Effect of Inter-Cell Interference on PDSCH Throughput with MMSE-IRC... https://www.mathworks.com/help/lte/ug/effect-of-inter-cell-interference-o...

Effect of Inter-Cell Interference on PDSCH Throughput with

MMSE-IRC Receiver
T his example demonstrates the effect of inter-cell interference on PDSCH
View MAT LAB
throughput with minimum mean square error (MMSE) and minimum mean
Command
square error - interference rejection combining (MMSE-IRC) receiver. A serving
cell and two interfering eNodeBs are considered. T he conditions specified in T S
36.101, Section 8.2.1.4.1B [ 1 ] are used.

Introduction
T his example measures the achieved throughput for a user equipment (UE) in the serving cell with inter-cell
interference from two dominant interfering cells. T he serving cell uses RMC R.47 in FDD mode. T he parameters
for the serving and interfering cells including power levels and noise levels are described in T S 36.101, Section
8.2.1.4.1B [ 1 ].

Simulation Settings
T he default simulation length is set to four frames to keep the simulation time low. Increase NFrames to increase
the simulation time and produce statistically significant throughput results. Use the variable eqMethod to set the
receiver equalization, which can take the values 'MMSE' and 'MMSE_IRC'.

NFrames = 4; % Number of frames

eqMethod = 'MMSE_IRC'; % MMSE, MMSE_IRC

T he signal, interferers, and noise power levels are specified in the test (T S 36.101, Section 8.2.1.4.1B [ 1 ])
using the following parameters: signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), dominant interferer proportion
(DIP) and noise power spectral density.

SINR = 0.8; % SINR in dB

DIP2 = -1.73; % DIP in dB for cell 2
DIP3 = -8.66; % DIP in dB for cell 3
Noc = -98; % dBm/15kHz average power spectral density

T he DIP characterizes each of the interfering cells and is defined as:

where and are the average received power spectral density from cells 2 and 3, respectively. is the
average power spectral density of a white noise source (average power per resource element normalized with
respect to the subcarrier spacing).

Serving eNodeB Configuration

T he test considered uses reference channel R.47 in FDD mode. T he parameters associated with this reference
channel are specified in (T S 36.101, Table A.3.3.2.1-2 [ 1 ]). T he structure enb1 characterizes the serving cell.

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% Set the random number generator seed

rng('default');

% Set cell 1 eNodeB configuration according to R.47

simulationParameters = struct;
simulationParameters.NDLRB = 50;
simulationParameters.CellRefP = 2;
simulationParameters.NCellID = 0;
simulationParameters.CFI = 2;
simulationParameters.DuplexMode = 'FDD';
simulationParameters.TotSubframes = 1; % This is not the total number of
% subframes used in the simulation, just the number of subframes we
% generate per call to the waveform generator.

% Specify PDSCH configuration substructure

simulationParameters.PDSCH.TxScheme = 'SpatialMux';
simulationParameters.PDSCH.Modulation = {'16QAM'};
simulationParameters.PDSCH.NLayers = 1;
simulationParameters.PDSCH.Rho = -3;
simulationParameters.PDSCH.PRBSet = (0:49)';
% Table A.3.3.2.1-2, TS 36.101
simulationParameters.PDSCH.TrBlkSizes = [8760 8760 8760 8760 8760 0 8760 8760 8760 8760];
% Table A.3.3.2.1-2, TS 36.101
simulationParameters.PDSCH.CodedTrBlkSizes = [24768 26400 26400 26400 26400 0 26400 26400 26400 26400];
simulationParameters.PDSCH.CSIMode = 'PUCCH 1-1';
simulationParameters.PDSCH.PMIMode = 'Wideband';
simulationParameters.PDSCH.CSI = 'On';
simulationParameters.PDSCH.W = [];
simulationParameters.PDSCH.CodebookSubset = '1111';

