Name : Multahada Ramadhani Siregar

Student ID : 197052001

1) Language
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (6th ed.). 2006. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
1. Language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by
people of a particular country.
Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Language seems to be a feature of our essential humanity which enables us to
rise above the condition of mere brutish beings, real or imagined.
3. Language is, as a matter of observable fact, a universal feature of the species not
attested in other animals, and therefore a generice accomplishment; but it is quite
a different thing to say that it is a generic endowment.
Ridwan, H. T. A. (1997). Dasar – Dasar Linguistika. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
4. Language is a means of communication used and needed by human beings.
5. Language is the arbitrary vocal symbols which are used by the members of the
society (social groups) to have benefit of cooperation, mutual understanding, as
well as identifying the persons and their needs, wishes, and desires.
Subroto, E. (2007). Pengantar Metode Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. Lembaga
Pengembangan Pendidikan dan UPT Penerbitan dan Percetakan UNS (UNS Press).
6. Bahasa ditegaskan Chomsky “... it is obvious that language is of vital importance
in every aspect of human activity...” (Lyons, 1976:10).
Conclusion: Based on the explanations above, concluded that language is a tool of
communication which is important for human beings. People communicate their
ideas to have benefit of cooperation, mutual understanding as well as their needs,
wishes, and desires from a person to another whether spoken, written, or gesture.
2) Linguistics
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (6th ed.). 2006. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language or of particular language
Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Linguistics is the name given to the discipline which studies human language.
Muchtar, M. (2006). Pengantar Linguistik Umum. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
3. Secara umum linguistik sering dikatakan sebagai ilmu tentang bahasa, karena
bahasa dijadikan sebagai objek kajiannya.
Ridwan, H. T. A. (1997). Dasar – Dasar Linguistika. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
4. Linguistik adalah studi, kajian, atau ilmu yang obyeknya adalah bahasa (dalam
bahasa Inggris ditulis Linguistics). <s> pada akhir kata bukan pertanda jamak,
tetapi merupakan kependekan / singkatan dari kata science.
Berk, J and Bernstein, N. (1998). Psycholinguistics (2nd ed.). Orlando: Earl
McPeek.
5. Linguistics is the study of language in its various aspects. As a science, its
primary concern is the structure of a particular language or of languages in
general.
6. Linguistics is the discipline that describes the structure of language, including
its grammar, sound system, and vocabulary.
Conlusion: Linguistics is a scientific study which studies particular human
language. The letter <s> which is ended the word of “lingustics” means the
abreviation of science. This study describes the structure of language, including its
grammar, sound system, and vocabulary.
3) Mother tongue
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (6th ed.). 2006. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
1. The language that you first learn to speak when you are a child.
Hill, A. O. (1086). Mother Tongue, Father Time : A Decade of Linguistic Revolt.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2. "Mother Tongue" is named for the person from whom we pick up our first or
native language.
Pokorn, N. (2005). Challenging the Traditional Axioms: Translation Into a Non-
Mother Tongue. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
3. The general usage of the term 'mother tongue'...denotes not only the language
one learns from one's mother, but also the speaker's dominant and home
language; i.e., not only the first language according to the time of acquisition,
but the first with regard to its importance and the speaker's ability to master its
linguistic and communicative aspects.
4. The term "mother tongue" refers to a person's native language — that is, a
language learned from birth. Also called a first language, dominant language,
home language, and native tongue (although these terms are
not necessarily synonymous).
5. Contemporary linguists and educators commonly use the term L1 to refer to a
first or native language (the mother tongue) and the term L2 to refer to a
second language or a foreign language that's being studied.
World Heritage Encyclopedia. (2002). Mother Tongue. Salt Lake City: Project
Gutenberg Self-Publishing.
6. Sometimes the term mother tongue or mother language is used for the language
that a person learned as a child at home (usually from their parents). Children
growing up in bilingual homes can, according to this definition, have more than
one mother tongue or native language.
Conclusion: Mother tongue is the language which acquired the first time by a child
since he or she was born There are several terms which identify mother tongue they
are native language, first language, home language, dominant language, and native
tongue (although these terms are not necessarily synonymous). Mother tongue is
 not only acquired from the mother but also the speaker's dominant and home
language.

