OUTAGE ANALYSIS IN COOPERATIVE NETWORK

By

BARNALI SAHA (171001002100)

ARYAN SWAPNIL (171001002101)
RAHUL RAJ (171001002099)
YASHVARDHAN KASHYAP (171001002010)
PURUSHOTAM KUMAR 171001002023)
PRIYANSHU (171001002098)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

DR. SUDARSHAN CHAKRAVORTY

A THESIS REPORT
TO BE SUBMITTED IN FINAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY
SECTOR – V, SALT-LAKE
KOLKATA – 700 091

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY
SECTOR – V, SALT-LAKE
KOLKATA – 700 091

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I gratefully acknowledge the resourceful guidance, active supervision and constant
encouragement of Dr. Sudarshan Chakravorty , who despite his other commitments could
make time to help me in bringing this Thesis Report to its present Shape. I do convey my
sincere thanks and gratitude to him.
I also thankfully acknowledge to Dr. Sandeep Mukherjee and Dr. Abhro Mukherjee for
providing all sorts of facilities to my work.

Date: 28/06/2021

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY

SECTOR – V, SALT-LAKE

KOLKATA – 700 091

I hereby forward this thesis paper entitled “OUTAGE ANALYSIS IN COOPERATIVE NETWORK” prepared
by Barnali Saha(171001002100),Aryan Swapnil(171001002101),Rahul Raj (171001002099), Yashvardhan
Kashyap(171001002010),Purushotam Kumar(171001002023) ,Priyanshu (171001002098) under my
guidance in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering.

Date………………………. ……………………………….

Dr. Sudarshan Chakravorty

Designation

ECE Department, Techno India

University

Salt-lake, Kolkata – 700 091

COUNTERSIGNED BY COUNTERSIGNED BY

……………………………….. ……………………………………

Name: Dr. Abhro Mukherjee Name:

HOD, ECE Department TIC, ECE Department

Techno India University, Techno India University

Salt-lake, Kolkata – 700 091 Salt-lake, Kolkata – 700 091

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY

SECTOR – V, SALT-LAKE

KOLKATA – 700 091

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The thesis report of the final year project titled “Outage Analysis In Cooperative Network” submitted
by Barnali Saha(171001002100),Aryan Swapnil(171001002101),Rahul Raj(171001002099),Yashvardhan
Kashyap(171001002010),Purushotam Kumar(171001002023) ,Priyanshu (171001002098) of Bachelor of
Technology (ECE) 8th Semester, session 2017 - 2021 is hereby recommended to be accepted for the final
fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Technology (ECE) degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering at Techno India University, Kolkata.

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1 ……………………… ………………………

2 ……………………… ………………………

3 ……………………... ………………………

4 …………………….. ………………………

5 …………………….. ……………………….

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 ABSTRACT

The cognitive relay network has boosted the advancement of wireless communication; this has made
the demand for higher data rate & minimization of outage is always the main criteria on every
researcher’s list.

The main objective of our project is to improve the high data rate applications factor, power usage &
minimization of outage. We have formulated outage minimization for power sharing factor and time
allocation for user information transmission of a two way communication relay model.

• Our project also emphasizes on how different relays play their roles in communication.

• It also brings out why cognitive relay network is so important for increasing the quality of
communications.

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 CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 8
CHAPTER 2: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 9
CHAPTER 3: ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 10-11
CHAPTER 4: COOPERATIVE NETWORK 12
CHAPTER 5: REQUIREMENT OF 2-WAY COMMUNICATION 13-14
CHAPTER 6: TYPES OF RELAY 15-16
CHAPTER 7: NEED OF RELAY 17-18
CHAPTER 8: MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINING 19
CHAPTER 9: PUTTING RELAY BETWEEN TWO USERS 20-21
CHAPTER 10: POWER V/S THROUGHPUT 22
CHAPTER 11: AMPLIFICATION FACTOR V/S THROUGHPUT 23
CHAPTER 12: PATHLOSS V/S THROUGHPUT 24
CHAPTER 13: CONCEPT OF OUTAGE 25
CHAPTER 14: OPTIMIZATION 26
CHAPTER 15: CONCLUSION 27
CHAPTER 16: REFERENCES 28