% Specify PDSCH OCNG configuration

simulationParameters.OCNGPDSCHEnable = 'On'; % Enable OCNG fill
simulationParameters.OCNGPDSCHPower = -3; % OCNG power same as PDSCH Rho
simulationParameters.OCNGPDSCH.RNTI = 0; % Virtual UE RNTI
simulationParameters.OCNGPDSCH.Modulation = 'QPSK'; % OCNG symbol modulation
simulationParameters.OCNGPDSCH.TxScheme = 'TxDiversity'; % OCNG transmission mode 2

Call lteRMCDLTool to generate the default eNodeB parameters not specified in simulationParameters.

enb1 = lteRMCDL(simulationParameters);

Interfering eNodeBs Configurations

T he two interfering cells are characterized by the structures enb2 and enb3. T hese have the same field values as
the serving cell (enb1) with the following exceptions:

• Cell Id takes the values 1 and 2 for enb2 and enb3, respectively.

• T he PDSCH modulation scheme is specified by the transmission mode 4 (T M4) interference model (T S
36.101, B.5.3 [ 1 ]). T his value changes on a subframe-by-subframe basis and is modified in the main
processing loop.

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% Cell 2
enb2 = enb1;
enb2.NCellID = 1;
enb2.OCNGPDSCHEnable = 'Off';

% Cell 3
enb3 = enb1;
enb3.NCellID = 2;
enb3.OCNGPDSCHEnable = 'Off';

Propagation Channel and Channel Estimator Configurations

T his section sets up the parameters for three propagation channels

• Serving cell to UE

• First interfering cell to UE

• Second interfering cell to UE

As specified in (T S 36.101, Table 8.2.1.4.1B-2 [ 1 ]) EVA5 channel conditions are used.

% eNodeB1 to UE propagation channel

channel1 = struct; % Channel config structure
channel1.Seed = 20; % Channel seed
channel1.NRxAnts = 2; % 2 receive antennas
channel1.DelayProfile ='EVA'; % Delay profile
channel1.DopplerFreq = 5; % Doppler frequency
channel1.MIMOCorrelation = 'Low'; % Multi-antenna correlation
channel1.NTerms = 16; % Oscillators used in fading model
channel1.ModelType = 'GMEDS'; % Rayleigh fading model type
channel1.InitPhase = 'Random'; % Random initial phases
channel1.NormalizePathGains = 'On'; % Normalize delay profile power
channel1.NormalizeTxAnts = 'On'; % Normalize for transmit antennas

T he channel sampling rate depends on the FFT size used in the OFDM modulator. T his can be obtained using
the function lteOFDMInfo.

ofdmInfo = lteOFDMInfo(enb1);
channel1.SamplingRate = ofdmInfo.SamplingRate;

% eNodeB2 (interference) to UE propagation channel

channel2 = channel1;
channel2.Seed = 122; % Channel seed

% eNodeB3 (interference) to UE propagation channel

channel3 = channel1;
channel3.Seed = 36; % Channel seed

T he variable perfectChanEstimator controls channel estimator behavior. Valid values are true or false. When
set to true a perfect channel estimate is used otherwise an imperfect estimate is used, based on the values of
received pilot signals.

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% Channel estimator behavior

perfectChanEstimator = true;

% The channel estimator configuration structure is defined below. The

% frequency and time averaging window sizes are chosen to span a relatively
% large number of resource elements. The large window sizes are chosen to
% average as much as possible noise and interference in the resource
% elements. Note that too large an averaging window in time and/or frequency
% will cause loss of information due to averaging out the channel variations.
% This produces an increasingly imperfect channel estimate which can affect
% the performance of the equalizer.

cec = struct; % Channel estimation config structure

cec.PilotAverage = 'UserDefined'; % Type of pilot symbol averaging
cec.FreqWindow = 31; % Frequency window size
cec.TimeWindow = 23; % Time window size
cec.InterpType = 'Cubic'; % 2D interpolation type
cec.InterpWindow = 'Centered'; % Interpolation window type
cec.InterpWinSize = 1; % Interpolation window size

Signal, Interference and Noise Pow er Levels

From the SINR, DIP and Noc values we can calculate the scaling factors to apply to the signals from the serving
and interfering cells, as well as the noise level.

