Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev.

01-2014

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : NAJWA SYAKIRAH
Group : EMD4M4B1/2
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : TENSILE TEST

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1 AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN 2020878878
2 MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI 2019207048
3 MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI 2019257314
4 MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL 2019207678
ABIDIN
5 MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD 2019207148
MUSTAFFA

LABORATORY SESSION : 9/6/2021

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 16/6/2021

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
msconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1
2
3
4
5
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

ABSTRACT

The experiment was carried out to determine the tensile properties subjected to tensile
loading, to identify types of fracture surface, and validate data between experimental and
theoretical values. Students will be able to understand the tensile properties of materials when
subjected to tensile loading and identify the types of fracture surfaces. During the experiment
was conducted, the change in elongation and the load subjected was recorded by using
extensometer and tensile test machine. A graph of load vs extension, and stress vs strain was
plotted to study the relationship between the two. Conclusively, the result gained from this
experiment shows that Young Modulus theory is true.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... 1

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 3
THEORY .................................................................................................................................... 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: ......................................................................................... 6
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 10
DISCUSSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 53
CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 59
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 64
APPENDICES AND RAW DATA ......................................................................................... 65
 LIST OF TABLES

No Content Page
1 Procedure 9
2 Stress And Strain According To Given Load 10
3 Stress And Strain According To Given Load 19
4 Properties Of Mild Steel 31
5 Stress And Strain According To Given Load 33
6 Stress And Strain According To Given Load 40
7 Mechanical Properties Of Mild Steel 45
8 Stress And Strain According To Given Load 46
9 Load And Extension 51
10 Experimental And Theretical Value 51
11 List Of Apparatus 66
12 Load And Elongation Of Sample 66

1
 LIST OF FIGURES

No Content Page
1 Vernier Caliper 6
2 Tensile Test Machine 6
3 Mild Steel Sample 6
4 Extension Gauge 7
5 Load Gauge 7
6 Tensile Test Machine Setup 7
7 Measuring Diameter 8
8 Measuring Gauge Length 8
9 Machine Software Setup 8
10 Sample Placed Securely 8
11 Load And Extension Were Measured 9
12 Dimension Of Mild Steel Sample 10
13 Load Vs Extension Graph 17
14 Stress Vs Strain Graph 17
15 Dimension Of Mild Steel Sample 19
16 Load Vs Extension Graph 30
17 Stress Vs Strain Graph 30
18 Dimension Of Mild Steel Sample 33
19 Load Vs Extension Graph 38
20 Stress Vs Strain Graph 38
21 Dimension Of Mild Steel Sample 39
22 Load Vs Extension Graph 44
23 Stress Vs Strain Graph 44
24 Dimension Of Mild Steel Sample 46
25 Load Vs Extension Graph 50
26 Stress Vs Strain Graph 50

2
 INTRODUCTION

Tensile strength is the maximum load that a material can support without being broken
or fractured, divided by the cross-sectional area of the material. Tensile strengths have
𝑁
dimensions of force per unit area and can be expressed as 𝑚2 .(Adam, 2020). When stress that

less than the tensile strength is removed, a material returns either completely or partially to its
original shape and size. When the stress reaches the value of the tensile strength, if the material
is ductile, it will form a constricted region called a neck where it then fractures.

When designing the structure component in railway lane, ships, bridges and aircraft,
the tensile properties of each material used should be analyzed to ensure the safety of the
component. The tensile strength of the component must reach certain strength requirements of
the structure for the use of structural application. For metal forming process, ductility is an
important characteristic as it measures a material’s ability to deform under tensile stresses. This
is an important factor for this process since brittle materials are more likely to bust. Metals that
break when stressed cannot be transformed during hammering, rolling, or drawing.

Experiments about tensile strength can predict the tensile properties of the specimen by
applying axial and longitudinal forces to a specimen with known dimensions. These forces are
applied on the specimen until deformation occurs and cause failure. The tensile load and
extension are being recorded for the calculations of stress-strain relationship of the specimen.
Furthermore, it can also be used to determine other mechanical characteristics of the specimen
such as yield strength, modulus of elasticity and strain.

3
 THEORY

When specimen is set up in the tensile test machine, the applied tensile resultant force
passes through the centroid of the specimen’s cross section. Any loading that passes through
the centroid is considered as axial force and can be either tensile or compressive. In this
experiment, tensile force is applied to the targetted specimen. The experiment measures applied
an amount of force gradually and observes the change of length of the specimen which are used
to calculated its nominal stress and strain. The term stress is shown as the force per unit area,

𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Meanwhile, strain is a measure of the deformation that has occured when force is
applied to the material. In this experiment where we assume that the specimen experiences the
same deformation over the entire length of its body, strain can be defined as

𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

From the data that results from calculation of specimen’s stress and strain, some
mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus, yield stress, ultimate tensile stress and
fracture stress can be determined. Young‘s modulus is defined as ratio of uniaxial stress to
strain for the initial straight line portion of the material’s stress-strain curve, which is also in
the range of stress in which Hooke’s Law applied. It is also called as tensile modulus which is
a measure of elasticity stiffness. In another word, the calculation for Young’s Modulus must
use the data before the Yield point on the curve. Young‘s modulus is determined by

𝛥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎
𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠, 𝐸 =
𝛥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀

Yield point is a point on the stress-strain curve where we found a significant increase
in strain while having less increase in stress. This point is known as the yield stress of the
particular material. On the curve, it shows the beginning of plastic behavior and the end of
elastic behavior. When the load is removed at a point below the yield point, its elastic behavior
will let it returns to its original shape. But when the load is removed at a point above the yield
point, its deformation will be permanent as it have enters the region of plastic behavior.

4
 Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is the peak value of engineering stress on the stress-
strain curve. It is also called as the compressive or tensile strength. Besides, fracture strength
is the value of stress at the point on the stress-strain curve where the specific material fail or
fracture under the applied stress. At this point, the specimen exceeds its plastic deformation
limit and comes into failure.

5
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

APPARATUS:

1. Vernier caliper
2. Tensile test machine
3. Mild steel sample
4. Extension gauge
5. Load gauge

Figure 1: Vernier caliper

Figure 2: Tensile test machine

Figure 3: Mild steel sample

6
 Figure 4: Extension gauge

Figure 5: Load gauge

TENSILE TEST MACHINE SETUP:

Figure 6: Tensile test machine setup

7
PROCEDURE:

No Steps Figure
1. The diameter of the sample was measured at
several places and average of the diameter
was taken.

Figure 7 : measuring diameter

2. The narrow part of the sample or known as

“gauge length” was measured along with the
total length of the sample.

Figure 8 : measuring gauge length

3. The machine software has been setup and

the speed of pulling for the sample was
given in mm/min.

Figure 9 : machine software setup

4. The sample was placed securely between the
lower grip and the upper grip (hydraulic
grips). The machine was then started.

8
 Figure 10 : sample placed securely

5. The load and the extension of the sample

was measured. The load was measured
using the load cell in the machine while the
extension was measured using the moveable
crossheads at the top part of the machine.

Figure 11 : load and extension were

measured

Table 1: Procedure

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NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878

RESULTS

Sample Dimensions

6.5mm

193mm
Figure 12: Dimension of mild steel sample

Experimental Results

Load (kN) Extension (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain E(MPa)

0.0024 0.0000 0.0732 0.0000 0.0000
0.0438 0.0350 1.3195 0.1812 7.2809
0.0489 0.0700 1.4733 0.3625 4.0648
0.0499 0.1052 1.5041 0.5449 2.7602
0.0487 0.1400 1.4666 0.7252 2.0223
0.0493 0.1750 1.4856 0.9068 1.6384
0.0494 0.2101 1.4893 1.0886 1.3681
0.0509 0.2450 1.5334 1.2692 1.2082
0.0547 0.2799 1.6495 1.4504 1.1372
0.0629 0.3152 1.8966 1.6329 1.1615
0.1103 0.3499 3.3247 1.8132 1.8336
0.2829 0.3850 8.5229 1.9947 4.2727
0.6592 0.4201 19.8641 2.1769 9.1250
1.1772 0.4549 35.4728 2.3572 15.0487
1.6880 0.4899 50.8618 2.5384 20.0368
2.1333 0.5251 64.2805 2.7209 23.6248
2.5242 0.5598 76.0590 2.9006 26.2221
2.8894 0.5951 87.0643 3.0837 28.2342
3.2195 0.6300 97.0091 3.2643 29.7186
3.5187 0.6649 106.0247 3.4452 30.7748

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NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878
3.8001 0.7001 114.5046 3.6273 31.5672
4.0684 0.7351 122.5876 3.8086 32.1874
4.3290 0.7699 130.4404 3.9892 32.6987
4.5904 0.8051 138.3168 4.1713 33.1590
4.8407 0.8400 145.8597 4.3522 33.5137
5.0909 0.8749 153.3985 4.5332 33.8392
5.3555 0.9101 161.3703 4.7153 34.2226
5.6213 0.9450 169.3803 4.8962 34.5940
5.8912 0.9799 177.5139 5.0775 34.9612
6.1705 1.0150 185.9282 5.2593 35.3522
6.4564 1.0500 194.5447 5.4405 35.7584
6.7408 1.0849 203.1145 5.6211 36.1340
7.0404 1.1202 212.1406 5.8039 36.5513
7.3417 1.1550 221.2195 5.9845 36.9653
7.6449 1.1899 230.3558 6.1654 37.3624
7.9632 1.2251 239.9454 6.3476 37.8010
8.2830 1.2599 249.5841 6.5282 38.2316
8.6061 1.2949 259.3180 6.7094 38.6498
8.9379 1.3301 269.3175 6.8916 39.0791
9.2685 1.3649 279.2791 7.0722 39.4897
9.6029 1.4000 289.3525 7.2537 39.8901
9.9470 1.4350 299.7221 7.4353 40.3108
10.2919 1.4700 310.1155 7.6165 40.7163
10.6385 1.5049 320.5592 7.7974 41.1110
10.9972 1.5401 331.3655 7.9799 41.5251
11.3522 1.5749 342.0641 8.1602 41.9187
11.7119 1.6100 352.9017 8.3417 42.3056
12.0821 1.6451 364.0586 8.5239 42.7105
12.4506 1.6800 375.1592 8.7045 43.0995
12.8219 1.7149 386.3478 8.8854 43.4812
13.2085 1.7501 397.9989 9.0679 43.8911
13.5897 1.7849 409.4852 9.2482 44.2775

