ME 315 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Dr. Mubashir Ali Siddiqui

Mechanical Engineering Department
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Karachi
Books
Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer
7th or 8th edition
Theodore L. Bergman
Adrienne S. Lavine
Frank P. Incropera
David P. DeWitt

Heat and Mass Transfer:

Fundamentals and Applications
Yunus A. Çengel
Afshin J. Ghajar

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Lect Topics Ch
4 Steady state conduction; one-dimensional heat transfer analysis 1
General heat diffusion equation for three dimensional geometries for Cartesian,
4 2
cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates
Multi-layered wall, thermal networks, overall heat transfer coefficient & Thermal
7 3
analysis with internal heat sources
Heat transfer from extended surfaces (fins). Transient conduction & lumped
5 3,5
capacitance method.
Radiation intensity, black body radiation, Planck distribution, spectral emissive power,
Wein’s Displacement law, Stefan Boltzmann law, band emission, emission from real 12,
6
surfaces, surface characteristics, Kirchoff’s law 13
View Factor, radiation exchange between black and real surfaces, radiation network
Basic concepts, momentum and thermal boundary layers; dimensional analysis;
4 6,7
theoretical analysis for flat plates; laminar and turbulent flow
Forced convection with laminar and turbulent flow over flat plates and inside tubes and
6 7,8
ducts; empirical correlations.
Free convection; similarity parameter, boundary layer, convective coefficients in plates;
4 empirical correlations. 9,10
Heat transfer with phase change, boiling and condensation
6 Classification and preliminary design of heat exchangers, LMTD and NTU methods 11
Mass transfer operations; mass transfer through diffusion and mass transfer
2 coefficients; empirical correlations; analogy between momentum, heat and mass 14
transfer; simultaneous
TADREES-E-MAZHARI heatHEAT
LECTURE SERIES, and& mass transferMECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN
MASS TRANSFER, 3
Course Learning Outcomes
S. No. CLOs Taxonomy
Apply expressions of heat transfer Cognitive
1
modes on various thermal systems Level 3
Apply convection and mass transfer
Cognitive
2 analogies for determining related
Level 3
parameters and coefficients
Design heat exchangers using Cognitive
3
standard practices Level 3
Investigate the phenomenon of
Psychomotor
4 Heat conduction, convection and
Level 4
radiation using Lab equipment
Sessional (40 marks):
Midterm / Assignment / Quiz / Complex Engineering Problem
Final Exam: 60 Marks
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 Is Thermodynamics ≡ Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system
undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another, and makes
no reference to how long the process will take.
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and changes from one
equilibrium state to another. A thermodynamic analysis simply tells us
how much heat must be transferred to realize a specified change of
state to satisfy the conservation of energy principle.
For example, we can determine the amount of heat transferred
from a thermos bottle as the hot coffee inside cools from
90°C to 80°C by a thermodynamic analysis alone.
But a typical user or designer of a thermos is primarily interested
in how long it will be before the hot coffee inside cools to 80°C.
Determining the rates of heat transfer to or from a system and
thus the times of cooling or heating, as well as the variation of the
temperature, is the subject of heat transfer
Heat Transfer - the rate of heat transfer
Heat - form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another
as a result of temperature difference.
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Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions
between the particles.
Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases.
In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their random motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a
lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.

When two molecules possessing different kinetic energies collide, part of

the kinetic energy of the more energetic (higher temperature) molecule is
transferred to the less energetic (lower temperature) molecule, much the
same as when two elastic balls of the same mass at different velocities
collide, part of the kinetic energy of the faster ball is transferred to the
slower one.
The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move and the higher
the number of such collisions, and the better the heat transfer.
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Conduction (cont’d)

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Conduction (cont’d)
When neighboring molecules collide, a transfer of energy from the more energetic
to the less energetic molecules must occur. In the presence of a temperature
gradient, energy transfer by conduction must then occur in the direction of
decreasing temperature. This would be true even in the absence of collisions, as is
evident from Figure. The hypothetical plane at xo is constantly being crossed by
molecules from above and below due to their random motion. However, molecules
from above are associated with a higher temperature than those from below, in
which case there must be a net transfer of energy in the positive x-direction.
Collisions between molecules enhance this energy transfer. We may speak of the
net transfer of energy by random molecular motion as a diffusion of energy.

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Conduction (cont’d)
In solids, heat conduction is due to two
effects: the lattice vibrational waves induced
by the vibrational motions of the molecules
positioned at relatively fixed positions in a
periodic manner called a lattice, and the
energy transported via the free flow of
electrons in the solid.
The thermal conductivity of a solid is
obtained by adding the lattice and electronic
components.
The relatively high thermal conductivities of
pure metals are primarily due to the
electronic component.
The lattice component of thermal
conductivity strongly depends on the way
the molecules are arranged. For example,
diamond, which is a highly ordered
crystalline solid, has the highest known
thermal conductivity at room temperature.
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Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ∆𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
𝐿 ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑇 −𝑇
= 𝑘𝐴 1 2
𝐿

𝐴: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

k: Thermal Conductivity

Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature,

and the temperature gradient becomes negative when
temperature decreases with increasing x. The negative sign in
the equation ensures that heat transfer in the positive x
direction is a positive quantity.
"
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥
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Thermal Conductivity
A measure of the ability of the material to
conduct heat.
High value good heat conductor
Low value poor heat conductor or insulator.