T he function hENBscalingFactors.m calculates the scaling factors K1, K2 and K3 to apply to the channel filtered
waveforms from the three cells considered. T he scaling factor No to apply to the white Gaussian noise is also
calculated. T hese values ensure that the signal power, interference power and noise power are as per the
specified SINR and DIP values.

% Channel noise setup

nocLin = 10.^(Noc/10)*(1e-3); % linear in Watts
% Take into account FFT (OFDM) scaling
No = sqrt(nocLin/(2*double(ofdmInfo.Nfft)));

% Signal and interference amplitude scaling factors calculation

[K1, K2, K3] = hENBscalingFactors(DIP2, DIP3, Noc, SINR, enb1, enb2, enb3);

Main Loop Initialization

Before the main processing loop we need to set up the hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processes and
initialize intermediate variables. A HARQ process ID sequence corresponding to the configuration is output by
the lteRMCDLTool function. A HARQ process (with IDs 1 to 8) is associated to each subframe that has data
scheduled. A value of 0 in the sequence indicates that data is not transmitted in the corresponding subframe.
T his can be because it is an uplink subframe or because no data is scheduled in a downlink subframe (similar to
subframe 5 in this example).

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% Initialize state of all HARQ processes

harqProcesses = hNewHARQProcess(enb1);
% Initialize HARQ process IDs to 1 as the first non-zero transport
% block will always be transmitted using the first HARQ process. This
% will be updated with the full sequence output by lteRMCDLTool after
% the first call to the function
harqProcessSequence = 1;

% Set up variables for the main loop

lastOffset = 0; % Initialize frame timing offset from previous frame
frameOffset = 0; % Initialize frame timing offset
nPMI = 0; % Initialize the number of precoder matrix indication
% (PMI) set calculated
blkCRC = []; % Block CRC for all considered subframes
bitTput = []; % Number of successfully received bits per subframe
txedTrBlkSizes = []; % Number of transmitted bits per subframes
% Vector of total number of bits transmitted, calculated for each subframe.
runningMaxThPut = [];
% Vector storing the number of successfully received bits, calculated for
% each subframe.
runningSimThPut = [];

% Obtain the number of transmit antennas.

dims = lteDLResourceGridSize(enb1);
P = dims(3);

% Assign the redundancy version sequence for each codeword and transport
% block sizes for each subframe
rvSequence = enb1.PDSCH.RVSeq;
trBlkSizes = enb1.PDSCH.TrBlkSizes;

% Set the PMI delay for the closed-loop spatial multiplexing

pmiDelay = 8; % As specified in TS 36.101, Table 8.2.1.4.1B-1

% Initialize PMIs for the first 'pmiDelay' subframes

pmiDims = ltePMIInfo(enb1,enb1.PDSCH);
txPMIs = zeros(pmiDims.NSubbands, pmiDelay);

% Flag to indicate if a valid PMI feedback is available from the UE

pmiReady = false;

Main Loop
T he main loop iterates over the specified number of subframes. For each downlink subframe with data the
following operations are performed:

• Check the HARQ processes and determine whether to send a new packet or if a retransmission is required

• Generate downlink waveforms from serving cell and interfering cells

• Filter waveforms with propagation channels and add white Gaussian noise

• Synchronize and OFDM demodulate the signal from the serving cell

• Estimate the propagation channel for the serving cell

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• Equalize and decode the PDSCH

• Decode the DL-SCH

• Determine throughput performance using the block CRC obtained

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fprintf('\nSimulating %d frame(s)\n',NFrames);

% Main for loop: for all subframes

for subframeNo = 0:(NFrames*10-1)

% Reinitialize channel seed for each subframe to increase variability

channel1.Seed = 1+subframeNo;
channel2.Seed = 1+subframeNo+(NFrames*10);
channel3.Seed = 1+subframeNo+2*(NFrames*10);

