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Key Notes: Chapter-14 Statistics

This document provides key notes on statistics including: 1) Formulas for calculating the mean, mode, and median for grouped data using methods like the direct method, assumed mean method, and step deviation method. 2) The empirical formula for relating mode, median and mean: Mode = 3 median - 2 mean. 3) Details on cumulative frequency curves (ogives) including how to construct less than and more than type ogives and how to obtain the median from the graph.

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Manu Verma
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215 views2 pages

Key Notes: Chapter-14 Statistics

This document provides key notes on statistics including: 1) Formulas for calculating the mean, mode, and median for grouped data using methods like the direct method, assumed mean method, and step deviation method. 2) The empirical formula for relating mode, median and mean: Mode = 3 median - 2 mean. 3) Details on cumulative frequency curves (ogives) including how to construct less than and more than type ogives and how to obtain the median from the graph.

Uploaded by

Manu Verma
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Key Notes

Chapter-14

Statistics

• Mean: The arithmetic mean (or, simply mean) is the sum of the values of all the observations
divided by the total number of observation.

• The mean for grouped data can be found by:

(i) The direct method = X =


∑ fixi
∑ fi

(ii) The assumed mean method X = a +


∑ fidi , Where d i = x i − a.
∑ fi
∑ fiui X −a
(iii) The step deviation method: X = a + × h, where U l = i
∑ fi h

• The mode for the grouped data can be found by using the formula:

 f1 − f 0 
mod e = l +   ×h
 2f1 − f 0 − f 2 

l = lower limit of the modal class.

f1 = frequency of the modal class.

fo = frequency of the preceding class of the modal class.

f2 = frequency of the succeeding class of the modal class.

h = size of the class interval.

Modal class - class interval with highest frequency.

• The median for the grouped data can be found by using the formula:

 n / 2 − Cf 
median = l +   × h
 f

l = lower limit of the median class.

n = number of observations.

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Key Notes
Cf = cumulative frequency of class interval preceding the median class.

f = frequency of median class.

h = class size.

• Empirical Formula: Mode = 3 median - 2 mean.

• Cumulative frequency curve or an Ogive:

(i) Ogive is the graphical representation of the cumulative frequency distribution.

(ii) Less than type Ogive:

• Construct a cumulative frequency table.

• Mark the upper class limit on the x = axis.

(i) More than type Ogive:

(ii) Construct a frequency table.

(iii) Mark the lower class limit on the x-axis.

• To obtain the median of frequency distribution from the graph:

(i) Locate point of intersection of less than type Ogive and more than type Ogive:

(ii) Draw a perpendicular from this point on x-axis.

(iii) The point at which it cuts the x-axis gives us the median.

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