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Nuclear Power Engineering Section: A': American International University-Bangladesh

The document reports on simulations of nuclear chain reactions, radioactive decay, and the photoelectric effect conducted using the Javalab simulation program. It describes how nuclear chain reactions can occur when one nuclear reaction causes subsequent reactions and explains the concept of half-life periods to show how radioactive substances decay over time. Experiments are presented demonstrating the photoelectric effect by varying the wavelength and intensity of electromagnetic radiation striking materials.

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Naushed Nihal
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70 views6 pages

Nuclear Power Engineering Section: A': American International University-Bangladesh

The document reports on simulations of nuclear chain reactions, radioactive decay, and the photoelectric effect conducted using the Javalab simulation program. It describes how nuclear chain reactions can occur when one nuclear reaction causes subsequent reactions and explains the concept of half-life periods to show how radioactive substances decay over time. Experiments are presented demonstrating the photoelectric effect by varying the wavelength and intensity of electromagnetic radiation striking materials.

Uploaded by

Naushed Nihal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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American International University-Bangladesh

NUCLEAR POWER ENGINEERING

Section: ‘A’

Course teacher: Dr. MD. Tanseer Ali

Title: Javalab simulation radioactivity and photoelectric effect.

Submitted by:
Name: Nihal, Nawshad Ahmed ID: 18-36519-1 Date: 17 – 06 – 2021
Title: Javalab simulation radioactivity and photoelectric effect.

Nuclear Chain Reaction:


When a single nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more subsequent nuclear reactions, a nuclear chain reaction
occurs, allowing for the possibility of a self-propagating series of these reactions. The nuclear reaction in question may
be the fission of heavy isotopes (e.g., uranium-235, 235U). Nuclear chain reactions produce several million times the
amount of energy released by chemical reactions. Nuclear fission occurs when a fissile atom splits into two or more
fission fragments. Additionally, several free neutrons, gamma rays, and neutrinos are emitted, along with a significant
amount of energy. The sum of the rest masses of the fission fragments and ejected neutrons is less than the sum of the
original atom's and incident neutron's rest masses (of course the fission fragments are not at rest). According to the
equation E=mc2 , the mass difference is accounted for in the energy released.

Fig 1: Chain Reaction of Uranium-235.

Due to the extremely large value of the speed of light, c, a small decrease in mass is associated with a tremendous
release of active energy (for example, the kinetic energy of the fission fragments). This energy (in the form of
radiation and heat) carries the missing mass, when it leaves the reaction system (total mass, like total energy, is always
conserved). While typical chemical reactions release energies on the order of a few eVs (e.g. the binding energy of the
electron to hydrogen is 13.6 eV), nuclear fission reactions typically release energies on the order of hundreds of
millions of eVs [5].
Half Life Period of a Radioactive Substance:
The half-life (symbol t1/2) of a quantity is the time required for it to decay to half its initial
value. The term is frequently used in nuclear physics to refer to the rate at which unstable
atoms decay radioactively or the duration of stable atoms' survival. Additionally, the term is
used more broadly to refer to any type of exponential or non-exponential decay. For instance,
the biological half-life of drugs and other chemicals in the human body is a term used in the
medical sciences. Half-life is the inverse of time doubling [6].
In radioactivity, the half-life is the time required for half of the atomic nuclei in a radioactive
sample to decay. If the half-life is repeated, approximately half of the remaining mass will
remain. (Half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, thirty-second) The mass continues to decrease in
size, but it always remains a small amount [4].
R = Roe-λt

R: mass after time t

Ro: Mass at 't = 0'

λ: Decay constant (= ln 2 / T1/2)

T1/2: Half-life Period

Fig 2: Radioactive Substance at initial level. Fig 3: Radioactive Substance after 1st decay.

Fig 4: Radioactive Substance after 2nd decay. Fig 5: Radioactive Substance after 3rd decay.

Fig 6: Radioactive Substance after 4th decay. Fig 7: Radioactive Substance after 5th decay.
Fig 7: Radioactive Substance after 7th decay.

Here in this picture, the number of Atoms of a mol are reducing per half-life period. But it never be zero.

Photoelectric Effect Experiment:


When electromagnetic radiation, such as light, strikes a material, the photoelectric effect occurs. Photoelectrons are
electrons emitted in this manner. Condensed matter physics, solid state chemistry, and quantum chemistry all study the
phenomenon in order to derive information about the properties of atoms, molecules, and solids. The effect has found
application in electronic devices that are optimized for light detection and precise electron emission timing.

The emission of conduction electrons from typical metals requires a few electron-volt (eV) light quanta, which
correspond to visible or ultraviolet light with a short wavelength. In extreme cases, emissions are induced by photons
with energies approaching zero, such as in systems with negative electron affinity and emission from excited states, or
by photons with energies as low as a few hundred keV for core electrons in elements with a large atomic number. The
study of the photoelectric effect made significant contributions to our understanding of light and electrons' quantum
natures and influenced the development of the concept of wave–particle duality. The photoconductive effect, the
photovoltaic effect, and the photoelectrochemical effect are additional examples of how light affects the movement of
electric charges [7].

Fig 8: Photoelectric Effect Experiment on ‘Na’.


In this figure the value of λ, irradiation and voltage are varied. When the λ and irradiation are high then current
increase fast and saturate at a point. For the orange line, λ was low.

Fig 8: Photoelectric Effect Experiment on ‘Ba’.

In this figure the value of λ, irradiation and voltage are varied. When the λ and irradiation are high then current
increase fast and saturate at a point. The irradiation helps to increase current’s saturate point. For the orange and green
line, λ was low.

Photoelectric Effect:

Fig 9: Photoelectric Effect.


References:
[1] https://javalab.org/en/photoelectric_effect_2_en/
[2] https://javalab.org/en/photoelectric_effect_en/
[3] https://javalab.org/en/nuclear_chain_reaction_en/
[4] https://javalab.org/en/half_life_period_en/
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect

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