% Update subframe number

enb1.NSubframe = subframeNo;
enb2.NSubframe = subframeNo;
enb3.NSubframe = subframeNo;

duplexInfo = lteDuplexingInfo(enb1);

if duplexInfo.NSymbolsDL ~= 0 % target only downlink subframes

% Get HARQ process ID for the subframe from HARQ process sequence
harqID = harqProcessSequence(mod(subframeNo, length(harqProcessSequence))+1);
% If there is a transport block scheduled in the current subframe
% (indicated by non-zero 'harqID'), perform transmission and
% reception. Otherwise, continue to the next subframe.
if harqID == 0
continue;
end

% Update current HARQ process

harqProcesses(harqID) = hHARQScheduling( ...
harqProcesses(harqID), subframeNo, rvSequence);

% Extract the current subframe transport block size(s)

trBlk = trBlkSizes(:, mod(subframeNo, 10)+1).';

% Update the PDSCH transmission config with HARQ process state

enb1.PDSCH.RVSeq = harqProcesses(harqID).txConfig.RVSeq;
enb1.PDSCH.RV = harqProcesses(harqID).txConfig.RV;
dlschTransportBlk = harqProcesses(harqID).data;

% Set the PMI to the appropriate value in the delay queue

if strcmpi(enb1.PDSCH.TxScheme,'SpatialMux')
pmiIdx = mod(subframeNo, pmiDelay); % PMI index in delay queue
enb1.PDSCH.PMISet = txPMIs(:, pmiIdx+1); % Set PMI
end

% Create transmit waveform

[tx,~,enbOut] = lteRMCDLTool(enb1, dlschTransportBlk);

% Pad 25 samples to cover the range of delays expected from channel

% modeling (a combination of implementation delay and channel delay
% spread)

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txWaveform1 = [tx; zeros(25, P)];

% Get the HARQ ID sequence from 'enbOut' for HARQ processing

harqProcessSequence = enbOut.PDSCH.HARQProcessSequence;

% Generate interferer model as per as per TS 36.101, B.5.3. The

% function hTM4InterfModel generates the interferer transmit signal.
txWaveform2 = [hTM4InterfModel(enb2); zeros(25,P)];
txWaveform3 = [hTM4InterfModel(enb3); zeros(25,P)];

% Specify channel time for the present subframe

channel1.InitTime = subframeNo/1000;
channel2.InitTime = channel1.InitTime;
channel3.InitTime = channel1.InitTime;

% Pass data through the channel

rxWaveform1 = lteFadingChannel(channel1,txWaveform1);
rxWaveform2 = lteFadingChannel(channel2,txWaveform2);
rxWaveform3 = lteFadingChannel(channel3,txWaveform3);

% Generate noise
noise = No*complex(randn(size(rxWaveform1)), ...
randn(size(rxWaveform1)));

% Add AWGN to the received time domain waveform

rxWaveform = K1*rxWaveform1 + K2*rxWaveform2 + K3*rxWaveform3 + noise;

% Receiver
% Once every frame, on subframe 0, calculate a new synchronization
% offset
if (mod(subframeNo,10) == 0)
frameOffset = lteDLFrameOffset(enb1, rxWaveform);
if (frameOffset > 25)
frameOffset = lastOffset;
end
lastOffset = frameOffset;
end

% Synchronize the received waveform

rxWaveform = rxWaveform(1+frameOffset:end, :);

% Scale rxWaveform by 1/K1 to avoid numerical issues with

% channel decoding stages
rxWaveform = rxWaveform/K1;

% Perform OFDM demodulation on the received data to obtain the

% resource grid
rxSubframe = lteOFDMDemodulate(enb1, rxWaveform);

% Perform channel estimation

if(perfectChanEstimator)
estChannelGrid = lteDLPerfectChannelEstimate(enb1, channel1, frameOffset);