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NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878
13.9726 1.8200 421.0225 9.4300 44.6471
14.3649 1.8551 432.8423 9.6119 45.0321
14.7479 1.8899 444.3816 9.7925 45.3799
15.1396 1.9250 456.1852 9.9743 45.7360
15.5340 1.9600 468.0702 10.1555 46.0901
15.9235 1.9949 479.8047 10.3365 46.4187
16.3129 2.0300 491.5387 10.5180 46.7331
16.7112 2.0651 503.5415 10.6998 47.0607
17.0932 2.0999 515.0513 10.8801 47.3387
17.4805 2.1350 526.7205 11.0623 47.6140
17.8580 2.1701 538.0974 11.2438 47.8571
18.2069 2.2049 548.6077 11.4241 48.0218
18.5276 2.2401 558.2713 11.6066 48.0995
18.7981 2.2751 566.4244 11.7881 48.0504
18.9797 2.3099 571.8937 11.9684 47.7835
19.0996 2.3451 575.5074 12.1506 47.3646
19.1674 2.3800 577.5513 12.3318 46.8343
19.2017 2.4149 578.5842 12.5124 46.2408
19.2326 2.4501 579.5165 12.6946 45.6507
19.2600 2.4850 580.3412 12.8758 45.0722
19.2780 2.5199 580.8842 13.0567 44.4893
19.3055 2.5550 581.7128 13.2386 43.9408
19.3262 2.5900 582.3368 13.4198 43.3939
19.3421 2.6249 582.8147 13.6007 42.8518
19.3650 2.6601 583.5053 13.7829 42.3355
19.3843 2.6950 584.0851 13.9638 41.8286
19.3952 2.7299 584.4150 14.1444 41.3178
19.4163 2.7651 585.0508 14.3272 40.8351
19.4292 2.7999 585.4383 14.5075 40.3543
19.4377 2.8349 585.6944 14.6887 39.8738
19.4550 2.8701 586.2163 14.8709 39.4205
19.4639 2.9050 586.4848 15.0518 38.9645

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NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878
19.4706 2.9400 586.6858 15.2330 38.5141
19.4841 2.9751 587.0931 15.4152 38.0854
19.4846 3.0099 587.1085 15.5955 37.6461
19.4935 3.0450 587.3776 15.7773 37.2293
19.5044 3.0801 587.7042 15.9591 36.8255
19.5064 3.1150 587.7648 16.1398 36.4172
19.5104 3.1499 587.8853 16.3210 36.0202
19.5187 3.1851 588.1369 16.5031 35.6379
19.5185 3.2200 588.1309 16.6837 35.2517
19.5211 3.2549 588.2080 16.8650 34.8775
19.5274 3.2902 588.3978 17.0474 34.5153
19.5218 3.3249 588.2300 17.2274 34.1450
19.5183 3.3600 588.1255 17.4093 33.7823
19.5166 3.3951 588.0733 17.5911 33.4301
19.5049 3.4300 587.7205 17.7720 33.0699
19.4887 3.4650 587.2323 17.9533 32.7089
19.4796 3.5003 586.9587 18.1360 32.3642
19.4456 3.5349 585.9322 18.3154 31.9912
19.4194 3.5700 585.1433 18.4976 31.6335
19.3851 3.6051 584.1098 18.6794 31.2702
19.3397 3.6400 582.7421 18.8600 30.8983
19.2896 3.6750 581.2325 19.0416 30.5244
19.2428 3.7101 579.8223 19.2231 30.1628
19.1765 3.7449 577.8242 19.4037 29.7791
19.1165 3.7800 576.0163 19.5855 29.4103
19.0580 3.8151 574.2557 19.7674 29.0506
18.9827 3.8499 571.9865 19.9477 28.6743
18.9162 3.8851 569.9809 20.1298 28.3152
18.8485 3.9201 567.9422 20.3114 27.9618
18.7669 3.9549 565.4831 20.4917 27.5957
18.6973 3.9901 563.3862 20.6738 27.2512
18.6250 4.0250 561.2083 20.8551 26.9099

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NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878
18.5391 4.0599 558.6188 21.0360 26.5554
18.4663 4.0951 556.4261 21.2181 26.2241
18.3884 4.1300 554.0773 21.3988 25.8930
18.3009 4.1649 551.4410 21.5800 25.5534
18.2256 4.2002 549.1736 21.7624 25.2349
18.1409 4.2349 546.6205 21.9427 24.9112
18.0552 4.2700 544.0382 22.1243 24.5901
17.9767 4.3051 541.6729 22.3061 24.2836
17.8888 4.3399 539.0252 22.4867 23.9708
17.8029 4.3750 536.4359 22.6683 23.6646
17.7215 4.4101 533.9820 22.8501 23.3689
17.6337 4.4450 531.3376 23.0310 23.0705
17.5413 4.4800 528.5528 23.2123 22.7704
17.4602 4.5151 526.1097 23.3944 22.4887
17.3677 4.5499 523.3231 23.5747 22.1985
17.2761 4.5850 520.5618 23.7563 21.9126
17.1897 4.6201 517.9575 23.9384 21.6371
17.0955 4.6550 515.1203 24.1190 21.3574
16.9984 4.6899 512.1951 24.3002 21.0778
16.9087 4.7251 509.4919 24.4824 20.8105
16.8098 4.7600 506.5131 24.6630 20.5374
16.7118 4.7949 503.5602 24.8442 20.2687
16.6169 4.8302 500.6991 25.0267 20.0066
16.5130 4.8650 497.5699 25.2070 19.7394
16.4082 4.9000 494.4106 25.3885 19.4738
16.3113 4.9351 491.4911 25.5704 19.2211
16.2019 4.9700 488.1959 25.7513 18.9581
16.0963 5.0050 485.0112 25.9325 18.7028
15.9935 5.0401 481.9158 26.1147 18.4538
15.8784 5.0749 478.4476 26.2950 18.1954
15.7683 5.1100 475.1280 26.4765 17.9453
15.6594 5.1451 471.8484 26.6587 17.6996

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NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878
15.5391 5.1799 468.2220 26.8387 17.4458
15.4225 5.2150 464.7101 27.0208 17.1982
15.3074 5.2501 461.2426 27.2027 16.9558
15.1778 5.2849 457.3360 27.3830 16.7015
15.0553 5.3200 453.6439 27.5648 16.4574
14.9281 5.3551 449.8126 27.7467 16.2114
14.7874 5.3900 445.5715 27.9273 15.9547
14.6484 5.4251 441.3847 28.1094 15.7024
4.2300 5.4561 127.4589 28.2699 4.5086

Table 2: Stress and strain according to given load

Sample calculation (Experimental)

Area

𝜋𝑑 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
4

𝜋(0.0065)2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
4

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 3.31874 𝑥 10−5 𝑚2

Stress

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

0.0489𝑘
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
3.31874 𝑥 10−5

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 1.4733 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Strain

𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

0.07 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
193 𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0.3625

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NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878
Young’s Modulus, E (Experimental)

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠, 𝐸 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

1.4733 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸=
0.3625

𝐸 = 4.0648 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Theoretical Young Modulus, E of Mild Steel = 210 Gpa or 210000 Mpa

Highest Young Modulus, E (Experimental) = 48.0955 Mpa

Percentage error

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | 𝑥 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

48.0955 − 210000
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | 𝑥 100%
210000

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 99.98%

16
NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878
Graphs

Load vs Extension

Figure 13: Load vs Extension Graph

Stress vs Strain

Figure 14: Stress vs Strain Graph

17
NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878

Characteristics of the sample

The sample is mild steel, and this mild steel is usually associated with high tensile stress
as this material can withstand high tensile stress. Even a small sample can withstand high
tensile stress as seen from the table. This material is also magnetic because it has ferrite in its
compositions. Not to mention this material also has good ductility and and weldability because
it is mainly used in the industry to produce various sorts of products. Also, mild steel has good
electrical conductivity as it can be welded very easily.