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 LIST OF
FIGURES

FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMISSION-RECEPTION PATH 11

2 WORKING STRUCTURE OF RELAY 11

3 COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION DIAGRAM 12

4 RELAY BLOCK DIAGAM 13

5 CELLULAR TOPOLOGY DIAGRAM 14

6 COOPERATIVE DIVERSITY SCHEME 15

7 BASICS OF RELAYING 17

8&9 WORKING OF RELAY 18

10 MAXIMAL COMBINING RATIO - OUTPUT DIAGRAM 19

11 REAL TIME COMBINING DIAGRAM 19

12 SYSTEM MODEL OF PUTTING RELAY BETWEEN TWO USERS 20

13 POWER V/S THROUGHPUT GRAPH 22

14 AMPLIFICATION FACTOR V/S THROUGHPUT GRAPH 23

15 12:PATHLOSS V/S THROUGHPUT GRAPH 24

16 SYSTEM MODEL OF OUTAGE 25

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

In electronics and communication, a communication system is a collection of individual communication

networks, transmission systems, relay stations and data terminal equipments (DTE) which are usually
capable of interconnection & interoperation to form an integrated whole. The components of a
communication system serve a common purpose which is technical compatibility & use common
procedures which are responding to controls and operate in union. It is a method of communication
used in sports broadcasting, mass media & journalism.

A communication subsystem is defined as a functional unit or operational assembly that is smaller than
the larger assembly under consideration.

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 CHAPTER 2: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of
wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.

Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication
technologies and devices.

FEATURES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.

• The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's
remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).

• Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet,
wireless home networking, and so on.

• Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door
openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers,
satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.

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 CHAPTER 3: ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Wireless communication involves transfer of information without any physical connection between two
or more points. Because of this absence of any 'physical infrastructure', wireless communication has
certain advantages. This would often include collapsing distance or space.

Wireless communication has several advantages; the most important ones are discussed below −

• COST EFFECTIVENESS

Wired communication entails the use of connection wires. In wireless networks, communication does
not require elaborate physical infrastructure or maintenance practices. Hence the cost is reduced.

Example − Any company providing wireless communication services does not incur a lot of costs, and as
a result, it is able to charge cheaply with regard to its customer fees.

Flexibility

Wireless communication enables people to communicate regardless of their location. It is not necessary
to be in an office or some telephone booth in order to pass and receive messages.

Miners in the outback can rely on satellite phones to call their loved ones, and thus, help improve their
general welfare by keeping them in touch with the people who mean the most to them.

• CONVENIENCE

Wireless communication devices like mobile phones are quite simple and therefore allow anyone to use
them, wherever they may be. There is no need to physically connect anything in order to receive or pass
messages.

Example − Wireless communications services can also be seen in Internet technologies such as Wi-Fi.
With no network cables hampering movement, we can now connect with almost anyone, anywhere,
anytime.

• SPEED

Improvements can also be seen in speed. The network connectivity or the accessibility were much
improved in accuracy and speed.

Example − A wireless remote can operate a system faster than a wired one. The wireless control of a
machine can easily stop its working if something goes wrong, whereas direct operation can’t act so fast.

• ACCESSIBILITY

The wireless technology helps easy accessibility as the remote areas where ground lines can’t be
properly laid, are being easily connected to the network.

Example − In rural regions, online education is now possible. Educators no longer need to travel to far-
flung areas to teach their lessons. Thanks to live streaming of their educational modules.

• CONSTANT CONNECTIVITY

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Constant connectivity also ensures that people can respond to emergencies relatively quickly.

Example − A wireless mobile can ensure you a constant connectivity though you move from place to
place or while you travel, whereas a wired land line can’t.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 2

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 CHAPTER 4: COOPERATIVE NETWORK

Cooperative relaying is a novel technique for wireless communications promising gains in throughput
and energy efficiency. The basic idea sounds simple: A device transmits a data signal to a destination. A
third device overhears this transmission and relays the signal to the destination as well. Finally, the
destination combines the two received signals to improve decoding.

This concept gives rise to pure wireless self-organizing networks without any need for base stations. It
can be employed in various applications of networked embedded systems. Cars use it to communicate
directly with each other, for instance, to exchange reports on accidents, traffic jams, or bad road
conditions. Autonomous robots may use it to build a wireless network in areas without infrastructure,
e.g., in deserts and in space.

Figure 3

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 CHAPTER 5: REQUIREMENTOF 2-WAY COMMUNICATIONS

It is more advantageous to use the two way communication network in most of the communication
system. As there are main facilities which are available in the two way communication, we try to use
this phenomena in every field of network applications where bandwidth is limited and restricted by the
use. We may face many unreliable situations during communication due to limited bandwidth
availability & time allocation factor.

