Mansoura University

Faculty of Computers and Information

Department of Information Technology
Second Semester- 2020-2021

DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Grade: 2ND YEAR PROGRAMS

Prof. Dr. Hassan H. Soliman

Dr. Mostafa Elgayar
Part 1 Chapter 1 P1

Course: DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Prof. Dr. Eng. Hassan H. Soliman

Email: [email protected]

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 Course Contents
PART 1
Overview and Introduction
PART 2
Communication Reference Models
PART 3
Data Communication Fundamentals
and Physical Layer Protocols
PART 4
Datalink Layer Protocols and
Emerging Network Technologies
PART 5
The Internet Protocol Suite:
The Network Layer Protocols
PART 6
The Internet Protocol Suite:
The Transport Layer Protocols
PART 7
The Internet Protocol Suite:
The Application Layer Protocols

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Evaluation Procedures

• Mid term Exam 10

• Oral and Practical Exams 10+10
• Lab Quizes (1+2) 10
• Final Exam 60

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 REFERENCES
• Text book:
 Course Lecture Notes
 Curt M. White, Data Communications and Computer
Networks: A Business User's Approach. 8th Edition,
Cengage Learning, 2016.
 Andrew S. Tanenbaum; “Computer Networks”, 5th
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
• Reference Books:
 William Stallings; “Data and Computer
Communications”, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2014.
 Jim Kurose, Keith Ross; “Computer Networking: A Top
Down Approach Featuring the Internet”, 7th edition.
Addison-Wesley, 2017.
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Course Contents
PART 1
Overview and Introduction
PART 2
Communication Reference Models
PART 3
Data Communication Fundamentals
and Physical Layer Protocols
PART 4
Datalink Layer Protocols and
Emerging Network Technologies
PART 5
The Internet Protocol Suite:
The Network Layer Protocols
PART 6
The Internet Protocol Suite:
The Transport Layer Protocols
PART 7
The Internet Protocol Suite:
The Application Layer Protocols

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 PART 1
Overview and Introduction
___________

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Introduction
• The fundamental purpose of a communications system is
the exchange of data between two or more parties (end
systems).
• Data communications deals with the transmission of
signals in a reliable and efficient manner over a
communication channel.
• Networking deals with the technology and architecture of
the communications networks used to interconnect
communicating devices.
• Communications System Components are: Source,
Transmitter, Transmission System, Receiver, and
Destination.

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 Diagram of a Communication System

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Components of a Communication System

• Source
 generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
 Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
 Carries data
• Receiver
 Converts received signal into data
• Destination
 Takes incoming data

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 Data and Signals in Communications System

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Types of Transmission Technology

• There are two main types of transmission

technology:
 Transmission over Non-broadcasting (Point-to-point)
links
» Wide Area Networks
» Based On Circuit-switching
 Transmission over Broadcast links (shared networks)
» Local Area Networks
» Based on Packet-switching

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 Circuit Switching
• Dedicated resources during a
conversation : no sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
• Comprising a sequence of physical links
with a dedicated logical channel
In diagram, each link has four circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
• circuit segment idle if not used by call
(no sharing)
• Commonly used in traditional telephone
networks
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Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM

Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
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 Packet Switching

• No need to dedicate transmission capacity along a

path through the network.
• Data sent out of sequence
• Small chunks (packets) of data at a time
• Packets passed from node to node between source
and destination
• Used for terminal to computer and computer to
computer communications

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Types of Transmission Technology

• There are two main types of transmission

technology:
 Transmission over Broadcast links (shared networks)
 Non-broadcasting (Point-to-point) links

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 Classification of Networks by Scale

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Why Networking?

• Point to point communication not usually practical

 Devices are too far apart
 Large set of devices would need impractical number of
connections
• Solution is a communications network
• Two broad categories of communications networks
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)

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 Wide Area Network (WAN) (1)

• Large geographical area

• Crossing public rights of way
• Rely in part on common carrier circuits
• Alternative technologies
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

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Wide Area Network (WAN) (2)

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 Local Area Networks (LAN)

• Smaller scope
 Building or small campus
• Usually owned by same organization as attached
devices
• Data rates much higher
• Usually broadcast systems
• Now some switched systems and ATM are being
introduced

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Local Area Network Topologies

• There are many types of LANs:

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 Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

• Middle ground between LAN and WAN

• Private or public network
• High speed
• Large area

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A metropolitan area network Example

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 Service based Classification of Networks
• The network's type describes the manner in which
attached resources can be accessed.
• Resources can be servers, devices, files, and so on,
that reside on, or are controlled by, a network-
attached computer.
• These resources can be accessed in one of two
ways:
 peer-to-peer
 client/server

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Client-Server Architecture
• In Client/server networks, one or more dedicated
servers enable users to access information and
share peripherals.
• Client/server networks are typically used when
there is a constant need to access large files and
applications or when multiple users want to share
peripherals.

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 Client-Server architecture
server:
• Serve Clients
• always-on host
• permanent IP address
• data centers for scaling
clients:
• communicate with server
• may be intermittently connected
client/server • may have dynamic IP addresses
• do not communicate directly
with each other

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Peer-to-Peer Architecture
• In "peer-to-peer" networking:
 each workstation is viewed as a peer to all the other
workstations, with the same capabilities.
 all of the workstations have the capacity to request and
provide information from and to every other
workstation.
 No specialized units such as files or print servers are
enabled, and all processing is performed locally.

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 P2P architecture
• no always-on server
• arbitrary end systems directly peer-peer
communicate
• peers request service from
other peers, provide service
in return to other peers
 self scalability – new
peers bring new service
capacity, as well as new
service demands
• peers are intermittently
connected and change IP
addresses
 complex management
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