18
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

RESULTS

Figure 15: Dimension of mild steel sample

Table 1: Tabulation of data

Extension (mm) Load (N) Stress (Pa) Strain

0 2.428644 7.32E+04 0

0.03497685 43.79144 1.32E+06 0.00018

0.06995371 48.89359 1.47E+06 0.00036

0.1051697 49.91779 1.47E+06 0.00054

0.1399672 48.67112 1.47E+06 0.00073

0.1750038 49.30481 1.49E+06 0.00091

0.2101003 49.42594 1.49E+06 0.00109

0.2449575 50.88846 1.53E+06 0.00127

0.2799344 54.7432 1.65E+06 0.00145

19
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

0.3151504 62.94259 1.90E+06 0.00163

0.3499479 110.3375 3.32E+06 0.00181

0.3849845 282.8532 8.52E+06 0.00199

0.4201408 659.235 1.99E+07 0.00218

0.4549383 1177.249 3.55E+07 0.00236

0.4899151 1687.969 5.08E+07 0.00254

0.5251311 2133.302 6.43E+07 0.00272

0.559809 2524.197 7.60E+07 0.0029

0.5951446 2889.435 8.70E+07 0.00308

0.6300019 3219.476 9.70E+07 0.00326

0.6649189 3518.681 1.06E+08 0.00345

0.7000752 3800.108 1.14E+08 0.00363

0.735052 4068.359 1.23E+08 0.00381

0.7699092 4328.976 1.30E+08 0.00399

0.8050655 4590.371 1.38E+08 0.00417

0.8399825 4840.7 1.46E+08 0.00435

20
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

0.8748996 5090.894 1.53E+08 0.00453

0.9100558 5355.458 1.61E+08 0.00472

0.9449729 5621.289 1.69E+08 0.0049

0.9799498 5891.222 1.77E+08 0.00508

1.015046 6170.47 1.86E+08 0.00526

1.050023 6456.427 1.94E+08 0.00544

1.08488 6740.838 2.03E+08 0.00562

1.120156 7040.39 2.12E+08 0.0058

1.155013 7341.693 2.21E+08 0.00598

1.18993 7644.905 2.30E+08 0.00617

1.225087 7963.158 2.40E+08 0.00635

1.259944 8283.041 2.49E+08 0.00653

1.294921 8606.084 2.59E+08 0.00671

1.330077 8937.941 2.69E+08 0.00689

1.364934 9268.539 2.79E+08 0.00707

1.399971 9602.85 2.89E+08 0.00725

21
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

1.435008 9946.99 3.00E+08 0.00744

1.469984 10291.92 3.10E+08 0.00762

1.504901 10638.52 3.20E+08 0.0078

1.540118 10997.15 3.31E+08 0.00798

1.574915 11352.21 3.42E+08 0.00816

1.609952 11711.88 3.53E+08 0.00834

1.645108 12082.15 3.64E+08 0.00852

1.679965 12450.55 3.75E+08 0.0087

1.714882 12821.87 3.86E+08 0.00889

1.750098 13208.54 3.98E+08 0.00907

1.784896 13589.74 4.09E+08 0.00925

1.819992 13972.63 4.21E+08 0.00943

1.855089 14364.9 4.33E+08 0.00961

1.889946 14747.86 4.44E+08 0.00979

1.925042 15139.59 4.56E+08 0.00997

1.960019 15534.02 4.68E+08 0.01016

22
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

1.994936 15923.46 4.80E+08 0.01034

2.029973 16312.88 4.91E+08 0.01052

2.065069 16711.22 5.03E+08 0.0107

2.099867 17093.2 5.15E+08 0.01088

2.135023 17480.47 5.27E+08 0.01106

2.17006 17858.04 5.38E+08 0.01124

2.204857 18206.85 5.48E+08 0.01142

2.240073 18527.56 5.58E+08 0.01161

2.27511 18798.14 5.66E+08 0.01179

2.309907 18979.65 5.72E+08 0.01197

2.345064 19099.58 5.75E+08 0.01215

2.38004 19167.41 5.77E+08 0.01233

2.414898 19201.69 5.78E+08 0.01251

2.450054 19232.63 5.79E+08 0.01269

2.485031 19260 5.80E+08 0.01288

2.519948 19278.02 5.81E+08 0.01306

23
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

2.555044 19305.52 5.81E+08 0.01324

2.590021 19326.23 5.82E+08 0.01342

2.624938 19342.09 5.83E+08 0.0136

2.660094 19365.01 5.83E+08 0.01378

2.695011 19384.25 5.84E+08 0.01396

2.729869 19395.2 5.84E+08 0.01414

2.765144 19416.3 5.85E+08 0.01433

2.799942 19429.16 5.85E+08 0.01451

2.834919 19437.66 5.85E+08 0.01469

2.870075 19454.98 5.86E+08 0.01487

2.904992 19463.89 5.86E+08 0.01505

2.939969 19470.56 5.86E+08 0.01523

2.975125 19484.08 5.87E+08 0.01542

3.009923 19484.59 5.87E+08 0.0156

3.045019 19493.52 5.87E+08 0.01578

3.080115 19504.36 5.87E+08 0.01596

24
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

3.114972 19506.37 5.88E+08 0.01614

3.149949 19510.37 5.88E+08 0.01632

3.185106 19518.72 5.88E+08 0.0165

3.219963 19518.52 5.88E+08 0.01668

3.25494 19521.08 5.88E+08 0.01686

3.290156 19527.38 5.88E+08 0.01705

3.324894 19521.81 5.88E+08 0.01723

3.35999 19518.34 5.88E+08 0.01741

3.395086 19516.61 5.88E+08 0.01759

3.430004 19504.9 5.87E+08 0.01777

3.46498 19488.7 5.87E+08 0.01795

3.500256 19479.62 5.87E+08 0.01814

3.534874 19445.55 5.86E+08 0.01832

3.570031 19419.37 5.85E+08 0.0185

3.605127 19385.07 5.84E+08 0.01868

3.639984 19339.68 5.83E+08 0.01886

25
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

3.675021 19289.58 5.81E+08 0.01904

3.710057 19242.78 5.80E+08 0.01922

3.744915 19176.47 5.78E+08 0.0194

3.780011 19116.47 5.76E+08 0.01959

3.815108 19058.04 5.74E+08 0.01977

3.849905 18982.73 5.72E+08 0.01995

3.885061 18916.17 5.70E+08 0.02013

3.920098 18848.51 5.68E+08 0.02031

3.954895 18766.9 5.65E+08 0.02049

3.990051 18697.31 5.63E+08 0.02067

4.025029 18625.03 5.61E+08 0.02086

4.059946 18539.09 5.58E+08 0.02104

4.095102 18466.32 5.56E+08 0.02122

4.129959 18388.37 5.54E+08 0.0214

4.164936 18300.88 5.51E+08 0.02158

4.200152 18225.63 5.49E+08 0.02176

26
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

4.234949 18140.9 5.46E+08 0.02194

4.269986 18055.2 5.44E+08 0.02212

4.305083 17976.7 5.41E+08 0.02231

4.33994 17888.83 5.39E+08 0.02249

4.374976 17802.9 5.36E+08 0.02267

4.410073 17721.46 5.34E+08 0.02285

4.44499 17633.7 5.31E+08 0.02303

4.479967 17541.28 5.28E+08 0.02321

4.515123 17460.2 5.26E+08 0.02339

4.549921 17367.72 5.23E+08 0.02357

4.584957 17276.08 5.20E+08 0.02376

4.620113 17189.65 5.18E+08 0.02394

4.654971 17095.49 5.15E+08 0.02412

4.689947 16998.41 5.12E+08 0.0243

4.725104 16908.7 5.09E+08 0.02448

4.759961 16809.84 5.06E+08 0.02466

27
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

4.794938 16711.84 5.03E+08 0.02484

4.830154 16616.89 5.01E+08 0.02503

4.864951 16513.04 4.97E+08 0.02521

4.899988 16408.19 4.94E+08 0.02539

4.935084 16311.3 4.91E+08 0.02557

4.970001 16201.94 4.88E+08 0.02575

5.004978 16096.25 4.85E+08 0.02593

5.040134 15993.52 4.82E+08 0.02611

5.074932 15878.42 4.78E+08 0.02629

5.109968 15768.25 4.75E+08 0.02648

5.145125 15659.41 4.72E+08 0.02666

5.179862 15539.06 4.68E+08 0.02684

5.215019 15422.51 4.65E+08 0.02702

5.250115 15307.43 4.61E+08 0.0272

5.284913 15177.78 4.57E+08 0.02738

5.320009 15055.25 4.53E+08 0.02756

28
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

5.355105 14928.1 4.50E+08 0.02775

5.389962 14787.35 4.45E+08 0.02793

5.425119 14648.4 4.41E+08 0.02811

5.45609 4230.027 1.27E+08 0.02827

Table 3: Stress and strain according to given load

Sample calculation:

𝐹
Surface area = a =𝜋𝑟 2 Stress = 𝜎 = 𝐴
19518.34
a = 𝜋(3.25)2 𝜎=
3.318 × 10−5
𝜎 = 5.883 × 108 𝑃𝑎
a = 3.318 × 10−5 𝑚2
𝐿𝑓 −𝐿0
Strain = 𝜀 = 𝐿0
3.36𝑚𝑚
= 𝜀=
193𝑚𝑚
= 𝜀 = 0.0174

29
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

Figure 16: Load vs Extension Graph

Figure 17: Stress vs Strain Graph

30
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048
Actual characteristics of Mild Steel

Mild steel is a type of alloy with a mix of iron and low amount of carbon. Less amount of
carbon cause mild steel to be more ductile, machinable and weldable compared to high carbon
and other steels. It is also commonly used in construction as it has high tensile strength and
also has a high impact strength making it suitable as a construction material.

Mechanical Properties Metric

Poisson’s Ratio 0.32

Tensile strength, Yield 345 MPa

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 450 Mpa

Modulus of Elasticity 205 Gpa

Table 4: Properties of Mild Steel

31
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

From the experiment:

Area = 3.318× 10−5 𝑚2

Max Load= 19527.38N
Max Extension= 3.290156mm
Max Stress= 5.8848 × 108 𝑃𝑎
Max Strain= 0.01705

Ultimate yield: Percentage error:

|𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
max 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 |588.53𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 450𝑀𝑃𝑎|
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
450𝑀𝑃𝑎
19527.38N
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 30.78%
3.318 × 10−5 𝑚2

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 588.53𝑀𝑃𝑎

Modulus of elasticity: Percentage error:

𝜎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
|𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
× 100
𝐸= 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝜀 |34.58𝐺𝑃𝑎 − 205𝐺𝑃𝑎|
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
205𝐺𝑃𝑎
5.89 × 108 − 7.32 × 106
𝐸= 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 83.13%
0.01705 − 0

𝐸 = 34.58𝐺𝑃𝑎

32
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314

RESULTS

Figure 18: Dimension of mild steel sample

Extension (mm) Load (N) Stress, σ (Mpa) Strain, ε

0 2.428644 0.073189245 0
0.03497685 43.79144 1.319692145 0.181227202
0.06995371 48.89359 1.473449758 0.362454456
0.1051697 49.91779 1.504314892 0.544920725
0.1399672 48.67112 1.466745436 0.725218653
0.1750038 49.30481 1.485842221 0.90675544
0.2101003 49.42594 1.489492576 1.088602591
0.2449575 50.88846 1.533566855 1.269209845
0.2799344 54.7432 1.649732711 1.450437306
0.3151504 62.94259 1.896828275 1.632903627
0.3499479 110.3375 3.325114041 1.813201554
0.3849845 282.8532 8.524020818 1.994738342
0.4201408 659.235 19.86660523 2.176895337
0.4549383 1177.249 35.47739599 2.357193264
0.4899151 1687.969 50.86837588 2.538420207
0.5251311 2133.302 64.28886312 2.720886528
0.559809 2524.197 76.06881512 2.900564767
0.5951446 2889.435 87.07557168 3.083650777
0.6300019 3219.476 97.02163683 3.264258549
0.6649189 3518.681 106.038433 3.445175648
0.7000752 3800.108 114.5194741 3.627332642
0.735052 4068.359 122.6034452 3.808559585
0.7699092 4328.976 130.4573593 3.989166839
0.8050655 4590.371 138.3347191 4.171323834
0.8399825 4840.7 145.8785956 4.352240933
0.8748996 5090.894 153.4184037 4.533158549
0.9100558 5355.458 161.391264 4.715315026
0.9449729 5621.289 169.4023064 4.896232642
0.9799498 5891.222 177.5369661 5.077460104
1.015046 6170.47 185.9523411 5.259305699
1.050023 6456.427 194.5698976 5.440533679
1.08488 6740.838 203.140864 5.621139896
1.120156 7040.39 212.1681173 5.803917098