Figure 4

In two way communication system a user can act as both sender and receiver, as a result it increases
the usage of frequency and as well as saves a lot of time. In one way communication system , the
spectrum of one user can be used for fixed interval of time, on the other hand the spectrum of another
user cannot be utilized properly. This performance can be improved by using two way communications.
That’s why spectrum efficiency can be improved or enhanced or outage can be minimized. Using same
power, two way communications have higher spectrum efficiency, so the energy efficiency of the two
way communication is far better than one way communication for a fixed power limit or budget. The
objective of two way communications is to enhance the quality with respect to power budget and
quality improvement in terms of throughput, data, error minimization rate.
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 Figure 5

CONCEPT

• Phase I Relay decodes BS signals under inter sector interference.

• Phase II Relay decodes MS signals under other MS interference.

• Phase III UL/DL power control + spatial orthogonalization via block diagram.

• A single superposition of UL+DL signals are transmitted by relay.

Two way communication is used for spectrum efficiency usage. Reversibility can be achieved using same
power for two way communication. The two way communication is possible using amplify forward relay
network in two phases, in decode forward relay network using two phases and three phases according
to the configuration of time frame.

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 CHAPTER 6: TYPES OF RELAY

There are two types of Relay:

• Amplify Forward Relay

• Decode Forward Relay

Relaying Protocols

Forward Strategy

 Amplify and Forward(AF)

Layer #1 relaying: Relays act as analog repeaters.

 Decode and Forward (DF)

Layer #2 relaying: Relays act as digital regenerative repeaters.

 Compress and Forward(CF)

Hybrid solution: Relays quantize and compress(source coding).

1. Amplify Forward Relay

The concept of Amplify forward relay is it amplifies the original signal with noise. Here signal is not
decoded for transmission.

2. Decode Forward Relay

The concept of Decode Forward Relay is it transmits signal without noise. It means that it takes the
signal and reduces the noise by decoding and takes the effective information from the signal by
encoding.

COOPERATIVE DIVERSITY SCHEMES

Figure 6
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3. AF v/s DF

Amplify Forward and Decode Forward Relay both are competing to each other. In case of Amplify
Forward Relay, it sends signal having noise, but here power is less. Power is not wasted here. But in case
of Decode Forward Relay, to decode the signal for noise reducing and amount of power is wasted and at
the time of encoding an amount of power again wasted. So this is wrong concept AF is better than DF or
vice versa. In case of AF there is less power and in the other hand in DF transmits noiseless signal.

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 CHAPTER 7: NEED OF RELAY

A relay network is a broad category of network topology commonly used in wireless networks, where
the source and destination are interconnected by means of some nodes. In such network the source
and destination cannot communicate to each other directly because the distance between the source
and the destination is greater than the transmission range of both of them, hence the need for
intermediate node(s) to relay.

BASICS OF RELAYING

Figure 7

WHY USE A RELAY?

• Save Tx energy: -Reduced transmission distance.

• Performance improvement: -Enhance QoS , capacity, range. -Load balancing.

• CaEx benefit: -Temporary coverage, gradual rollout.

A relay network is a type of network used to send information between two devices, for example, server
and computer, that are too far away to send the information to each other directly. Thus the network
must send or "relay" the information to different devices.

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Refer to as nodes, that passes on the information to it's destination. A well known example of a relay
network is the Internet. An user can view a page from a server half way around the world by sending
and receiving the information through a series of connected nodes.

Figure 8 Figure 9

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 CHAPTER 8: MAXIMAL COMBINING RATIO

In telecommunication maximum ratio combining (MRC) is a method of diversity combining in which the
signal from each channel are added together. The gain of each channel is made proportional to the rms
(root mean square) signal level and inversely proportional to the mean square noise level in that
channel. Different proportionality constant are used for each channel.

It is also known as Ratio Squared Combining and Pre-detection Combining. MRC is the optimum
combiner for independent AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channels. MRC can restore a signal to
its original shape.