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noiseInterf = K2*rxWaveform2 + K3*rxWaveform3 + noise;

noiseInterf = noiseInterf/K1;
noiseGrid = lteOFDMDemodulate(enb1, noiseInterf(1+frameOffset:end ,:));
noiseEst = var(noiseGrid(:));
else
[estChannelGrid, noiseEst] = lteDLChannelEstimate( ...
enb1, enb1.PDSCH, cec, rxSubframe);
end

% Get PDSCH indices

pdschIndices = ltePDSCHIndices(enb1,enb1.PDSCH,enb1.PDSCH.PRBSet);
% Get PDSCH resource elements. Scale the received subframe by
% the PDSCH power factor Rho.
[pdschRx, pdschHest] = lteExtractResources(pdschIndices, ...
rxSubframe*(10^(-enb1.PDSCH.Rho/20)), estChannelGrid);

% Perform equalization and deprecoding

if strcmp(eqMethod,'MMSE')
% MIMO equalization and deprecoding (MMSE based)
[rxDeprecoded,csi] = lteEqualizeMIMO(enb1,enb1.PDSCH,...
pdschRx,pdschHest,noiseEst);
else
% MIMO equalization and deprecoding (MMSE-IRC based)
[rxDeprecoded,csi] = hEqualizeMMSEIRC(enb1,enb1.PDSCH,...
rxSubframe,estChannelGrid,noiseEst);
end

% Perform layer demapping, demodulation and descrambling

cws = ltePDSCHDecode(enb1,setfield(enb1.PDSCH,'TxScheme',...
'Port7-14'),rxDeprecoded); % The PDSCH transmission scheme is
% modified into port7-14, in order to skip the deprecoding operation

% Scaling LLRs by CSI

cws = hCSIscaling(enb1.PDSCH,cws,csi);

% Decode DL-SCH
[decbits, harqProcesses(harqID).blkerr,harqProcesses(harqID).decState] = ...
lteDLSCHDecode(enb1, enb1.PDSCH, trBlk, cws, ...
harqProcesses(harqID).decState);

% Store values to calculate throughput

% Only for subframes with data and valid PMI feedback
if any(trBlk) && pmiReady
blkCRC = [blkCRC harqProcesses(harqID).blkerr];
txedTrBlkSizes = [txedTrBlkSizes trBlk];
bitTput = [bitTput trBlk.*(1-harqProcesses(harqID).blkerr)];
end
runningSimThPut = [runningSimThPut sum(bitTput,2)];
runningMaxThPut = [runningMaxThPut sum(txedTrBlkSizes,2)];

% Provide PMI feedback to the eNodeB

if strcmpi(enb1.PDSCH.TxScheme,'SpatialMux')

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PMI = ltePMISelect(enb1, enb1.PDSCH, estChannelGrid, noiseEst);

txPMIs(:, pmiIdx+1) = PMI;
nPMI = nPMI+1;
if nPMI>=pmiDelay
pmiReady = true;
end
end
end
end

Simulating 4 frame(s)
Results
T his section calculates the achieved throughput. A figure with the running measured throughput for all
simulated subframes is also provided.

maxThroughput = sum(txedTrBlkSizes); % Maximum possible throughput

simThroughput = sum(bitTput,2); % Simulated throughput

% Display achieved throughput percentage

disp(['Achieved throughput ' num2str(simThroughput*100/maxThroughput) '%'])

% Plot running throughput

figure;plot(runningSimThPut*100./runningMaxThPut)
ylabel('Throughput (%)');
xlabel('Simulated subframe');
title('Throughput');

Achieved throughput 78.5714%

For statistically valid results, the simulation should be run for a larger number of frames. T he figure below shows

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the throughput results when simulating 1000 frames.

Appendix
T his example uses the following helper functions:

• hENBscalingFactors.m
• hEqualizeMMSEIRC.m
• hT M4InterfModel.m
• hCSIscaling.m
• hNewHARQProcess.m
• hHARQScheduling.m

Selected Bibliography
1. 3GPP T S 36.101 "User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception"
2. 3GPP T R 36.829 "Enhanced performance requirement for LT E User Equipment (UE)"

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