y above the stationary plate and consid- ering the forces on this free body. Solution: The shear stress exerted by the fluid above the element is t while the restraining shear stress exerted by the wall on the element is 1, in the opposite direction. The element is not accelerating nor is there any net force due to pressure since it is presumed to be constant. Thus from statics T = 1, = constant But t =u GU = const. Hence x u =i] ¥ + const. The no-slip condition requires that u = 0 at y = 0, and u= Vs at y =h. Hence the integration constant is zero and = Wo Teh The velocity consequently is given by =v. u=ved. This kind of flow between two plates is often called Couette flow. 9@ PROBLEM 1-8 SAE 30 oil at 20°C undergoes steady shear between a fixed lower plate and an upper plate moving at speed V. The clearance between plates is h. (a) Show that the linear velocity profile in figure (1) will result if the fluid does not slip at either plate; (b) compute the shear in the oil in pascals if V = 3 m/s and h = 2 cm. y MOVING vx 3Y = (2x? - y) [4xi + (3y + 2x09) x vy 2% = (3xy + x?) (-2 + 3x} + t?k) by v2 2 = (zyt) ((yt?)k] av £ Fe 7 (2ztyk Substituting back into equation (1), BY (2x? = yy [4xi + (3y + 2x)5) + (xy + x2) [-d + 3x5 + th] + (ayt*) ((yt*)R1 + (2ztyk BE = (8x? - xy - x2)i + (7x? - 2xy + 15xty - 3y7)5 + (zy2t* + x2t? + 3xyt? + 22e)k 25CHAPTER 2 FLUID STATICS Basic Attacks and Strategies for Solving Problems in this Chapter. See pages 26 to 119 for step-by-step solutions to problems. The fundamental equation that describes the pressure field in a fluid at rest is Vp = pg, a) where g is the acceleration vector due to gravity. If we adopt a coordinate system where z is “up” vertically, g acts downward (opposite to the direction of increas- ing z); Equation (1) reduces to Ed a” 8 2 when applied to gases with large height differences, such as the atmosphere density in a variable. For liquid applications p can be assumed to be constant with negligible error. For constant p and g, P2- Pi =~ Pa@2—21)s QB) where 1 and 2 represent any two positions in the same fluid. At a liquid surface, the pressure must equal the pressure of the air (or other fluid) immediately above the surface. For liquids exposed to atmospheric pressure, Pym, the local pressure at some depth A (measured from the surface) is thus simply P= Bh + Daum (4) where p is the density of the liquid. Often, it is more convenient to use gage (sometimes spelled “gauge”) pressure, defined as the absolute pressure minus Pum: In the liquid discussed above, the gage pressure would equal pgh. Equation (3), the basic hydrostatic equation, can be applied to columns of multiple fluids as well; since density changes abruptly at a fluid/fluid interface, Equation (3) must be applied in a piecewise fashion. In addition, Equation (3) can be integrated to find the total force and the center of pressure on solid surfaces immersed in the liquid(s).For a plane surface of arbitrary shape inclined at an angle 8 to the horizontal, let x and y be coordinates tangent to the plate, with their origin fixed at the center of gravity. Then the integration of Equation (3) yields the location of the center of pressure: L Xcp = —pgsind—, PocA Yop = —pgsin® sa, PcoA 6) where A is the surface area of the plate, cg is the pressure at the location of the plate’s center of gravity, yx is the area moment of inertia about the x axis, and Ty is the product of inertia of the plate, computed in the plane of the plate. These concepts can be extended to curved as well as plane surfaces. When a container of fluid undergoes constant uniform linear acceleration a (in any direction), Equation (1) may still be applied, by substituting g — a for the vector g, i.e., Vp = p(8-a). ©) In other words, all the hydrostatic equations above remain valid, but