3 Parallel and

Perpendicular Lines
3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles
3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals
3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel
3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines
3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines
3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines

Before
In previous chapters, you learned the following skills, which you’ll use in
Chapter 3: describing angle pairs, using properties and postulates, using angle
pair relationships, and sketching a diagram.

Prerequisite Skills
VOCABULARY CHECK
Copy and complete the statement.
1. Adjacent angles share a common ? .
2. Two angles are ? angles if the sum of their measures is 1808.

SKILLS AND ALGEBRA CHECK

The midpoint of }
AB is M. Find AB. (Review p. 15 for 3.2.)
3. AM 5 5x 2 2, MB 5 2x 1 7 4. AM 5 4z 1 1, MB 5 6z 2 11

Find the measure of each numbered angle. (Review p. 124 for 3.2, 3.3.)
5. 6. 7.
2 1
3 1 1358 2
1
3 2
3
388

Sketch a diagram for each statement. (Review pp. 2, 96 for 3.3.)

‹]› ‹]›
8. QR is perpendicular to WX . 9. Lines m and n intersect at point P.

1SFSFRVJTJUF
TLJMMT
QSBDUJDF
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

144
 Now
In Chapter 3, you will apply the big ideas listed below and reviewed in the
Chapter Summary on page 201. You will also use the key vocabulary listed below.

Big Ideas
1 Using properties of parallel and perpendicular lines
2 Proving relationships using angle measures
3 Making connections to lines in algebra

KEY VOCABULARY
• parallel lines, p. 147 • alternate interior angles, • paragraph proof, p. 163
• skew lines, p. 147 p. 149 • slope, p. 171
• parallel planes, p. 147 • alternate exterior angles, • slope-intercept form, p. 180
p. 149 • standard form, p. 182
• transversal, p. 149
• consecutive interior • distance from a point to
• corresponding angles,
angles, p. 149 a line, p. 192
p. 149

Why?
You can use slopes of lines to determine steepness of lines. For example, you
can compare the slopes of roller coasters to determine which is steeper.

Geometry
The animation illustrated below for Example 5 on page 174 helps you answer
this question: How steep is a roller coaster?
(EIGHTFT




        
(ORIZONTALDISTANCEFT

-AGNUM8,  /THERROLLERCOASTER

2ISE  2ISE

2UN  2UN
-AXIMUM 
(EIGHT #HECK!NSWER
3TART
3LOPE 

A roller coaster track rises a given For each track, use the vertical rise and
distance over a given horizontal distance. the horizontal run to find the slope.

Geometry at classzone.com
Geometry at classzone.com

Other animations for Chapter 3: pages 148, 155, 163, and 181

145
 Investigating
g
Geometry
g
ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 3.1
3.1 Draw and Interpret Lines
M AT E R I A L S • pencil • straightedge • lined paper

QUESTION How are lines related in space?

You can use a straightedge to draw a representation of a three-dimensional

figure to explore lines in space.

EXPLORE Draw lines in space

STEP 1 Draw rectangles STEP 2 Connect corners STEP 3 Erase parts

Use a straightedge to draw Connect the corresponding Erase parts of “hidden” lines
two identical rectangles. corners of the rectangles. to form dashed lines.

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

Using your sketch from the steps above, label the corners as shown at the
JM and }
right. Then extend } LQ. Add lines to the diagram if necessary.
‹]› ‹]›
1. Will JM and LQ ever intersect in space? (Lines that intersect
on the page do not necessarily intersect in space.)
K L
2. Will the pair of lines intersect in space?
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› J M
a. JK and NR b. QR and MR
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. LM and MR d. KL and NQ
P Q
3. Does the pair of lines lie in one plane?
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
a. JK and QR b. QR and MR N R
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. JN and LR d. JL and NQ
4. Do pairs of lines that intersect in space also lie in the same plane?
Explain your reasoning.
5. Draw a rectangle that is not the same as the one you used in the Explore.
Repeat the three steps of the Explore. Will any of your answers to
Exercises 1–3 change?