4) First language
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (6th ed.). 2006. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
1. the language that you learn to speak first as a child.
Platt, J., Weber, H., and Lian, H. M. (1984). The New Englishes. London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul.
2. English is considered the first language when it is used as the mother tongue of
most of the speaker and functions as national as well as an official language;
this is the case in Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
- The term national language is one of that has conotations of belonging to a
nation, of ethnic and/or cultural identity.
- And as an official language is generally used for government
administration, and the media, as one of the language of education, at least
of secondary and higher education.
Tavakoli, H. (2012). A Dictionary of Language Acquisition A Comprehensive
Overview of Key Terms in First and Second Language Acquisition. Tehran:
Rahnama Press.
3. First language also L1 chronologically the first language acquired by a learner
or a person’s mother tongue. In multilingual communities, however, where a
child may gradually shift from the main use of one language to the main use of
another (e.g., because of the influence of a school language), first language
may refer to the language the child feels most comfortable using. Often this
term is used synonymously with native language (NL). First language is also
known as L1.
4. First language acquisition also child language acquisition the process of
learning a native language. It seems that normal children all over the world go
through similar stages, use similar constructions in order to express similar
meanings, and make the same kinds of errors. The stages of development can
be summarized as follows:
 Language stage Beginning age
• Crying Birth
• Cooing 6 weeks
• Babbling 6 months
• Intonation patterns 8 months
• One-word utterances 1 year
• Two-word utterances 18 months
• Word inflections 2 years
• Questions, negatives 2 years 3 months
• Rare or complex constructions 5 years
• Mature speech 10 years
5. Chomsky concludes that we can only account for first language acquisition by
assuming that a child is born with an innate knowledge of the principles of
language and a predisposition to employ them in analyzing the speech which it
encounters.
6. Child language / native language acquisition is another term for first language
acquisition. Native speaker also NS someone who speaks a language from very
early childhood, and is thus expected to be fluent in the language without
formal instruction.
Conclusion: Most understanding the first language means the language which is
acquired by the child in the first time with the similar process of acquisition stage
by a normal child. According to Chomsky’s conclusion that we can only account
for first language acquisition by assuming that a child is born with an innate
knowledge of the principles of language. Child language / native language
acquisition is expected to be fluent in the language without formal instruction. For
example, English is considered the first language when it is used as the mother
tongue of most of the speaker in Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New
Zealand.
5) Second language
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (6th ed.). 2006. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
1. A language that somebody learns to speak well and that they use for work or at
school, but that is not the language they learned first.
Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in Language Teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
2. English is called the second language when rather than being the mother
tongue of any group within the country it has some internal, social function.
- Integral / internal function refers to the situation where people try to
identify closely with a speech community which uses English, they try to
understand the attitudes and the world view of that community;
- Social function refers to the language situation where English is the
language of commerce, administration and education, as in the case for
English in Singapore. Many Singaporeans who learn English language for
use within their community.
Ellis, R. (1997). Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford university Press.
3. Second language, in this context ‘second’ can refer to any language that is
learned subsequent to the mother tongue. Thus, it can refer to the learning of a
third or fourth language.
4. Second language or L2 acquisition, then, can be defined as the way in which
people learn a language other than mother tongue, inside or outside a
classroom.
Freeman, D. L. and Long, M. H. An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition
Research. New york: Routledge.
5. Second language acquisition is the experience they had as school students
when they were engaged in the study of one or more foreign languages.
Bilingual education, for example, has been a reality in many parts of the world
for years.
6. Even the term 'second language' is not as straightforward as it first seems, as
sometimes it refers to a language which is not chronologically the second. SLA
really has come to mean the acquisition of any language(s) other than one's
native language. Thus, we have 'second' language acquisition studies dealing
 with the acquisition of third and fourth languages, and we even have 'second'
language acquisition case studies of simultaneous bilingualism which in reality
are studies of children engaged in learning two first languages.
Conclusion: Second language is the language which is acquired consciusly by
learning process in certain purpose after first language acquired. The term 'second
language' sometimes it refers to a language which is not chronologically the
second but means the acquisition of any language(s) other than one's native
language. It means that the acquisition of the third and fourth language as well.