with a different constant of gravity (g — a instead of g). The surface of an accelerating container will align itself perpendicularly to the vector g — a. The pressure in- creases linearly with a coordinate along the direction of g — a, rather than simply along the direction of g in hydrostatics. When a container of liquid rotates at a constant angular velocity about the vertical axis, Equation (6) is still valid, with a= centripetal acceleration = — rw’i,, where ris the radial distance from the axis of rotation, w is the magnitude of the angular velocity, and i, is the unit coordinate in the radial direction. Integration yields p= constant — pgz + '/,pr°a?. (7) It tums out that the surface of a spinning container of liquid is shaped like a paraboloid since P= constant = Pumat the surface, and hence 2,2 Zyurface = Constant + (8) Isobars, i.e., lines of constant pressure, are everywhere parallel to this surface, with p increasing into the liquid. 26-CStep-by-Step Solutions to Problems in this Chapter, “Fluid Statics” HYDROSTATIC FORCES AND PRESSURE VARIATION @ PROBLEM 2-1 We can get a reasonable idea of the variation of pressure with altitude in the earth's atmosphere if we assume that the density p is proportional to the pressure. This would be very nearly true if the temperature of the air remained the same at all altitudes. Using this assumption, and also assuming that the variation of g with altitude is negligible, find the pressure p at an altitude y above sea level. 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 BH 10 12 4 16 1B 2 2 2% 2 3 Decth. hrm Sex ‘Nuiuse, kom tee Variation of pressure with altitude in air and with depth in water, assuming p = 1 atm (exactly) at sea level. Note that the pressure scales are different for altitude and depth. The solid line for air is calculated on the assum- ption that the air has a constant temperature and that g does not change with altitude. The dashed line (the U.S. Standard Atmosphere-1962) is a more refined calculation in which these assumptions are not made. 26Solution: We have from hydrostatics Ba- og. Since p is proportional to p, we have 2-2, Py where po and pp are the known values of density and pressure at sea level. Then, SB ow « = goo B so that = =~ Go Po dz Integrating this from the value py at the point Z = 0 (sea level) to the value p at the point % (above sea level), we obtain B.- 0 be Pe 7" or ps poe 9 (Po/podZ . However, g = 9.80 m/s*, pp = 1.20 kg/m® (at 20°C), Po = 1.01 x 105 N/m? = 1.01 x 105 Pa, so that gph = tae x 1074 a? = 0.116 eo? Hence, P= pee” where a = 0.126 km7! , 27Because liquids are almost incompressible the lower layers are not noticeably compressed by the weight of the upper layers superimposed on them and the density p is prac- tically constant at all levels. For gases at uniform tem- perature the density p of any layer is proportional to the pressure p at that layer. The variation of pressure with distance above the bottom of the fluid for a gas is differ- ent from that for a liquid. The figure shows the pressure distribution in water and in air. Compare the rate of change of pressure with elevation for air at sea level, p = 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa), at a tempera- ture of 60°F (15.5°C) for fresh water. Assuming constant specific weights for air and water, determine also the total pressure change which occurs with a 10-ft decrease in eleva- tion. Solution: Determine specific weights of water and air: =~ PB . 17 144 | s Pair = Be = THE Sze = 0-00237 slugs /ft = = , Yair 0.00237 x 32.2 0.0764 lbf/ft and : Ywater = 62-4 Ib£/£t then or ($2) __ = -0.0764 ape/ee? (-12.0 w/m*) (2) = -62.4 lbf/ft*(-9.81 kN/m*) water Assuming constant specific weight (Pa - Pi) = -¥(B2 - 21) 22> dr Total pressure change for air = (-0.0764) (-10) = 0.764 psf (36.6 Pa) ~ answer 28Total pressure change for water = (-62.4) (-10) 624 psf (29.8 kPa)< answer 1OBLEM 2-3 Water flows through this section of cylindrical pipe. If the static pressure at point C is 35 kPa, what are the static pressures at A and B, and where is the hydraulic grade line at this flow cross section? 