Exercises

Ericsson WCDMA-Systems Overview

Ericsson WCDMA-Systems Overview

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Exercises
Table of Contents

Topic Page

CHAPTER 1: THE EVOLUTION OF GSM TO WCDMA-

SYSTEMS ..............................................................................................3
EXERCISE 1-1:.............................................................................................................. 3
EXERCISE 1-2:.............................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2: THE STANDARDIZATION...............................................6

EXERCISE 2-1: STANDARDS ...................................................................................... 6
EXERCISE 2-2: STANDARDS ...................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 3: THE CORE NETWORK ...................................................8

EXERCISE 3-1............................................................................................................... 8
EXERCISE 3-2............................................................................................................... 9
EXERCISE 3-3............................................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 4: THE RADIO NETWORK AND BASICS OF

WCDMA ...............................................................................................11
EXERCISE 4-1 CHANNELIZATION CODES, THE WALSH TREE ............................ 11
EXERCISE 4-2 SPREADING PRINCIPLE .................................................................. 12
EXERCISE 4-3 DS-CDMA - PRINCIPLE..................................................................... 16
EXERCISE 4-4: CODING WITH CHANNELIZATION AND SCRAMBLING
CODES......................................................................................................................... 17
EXERCISE 4-5: WCDMA OVERVIEW ........................................................................ 18
EXERCISE 4-6: CHANNELIZATION CODES ............................................................. 20

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CHAPTER 1: THE EVOLUTION OF GSM TO WCDMA-

SYSTEMS

EXERCISE 1-1:
1) The user data rate of GSM Phase 2

9,6 kbps

2) How many timeslots can be max. combined for HSCSD?

3) The user data rate of GSM Phase 2+

14,4 kbps

4) The advantages of GPRS

• Many users share the same physical resource

• Charging will be based upon data volume and not on

connection time

5) The new modulation scheme in EDGE

8-PSK

6) Maximum user data rate in GPRS

8 * 14,4 kbps = 115,2 kbps

cs4: 171 kbps

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7) Maximum user data rate in EDGE

Typically: 384 kbps

Depending on the coding scheme up to 554 kbps

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EXERCISE 1-2:
3 S 4 G
8 E D G E
2 P R S
A V N
6 C I R C U I T
1 S K N 5 H
G E 9 G P R S
7 S U P P O R T C
N S
D

DOWN

1 This node provides, in the GPRS – network, the packet forwarding to the BSC. (Abb.)

2 This switching technology is used in the Internet.

3 The first "S" in SGSN.

4 This node provides, in the GPRS – network, the packet forwarding to the Internet. (Abb.)

5 This technology combines up to four timeslots for mobile web browsing. (Abb.)

ACROSS
6 This switching technology is currently used in the GSM network.

7 The "S" in GSN.

8 This technology enhances the user data rate of the GSM - airlink to approx. 384 kbps.

9 This technology introduces packet switching in the GSM-network. (Abb.)

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CHAPTER 2: THE STANDARDIZATION

EXERCISE 2-1: STANDARDS

A Conducts studies, research and development and standardization activities in radio systems in
Japan. The proposal to ITU was based on WCDMA.

B Working with the global standardization of the 3G systems aiming at the maximum
commonalities of different techniques already in use. Providing the direction of the 3G wireless
access techniques.

C Part of the ITU IMT-2000 vision of a global family of 3G mobile communication systems. Will
be developed in Europe on ETSI’s initiative.

D The Organizational Partners have agreed to co-operate for the production of the Technical
Specifications for the 3rd generation Mobile System based on the evolved GSM core networks and
the radio access technologies that the Organizational Partners support.

E An initiative of the ITU to provide wireless access to the global telecommunication infrastructure
with both satellite and terrestrial systems, fixed and mobile, public and private. It is being
developed on the basis of the “family of systems” concept to encourage global roaming.

F An organization whose mission is to determine and produce the telecommunications standards for
Europe. 696 members and 50 countries, network operators, service providers, manufacturers and
users. The proposal to ITU was called UTRAN.

Fill in the correct correlation:

1) IMT-2000 E
2) ETSI - European Telecommunication Standardization Institute F
3) ITU - International Telecommunication Union B
4) UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System C
5) ARIB - Association of Radio Industries and Broadcasting A
6) 3GPP - 3G Partnership Project D

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EXERCISE 2-2: STANDARDS

Please locate:

UN TIA ETSI ARIB

UMTS IS-95 UMTS PDC
ITU
3GPP
IMT-2000

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CHAPTER 3: THE CORE NETWORK

EXERCISE 3-1

5
6 7
9

8 3

2 1

1. Resources for transporting and manipulating the user data flows reside in this
layer.
2. This node processes the end user data and acts as an access switch to the
backbone switches/routers.
3. Over this interface the Gateway Control Protocol is used.
4. This layer houses a number of servers that are responsible for controlling the
security, mobility management and setup of calls and sessions.
5. Many end user applications reside here.
6. This node handles the establishment and control of the end user IP services as
well as the user mobility management.
7. The authentication and ciphering data is generated here.
8. Handles the call control of the circuit switched services and controls the circuit
switched related resources in the MGW.
9. This node manages the subscriptions and controls the roaming of the
subscribers.