146 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines
and Angles
Before You identified angle pairs formed by two intersecting lines.
Now You will identify angle pairs formed by three intersecting lines.
Why? So you can classify lines in a real-world situation, as in Exs. 40–42.

Key Vocabulary Two lines that do not intersect are either parallel lines or skew lines. Two lines
• parallel lines are parallel lines if they do not intersect and are coplanar. Two lines are skew
• skew lines lines if they do not intersect and are not coplanar. Also, two planes that do
• parallel planes not intersect are parallel planes.
• transversal k
• corresponding Lines m and n are parallel lines (m i n).
angles m
Lines m and k are skew lines.
• alternate interior
angles T n Planes T and U are parallel planes (T i U).
• alternate exterior Lines k and n are intersecting lines, and
angles U there is a plane (not shown) containing them.
• consecutive
interior angles
Small directed triangles, as shown on lines m and n above, are used to show
that lines are parallel. The symbol i means “is parallel to,” as in m i n.
Segments and rays are parallel if they lie in parallel lines. A line is parallel
to a plane if the line is in a plane parallel to the given plane. In the diagram
above, line n is parallel to plane U.

EXAMPLE 1 Identify relationships in space

Think of each segment in the figure as part of a line. C
Which line(s) or plane(s) in the figure appear to fit the B
description? D
‹]› A
a. Line(s) parallel to CD and containing point A
‹]› F G
b. Line(s) skew to CD and containing point A
‹]› E H
c. Line(s) perpendicular to CD and containing point A
d. Plane(s) parallel to plane EFG and containing point A

Solution
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
a. AB , HG , and EF all appear parallel to CD , but only AB contains point A.
‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
b. Both AG and AH appear skew to CD and contain point A.
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. BC , AD , DE , and FC all appear perpendicular to CD , but only AD contains
point A.
d. Plane ABC appears parallel to plane EFG and contains point A.

3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 147

 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES Two lines in the k
j
same plane are either parallel or intersect in a point.
P n
Through a point not on a line, there are infinitely many
lines. Exactly one of these lines is parallel to the given l
line, and exactly one of them is perpendicular to the
given line.
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

POSTULATES For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 13 Parallel Postulate
If there is a line and a point not on the line, P
then there is exactly one line through the
point parallel to the given line. l

There is exactly one line through P parallel to l.

POSTULATE 14 Perpendicular Postulate

If there is a line and a point not on the line, P
then there is exactly one line through the l
point perpendicular to the given line.
There is exactly one line through P perpendicular to l.

EXAMPLE 2 Identify parallel and perpendicular lines

PHOTOGRAPHY The given line markings show how
the roads are related to one another.
B C
a. Name a pair of parallel lines.
b. Name a pair of perpendicular lines. D
‹]› ‹]›
c. Is FE i AC ? Explain. M
A
Solution
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› E
a. MD i FE b. MD ⊥ BF F
‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. FE is not parallel to AC , because MD is parallel
‹]›
to FE and by the Parallel Postulate there is
‹]› Niagara Falls, New York
exactly one line parallel to FE through M.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

1. Look at the diagram in Example 1. Name the lines through point H that
‹]›
appear skew to CD .
‹]›
2. In Example 2, can you use the Perpendicular Postulate to show that AC
‹]›
is not perpendicular to BF ? Explain why or why not.

148 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ANGLES AND TRANSVERSALS A transversal is a line that intersects two or
more coplanar lines at different points.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Angles Formed by Transversals
t t
2
4
6 5

Two angles are corresponding Two angles are alternate interior

angles if they have corresponding angles if they lie between the two
positions. For example, ∠ 2 and lines and on opposite sides of the
∠ 6 are above the lines and to the transversal.
right of the transversal t.

t t
1
3
5
8

READ VOCABULARY Two angles are alternate exterior Two angles are consecutive
Another name for angles if they lie outside the two interior angles if they lie between
consecutive interior lines and on opposite sides of the the two lines and on the same
angles is same-side transversal. side of the transversal.
interior angles.