307 Solution: Using Pa = Pg ~ ¥(-6)cos (30°) P, = 35.0 * 10° - (9.8 = 10°) (0.866)0.6 = 29.9 kPa PR = Pq + ¥(.6)cos (30°) Py = 35-0 * 10 + (9.8 * 10°) (0.866)0.6 = 40.1 kPa The hydraulic grade line is (35.0 x 10°)/9.8 x 10° = 3.57m (vertically) above c. 29© PROBLEM 2-4 A cylinder contains a fluid at a gauge pressure of 350 KN m*, Express this pressure in terms of a head of (a) water (py,9= 1000 kg m-°),(b) mercury (relative density 13-6). What would be the absolute pressure in the cylinder if the atmospheric pressure is 101+3 kN m7? LIQUID DENSITY p Solution: In a fluid of constant density, dp/dz = - pg can be integrated immediately to give Pp = - pgz + constant. In a liquid, the pressure p at any depth 2, measured down- wards from the free surface so that z = -h (see figure), will be P = egh + constant and, since, the pressure at the free surface will normally be atmospheric pressure Pain + P= 0gh + atm « @ It is often convenient to take atmospheric pressure as a datum. Pressures measured above atmospheric pressure are known as gauge pressures. Since atmospheric pressure varies with atmospheric con- ditions, a perfect vacuum is taken as the absolute standard of pressure. Pressures measured above perfect vacuum are called absolute pressures Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure. Taking papq a8 zero, equation (1) becomes P = pgh, (2) which indicates that, if g is assumed constant, the gauge pressure at a point X (figure) can be defined by stating the vertical height h, called the head, of a column of a given fluid of mass density p which would be necessary to produce this pressure. 30From equation (2), head, h = p/pg. (a) Putting p = 350 x 10° Nm’, p =o, , = 1000 kgm, 2 350 x_10° Equivalent head of water = 733°" 55> = 35-68 m. 3 (b) For mercury Py = 13-6 x 1000 kgm”, = 9? #0 350 x 10° Equivalent head of water = Trex 10? x > el = 2-62 m Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure = 350 + 101°3 = 451°3 kNm? , Oil with a specific gravity of 0.80 is 3 ft (0.91 m) deep in an open tank which is otherwise filled with water. If the tank is 10 ft (3.05 m) deep, what is the pressure at the bottom of the tank? WATER =| 7Ft(2.13m) ® Solution: First determine the pressure at the oil-water interface staying within the oil and then calculate the pressure at the bottom. Bea, = Bt tar where Pi = pressure at free surface of oil z, = elevation of free surface of oil P2 = pressure at interface between oil and water zz = elevation at interface between oil and water 31For this example, pi = 0, y= 0.80 x 62.4 lbf/ft®, 2, = 10 ft, and z; = 7 ft. Therefore, Pz = 3 x 0.80 x 62.4 = 150 psfg Now obtain p; from BRee. = @ +25 where p2 has already been calculated and y = 62.4 lbf/ft’. Ps = 62.4 (e% +7) = 587 psig = 4.07 psig <= answer SI units = 28.1 kPa © answer P3g @ PROBLEM 2-6 Evaluate the pressure difference through the column of multiple f1 n the figure ee, Known pressure p) _ Pressure difference zea = for each fluid is: 2 ——Oil Po _________ py ~ pa -poglze - 21) ‘ 3 waters Py Ps — Pz = -Pyg(zs - 22) ‘L zy ——Slycerin, Pg ___p, = ps = ~ paglze - 23) 25 —Nereurys PM Ps ~ Py = - pug(zs ~ 24) Sum = Ps - Pi Solution: By the basic hydrostatic equation Ps ~ Pi = -poglzz - 21) - pyglzs - 22) - PgGlze - Zs) - Oyglzs - Za) c' mt 32a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this book(b) Equations (2) can be used to locate the CP of each force F,, noting that @ = 90° and sin 0 = 1 for all parts. The miments of inertia are = a = . Tax, (7 £t) (8 £t)°/12 = 298.7 £t*, I = (7) (6) 9/12 = 126.0 £t*, I. = (7) (4) 4/12 = 37.3 £t*. The centers of pressure are thus at ei gt. 3 . =. 