∆𝑇 𝑞𝑥
𝑞𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴 𝑘=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 × 𝐴 × ∆𝑇
Thermal conductivity of a material can be
defined as the rate of heat transfer through a
unit thickness of the material per unit area per
unit temperature difference. The thermal
conductivity of pure copper at room
temperature is k 401 W/m · °C, which indicates
that a 1-m-thick copper wall will conduct heat
at a rate of 401 W per m2 area per °C
temperature difference across the wall.

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Variation of Thermal Conductivities
 The thermal conductivities of
materials vary over a wide range.
 Thermal conductivity of gases is
proportional to the square root of
the absolute temperature T, and
inversely proportional to the
square root of the molar mass M.
 Unlike gases, the thermal
conductivities of most liquids
decrease with increasing
temperature, with water being a
notable exception. Like gases, the
conductivity of liquids decreases
with increasing molar mass.
 Alloy = Metal 1 (k1) + Metal 2 (k2)
Kalloy < k1
Kalloy < k2
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Multidimensional HT
"
𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘 "
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥
"
𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘 "
𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦
"
𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑧 = −𝑘 "
𝑞𝑧 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧
"
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑘𝛻𝑇

𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡
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Steady State HT
Properties (temperature) do not change with time
at a particular location.

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Thermal Diffusivity
Cp – Specific Heat (per unit mass J/kg · °C )
𝜌𝐶𝑝 - Heat Capacity (per unit volume J/m3 · °C)
Thermal diffusivity - Material property that appears in the transient heat
conduction analysis; represents how fast heat diffuses through a material
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑘
𝛼= =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝜌𝐶𝑝
Thermal Conductivity k represents how well a material conducts heat.
Heat capacity 𝝆𝑪𝒑 represents how much energy a material stores per unit
volume.

A material that has a high thermal conductivity or a low heat capacity will
have a large thermal diffusivity.
The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the propagation of heat into
the medium.
A small value of thermal diffusivity means that heat is mostly absorbed by
the material and a small amount of heat will be conducted further.

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Convection
Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the
adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined
effects of conduction and fluid motion. Mechanism of heat transfer
through a fluid in the presence of bulk fluid motion.
 In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction. The presence of
bulk motion of the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid
surface and the fluid.
 Convection includes energy transfer by both the bulk fluid motion
(advection) and the random motion of fluid molecules (conduction or
diffusion).
 Convection heat transfer involves fluid motion as well as heat
conduction. The fluid motion enhances heat transfer, since it brings
hotter and cooler chunks of fluid into contact, initiating higher rates of
conduction at a greater number of sites in a fluid.
 Total heat transfer is then due to a superposition of energy transport
by the random motion of the molecules and by the bulk motion of the
fluid.
Convection - when referring to this cumulative transport 17
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Advection - refers to transport due to bulk fluid motion
Convection (cont’d)

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Convection (cont’d)

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Convection (cont’d)

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Convection (cont’d)
Forced Convection - the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a
pipe by external means such as a pump or a fan
Natural convection - fluid motion is caused by natural means such as
the buoyancy effect, which manifests itself as the rise of warmer
fluid and the fall of the cooler fluid
External and Internal Convection - the fluid is forced to flow over a
surface or in a channel

Convection HT depends upon fluid velocity and fluid properties such

as dynamic viscosity 𝜇, thermal conductivity k, density 𝜌, and specific
heat Cp, as well as the fluid velocity V.

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 Illustrations

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Illustrations (cont’d)

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 Heat transfer from a hot surface to air by convection

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Velocity Boundary Layer
 δ - boundary layer thickness –
the value of y for which u=0.99u∞.
 Boundary layer velocity profile
refers to the manner in which
u varies with y through the boundary layer.
 Two distinct regions, the boundary layer, in which velocity
gradients are large and a region outside the boundary layer in
which velocity gradients are negligible.
 With increasing distance from the leading edge, the effects of
viscosity penetrate farther into the free stream and the boundary
layer grows (𝛿 increases with x).
 No slip condition - the fluid layer in direct contact with a solid
surface “sticks” to the surface and there is no slip

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Thermal Boundary Layer
δt – thermal boundary layer thickness
δt – the thickness of the
region of the fluid in which
temperature gradients
exist.

𝑇𝑠 −𝑇
The value of y for which the ratio = 0.99
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞
𝜕𝑇
Also, 𝑞𝑠 " = −𝑘𝑓
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
The subscript s has been used to emphasize that this is the surface
heat flux, but it will be dropped in later sections. At the surface,
there is no fluid motion and energy transfer occurs only by
conduction.
Newton’s Law of Cooling 𝑞𝑠 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

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Convection Coefficient

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Radiation
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the
electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
 All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation.
 Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of energy by
radiation does not require the presence of an intervening medium.
 In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation,
which is the form of radiation emitted by bodies because of their
temperature.
𝐸𝑏 = 𝜎𝑇 4 𝑊/𝑚2
E: Emissive Power
𝜎: Stefan Botlzmann Constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2. K4

Grey / Real Surface 𝐸 = 𝜖𝜎𝑇 4 𝜖: Emissivity

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Radiation (Illustrations)

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Radiation (Illustrations)

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Radiation HT
𝑞 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 4
Net rate of radiation HT
between two surfaces
when a surface of emissivity 𝜀
and surface area A at an
absolute temperature Ts
is completely enclosed by a much larger (or black) surface at
absolute temperature Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that
does not intervene with radiation.
𝑞 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 4
𝑞 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴 𝑇1 2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 2 𝑇1 2 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 2
𝑞 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴 𝑇1 2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 2 𝑇1 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
𝑞 = 𝜎𝜀 𝑇1 2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 2 𝑇1 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 𝐴 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
𝑞 = ℎ𝑟 𝐴 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
ℎ𝑟 : Radiative HT Coefficient
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