33
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314
1.155013 7341.693 221.2481385 5.984523316
1.18993 7644.905 230.385689 6.165440415
1.225087 7963.158 239.9765128 6.347601036
1.259944 8283.041 249.616458 6.528207254
1.294921 8606.084 259.3516325 6.709435233
1.330077 8937.941 269.3524243 6.891590674
1.364934 9268.539 279.3152752 7.072196891
1.399971 9602.85 289.3900204 7.253735751
1.435008 9946.99 299.7609708 7.435274611
1.469984 10291.92 310.1557286 7.616497409
1.504901 10638.52 320.6008132 7.797414508
1.540118 10997.15 331.4084321 7.97988601
1.574915 11352.21 342.108466 8.160181347
1.609952 11711.88 352.9474262 8.341720207
1.645108 12082.15 364.1058264 8.523875648
1.679965 12450.55 375.2078725 8.704481865
1.714882 12821.87 386.3979153 8.885398964
1.750098 13208.54 398.0505433 9.067865285
1.784896 13589.74 409.5383282 9.248165803
1.819992 13972.63 421.0770428 9.430010363
1.855089 14364.9 432.8984316 9.611860104
1.889946 14747.86 444.4392556 9.792466321
1.925042 15139.59 456.244371 9.974310881
1.960019 15534.02 468.1308533 10.15553886
1.994936 15923.46 479.8669576 10.33645596
2.029973 16312.88 491.6024592 10.51799482
2.065069 16711.22 503.6067726 10.69983938
2.099867 17093.2 515.1180635 10.8801399
2.135023 17480.47 526.7887731 11.06229534
2.17006 17858.04 538.1671649 11.2438342
2.204857 18206.85 548.6788498 11.42412953
2.240073 18527.56 558.3437173 11.60659585
2.27511 18798.14 566.4978748 11.78813472
2.309907 18979.65 571.9678325 11.96843005
2.345064 19099.58 575.5820246 12.15059067
2.38004 19167.41 577.6261391 12.33181347
2.414898 19201.69 578.659196 12.51242487
2.450054 19232.63 579.5915991 12.69458031
2.485031 19260 580.4164172 12.87580829
2.519948 19278.02 580.9594652 13.05672539
2.555044 19305.52 581.788201 13.23856995
2.590021 19326.23 582.4123144 13.41979793
2.624938 19342.09 582.8902689 13.60071503
2.660094 19365.01 583.5809826 13.78287047
2.695011 19384.25 584.1607963 13.96378756
2.729869 19395.2 584.4907838 14.14439896
2.765144 19416.3 585.1266502 14.32717098
2.799942 19429.16 585.5141972 14.5074715

34
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314
2.834919 19437.66 585.7703519 14.68869948
2.870075 19454.98 586.2923047 14.87085492
2.904992 19463.89 586.5608151 15.05177202
2.939969 19470.56 586.7618212 15.233
2.975125 19484.08 587.1692579 15.41515544
3.009923 19484.59 587.1846272 15.59545596
3.045019 19493.52 587.4537403 15.77730052
3.080115 19504.36 587.7804129 15.95914508
3.114972 19506.37 587.8409859 16.1397513
3.149949 19510.37 587.9615293 16.32097927
3.185106 19518.72 588.2131636 16.5031399
3.219963 19518.52 588.2071365 16.68374611
3.25494 19521.08 588.2842842 16.86497409
3.290156 19527.38 588.4741401 17.04744041
3.324894 19521.81 588.3062834 17.22743005
3.35999 19518.34 588.201712 17.40927461
3.395086 19516.61 588.149577 17.59111917
3.430004 19504.9 587.7966862 17.77204145
3.46498 19488.7 587.3084855 17.95326425
3.500256 19479.62 587.034852 18.13604145
3.534874 19445.55 586.0081237 18.31540933
3.570031 19419.37 585.2191672 18.49756995
3.605127 19385.07 584.1855077 18.67941451
3.639984 19339.68 582.8176415 18.86002073
3.675021 19289.58 581.3078356 19.04155959
3.710057 19242.78 579.897478 19.22309326
3.744915 19176.47 577.8991699 19.40370466
3.780011 19116.47 576.0910191 19.58554922
3.815108 19058.04 574.3301815 19.76739896
3.849905 18982.73 572.0606509 19.9476943
3.885061 18916.17 570.0548089 20.12984974
3.920098 18848.51 568.0158175 20.3113886
3.954895 18766.9 565.556431 20.49168394
3.990051 18697.31 563.4592774 20.67383938
4.025029 18625.03 561.2810583 20.85507254
4.059946 18539.09 558.6911836 21.03598964
4.095102 18466.32 556.498198 21.21814508
4.129959 18388.37 554.1491087 21.3987513
4.164936 18300.88 551.5125235 21.57997927
4.200152 18225.63 549.244801 21.7624456
4.234949 18140.9 546.6913906 21.94274093
4.269986 18055.2 544.1087485 22.12427979
4.305083 17976.7 541.7430845 22.30612953
4.33994 17888.83 539.0950476 22.48673575
4.374976 17802.9 536.5054743 22.66826943
4.410073 17721.46 534.0512109 22.85011917
4.44499 17633.7 531.4064889 23.03103627
4.479967 17541.28 528.6213339 23.21226425

35
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314
4.515123 17460.2 526.1779194 23.39441969
4.549921 17367.72 523.3909563 23.57472021
4.584957 17276.08 520.6293072 23.75625389
4.620113 17189.65 518.024666 23.93840933
4.654971 17095.49 515.1870746 24.11902073
4.689947 16998.41 512.2614866 24.30024352
4.725104 16908.7 509.5579997 24.48240415
4.759961 16809.84 506.5787698 24.66301036
4.794938 16711.84 503.6254568 24.84423834
4.830154 16616.89 500.7640581 25.02670466
4.864951 16513.04 497.6344504 25.207
4.899988 16408.19 494.4747068 25.38853886
4.935084 16311.3 491.5548446 25.57038342
4.970001 16201.94 488.2591883 25.75130052
5.004978 16096.25 485.0741306 25.9325285
5.040134 15993.52 481.978275 26.11468394
5.074932 15878.42 478.509639 26.29498446
5.109968 15768.25 475.1895727 26.47651813
5.145125 15659.41 471.9095871 26.65867876
5.179862 15539.06 468.2827379 26.83866321
5.215019 15422.51 464.7704049 27.02082383
5.250115 15307.43 461.3023716 27.20266839
5.284913 15177.78 457.395259 27.38296891
5.320009 15055.25 453.7027137 27.56481347
5.355105 14928.1 449.8709407 27.74665803
5.389962 14787.35 445.6293202 27.92726425
5.425119 14648.4 441.4419443 28.10942487
5.45609 4230.027 127.4754474 28.26989637

Table 5: Stress and strain according to given load

Information given:
Geometry = circular
Type of material = mild steel
Length = 193mm
Diameter = 6.5mm

Sample calculation:
Area:
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2
𝐴 = 𝜋(3.25 × 10−3 )2

36
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314
𝐴 = 3.3183 × 10−5 𝑚2

Stress, 𝜎 :
𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
𝐼𝑓 𝐹 = 2.428644𝑁
2.428644
𝜎=
3.3183 × 10−5
𝜎 = 0.073189245

Strain, 𝜀 :
𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿0 0.03497685
𝜀= =
𝐿0 193
𝜀 = 1.81227 × 10−4

Young modulus, 𝐸 :
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 (526.78877 × 106 ) − (515.11806 × 106 )
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 64𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 (11.0623 × 10−3 ) − (10.8801 × 10−3 )
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 205 GPa (mild steel)

Percentage error for young modulus:

𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
64 − 205
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100
205
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 68.8%

37
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314
GRAPH:

graph load vs extention

25000

20000

15000
load, N

10000

5000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
extention, mm

Figure 19: Load vs Extension Graph

graph stress vs strain

700

600

500
stress, kPa

400

300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
strain

Figure 20: Stress vs Strain Graph

38
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678

RESULTS

Figure 21: Dimension of mild steel sample

Specification:
Geometry: circular
Type of material: mild steel
Length = 193mm
Diameter = 6.5mm