22574, | _ (55.0 Ube/et*) (298.7 ft") Yor, Fi 12,300 bf 183) tt = 6224(126.0) _ _ Yor: 26,300 G130 8 =~ 84613723). _ Yors 70,200 Ou4s itt This locates Zop, * 74-1.33 = -5.33 ft, Zep, = -11-0.30 = 11.30 ft, and Zop, = -16-0.45 = -16.45 ft. Summing moments about the surface then gives a "cp, ~ F¥cp or 12,300 (-5.33) + 26,300(-11.30) + 70,200(-16.45) = 108,800z,, or 1,518,000 Zop = - 08,600 ~~ 13.95 ft Ans. (b) The center of pressure of the total resultant force on the right side of the tank lies 13.95 ft below the surface. 35a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookWith the mass of the element equal to (y/g,) dx dz, the component forms of Newton's second law may be written (42) ax az oda ax ae ( H-y) cae = 2 a, ax ae which reduce to apt -3- 3, (x a) - aX 273, (2 * Sy) co) These equations characterize the pressure variation through an accelerated mass of fluid, and with them specific appli- cations can be studied. One other generalization may be derived from the foregoing equations: this is a property of a line of constant pressure. Using the chain rule for the total differential for dp in terms of its partial derivatives, = 22 3p ap = 32 ax + 32 az and substituting the above expressions for 3p/8x and ap/dz give 4p = - a fa) ax - a (a, +9.) az (5) However, along a line of constant pressure dp = 0 and hence, for such a line, dz ( = -(—* (6) dx Gq, * =) Thus the slope (dz/dx) of a line of constant pressure is defined; its position must be determined from external (boundary) conditions in specific problems. Here a container of liquid is accelerated vertically upward, ap/ax = 0, and with no change of pressure with x, equation (4) becomes + a, ap. _(, in * * az ( ” 39a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookand the necessary and sufficient conditions for this arrange- ment are O Flog + 204) (7); and (6) and (7) are together necessary and sufficient for this arrangement. © PROBLEM 2-11 A gate 5 £t wide is hinged at point B and rests against a smooth wall at point A. Compute (a) the force on the gate due to seawater pressure; (b) the horizontal force P exerted by the wall at point A; and (c) the reactions at the hinge B. (Pig. 1) wall Seawater: oa tefl? Fig. 1a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookSumming up forces in the vertical direction and set~ ting equal to zero, =(p- 22% st Spaz : IF, (e apt) bx sy (p + 3222) bx sy y 6x by 62 = 0 The results in ap/dz = -y, which, since p is independent of x and y, can be written as ey This is the general expression that relates variation of pressure in a static fluid to vertical position. The minus sign indicates that as z gets larger (increasing elevation), the pressure gets smaller. (a) From the Table, the conditions of the stan- dard atmosphere at sea level are T = 59°F, p = 14.7 psia, y = 0.076 1b/ét?. For constant density: P 2 @--y ae =~ ax | ap =-y i az PL 1 P- Py =~ ylz- 2) p = 14.7 x 144 - 0,076(20,000) = 600 lb/ft”, abs = 4.15 psia 47a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this book= 2.54 x 10° (kg . m/s? = 2.54 x 10° N = 2.54 MN Ans. (a) (b) The CP is given by: Ty, sin 8 To 20x (288 m4) (sin 30°) Yop =~ = - = - 0.444 m cP Roch (9 m) (36 m?) I,, sin 6 4 ‘ top > = = C72 win 309) = ota Bogh (9 m) (36 m*) Ans. (b) The resultant force F = 2.54 MN acts through this point, which is down and to the right of the centroid. @ PROBLEM 2-15 A flat plate AB (Fig. 1) acts as a gate in a liquid, water. Atmospheric pressure acts upon the upper side of the gate and upon the water surface. Compute the normal force at B necessary to hold the gate closed. Fig. 1 a fyeis 2 Solution: Draw a free body diagram of the gate (see Fig. 2). The distributed pressure loading resolves into a resultant force F. Taking moments about the hinge A in the free body diagram (Fig. 2) allows you to solve for F,. 