Figure 10 Figure 11

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 CHAPTER 9: PUTTING RELAY BETWEEN TWO USERS

System Model

Figure 12

S1-Source

S2-Destination

R-Relay

d1,d2 L-Distance

g1,g2, h - Path gain

α- Path loss

β- Amplification factor

n1,n2-Noise

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 MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION

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 CHAPTER 10: POWER V/S THROUGHPUT

Figure 13

OBSERVATION:

Power is directly proportional to throughput. For a constant value of path-loss and varying the values of
amplification factor we observe that the throughput increases with power, for all the values of
amplification factor. It is because although path-loss is the reason for the decrease in the value of
throughput but amplification factor and power being directly proportional to throughput, the ultimate
result is a increase in the value of throughput.

Here the values taken are –

Path-loss (α) = 2.7

amplification factor (β) = 1,3,5

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 CHAPTER 11: AMPLIFICATION FACTOR V/S THROUGHPUT

Figure 14

OBSERVATION:

Amplifying factor is directly proportional to throughput. For a constant value of path-loss and varying
the values of transmitted power we observe that the throughput increases with amplifying factor, for all
the values of transmitted power.

It is because although path-loss is the reason for the decrease in the value of throughput but
amplification factor and power being directly proportional to throughput, the ultimate result is a
increase in the value of throughput.

Here the values taken are –

Path-loss (α) = 2.7

Power(Pt)-= 20,30,50

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 CHAPTER 12: PATHLOSS V/S THROUGHPUT

Figure 15

OBSERVATION:

Path-loss is inversely proportional to throughput. For a constant value of transmitted power and varying
the values of amplification factor we observe that the throughput decreases with path-loss, for all the
values of amplification factor.

It is because for a constant value of power, although amplification factor is the reason for the increase
in the value of throughput but path-loss being indirectly proportional to throughput, the ultimate result
is a decrease in the value of throughput.

Here the values taken are –

Power(Pt) = 10

Amplification factor(β) = 1,3,5

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 CHAPTER 13: CONCEPT OF OUTAGE

Figure 16

• Relay plays the most important role in the signal transmission for a long distance
communication network.

• Using relay we want to minimize the loss that the signal has suffered during the transmission
through a channel. This loss is called the outage.

• Therefore ,outage is the unavailability or decrease in quality of service due to unexpected

behaviour of that particular service ,or an incident impacting consumers that results in a service
not being delivered at a level they reasonably expected.

• For example if our target data rate is I GB/s from source point to destination point, it is seen
that in practical cases it fails to meet the target data rate, so some loss occurs at the destination
point. Let if 700 MB/s reaches at the destination point from I GB/s, then the reached amount is
calls the throughput amount and the loss amount or the outage amount is 300 MB/s.

• This outage occurs if the signal drops below the noise power level. In this project we
concentrated on the outage minimization under the constraint of maximum power budget.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

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 CHAPTER 14: OPTIMIZATION

According to our study we observe that certain values could be change by changing certain
parameters of ultimate value equation to:-

α:

• When the value of α decreases, the first and second term starts dominating the third term of
equation two. As a result the argument of negative term is enhanced and the ultimate value of
A is reduced.

• When the value of α increases, the first and second term starts dominating the third term of
equation two. As a result the argument of the negative term is reduced and the value of A is
further reduced.

τ:

• When the value of τ decreases, the first term starts dominating the second term and third term
of equation two. The value of A is further reduced.

• When the value of τ increases, the second term starts dominating the first term and third term
of our equation two. The value A is further reduced.

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 CHAPTER 15: CONCLUSION

Outage probability analysis is carried out for two way communication decode forward relay assisted
network. A closed form expression of outage probability is obtained with respect to various system
parameters like relay placement, time allocation factor, transmission power of user, condition of the
wireless channels involved. Simulation results verify the analytical results and illustrate the influence of
the above system parameters on the outage performance of the system.

We also come to know about the nature of the curve of outage probability with respect to path loss
exponent, power factor and time allocation factor. This work can be extended using comparison
between amplify forward, two phase decode forward, three phase decode forward but the proposed
system model is same.

This work can be extended using multi-antenna system model. Two phase decode forward relay
network has better throughput than three phase relay network. Outage minimization can be extended
under the constraint of fairness in individual link data rate. It is also possible to compare the outage
performance of existing network and the opportunistic mobile relaying network.

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 CHAPTER 16: REFERENCE

• F. Akyildiz, W. Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, & S. Mohanty, “NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum

access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey", Computer networks, vol. 50 no 13, pp.
2127-2159, 2006.

• L. Li, X. Zhou, H. Xu, G. Y. Li, D. Wang, & A. Soong. “outage analysis in cooperative network", In
proceedings of IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), pp. 1-5,
2010.

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