Sample calculation
a) To calculate stress, 𝜎

𝑃 2.426844
𝜎= = = 73.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝜋(3.25 × 10−3 )2

b) To calculate strain, 𝜀

𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑜 0.03497685
𝜀= = = 0.181227 × 10−3
𝐿𝑜 193

c) To calculate surface area

𝐴 = π(r 2 ) = π(3. 252 ) = 3.318 × 10−5 m2

39
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678

Extention (mm) Load (N) Stress, σ (MPa) Strain, ε

0 2.428644 0.073189245 0
0.03497685 43.79144 1.319692145 0.181227202
0.06995371 48.89359 1.473449758 0.362454456
0.1051697 49.91779 1.504314892 0.544920725
0.1399672 48.67112 1.466745436 0.725218653
0.1750038 49.30481 1.485842221 0.90675544
0.2101003 49.42594 1.489492576 1.088602591
0.2449575 50.88846 1.533566855 1.269209845
0.2799344 54.7432 1.649732711 1.450437306
0.3151504 62.94259 1.896828275 1.632903627
0.3499479 110.3375 3.325114041 1.813201554
0.3849845 282.8532 8.524020818 1.994738342
0.4201408 659.235 19.86660523 2.176895337
0.4549383 1177.249 35.47739599 2.357193264
0.4899151 1687.969 50.86837588 2.538420207
0.5251311 2133.302 64.28886312 2.720886528
0.559809 2524.197 76.06881512 2.900564767
0.5951446 2889.435 87.07557168 3.083650777
0.6300019 3219.476 97.02163683 3.264258549
0.6649189 3518.681 106.038433 3.445175648
0.7000752 3800.108 114.5194741 3.627332642
0.735052 4068.359 122.6034452 3.808559585
0.7699092 4328.976 130.4573593 3.989166839
0.8050655 4590.371 138.3347191 4.171323834
0.8399825 4840.7 145.8785956 4.352240933
0.8748996 5090.894 153.4184037 4.533158549
0.9100558 5355.458 161.391264 4.715315026
0.9449729 5621.289 169.4023064 4.896232642
0.9799498 5891.222 177.5369661 5.077460104
1.015046 6170.47 185.9523411 5.259305699
1.050023 6456.427 194.5698976 5.440533679
1.08488 6740.838 203.140864 5.621139896
1.120156 7040.39 212.1681173 5.803917098
1.155013 7341.693 221.2481385 5.984523316
1.18993 7644.905 230.385689 6.165440415
1.225087 7963.158 239.9765128 6.347601036
1.259944 8283.041 249.616458 6.528207254
1.294921 8606.084 259.3516325 6.709435233
1.330077 8937.941 269.3524243 6.891590674
1.364934 9268.539 279.3152752 7.072196891
1.399971 9602.85 289.3900204 7.253735751
1.435008 9946.99 299.7609708 7.435274611

40
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678
1.469984 10291.92 310.1557286 7.616497409
1.504901 10638.52 320.6008132 7.797414508
1.540118 10997.15 331.4084321 7.97988601
1.574915 11352.21 342.108466 8.160181347
1.609952 11711.88 352.9474262 8.341720207
1.645108 12082.15 364.1058264 8.523875648
1.679965 12450.55 375.2078725 8.704481865
1.714882 12821.87 386.3979153 8.885398964
1.750098 13208.54 398.0505433 9.067865285
1.784896 13589.74 409.5383282 9.248165803
1.819992 13972.63 421.0770428 9.430010363
1.855089 14364.9 432.8984316 9.611860104
1.889946 14747.86 444.4392556 9.792466321
1.925042 15139.59 456.244371 9.974310881
1.960019 15534.02 468.1308533 10.15553886
1.994936 15923.46 479.8669576 10.33645596
2.029973 16312.88 491.6024592 10.51799482
2.065069 16711.22 503.6067726 10.69983938
2.099867 17093.2 515.1180635 10.8801399
2.135023 17480.47 526.7887731 11.06229534
2.17006 17858.04 538.1671649 11.2438342
2.204857 18206.85 548.6788498 11.42412953
2.240073 18527.56 558.3437173 11.60659585
2.27511 18798.14 566.4978748 11.78813472
2.309907 18979.65 571.9678325 11.96843005
2.345064 19099.58 575.5820246 12.15059067
2.38004 19167.41 577.6261391 12.33181347
2.414898 19201.69 578.659196 12.51242487
2.450054 19232.63 579.5915991 12.69458031
2.485031 19260 580.4164172 12.87580829
2.519948 19278.02 580.9594652 13.05672539
2.555044 19305.52 581.788201 13.23856995
2.590021 19326.23 582.4123144 13.41979793
2.624938 19342.09 582.8902689 13.60071503
2.660094 19365.01 583.5809826 13.78287047
2.695011 19384.25 584.1607963 13.96378756
2.729869 19395.2 584.4907838 14.14439896
2.765144 19416.3 585.1266502 14.32717098
2.799942 19429.16 585.5141972 14.5074715
2.834919 19437.66 585.7703519 14.68869948
2.870075 19454.98 586.2923047 14.87085492
2.904992 19463.89 586.5608151 15.05177202
2.939969 19470.56 586.7618212 15.233
2.975125 19484.08 587.1692579 15.41515544
3.009923 19484.59 587.1846272 15.59545596

41
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678
3.045019 19493.52 587.4537403 15.77730052
3.080115 19504.36 587.7804129 15.95914508
3.114972 19506.37 587.8409859 16.1397513
3.149949 19510.37 587.9615293 16.32097927
3.185106 19518.72 588.2131636 16.5031399
3.219963 19518.52 588.2071365 16.68374611
3.25494 19521.08 588.2842842 16.86497409
3.290156 19527.38 588.4741401 17.04744041
3.324894 19521.81 588.3062834 17.22743005
3.35999 19518.34 588.201712 17.40927461
3.395086 19516.61 588.149577 17.59111917
3.430004 19504.9 587.7966862 17.77204145
3.46498 19488.7 587.3084855 17.95326425
3.500256 19479.62 587.034852 18.13604145
3.534874 19445.55 586.0081237 18.31540933
3.570031 19419.37 585.2191672 18.49756995
3.605127 19385.07 584.1855077 18.67941451
3.639984 19339.68 582.8176415 18.86002073
3.675021 19289.58 581.3078356 19.04155959
3.710057 19242.78 579.897478 19.22309326
3.744915 19176.47 577.8991699 19.40370466
3.780011 19116.47 576.0910191 19.58554922
3.815108 19058.04 574.3301815 19.76739896
3.849905 18982.73 572.0606509 19.9476943
3.885061 18916.17 570.0548089 20.12984974
3.920098 18848.51 568.0158175 20.3113886
3.954895 18766.9 565.556431 20.49168394
3.990051 18697.31 563.4592774 20.67383938
4.025029 18625.03 561.2810583 20.85507254
4.059946 18539.09 558.6911836 21.03598964
4.095102 18466.32 556.498198 21.21814508
4.129959 18388.37 554.1491087 21.3987513
4.164936 18300.88 551.5125235 21.57997927
4.200152 18225.63 549.244801 21.7624456
4.234949 18140.9 546.6913906 21.94274093
4.269986 18055.2 544.1087485 22.12427979
4.305083 17976.7 541.7430845 22.30612953
4.33994 17888.83 539.0950476 22.48673575
4.374976 17802.9 536.5054743 22.66826943
4.410073 17721.46 534.0512109 22.85011917
4.44499 17633.7 531.4064889 23.03103627
4.479967 17541.28 528.6213339 23.21226425
4.515123 17460.2 526.1779194 23.39441969
4.549921 17367.72 523.3909563 23.57472021
4.584957 17276.08 520.6293072 23.75625389

42
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678
4.620113 17189.65 518.024666 23.93840933
4.654971 17095.49 515.1870746 24.11902073
4.689947 16998.41 512.2614866 24.30024352
4.725104 16908.7 509.5579997 24.48240415
4.759961 16809.84 506.5787698 24.66301036
4.794938 16711.84 503.6254568 24.84423834
4.830154 16616.89 500.7640581 25.02670466
4.864951 16513.04 497.6344504 25.207
4.899988 16408.19 494.4747068 25.38853886
4.935084 16311.3 491.5548446 25.57038342
4.970001 16201.94 488.2591883 25.75130052
5.004978 16096.25 485.0741306 25.9325285
5.040134 15993.52 481.978275 26.11468394
5.074932 15878.42 478.509639 26.29498446
5.109968 15768.25 475.1895727 26.47651813
5.145125 15659.41 471.9095871 26.65867876
5.179862 15539.06 468.2827379 26.83866321
5.215019 15422.51 464.7704049 27.02082383
5.250115 15307.43 461.3023716 27.20266839
5.284913 15177.78 457.395259 27.38296891
5.320009 15055.25 453.7027137 27.56481347
5.355105 14928.1 449.8709407 27.74665803
5.389962 14787.35 445.6293202 27.92726425
5.425119 14648.4 441.4419443 28.10942487
5.45609 4230.027 127.4754474 28.26989637

Table 6: Stress and strain according to given load

43
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678

graph load vs extention

25000

20000

15000
load, N

10000

5000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
extention, mm

Figure 22: Load vs Extension Graph

graph stress vs strain

700

600

500
stress, kPa

400

300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
strain

Figure 23: Stress vs Strain Graph

44
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678

The actual characteristic of the materials being tested.

The material used in this experiment was mild steel. Mild steel is a durable and strong low
carbon steel with a low carbon content that is difficult to temper. The tensile strength of this
material is weaker because there was not enough carbon and other alloying elements in it to
avoid dislocations in the crystal structure. Mild steel is more ductile, machinable, and weldable
than high carbon and other steels because it contains less carbon. Heating and quenching, on
the other hand, make it tough to harden and strengthen. For applications that require bigger
cross sections to reduce deflection and yield failure, mild steel is the best option. Mild steel is
prone to oxidation because it lacks alloying components. If it is not sufficiently coated, it will
oxidise. However, when compared to other steels, this trait adds to mild steel's reduced cost.
Mild steel is used in a variety of applications, including automobiles, furniture, decorations,
and structural steel.