51a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookof action of the hydrostatic force measured on the surface on which it acts. Table Location of Centroid, Area, and Moment of Inertia of Common St Rectangle: |b, A=boh Led hr n Ip = b . fy (from the Table) 3 = AG = 21.33 #t4 A=b.h=4x4= 16 £t? Hence 21.33 ‘ © = 7-14) (ae) = 0.0943 ft = 1.13 in. This is the distance from the centroid of the gate measured in the same plane. Hence point B is located at distance 1l' = (2 x 12) + 1.13 = 25.13 in. Measured from the top edge of the gate. © PROBLEM 2-17 A 1m diameter flood gate placed vertically is 4 m below the water level at its highest point. The gate is hinged at the top. Compute the required horizontal force to be applied at the bottom of the gate in order to open it. Assume that the pressure on the other side of the gate is atmospheric pressure and neglect the weight of the gate. y of water = 1000 kg/m? Area of the gate = (1)? A = 0.7855 m? The depth of the centroid of the gate is 1 = 4.5 m. Next determine the location of F, acting on the gate. 55a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookFig. 3 then L i i-e frvaa =x yoway = 5e" | y(Dtysin25° )dy R Ry Rg . a f yiede sin 2 . = - eae sin a . ‘gytggategee [inna agp" sin 2s => = 0.7739m and Kn a fovea = ge |B van = of fran = abe Mh = 3 or %=¥= im Therefore, the resultant force Fy, has a magnitude of |F,| = 97,520.62N, direction towards the x-axis, and passing through the point ¥ = 0.773 1 +13. (B) The gate will remain closed if IM = about the hinge at point A (see Fig. 4), Gru, = 0 or . Taking moments o Rt or [8 = = or 1% = $92,820, ¢2}(0.7739) = [Fl = 50,914.19 59a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookVertical location of resultant force: 1-2 x (1.8)° ty - %, =1Q/2A for triangle = 35°5>~ yg = 0.2m 0.576 T.06¢x 2.54 ~ 0213 m ty - ty = Ip/RQA for quadrant = Taking moments about line AC, 9.53% 0.8 + 26.53% 0.977 = 36.06 (2, - 0.3)3 L = Pp Lateral location of resultant force: Since the center of pressure of the triangle is on the median line x is given (from similar triangles) by Bi (0.4-x,) ae HH Xp, 7 0-333 m Dividing the quadrant into horizontal strips of differential height, dy, the moment about BD of the force on any one of them is au = (x ay)yn() in which h = y + 0.3 and x? + y? = 3.24. Substituting and integrating gives the moment about BD of the total force on the quadrant, ue 3 wm = 28420 J (3..24-y?) (y#0. 3)dy = 18 575 Nem . and thus 8 575 1 *p, = 26.53% 10 = 0.7m Finally, taking moments about line BD, 0.7 * 26.53 - 9.53% 0.333 = 36.06%, + x, = 0.427 m Thus, the center of pressure of the composite figure is 0.427 m to the right of BD and 1.23 m below the water surface. 63FORCES ON A CURVED SURFACE @ PROBLEM 2-21 The end of a reservoir has the shape of quarter circle of radius Ro. It is hinged at the bottom and restrained by a horizontal strap at the top. The reservoir is filled with fluid of specific weight og. Determine the strap force T per unit width of reservoir. Solution: The pressure at an arbitrary point on the circle is p = pgResin® and the moment of the elemental force pR, dd which is normal to the cylindrical surface about point 0 is pR»*cosédé. Equating this to the restraining moment TR» about 0 we have 1 i pgRo* sinécoseds = 2 ogre’. ° TR Note that the vertical reaction at point 0 is just the weight of the fluid displaced by the cylinder but pointing downwards and that the horizontal reaction there is zero. @ PROBLEM 2-22 nitude and direction of the force acting on the curved portion of the water tank shown in the figure.a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this book© PROBLEM 2-24 A sluice gate is in the form of a circular arc of radius 6 mas shown in the figure. