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    Analysis II MS Sol 2015-16

    Uploaded by

    Mainak Samanta
    The document is the solution to a midterm exam in analysis consisting of 6 questions: 1) Use the substitution theorem to evaluate an integral involving the square root function. 2) Calculate the upper and lower Riemann integrals of a piecewise defined function and determine if it is Riemann integrable. 3) Determine if a sequence of uniformly continuous functions converges uniformly. 4) Prove that a series converges if its partial sums are bounded. 5) Determine the pointwise and uniform limit of a sequence of arctangent functions. 6) Use a comparison test to determine convergence/divergence of a p-series with positive coefficients.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Analysis II MS Sol 2015-16

    Uploaded by

    Mainak Samanta
    34 views3 pages
    The document is the solution to a midterm exam in analysis consisting of 6 questions: 1) Use the substitution theorem to evaluate an integral involving the square root function. 2) Calculate the upper and lower Riemann integrals of a piecewise defined function and determine if it is Riemann integrable. 3) Determine if a sequence of uniformly continuous functions converges uniformly. 4) Prove that a series converges if its partial sums are bounded. 5) Determine the pointwise and uniform limit of a sequence of arctangent functions. 6) Use a comparison test to determine convergence/divergence of a p-series with positive coefficients.

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    The document is the solution to a midterm exam in analysis consisting of 6 questions: 1) Use the substitution theorem to evaluate an integral involving the square root function. 2) Calculate the upper and lower Riemann integrals of a piecewise defined function and determine if it is Riemann integrable. 3) Determine if a sequence of uniformly continuous functions converges uniformly. 4) Prove that a series converges if its partial sums are bounded. 5) Determine the pointwise and uniform limit of a sequence of arctangent functions. 6) Use a comparison test to determine convergence/divergence of a p-series with positive coefficients.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views3 pages

    Analysis II MS Sol 2015-16

    Uploaded by

    Mainak Samanta
    The document is the solution to a midterm exam in analysis consisting of 6 questions: 1) Use the substitution theorem to evaluate an integral involving the square root function. 2) Calculate the upper and lower Riemann integrals of a piecewise defined function and determine if it is Riemann integrable. 3) Determine if a sequence of uniformly continuous functions converges uniformly. 4) Prove that a series converges if its partial sums are bounded. 5) Determine the pointwise and uniform limit of a sequence of arctangent functions. 6) Use a comparison test to determine convergence/divergence of a p-series with positive coefficients.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Analysis 2 B.Math (hons.

    ) I year Semester 15-16


    http://www.isibang.ac.in/∼statmath/oldqp/QP/Analysis II MS 2015-16.pdf Midterm Solution

    (1) State the Substitution theorem (for integration) and use it to evaluate
    R 4 cos(√t)
    the integral 1 √
    t
    dt.
    (5 marks)

    Statement: [1] Let J := [α, β] be an interval and φ : J → R have a continuous derivative


    on J. If f : I → R is continuous on interval I containing φ(J), then
    Z β Z φ(β)
    0
    f (φ(t))φ (t)dt = f (x)dx.
    α φ(α)
    √
    Let f (x) = 2 cos x and let φ(t) = t. Then f and φ are real valued continous functions
    on R, in particular on [1, 4]. Also φ has a continuous derivative on [1, 4]. Note that [1, 4]
    contains φ([1, 4]) and φ0 (t) = 2√
    1
    t
    . Hence by the substitution theorem stated above,
    Z 4 √ Z φ(4)
    cos( t)
    √ dt = 2 cos xdx
    1 t φ(1)
    Z 2
    = 2 cos xdx
    1
    = 2 sin(2) − 2 sin(1).
    Answer: 2(sin(2) − sin(1))

    (2) Let f : [1, 2] → R be the function defined by f (x) = x for x ∈ Q ∩ [1, 2] and
    f (x) = 0 for x ∈ [1, 2] − Q. Calculate the upper and lower Riemann integrals
    U (f ) and L(f ) of f . If f integrable?
    (6 marks)

    Recall that U (f ) = inf U (P, f ) and L(f ) = sup L(P, f ) where the infimum and supremum
    are taken over all the partitions of [1, 2] respectively and for every partition P = {0 =
    x0 , x1 , · · · , xn = 1}
    n
    X
    U (P, f ) = Mi (xi − xi−1 ) where Mi = sup f (x)
    xi−1 ≤x≤xi
    i=1
    n
    X
    L(P, f ) = mi (xi − xi−1 ) where mi = inf f (x)
    xi−1 ≤x≤xi
    i=1

    By the definition of f , for every interval (xi1 , xi ) ⊂ [1, 2], mi = 0. Thus L(f ) = 0. Also,
    U (f ) = 23 .
    However, f is Riemann integrable if and only if U (f ) = L(f ). Hence f is not Riemann
    integrable.