Mechanical Properties Metric

Tensile Strength, Yield 370 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity (Typical for steel) 205 GPa
Tensile Strength, Ultimate 440 MPa
Poissons Ratio (Typical For Steel) 0.290

Table 7: mechanical properties of mild steel

a) To determine young modulus, E (obtain from graph)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 (515.181 × 106 ) − (503.6068 × 106 )

𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 63.8 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 (10.8801 × 10−3 ) − (10.6998 × 10−3 )
Etheoretical = 205 GPa (for mild steel)

b) Percentage error

𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 205 − 63.8

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100 = × 100
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 205
= 68.9%

45
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148

RESULTS

50 mm

193 mm
6.5 mm

Figure 24: Dimension of mild steel sample

Load (kN) Extension (mm) Stress (N/mm2) Strain

0.00243 0 0.07319 0
0.04379 0.03497685 1.3197 0.00018
0.04889 0.06995371 1.47345 0.00036
0.04992 0.1051697 1.50432 0.00054
0.04867 0.1399672 1.46675 0.00073
0.0493 0.1750038 1.48585 0.00091
0.04943 0.2101003 1.4895 0.00109
0.05089 0.2449575 1.53357 0.00127
0.05474 0.2799344 1.64974 0.00145
0.06294 0.3151504 1.89683 0.00163
0.11034 0.3499479 3.32512 0.00181
0.28285 0.3849845 8.52404 0.00199
0.65924 0.4201408 19.8666 0.00218
1.17725 0.4549383 35.4775 0.00236
1.68797 0.4899151 50.8685 0.00254
2.1333 0.5251311 64.289 0.00272
2.5242 0.559809 76.069 0.0029
2.88944 0.5951446 87.0758 0.00308
3.21948 0.6300019 97.0218 0.00326
3.51868 0.6649189 106.039 0.00345
3.80011 0.7000752 114.52 0.00363
4.06836 0.735052 122.604 0.00381
4.32898 0.7699092 130.458 0.00399
4.59037 0.8050655 138.335 0.00417
4.8407 0.8399825 145.879 0.00435
5.09089 0.8748996 153.419 0.00453
5.35546 0.9100558 161.392 0.00472
5.62129 0.9449729 169.403 0.0049
5.89122 0.9799498 177.537 0.00508
6.17047 1.015046 185.953 0.00526
6.45643 1.050023 194.57 0.00544
6.74084 1.08488 203.141 0.00562

46
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148
7.04039 1.120156 212.169 0.0058
7.34169 1.155013 221.249 0.00598
7.64491 1.18993 230.386 0.00617
7.96316 1.225087 239.977 0.00635
8.28304 1.259944 249.617 0.00653
8.60608 1.294921 259.352 0.00671
8.93794 1.330077 269.353 0.00689
9.26854 1.364934 279.316 0.00707
9.60285 1.399971 289.391 0.00725
9.94699 1.435008 299.762 0.00744
10.2919 1.469984 310.156 0.00762
10.6385 1.504901 320.602 0.0078
10.9972 1.540118 331.409 0.00798
11.3522 1.574915 342.109 0.00816
11.7119 1.609952 352.948 0.00834
12.0822 1.645108 364.107 0.00852
12.4506 1.679965 375.209 0.0087
12.8219 1.714882 386.399 0.00889
13.2085 1.750098 398.051 0.00907
13.5897 1.784896 409.539 0.00925
13.9726 1.819992 421.078 0.00943
14.3649 1.855089 432.899 0.00961
14.7479 1.889946 444.44 0.00979
15.1396 1.925042 456.245 0.00997
15.534 1.960019 468.132 0.01016
15.9235 1.994936 479.868 0.01034
16.3129 2.029973 491.604 0.01052
16.7112 2.065069 503.608 0.0107
17.0932 2.099867 515.119 0.01088
17.4805 2.135023 526.79 0.01106
17.858 2.17006 538.168 0.01124
18.2069 2.204857 548.68 0.01142
18.5276 2.240073 558.345 0.01161
18.7981 2.27511 566.499 0.01179
18.9797 2.309907 571.969 0.01197
19.0996 2.345064 575.583 0.01215
19.1674 2.38004 577.627 0.01233
19.2017 2.414898 578.66 0.01251
19.2326 2.450054 579.593 0.01269
19.26 2.485031 580.418 0.01288
19.278 2.519948 580.961 0.01306
19.3055 2.555044 581.789 0.01324
19.3262 2.590021 582.414 0.01342
19.3421 2.624938 582.892 0.0136
19.365 2.660094 583.582 0.01378
19.3843 2.695011 584.162 0.01396
19.3952 2.729869 584.492 0.01414
19.4163 2.765144 585.128 0.01433
19.4292 2.799942 585.515 0.01451
19.4377 2.834919 585.772 0.01469
19.455 2.870075 586.294 0.01487
19.4639 2.904992 586.562 0.01505

47
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148
19.4706 2.939969 586.763 0.01523
19.4841 2.975125 587.171 0.01542
19.4846 3.009923 587.186 0.0156
19.4935 3.045019 587.455 0.01578
19.5044 3.080115 587.782 0.01596
19.5064 3.114972 587.842 0.01614
19.5104 3.149949 587.963 0.01632
19.5187 3.185106 588.214 0.0165
19.5185 3.219963 588.208 0.01668
19.5211 3.25494 588.286 0.01686
19.5274 3.290156 588.475 0.01705
19.5218 3.324894 588.308 0.01723
19.5183 3.35999 588.203 0.01741
19.5166 3.395086 588.151 0.01759
19.5049 3.430004 587.798 0.01777
19.4887 3.46498 587.31 0.01795
19.4796 3.500256 587.036 0.01814
19.4456 3.534874 586.009 0.01832
19.4194 3.570031 585.22 0.0185
19.3851 3.605127 584.187 0.01868
19.3397 3.639984 582.819 0.01886
19.2896 3.675021 581.309 0.01904
19.2428 3.710057 579.899 0.01922
19.1765 3.744915 577.9 0.0194
19.1165 3.780011 576.092 0.01959
19.058 3.815108 574.331 0.01977
18.9827 3.849905 572.062 0.01995
18.9162 3.885061 570.056 0.02013
18.8485 3.920098 568.017 0.02031
18.7669 3.954895 565.558 0.02049
18.6973 3.990051 563.461 0.02067
18.625 4.025029 561.282 0.02086
18.5391 4.059946 558.692 0.02104
18.4663 4.095102 556.499 0.02122
18.3884 4.129959 554.15 0.0214
18.3009 4.164936 551.514 0.02158
18.2256 4.200152 549.246 0.02176
18.1409 4.234949 546.693 0.02194
18.0552 4.269986 544.11 0.02212
17.9767 4.305083 541.744 0.02231
17.8888 4.33994 539.096 0.02249
17.8029 4.374976 536.507 0.02267
17.7215 4.410073 534.052 0.02285
17.6337 4.44499 531.408 0.02303
17.5413 4.479967 528.622 0.02321
17.4602 4.515123 526.179 0.02339
17.3677 4.549921 523.392 0.02357
17.2761 4.584957 520.63 0.02376
17.1897 4.620113 518.026 0.02394
17.0955 4.654971 515.188 0.02412
16.9984 4.689947 512.263 0.0243
16.9087 4.725104 509.559 0.02448
16.8098 4.759961 506.58 0.02466

48
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148
16.7118 4.794938 503.627 0.02484
16.6169 4.830154 500.765 0.02503
16.513 4.864951 497.636 0.02521
16.4082 4.899988 494.476 0.02539
16.3113 4.935084 491.556 0.02557
16.2019 4.970001 488.26 0.02575
16.0963 5.004978 485.075 0.02593
15.9935 5.040134 481.979 0.02611
15.8784 5.074932 478.511 0.02629
15.7683 5.109968 475.191 0.02648
15.6594 5.145125 471.911 0.02666
15.5391 5.179862 468.284 0.02684
15.4225 5.215019 464.771 0.02702
15.3074 5.250115 461.303 0.0272
15.1778 5.284913 457.396 0.02738
15.0553 5.320009 453.704 0.02756
14.9281 5.355105 449.872 0.02775
14.7874 5.389962 445.63 0.02793
14.6484 5.425119 441.443 0.02811
4.23003 5.45609 127.476 0.02827

Table 8: Stress and strain according to given load

49
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148

Load Vs. Extension

25000

20000

15000
Load (N)

10000

5000

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Extension (mm)

Figure 25: Load vs Extension Graph

Stress Vs. Strain

700

600

500

400
Stress

300

200

100

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Strain

Figure 26: Stress vs Strain Graph

50
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148

At Ultimate Tensile
At Yield Stress At Breaking Point
Stress (UTS)
Load (N) 19099.58 19527.38 14648.4
Extension (mm) 2.345064 3.290156 5.425119

Table 9: Load and extension

Young’s Modulus Ultimate Tensile

Yield Stress (MPa)
(GPa) Stress (MPa)
Experimental 63.9125 575.583 588.475
Theoretical 200 345 450
Percentage error 68.04 % 66.84 % 30.77 %

Table 10: Experimental and theretical value

Sample Calculation
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(3.25)2 = 33.183 𝑚𝑚2
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 11711.88 𝑁
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 = = = 352.948 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 33.183 𝑚𝑚2
𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 1.609952 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = = 0.00834
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 193 𝑚𝑚
526.790 − 352.948
𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠, 𝐸 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 63912.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = 63.9125 𝐺𝑝𝑎
0.01106 − 0.00834

Sample calculation for percentage error

𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
63.9125 − 200
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = 68.04 %
200
575.583 − 345
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = 66.84 %
345
588.475 − 450
𝑈𝑇𝑆 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = 30.77 %
450

51
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148

Actual characteristic of mild steel

Mild steel is a ferrous metal made from the combination of iron and carbon. Mild steel can be
said as a low-priced material with good properties that makes it suitable for variety of
applications in engineering field. Due to its high iron content, it has good magnetic properties,
that’s why it is also classified as a ferromagnetic metal. Applying through hardening to this
type of steel is not recommended as it does not suitable for that purpose. However, case
hardening can be done by heating and adding a chemically reactive source of carbon. Then,
subsequent quench cycle will be done to harden its surface layer. Mild steel is not good in term
of resistance to corrosion in its untreated form. However, by applying an appropriate surface
protection product to the exposed parts, its corrosion resistance properties can be highly
improved in any occasion. There is a wide range of treatments available to improve the
appearance of mild steel and protect it from corrosion and rust which by using metal paint,
metal spray paint, zinc and red oxide primers.

52
NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878

DISCUSSIONS

Based on the experiment conducted, the highest young modulus achieved was 48.0955 Mpa
with the load measured at 18.5276 kN. The theoretical value for the material, which is mild
steel, would be at 210 Gpa which is very far from the experimental value. The percentage error
is very high at 99.98%. However, this does not mean the experimental value is wrong, this is
because, there could be presence of errors such as human errors in this experiment.

Other than that, The specimen was not tested following any international standard
therefore leading to deviation of the final results. The standard diameter of the specimen based
on ASTM tensile test, should be minimum of 12.5 mm, whereas the diameter of the tested
specimen was 6.5 mm. This means that the specimen in this experiment did not follow any
international standards and is one of the reasons for the deviation of its Young Modulus value.