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the gate, and the loca- tion with respect to 0 of a point on its line of action Sector gate. Solution: Since the water reaches the top of the gate, Depth of water, h = 2 x 6 sin 30° = 6m, Horizontal component of force on gate = R, per unit length = Resultant pressure on PQ per unit length = og x h x h/2 = pgh?/2 = (10° * 9,82 x 36)/2 Nm) = 176.58 kN m? , Vertical component of force on gate = Ry per unit length = Weight of water displaced by segment PSQ = (Sector OPSQ - AOPQ)»g ((60/360) x m x 6? - 6 sin 30° x 6 cos 30°) x jo? « 9.¢1 Nm? 32.00 ym, Resultant force on gate, R = VR + RG) = (76.58 + 52.007) = 179.46 kN m+. 67a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookstatic force on the second face F, is FL = Y|z.aa, z fs s ® x 2 =7 2 - lydy 1 Y a J, tof 1 fy 0 = -% = 41.5 ibs. /unit wiath, (184.34 N/unit width} The magnitude of the normal force on the curved face is FL = 78, 0? + @, )? % #,,) @ @ =v/i+ 4 = 52 lbs./unit width The location of the center-of-pressure is found by inte- grating equations (a) and (b) for the y and z plane. 1 J 2az Zo.p. = A =F ft (0.2032 m (a) ‘C.D 3 7 | zdz oO for both surfaces (the inclined plane and the curved sur~ face), as measured from the free-surface. The coordinate Yo.p, 18 found setting 4a, = -dy: [veer = [ia -1 J, yasyay = $9 = - Ft. (-0.1016 m () f, aeyay 0 m1for the y-location of the center-of-pressure on surface ®. For the curved surface @. 1 J y (l-y*)dy i: is 3 Yop aor = ft (0.1143 m) @ [power Thus, the center-of-pressure is not even on the surface of the curved wall. © PROBLEM 2-27 In Fig. (1) the surface AB is a circular arc with a radius of 2 ft. The distance DB is 4 ft. If water is the liquid supported by the surface and if atmospheric pressure pre- vails on the other side of AB, determine the magnitude and line of action of the resultant hydrostatic force on AB per unit length. 1.04Ft 1.067ft 624 bf Anlysis. of hydrostatic force on a curved surface. Fig. 1 Solution: This type of problem is analyzed by constructing horizontal and vertical projections of the surface (Fig. 1). Then the equations of equilibrium are applied to the fluid enclosed by these projections and by the surface in ques- tion. Consider the two-dimensional curved surface AB shown in Fig. 1. Assume that this surface has unit length normal to the paper. If we consider the mass of fluid OAB as a freebody and analyze the forces which act on it, we can identify the components that we are looking for. Because this is a hydrostatic condition, only normal forces act on the hypothetical surfaces OA and OB, and these forces are identified as Fy and Fy, respectively. The only other forces to act on this body of fluid are then the weight of the fluid itself, Fy and the reaction from the curved surface, FR: Therefore, all the forces acting on the body have been identified and the freebody 72a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookprojection of surface A ‘on the (X,Y) plane = Ag” Surface A. Solution: a) Consider the forces on the submerged curved jurface shown in Fig. 2. To obtain the Z-component of the resultant force, F,, first construct a grid on the surface by intersecting th® surface with planes parallel to the (X,Z) and (¥,Z) planes. Then the force, df, acting on area dA, is given by d= =p aan=p dh = df,i + df.3 + d£,k The component df, can be obtained by taking the dot product of df with the unit vector k; that is, af, =df-k=pak-k dk - & = the projection of da on the (X,Y) plane = ax a¥ Then, df; =p - [projection of dA on the (X,¥) plane) Since p = YZ, af, = 12 dx ay (z 4X A¥) is the volume in the column above the surface element, dA, and thus df; equals the weight of liquid in that column. The Z-component of the resultant force, Fp 3, is the sum of the forces on all the infinitesimal areas, which of course is an integral; that is, Fa3 7 fe ax ay q@ Ay = the weight of liquid directly above the surface A 75a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookFig. 