    1
    (3) Let f : R → R be a uniformly continuous function on R. For n ∈ N, define
    fn (x) = f (x + n1 ) for every x ∈ R. Does the sequence of functions (fn )
    converge uniformly on R?
    (6 marks)

    Given that f is uniformly continuous. Let  > 0 be given.Then ∀x ∈ R, there exists a


    δ > 0 such that |x − y| < δ =⇒ |f (x) − f (y)| < . Choose a large positive natural
    number N such that N > δ −1 . For all n ≥ N,
    1 1
    |x + − x| ≤ 1/N < δ =⇒ |f (x + ) − f (x)| < 
    n n
    1
    that is, |x + − x| ≤ 1/N < δ =⇒ |fn (x) − f (x)| < 
    n
    Thus for all n ≥ N, |fn (x) − x| < , ∀x ∈ R. Hence the uniform convergence.
    P∞
    (4) If the partial
    P∞ ansums s n of the series
    P∞ n=1 an are
    P∞ bounded, then show that
    an sn
    the series n=1 n converges, and n=1 n = n=1 n(n+1) .
    (6 marks)

    Following the proof Dirchlet’s test Given that the partial sums sn = nk=1 ak are
    P
    bounded, that is, there exists a positive number M such that |sn | ≤ M . Let s0 = 0.
    For every  > 0, choose large positive N0 > M −1 . Then n1 <  for all n ≥ N0 . Hence
    n n
    X ak X 1
    = (sk − sk−1 )
    k=1
    k k=1
    k
    n n−1
    X sk X sk
    = −
    k=1
    k k=0
    k+1
    n−1
    sn X 1 1 
    = + sk − (since s0 = 0)
    n k=1
    k k + 1
    n−1
    sn X sk
    = +
    n k=1
    k(k + 1)
    Pn ak 1
    P∞ an we have | k=1 k | ≤ M + M (1 − n ) < 2M
    Now since the partial sums are bounded , that
    P∞
    is the partial sums of the series n=1 n is a bounded sequence. Thus the series n=1 ann
    converges. In other words,
    n n
    X ak X sk sn sn sn
    − = − =
    k=1
    k k=1
    k(k + 1) n n(n + 1) n+1
    
    ≤ M =  ∀n ≥ N0 − 1
    M
    Thus the series ∞
    P an
    P∞ sn
    n=1 n+1 converges to n=1 n(n+1) .

    2
    (5) Let fn (x) = Arctan(nx). Describe the pointwise limit function f of this
    sequence. Show that fn converges to f uniformly on (0, ∞).
    (6 marks)

    By the properties of Arctan: Arctan( x1 ) = π2 − arctan(x), for positive x, we have


    |Arctan(nx) − π2 | = | π2 − Arctan(nx)| = |Arctan( nx 1
    )|. Since Arctan is monotonically
    π 1
    increasing funtion, we have |Arctan(nx)− 2 | = Arctan( nx ) → 0. Thus limn→∞ fn (x) = π2 .
    Note that the convergence is not depending on x ∈ (0, ∞). Hence the uniform conver-
    gence on (0, ∞).
    Also for x < 0, we have arctan x1 = − π2 − arctan(x). Hence for x < 0, limn→∞ fn (x) = −π
    2
    .
    P∞
    (6) If a and b are positive numbers, then prove that the series n=1 (an + b)−p
    converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1.
    (6 marks)

    −p
    For p ≤ 0 if the series converged, then limn→∞ (an + b)P = 0 which is a contradiction.
    ∞
    Let p > 0. Note that the partial sums of the series n=1 (an + b)−p is monotonically
    increasing. Hence enough to prove that the partial sums are bounded. Let an = (an + b)p
    n
    k
    X 1
    For n < 2 , sn =
    k=1
    (an + b)p
    ≤ a1 + (a2 + a3 ) + · · · + (a2k + · · · + a2k+1 −1 )
    ≤ a1 + 2a2 + · · · 2k a2k
    k
    2j(1−p) 2k(1−p) −p
    X
    j
    Now 2 aj = < =⇒ s n ≤ a 2−k(p−1)
    (a + 2bj )p ap j=0

    Since 2−n(p−1) converges if and only if p > 1, the convergence of the series n (an+b)−p
    P P
    follows for p > 1. And for p ≤ 1, by comparison test, the divergence follows.

    References
    [1] Bartle, R. G. and Sherbert, D. R., “Introduction to Real analysis”, 2007
    [2] Rudin, W., “Principles of Mathematical Analysis”, 1976.

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