Next, there are multiple precautions done in order to minimize errors during the
experiment. One of the precautions was making sure the extensometer was initially set to 0
before the testing was started. This minimizes zero error to occur that could potentially affect
the experiment’s results. In accordance, the other precaution done by the researchers was
making sure the eye level was perpendicular to the measurement in order to reduce parallax
erros that can also jeopardize the final results of the experiment.

Finally, the texture of the specimen after fracture has also changed resulting in dramatic
changes. One of the changes was that the broken part of the specimen had U-shaped elongation
around the fracture part of the specimen. Next, the other change would be the spiky texture
visible on the far end of the broken part where the fracture had occured. This spiky texture was
caused by the tensile stress acted upon the specimen where tensile fracture occurs. As a result,
the the broken part of the specimen cahnged to the spiky texture we see.

53
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

DISCUSSIONS

The specimen used in the experiment follows the international. This can be proven
throughout the experiment as it follows ASTM E8 which is a test method used in testing of
commercial shipment. This tension test provides information about the material strength and
ductility under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information is crucial in comparisons of material,
quality control and designing under certain circumstances. The main objective of our
experiment is to determine the mechanical properties of the specimen, which is mild steel, such
as its yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation and reduction of the surface area.

Based on the experiment conducted by the lab assistant, the calculated value of the
modulus of elasticity is 34.58𝐺𝑃𝑎 while the theoretical value obtained is 205 𝐺𝑃𝑎. The
difference between the experimental value and the theoretical value recorded is high which is
83.13%. To achieve a smaller percentage error, some precaution steps need to be taken so the
any relative error can be avoided and will not alter the result. Firstly, make sure the specimen
is tightened and in place to avoid slippage and ensuring the load applied equally on the
specimen so that the result obtained is precise. Next, misalignment of the specimen should be
avoided. If the specimen cracks accidently, the specimen should be replaced with a new
specimen and reconduct the experiment.

The type of the specimen can be considered as a ductile material. This can be observed
on the surface of the fractured specimen which leaves a smooth surface upon breaking. The
specimen undergoes material yielding and necking due to the tensile stress causing plastic
deformation which change the state of the material before completely failing and fractured.
This shows that the specimen is ductile because a brittle material usually forms rough surface
upon breakage as having little or no plastic deformation prior to failure.

54
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314

DISCUSSIONS

From this experiment, mild steel was the material we employed as a specimen in this
experiment. Using hydraulic grip, the specimen was fastened to the lower vice and top vice
before being put on the test jigs. The load and extension were measured throughout the
experiment until the specimen cracked and the necking point was attained. We can compute
the stress and strain based on the data and obtain the Young's modulus.

Stress is linearly proportional to strain until the yield point, which is 566.55 MPa,
according to the graph of stress versus strain. The curve then began to climb upward until it
reached 589.529 MPa, the material's ultimate tensile strength, and then it began to fall
downward. The Young's Modulus was computed using the slope within the elasticity limit and
came out to be 64 GPa. It is different from the theoretical value of 205 GPa. Therefore, we can
calculate the percentage error of this Young modulus. The result of our calculation gets 68.8
% which shows a relatively high value of the percentage error.

There are three types of errors that can arise throughout the experiment. Apparatus
error, human error (sometimes known as parallax error), and zero error are the three forms of
errors. Due of parallax mistake, the eye's individual may not be in the exact spot when taking
a scale reading. As a result, the reading may be skewed. After that, when utilising the Vernier
calliper to make our result out of theoretical value, zero mistake can arise.

55
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678

DISCUSSIONS

The variance in extension rates in a mild steel sample can be seen in the data from the
universal measuring machine. Data on cross-sectional area, length, extension, and axial loads
were used to calculate stress and strain. When exposed to the same volume of stress, there were
comparatively high extensions. Directly from the stress-strain diagram above, the yield stress
is stress will result in a breakdown of the specimen and cause it to deform permanently which
is at 571969080.6 Pa. The ultimate stress is referred as a maximum stress at the graph.
Therefore, the ultimate stress of the specimen is 588475424.2 Pa. The fracture stress of the
specimen can be determined at the curve downward before the breaks occurs which is
approximately 441442907.5 Pa. BCC (Body Centered Cubic) is a mild steel characteristic.

Cross-sectional area variations are unaffected by engineering stress-strain relationships.

Only true stress-strain curves will undergo such modifications. The values of real strains are
frequently higher than those of engineering strains. True strains occur in the gauge length's
transverse direction, which explains this. High stress and strain values in mild steel are
associated with strain hardening. The graph indicates that when engineering stress-strain curves
are necked, the curve drops downwards. However, because the curves must surpass the
maximal region of fracturing, this phenomena cannot be seen in ordinary true stress-strain
curves. During the experiment, the specimen clearly shows the necking that occurred just
before the specimen failed. This resulted in the formation of a “cup-cone” shape at the fracture
location. Due to this shape, the specimen is had a ductile fracture types.

There are few error that may be pointed out such as error from the machine. It is because
the machine has been used for a long time and may have error to conduct the experiment. This
error can be counter by checking the machine before starting the experiment to reduce the error
in taking the reading from the machine itself.

56
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148

DISCUSSIONS

The specimen being used in this experiment which is circular specimen has different
cross-sectional area along its length. The specimen’s gage section have a reduced cross-
sectional area to create a weak point at the middle of the specimen so that deformation or any
failure of the structure will be occured in this section. It also has enlarged ends for gripping
purpose. Gripping method to be choosen must ensure that the specimen can be held without
any slippage or failure at maximum load provided. In order to ensure that the larger ends do
not constrain those deformation or fracture, distances between the ends of the gage section and
the shoulders should be long enough, while the gage length should be larger relative to its
diameter to minimize bending. So, according to the specified dimensions, the testing specimen
can be considered following international standards for tensile test.

From the plotted graph, some mechanical properties of mild steels can be determined
experimentally which is Young’s modulus, yield stress and ultimate tensile stress. For tensile
and compressive stress, the slope of the stress-strain curve is referred as Young’s modulus and
Hooke’s Law applies where stress change proportionally to strain. From the slope that have
been calculated, we found that the experimental Young’s modulus is 63.9125 GPa. Comparing
to theoretical value for mild steel which is 200 GPa, the percentage error is 68.04 %. The yield
point is a point on stress-strain graph where it indicates the beginning plastic behavior and the
end of elastic behavior. At this point, materials begin to deform plastically. When the yield
point is passed, the deformation occured could be permanent and irreversible. From the curve,
we found that the experimental yield point is 575.583 MPa. Comparing to theoretical value for
mild steel which is 345 MPa, the percentage error is 66.84 %. Meanwhile, the ultimate tensile
strength (UTS) is the maximum point located on the stress-strain curve. This point indicates
the maximum stress that can be handled by a structure that is being tested. If this high stress is
applied and maintained for a fraction of time, the structure will fracture as a result. From the
curve, we found that the experimental ultimate tensile strength is 588.475 MPa. Comparing to
theoretical value for mild steel which is 450 MPa, the percentage error is 30.77 %.

If we analyze the stress-strain curve, we could see that the curve exhibits a linear
relationship up to a defined yield point. The linear part of the curve is called elastic region and
the slope is the modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus. Most of ductile materials exhibit a
yield point while brittle materials mostly do not have a yield point. Once passing the ultimate

57
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148

tensile strength, the curves drop downwards after necking has occurred. This stress-strain curve
exhibit ductile properties as the tested specimen shows elastic deformation, plastic deformation
and a slight decreament before it fracture. The mild steel is considered as ductile materials in
which the failure is gradual, while materials with brittle properties usually results in a sudden
failure. When the materials fractured, the texture of the surface of the fracture dull and fibrous.
This surface characteristic often occurs to ductile materials as they yield and experience a
plastic deformation before they get broken. This situation different from brittle fracture, as the
brittle material does not undergo deformation along their way to break. For a ductile fracture,
it is hard to fit them back together again compared to the brittle one.

Based on the calculation, we could see that percentage error for some mechanical
properties is very high ranging from 30.77 % to 68.04 %. Such high value may be the result
from various experimental error that occurred when conducting the experiment. First, parallax
error may occurred in every experiment that needs manual measurement or reading. That’s
why we are advised to do every measurement two or three times and take the average between
those value to ensure our reading is more accurate. Besides, due to the lack of vernier caliper
calibration, zero error might occur. If the measurement tools does not show absolute zero when
it is totally closed, manual calculation should be done to tolerate the error either to add or
substract that particular value. Next, when it comes to put the test specimen into its place during
the experiment, the specimen might became loose from the machine grip as it reached a very
high stress. The slippage occurs will give a series of wrong data that will occasionally results
in inaccurate mechanical properties. So, it is important to tighten the grip as much as possible
to minimize any slippage.

58
NAME : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
STUDENT ID: 2020878878

CONCLUSIONS

The experiment uses the approach of applying tensile stress on the specimen until it
breaks to determine its ultimate stress and strain. These properties were to be determined so
that the specimens Young Modulus can be calculated with the theoretical formula. The
experiment can be deem successful as the Young Modulus has been determined even though it
is far from the international standard. However, this was because the experiment did not follow
international standards making it can still be accepted. Based on the results, this shows that the
stress is directly proportional to the strain implying that the Young Modulus is correct. Not to
mention, the type of fracture was also determined to be tensile fracture with its respecitve
features that matches the theory. Experiment can be further improved for future research by
following the international standards such as ASMT to enhance the result’s accuracy. Other
than that, The experiment should also include studying the specimen’s properties in order to
increase the knowledge that can be gained in this study. In summary, the objectives of the
experiment had been achieved by proving the Young Modulus is true.