1 Solution: The solution hinges on finding the acceleration down the plane. The force from the gravitational field in the direction parallel to the plane surface and down the plane is g sina (see Fig. 1). The retarding force is Ferio: Consequently the net force is Fret = Mg sina - F, fric This force gives rise to the acceleration F. & = -i(g sin a - —££iS) aM The effective body force Sete can now be sketched (see Fig. 1(b)), and the angle @ which $.¢¢ makes with the negative y-axis is found from cos a tan 8 = sina = F;,,57H % ~ Feric (b) We can consider the tank in free fall to be a special case of the tank moving down a plane with a = 90°. Using Eq. 1 Paws a = -i(g sin a - f£ie) and knowing that Pa- Phases Sere * D and + ltt Jere “9-8 with a = 90°, s Flas 2 > ¥. z= sfee - J 79a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka. 2 (Pe) = -+2 ayy) * g Thus, the pressure decreases in the vertical direction at a rate given by a ap = ~yay(1 + i Measuring vertically downward from the surface, the pressure increases with the depth y' according to a pey'a+ if (3) Since there is no vertical motion, a, = 0, therefore Eq. 3 becomes P= yy" The minimum and maximum pressures at the bottom of the tank are Peront ~ YYtront = (9800 x 0.88 N/m*) (0.75 m) = 6470 N/m? Prear = YWrear = (9800 x 0.88 N/m?) (3.25 m) = 28,000 N/m? © PROBLEM 2-34 When the U-tube is not rotated, the water stands in the tube as shown. If the tube is rotated about the eccentric axis at a rate of 8 rad/sec, what is the new level of water in the tube? (Fig. 1) ps rad/sec 6 in. 6 In. 12 In. Fig. 1a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookBy applying Eq. 1 between points 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. (2) and replacing the piezometric heads in equation (1) with he z +y 2 P+ ye) - (BR + ya) = Solr - rb whence 2lb/ft? — 44) 044 (ePipyees + 0 fe - AR RA + 3) = {100 _rpm)?(2m rad/rev)?(1?_ - 0? ft? . (60 s/min) *(2) (32-2 ft/s?) Solving, we obtain P2 = 869.5 psf = 6.04 psi © PROBLEM 2-37 A cylinder of radius 1.5 ft and height 4 ft is rotated at 10 rad/sec about its vertical axis. If the cylinder was originally full of water, how much is spilled, and what is the pressure intensity at the center of the base of the cylinder? (See Fig. 1) Fig. 1 Solution: Consider a small element of a fluid of unit depth, rotating at a constant angular velocity w as shown in Pig. (2). In a horizontal sense the forces acting out- ward on the element are given by pr do - (p+ dp)r do and these must sustain a radial acceleration of rw* toward the center of rotation. Hence pr 48 - (p + dp)r d6 = -ru*r do dr z 87a You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this booka You have elther reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing lil far this bookSolution: Since the pressure is a function of r and z, the ‘differential change in pressure,. dp, between two points is given by - (2 a dp (2), + ( . dz By writing Newton's second law of motion (see Problem 2-37) in the z and r directions, the above equation reduces to dp = putrdr - pgdz For the liquid (1), we can write the above equation as dp = piotrdr - pigdz Integration of this equation gives, Patm R h dp = J Prwirdr - J ei.gdz P=Patm ° ° or 2 R wR? O= piel “7 ~ pigh: => bi - (4) For the liquid (2), we have dp: = p2uirdr - p2gdz Along the interface d(p2 - pi) = 0 oF (p2uk - prut)ydy = (p2 - p1)adz or R he J (p2wz - piwe)rdr = J (pe - pridedz oO ° or 2 2 2 (oau} ~ pret) BF = Coa - ordha = ne = p= Bd — (2 From equations (1) and (2) we have