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EXERCISE 3-2

Control
HLR

AAA
Server
UTRAN
Internet/
BTS RNC MGW GGSN
ISP/POP

UE SGSN
IP network

In the above shown picture a packet forwarding on the downlink

is depicted. Describe the way and the order in which the packets
are delivered from the Internet/ISP to the UE.

Is any signaling needed for this traffic case? Why?

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EXERCISE 3-3

Vertical
1 ATM
2 WAP
3 3GPP
4 DATA RATE
5 UTRAN
6 MPLS
7 ITU
8 CODES
9 MS
10 EDGE
11 SAT
12 PCM
13 ROCCO
14 CELLO
15 HSCSD
16 DATA

Horizontal
2 WIRELESS
5 UMTS
7 IMT
8 CAMEL
12 PC
14 CS
17 VHE terminal and network used
18 FDD
19 OSA
20 MULTIMEDIA
21 TDD
22 AMR
23 PSTN
24 TS
25 WCDMA
26 UE
27 GPRS
28 CODEC
29 GSM
30 WPP
31 NODE

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CHAPTER 4: THE RADIO NETWORK AND BASICS OF

WCDMA

EXERCISE 4-1 CHANNELIZATION CODES, THE WALSH TREE

Fill in the missing channelization codes for SF = 8 in the tree.

C8,1={1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1}
C4,1={1 1 1 1}
C8,2={1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1}
C2,1={1 1}
C8,3={1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1}
C4,2={1 1-1 -1}
C8,4={1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1}
C1={1}
C8,5={1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1}
C4,3={1-1 1 -1}
C8,6={1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1}
C2,2={1-1}
C8,7={1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1}
C4,4={1-1 -1 1}
C8,8={1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1}

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8

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EXERCISE 4-2 SPREADING PRINCIPLE

This exercise describes how the data streams of two mobiles are coded (spread) and transmitted
on the air-interface, and how they are decoded (despread) in the BS.

Mobile A Mobile B
data bits to transmit 1 0 0 0
channelization code 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 –1 1

To explain the spreading and despreading with the channelization codes in a clean and easy way,
the two data bits that shall be transmitted are shown as vectors. Each vector represents two bits.

10 11

00 01

To code the data of one Mobile, the data (vector) has to be multiplied with the respective
channelization code. By doing this, the data is spread.

Question 1: What is the spreading factor (SF) of the channelization code in this example?

…………… SF = 4 = code length ………………………

Question 2: How many bits (vectors) do you have after channelization coding (spreading)?

…………… 4 = SF = code length ………………………

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Question 3: What does the transmitted signal of mobile A look like after spreading?

Enter the new vectors after channelization coding (spreading) to the empty diagrams.
Channelization code A: 1 –1 1 –1

10

Question 4: What does the transmitted signal of mobile B look like after spreading?

Enter the new vectors after channelization coding (spreading) to the empty diagrams.
Channelization code B: 1 –1 –1 1

00

Question 5: How many vectors does the BS receive?

………………… 4 = SF = code length …………………

Question 6: What does the received signal in the BS look like?

Enter the received vector(s) in the empty diagram(s).

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Take the result from the previous page and enter the vectors again in the empty diagrams.

To get the transmitted data from mobile A back, you have to decode the received signal with the
correct channelization code.

Question 7: What does the signal look like after multiplying with the channelization code of
mobile A?

Enter the vectors after decoding in the empty diagrams.

Channelization code A: 1 –1 1 –1

after multiplying
with the channelization
Code: *1 *(-1) *1 *(-1)
To get the transmitted data bits, sum up the four vectors. Compare the resulting vector to the
vector you had in the beginning with mobile A.

Question 8: What does the summation of the four vectors mean in real radio-transmission life?

.. Spreading gain: make one strong signal of several weak ones ……

………………………………………………………………………………………

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Question 9: What would the resulting vector look like if one of the four vectors would get lost
during the radio transmission?

Enter the vector in the empty diagram.

or

Compare the vector to the previous one. Do you think you can still recognize the data bits from
this “faulty” vector? Yes!

Power considerations on sreading

Imagine, you want to transmit 10 bits with a datarate of 10 bps and a transmission power of 1 W.

Question 10: What time does the transmission need and what energy is needed? What is the
energy per bit?