59
NAME : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI
STUDENT ID: 2019207048

CONCLUSIONS

As conclusion, we can conclude that all the objectives of this experiment are
successfully achieved as we managed to determine the young’s modulus and the tensile
property of the specimen is discovered. This experiment shows how tensile testing is important
in engineering. It is used to guarantee the quality of the component, materials and finishing a
product. The tensile properties can be determined by calculating the modulus of elasticity and
plotting graph. Mild steel is one of the common metals used because of its ability to change
shape and withstand high load. It is a ductile material due to its crystalline structure that allows
it to withstand high load because of its low carbon content to block dislocation on its structure.
Lastly, the theoretical and experimental value were validated and its percentage error can be
reduced by conducting the experiment carefully and the precaution steps should be followed.

60
NAME : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI
STUDENT ID: 2019257314

CONCLUSIONS

Finally, the tensile properties of the mild steel sample were measured using a tensile
test experiment in which the sample was stretched and elasticity and deformation were
observed. The stress versus strain graph can be used to determine yield strength, Young's
Modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture of the mild steel sample. The ductile fracture
surface type indicates that the mild steel sample is soft and ductile. The graph of stress versus
strain illustrates that within the elasticity limit, stress grew as strain grew, and then the curve
moved slightly higher before dropping downward as it went through the yield point. The object
will be irreversibly distorted or fractured if the strain exceeds the elastic limit. Because of
several flaws in the experiment, the experimental results differed from the theoretical values,
resulting in certain percentage inaccuracies. As a result, we must take precautions when doing
future studies in order to avoid such errors in the future and obtain more precise measurements
and results.

61
NAME : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN
STUDENT ID: 2019207678

CONCLUSIONS
To conclude, a tensile test determines a specimen's strength and how far it can be
stretched before breaking. From the data collected throughout the experiment, we can
determine the specimen's stress, strain, and Young Modulus. The mechanical properties of a
material can be determined using a tensile test experiment on a tensile test machine. The elastic
and plastic deformation of the material occurs when it is stretched. When a material is
reinforced to the point of fracture, the strain hardening phenomena occurs. Based on the results
of this experiment, I can say that it was a success. This experiment's objectives were achieved
in full. The value we get from the experiment was not entirely correct. That is because the plot
was approximated from the raw data supplied by the machine. It is preferable to acquire stress-
strain data directly from the machine for future experimentation. As a closure, tensile test is a
compulsory test to measure safety and quality issues in the industry.

62
NAME : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA
STUDENT ID: 2019207148

CONCLUSIONS
As a conclusion, this experiment is a small scale of industries standard test to ensure
either their material is strong enough or not when involving tensile capabilities. It is important
to know the mechanical properties of engineering materials which is Young’s modulus, yield
stress, ultimate tensile stress and breaking stress to ensure everything can be run safely under
controlled condition based on their limits. From the plotted graph of stress-strain, those
mechanical properies could be found experimentally in the strength lab. However, due to some
possible environmental error, procedural error, human error and imperfection in experimental
tools, the values that will be shown may slightly differs from the theoretical values. The
percentage error range from 30.77 % to 68.04 % can be considered as high. This indicates that
the experimental data is slightly inaccurate and extra precautions should be taken into
consideration. Anyway, the stress-strain curve shows ductile properties which we can see the
specimen yield linearly to some value, reach a maximum point and then fracture at a certain
value. This experiment shows how the stress change proportionally to strain until it reached its
yield point. This type of curve proved that the mild steel is a ductile materials as it exhibit
ductile stress-strain curve.

63
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1. Velling, A. (2021, March 11). Mild Steel - All You Need to Know. Fractory.
https://fractory.com/what-is-mild-steel/
2. What is the Young’s Modulus of mild steel? - Quora. (2018). Quora.
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3. schoolphysics::Welcome::(2021).Schoolphysics.
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19/Properties%20of%20matter/Elasticity/text/Elastic_moduli_and_Young_modulus/ind
ex.html
4. SteelonCall. (2020). Steeloncall.
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5. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998). Young’s modulus | Description,
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modulus
6. The Definitive Guide to ASTM E8/E8M Tension Testing of Metals. (n.d.). Instron.
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7. Britannica, Adam Augustyn, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, March 11). Tensile
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https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6115

64
APPENDICES AND RAW DATA

Vernier Calliper

Tensile Test Machine

Rectangular
Specimens

Extension Gauge

65
 Load Gauge

Table 11: List of apparatus

Dimension of Sample
Length: 193mm
Diameter: 6.5mm

Extention (mm) Load (N)

0 2.428644
0.03497685 43.79144
0.06995371 48.89359
0.1051697 49.91779
0.1399672 48.67112
0.1750038 49.30481
0.2101003 49.42594
0.2449575 50.88846
0.2799344 54.7432
0.3151504 62.94259
0.3499479 110.3375
0.3849845 282.8532
0.4201408 659.235
0.4549383 1177.249
0.4899151 1687.969
0.5251311 2133.302
0.559809 2524.197
0.5951446 2889.435
0.6300019 3219.476
0.6649189 3518.681
0.7000752 3800.108
0.735052 4068.359
66
0.7699092 4328.976
0.8050655 4590.371
0.8399825 4840.7
0.8748996 5090.894
0.9100558 5355.458
0.9449729 5621.289
0.9799498 5891.222
1.015046 6170.47
1.050023 6456.427
1.08488 6740.838
1.120156 7040.39
1.155013 7341.693
1.18993 7644.905
1.225087 7963.158
1.259944 8283.041
1.294921 8606.084
1.330077 8937.941
1.364934 9268.539
1.399971 9602.85
1.435008 9946.99
1.469984 10291.92
1.504901 10638.52
1.540118 10997.15
1.574915 11352.21
1.609952 11711.88
1.645108 12082.15
1.679965 12450.55
1.714882 12821.87
1.750098 13208.54
1.784896 13589.74
1.819992 13972.63
1.855089 14364.9
1.889946 14747.86
1.925042 15139.59
1.960019 15534.02
1.994936 15923.46
2.029973 16312.88
2.065069 16711.22
2.099867 17093.2
2.135023 17480.47
2.17006 17858.04
2.204857 18206.85
2.240073 18527.56
2.27511 18798.14

67
2.309907 18979.65
2.345064 19099.58
2.38004 19167.41
2.414898 19201.69
2.450054 19232.63
2.485031 19260
2.519948 19278.02
2.555044 19305.52
2.590021 19326.23
2.624938 19342.09
2.660094 19365.01
2.695011 19384.25
2.729869 19395.2
2.765144 19416.3
2.799942 19429.16
2.834919 19437.66
2.870075 19454.98
2.904992 19463.89
2.939969 19470.56
2.975125 19484.08
3.009923 19484.59
3.045019 19493.52
3.080115 19504.36
3.114972 19506.37
3.149949 19510.37
3.185106 19518.72
3.219963 19518.52
3.25494 19521.08
3.290156 19527.38
3.324894 19521.81
3.35999 19518.34
3.395086 19516.61
3.430004 19504.9
3.46498 19488.7
3.500256 19479.62
3.534874 19445.55
3.570031 19419.37
3.605127 19385.07
3.639984 19339.68
3.675021 19289.58
3.710057 19242.78
3.744915 19176.47
3.780011 19116.47
3.815108 19058.04

68
3.849905 18982.73
3.885061 18916.17
3.920098 18848.51
3.954895 18766.9
3.990051 18697.31
4.025029 18625.03
4.059946 18539.09
4.095102 18466.32
4.129959 18388.37
4.164936 18300.88
4.200152 18225.63
4.234949 18140.9
4.269986 18055.2
4.305083 17976.7
4.33994 17888.83
4.374976 17802.9
4.410073 17721.46
4.44499 17633.7
4.479967 17541.28
4.515123 17460.2
4.549921 17367.72
4.584957 17276.08
4.620113 17189.65
4.654971 17095.49
4.689947 16998.41
4.725104 16908.7
4.759961 16809.84
4.794938 16711.84
4.830154 16616.89
4.864951 16513.04
4.899988 16408.19
4.935084 16311.3
4.970001 16201.94
5.004978 16096.25
5.040134 15993.52
5.074932 15878.42
5.109968 15768.25
5.145125 15659.41
5.179862 15539.06
5.215019 15422.51
5.250115 15307.43
5.284913 15177.78
5.320009 15055.25
5.355105 14928.1

69
5.389962 14787.35
5.425119 14648.4
5.45609 4230.027

Table 12: Load and elongation of sample

70
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI

2 : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI

3 : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN

4 : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self:

Member 1: Fast worker and very cooperative

Member 2: Fast worker and very cooperative

Member 3: Fast worker and very cooperative

Member 4: Fast worker and very cooperative

 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI

2 : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN

3 : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA

4 : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Everybody gives full cooperation and commitment in doing this report

Member 1: Everybody gives full cooperation and commitment in doing this report

Member 2: Everybody gives full cooperation and commitment in doing this report

Member 3: Everybody gives full cooperation and commitment in doing this report

Member 4: Everybody gives full cooperation and commitment in doing this report
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI

2 : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA

3 : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN

4 : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: I love being with this group because they give a very good commitment and often help each
other in a group

Member 1: Cooperate, assist group members if there are problems in completing a given report
and give full commitment in the group

Member 2: Cooperate, help if there are difficulties between group members and give full
commitment in the group

Member 3: Cooperate , leadership and give full commitment in the group

Member 4: Cooperate , give a positive feedback as a group members and give full commitment in
the group.
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI

2 : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI

3 : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA

4 : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Cooperate and give full commitment in the group

Member 1: Cooperate and give full commitment in the group

Member 2: Cooperate and give full commitment in the group

Member 3: Cooperate and give full commitment in the group

Member 4: Cooperate and give full commitment in the group

 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : MUHAMAD IMRAN BIN AHMAD MUSTAFFA (2019207148)

Member’s Name 1 : AMERUL IZWAN AFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN (2020878878)

2 : MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN MOHD ZAINOL ABIDIN (2019207678)

3 : MUHAMAD HULAIF ADLI BIN ZULKIFLI (2019257314)

4 : MUHAMAD SAQIEF BIN HALMI (2019207048)

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: I like to be part of my team and share my ideas to others.

Member 1: very cooperative, competent leader that willing to work with others nicely.

Member 2: very cooperative, always valued every opinion and give positive feedbacks.

Member 3: very cooperative, always make everyone in the group feel respected.

Member 4: very cooperative, have a good understanding and skills to help the group.