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Introduction To Electromagnetism: The Electromagnetic Model

This document introduces electromagnetism and the electromagnetic model. It discusses the basic quantities like electric charge, current density, and electromagnetic fields. It also outlines the three essential steps to build an electromagnetic theory: defining basic quantities, rules of operation, and fundamental postulates. Maxwell's equations are summarized, which relate the electric and magnetic fields. SI units and universal constants are also defined.

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25 views

Introduction To Electromagnetism: The Electromagnetic Model

This document introduces electromagnetism and the electromagnetic model. It discusses the basic quantities like electric charge, current density, and electromagnetic fields. It also outlines the three essential steps to build an electromagnetic theory: defining basic quantities, rules of operation, and fundamental postulates. Maxwell's equations are summarized, which relate the electric and magnetic fields. SI units and universal constants are also defined.

Uploaded by

mumamadurai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Electromagnetism

The Electromagnetic Model


(1-1, 1-2, 1-3)

Yoonchan Jeong
School of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University
Tel: +82 (0)2 880 1623, Fax: +82 (0)2 873 9953
Email: [email protected]
The Electromagnetic Model
Electromagnetics?
The study of the effects of electric charges at rest and in motion
Inductive or deductive approach?
The course book uses deductive or axiomatic approach:
Elegant and orderly
Three essential steps for building an electromagnetic theory:
• First: Defining the basic quantities of electromagnetics
• Second: Rules of operation (vector algebra, vector calculus,
& partial differential equations)
• Third: Fundamental postulates to deal with electromagnetic fields

Two basic quantities in our electromagnetic model:


• Source quantities
The cause and effect are not always distinct!
• Field quantities
2
Source Quantities

• Electric charge: q or Q (C) ← Conservation of electric charge


e.g. the charge of an electron: −e = −1.60 × 10−19 (C)
∆q
• Volume charge density: ρ = lim (C/m 3 )
∆v →0 ∆v
∆q
• Surface charge density: ρ s = lim (C/m 2 )
∆s →0 ∆s
∆q
• Line charge density: ρ l = lim (C/m)
∆l →0 ∆l

dq
• Current (Rate of change of charge w.r.t. time): I = (C/s or A)
dt
• Volume current density: J (A/m 2 )

• Surface current density: J s (A/m)

3
Fundamental Field Quantities

Symbols
Field Quantity Symbol Unit
and Units
Electric field intensity E V/m
Electric Electric flux density
D C/m2
(Electric displacement)
Magnetic flux density B T
Magnetic
Magnetic field intensity H A/m

Constitutive relations:
The relations between E and D and between B and H

4
SI Units and Universal Constants
SI (International System of Units): MKSA system

Quantity Unit Abbreviation


Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Current ampere A

Universal constants:

Quantity Symbol Value Unit


Velocity of light in free space c ~3×108 m/s
Permeability of free space µ0 4π×10−7 H/m
Permittivity of free space ε0 ~1/36π×10−9 F/m
1
→c= (m/s)
ε 0 µ0
5
Maxwell’s Equations
Static fields until Chap. 7
∂B
∇×E + =0 Faraday’s law
∂t
Michael Faraday ∂D
(1791−1867) ∇×H − =J Ampère’s law
∂t
∇⋅D = ρ Gauss’s law James Clerk Maxwell
(1831−1879)
∇⋅B = 0 No free magnetic monopole (?)

Andre Marie Ampere


(1775 - 1835) D = εE = ε o E + P
B B Constitutive relations
H= = −M
µ µo

Carl Friedrich Gauss Oliver Heaviside 6


(1777 - 1855) (1850−1925)

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