…………… time: 1 s, energy: 1 Ws, energy per bit: 0,1 Ws ………

Now imagine you want to transmit the same 10 bits with a datarate of 100 bps and a transmission
power of 1 W.

Question 11: What time and what energy is needed now? What is the energy per bit?

…………… time: 0,1 s, energy: 0,1 Ws, energy per bit: 0,01 WS …

Question 12: What can you do to keep the energy per bit the same for both data rates?

increase the transmission power when you increase the datarate.

The energy per bit has to be constant in a CDMA transmission!

Show the results to your teacher.

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EXERCISE 4-3 DS-CDMA - PRINCIPLE

The picture below shows the relationship between the transmission power and the bandwidth at
some points on the way from the transmitter to the receiver. Fill in the numbers in the picture
into the empty circles. Describe each stage.

DS-CDMA - Principle
BITS 1 2 NBI
3 4 5 BITS
MOD DEM LP DET
11001 CHIPS WBI WBI 11001
960 kb/s
3.84 Megachip/s WBI = WideBand Interferer
P
NBI = NarrowBand Interferer P
P
Spreading Factor f
R f
f g= chip
P R
5 MHz

bit
P

f
P f

1. Before spreading: Bitstream with high power and (low) datarate of 960kbps.

2. After Spreading: The bits are made to chips by coding (spreading) with the
channelization code. Chipstream with a high (3.84Mcps) rate and low power.

3. In the receiver before despreading: The receiver received three wideband signals
with low power and one narrowband signal with high power. The wideband signals
could be other WCDMA users, the narrowband signal is caused by an interferer.

4. After despreading: The wideband signal of the respective channelization code is

decoded and has the same datarate as before. The spreading gain (g) caused the
power to rise. The other wideband signals are not affected, because their
channelization code was not used for despreading. The narrowband interferer was
spreaded by the channelization code, so its bandwidth grew and its power decreased.

5. After the filter: The filter cuts off all frequencies that do not belong to the user
signal. The remaining signal consists mostly of the wanted user signal, with some
(low) interference.

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EXERCISE 4-4: CODING WITH CHANNELIZATION AND SCRAMBLING

CODES
Sketch the graphs in the empty diagrams. You are provided with three graphs. For despreading
and descrambling, use the same graphs as for spreading and scrambling.

1 Original Information

-1
1 Channelization Code

-1
1 Result after spreading

-1
1 Scrambling Code

-1
1 Result after scrambling

-1
1 Scrambling Code

-1
1 Result after descrambling

-1
1 Channelization Code

-1
1 Original Information

-1

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EXERCISE 4-5: WCDMA OVERVIEW

The mobile station on the top of the picture will follow the dotted line. Use the numbers below to
fill in the empty circles in the picture. There are more circles than numbers, so one number might
be used more than once. Use the dotted lines to explain the event. The picture only shows the
downlink. The last cell on the way is a sectorized cell.

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1. RNC. To compare with the BSC in the GSM network.

2. Soft handover (intrafrequency)
3. Hard handover (interfrequency).
4. Frequency A.
5. Frequency B
6. RBS
7. Softer handover (interfrequency)
8. Multipath fading
9. Channelization code 1
10. Channelization code 2
11. Pseudo Noise code 1
12. Pseudo Noise code 2
13. Pseudo Noise code 3
14. Pseudo Noise code 4

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EXERCISE 4-6: CHANNELIZATION CODES

Example of a solution

Channel Data bits

A 0 1 1 0
B 1 1 0 0
C 1 0 0 0
D 1 1 0 1

Convert 1→ -1 and 0 → 1 (multiplication can then be performed in a straight forward way)

Channel Data Chip

A 1 -1 -1 1
B -1 -1 1 1
C -1 1 1 1
D -1 -1 1 -1

These are the orthogonal codes that are used (SF = 4):

Channel Codes:
A 1 1 1 1
B 1 1 -1 -1
C -1 1 1 -1
D 1 -1 1 -1

Three of the channels are already multiplied with the corresponding channelization code.
Now, code your own data bits using your code above (D);

Channel Coded channel

A 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
B -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
C 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
D -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

Finally, sum each column up to get the coded signal (chips) ready to be transmitted over the air
interface!
Transmitted signal:

Sum 0 0 0 4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 0 4 0 0

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Enter the transmitted signal into the following row. Here it represents the received signal.
Received signal:

Sum 0 0 0 4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 0 4 0 0

Give this sheet to your neighbour. He/she shall decode the received signal.

Decode the signal by multiplying with your code (channel D)

D 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
D 0 0 0 -4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 -4 0 0
Sum up all contributions during one data-bit time:

D -4 -4 4 -4

Divide by the code-length (= 4)

D -1 -1 1 -1

Convert -1→ 1 and 1 → 0. The received data bits on channel D:

D 1 1 0 1

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