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Reactive Power Control Through STATCOM - Prajeet

STATCOM or Static Synchronous Compensator is a power electronic device that can control reactive power flow through a power network to increase stability. It is connected in shunt with the line. STATCOM maintains synchronization between its output voltage and the power system voltage to either absorb or generate reactive power as needed. It uses a voltage source converter to convert DC to AC and injects reactive current to control voltage. STATCOM operates in two modes - voltage regulation mode where it controls voltage by varying its output, and VAR control mode where it supplies a fixed reactive power at its current limit.

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215 views8 pages

Reactive Power Control Through STATCOM - Prajeet

STATCOM or Static Synchronous Compensator is a power electronic device that can control reactive power flow through a power network to increase stability. It is connected in shunt with the line. STATCOM maintains synchronization between its output voltage and the power system voltage to either absorb or generate reactive power as needed. It uses a voltage source converter to convert DC to AC and injects reactive current to control voltage. STATCOM operates in two modes - voltage regulation mode where it controls voltage by varying its output, and VAR control mode where it supplies a fixed reactive power at its current limit.

Uploaded by

prajeet95
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reactive Power Control through STATCOM

What is SATACOM?
STATCOM or Static Synchronous Compensator is a power electronic device
using force commutated devices like IGBT, GTO etc. to control the reactive
power flow through a power network and thereby increasing the stability of
power network. STATCOM is a shunt device i.e it is connected in shunt with the
line. A Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is also known as a Static
Synchronous Condenser (STATCON). It is a member of the Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) family of devices.
The terms Synchronous in STATCOM mean that it can either absorb or
generate reactive power in synchronization with the demand to stabilize the
voltage of the power network.

Working Principle of STATCOM:

To understand the working principle of STATCOM, we will first have a look at


the reactive power transfer equation.

Let us consider two sources V1 and V2 are connected through an impedance


Z = Ra + j X as shown in figure below.
In the above reactive power flow equation, angle δ is the angle between V1
and V2. If we maintain angle δ = 0 then Reactive power flow will become

Q = (V2/X) * [V1-V2]

and active power flow will become

P = (V1*V2*Sin (δ)) / X = 0

To summarize, we can say that if the angle between V1 and V2 is zero, the flow
of active power becomes zero and the flow of reactive power depends on (V1 –
V2). Thus, for flow of reactive power there are two possibilities.

1)    If the magnitude of V1 is more than V2, then reactive power will flow from
source V1 to V2.
2)    If the magnitude of V2 is more than V1, reactive power will flow from
source V2 to V1.
This principle is used in STATCOM for reactive power control. Now we will
discuss about the design of STATCOM for better correlation of working
principle and design.

Design of STATCOM:

STATCOM has the following components:

1) A Voltage Source Converter, VSC

The voltage-source converter is used to convert the DC input voltage to an AC


output voltage. Two of the common VSC types are as below.

PWM Inverters using Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT): It uses Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) technique to create a sinusoidal waveform from a
DC voltage source with a typical chopping frequency of a few kHz. In contrast
to the GTO-based type, the IGBT-based VSC utilizes a fixed DC voltage and
varies its output AC voltage by changing the modulation index of the PWM
modulator
.
2) DC Capacitor

DC Capacitor is used to supply constant DC voltage to the voltage source


converter, VSC.

3)   Inductive Reactance

A Transformer is connected between the output of VSC and Power System.


Transformer basically acts as a coupling medium. In addition, Tranformer
neutralize harmonics contained in the square waves produced by VSC.

4)    Harmonic Filter

Harmonic Filter attenuates the harmonics and other high frequency


components due to the VSC.

A simplified diagram along with equivalent electrical circuit of STATCOM is


shown in figure below.

As can be seen from the figure above, source V1 represents the output voltage
of the STATCOM. In case of reactive power demand increases in the power
system, STATCOM increases its output voltage V1 while maintain the phase
difference between V1 and V2 to zero (it shall be noted here that there will
always exists small phase angle between V1 and V2 to cater for the leakage
impedance drop in the interconnecting Transformer.
As V1 > V2, reactive power will flow from STATCOM to the power system. Thus
STATCOM, supplies reactive power and acts as reactive power generator.

Again, if the voltage of power system increases due to load throw off,
STATCOM will reduce its output voltage V1 and therefore will absorb reactive
power to stabilize the voltage to normal value.

The above mode of operation of STATCOM is called Voltage Regulation Mode.

But as we know every equipment has got their own limitations, so STATCOM
must also have some limitation of supplying or absorbing reactive power. Yes,
there exists a limitation and this limitation is imposed by the current carrying
capacity of force commutated devices like IGBT, GTO etc. Therefore, if the
operation of STATCOM reaches their limitation, it does not further increase or
decreases its output voltage V1 rather it supplies or absorbs fixed reactive
power equal to its limiting value at a fixed voltage and current and acts like
constant current source. This mode of operation of STATCOM is called VAR
Control Mode.

The operation of STATCOM can be classified into two modes:


1)    Voltage Regulation Mode
2)    VAR Control Mode

The figure below well explains the above two modes of operation of STATCOM.

The figure above is the Voltage Current Characteristics of STATCOM. As can be


seen, voltage regulation capability of STATCOM is from V1 (in lower side) to V2
in upper side of power system. If the voltage of power system goes below V1
or above V2, STATCOM acts in VAR Control mode. Here V1 and V2 are just
taken for example, it should not be confused with the V1 (used for output
voltage of STATCOM) and V2 (Voltage of power system) used in the discussion
above.

Control Scheme:

Fig. Direct power control based on the active and reactive power calculations
with modulator

We have used PI controller for outer loop control and PR controller as inner
loop control to keep DC Capacitor value fixed.
MATLAB SCHEMATIC:

RESULTS:

Fig. Active and reactive power measurement for grid, inverter and load

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
Fig a). Grid Voltage
b). Grid Current
c). Inverter Current
d). Load Current

Conclusion:
In reactive power compensation using STATCOM we have basically fixed our dc
capacitor value fixed using PI and PR controller to modulate PWM signal in
accordance with the load and have successfully implemented it using MATLAB/
SIMULINK.

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