EXAMPLE 3 Identify angle relationships

Identify all pairs of angles of the given type.
a. Corresponding b. Alternate interior 5 6
1 2
7 8
c. Alternate exterior d. Consecutive interior 3 4

Solution
a. ∠ 1 and ∠ 5 b. ∠ 2 and ∠ 7 c. ∠ 1 and ∠ 8 d. ∠ 2 and ∠ 5
∠ 2 and ∠ 6 ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 ∠ 3 and ∠ 6 ∠ 4 and ∠ 7
∠ 3 and ∠ 7
∠ 4 and ∠ 8

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3

Classify the pair of numbered angles.

3. 4. 2 5.
1 5 4
5
7

3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 149

 3.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 11, 25, and 35
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 28, 36, 37, and 39

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: A line that intersects two other lines is
a ? .

2. ★ WRITING A table is set for dinner. Can the legs of the table and the top
of the table lie in parallel planes? Explain why or why not.

EXAMPLE 1 IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS Think of each segment in the B C

on p. 147 diagram as part of a line. Which line(s) or plane(s) contain A
for Exs. 3–6 point B and appear to fit the description? D
‹]›
3. Line(s) parallel to CD
‹]› F
4. Line(s) perpendicular to CD
‹]› G
5. Line(s) skew to CD E
6. Plane(s) parallel to plane CDH H

EXAMPLE 2 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES Use the markings in the diagram.
on p. 148
7. Name a pair of parallel lines.
for Exs. 7–10 N
8. Name a pair of perpendicular lines. M
] ]
‹ › ‹ ›
9. Is PN i KM ? Explain. L
K
S
‹]› ‹]› P
10. Is PR ⊥ NP ? Explain.
P
R

EXAMPLE 3 ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS Identify all pairs of angles of the given type.
on p. 149 1 2
11. Corresponding 12. Alternate interior 3 4
for Exs. 11–15
13. Alternate exterior 14. Consecutive interior 5 6
7 8
15. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in saying that
∠ 1 and ∠ 8 are corresponding angles in the diagram for
Exercises 11–14.

APPLYING POSTULATES How many lines can be drawn that fit each
description? Copy the diagram and sketch all the lines. A
‹]›
16. Lines through B and parallel to AC
‹]› C B
17. Lines through A and perpendicular to BC

USING A DIAGRAM Classify the angle pair as corresponding, alternate

interior, alternate exterior, or consecutive interior angles.
18. ∠ 5 and ∠ 1 19. ∠ 11 and ∠ 13 1 2 9 10
3 4 11 12
20. ∠ 6 and ∠ 13 21. ∠ 10 and ∠ 15
5 6 13 14
22. ∠ 2 and ∠ 11 23. ∠ 8 and ∠ 4 7 8 15 16

150 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ANALYZING STATEMENTS Copy and complete the statement with sometimes,
always, or never. Sketch examples to justify your answer.
24. If two lines are parallel, then they are ? coplanar.
25. If two lines are not coplanar, then they ? intersect.
26. If three lines intersect at one point, then they are ? coplanar.
27. If two lines are skew to a third line, then they are ? skew to each other.

28. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE ∠ RPQ and ∠ PRS are what type of angle pair? S R
A Corresponding B Alternate interior
C Alternate exterior D Consecutive interior P P

ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS Copy and complete the statement. List all possible
correct answers.
E G
29. ∠ BCG and ? are corresponding angles.
30. ∠ BCG and ? are consecutive interior angles. D F J H
31. ∠ FCJ and ? are alternate interior angles. C
A B
32. ∠ FCA and ? are alternate exterior angles.

33. CHALLENGE Copy the diagram at the right and extend the lines.
a. Measure ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. 2 3
b. Measure ∠ 3 and ∠ 4.
c. Make a conjecture about alternate exterior angles formed
when parallel lines are cut by transversals. 1 4

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 2 CONSTRUCTION Use the picture of the cherry-picker for Exercises 34 and 35.
on p. 148
34. Is the platform perpendicular, parallel, or skew
for Exs. 34–35
to the ground?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

35. Is the arm perpendicular, parallel, or skew to

a telephone pole?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

36. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Describe two lines in your classroom that are
parallel, and two lines that are skew.

37. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the best description

of the horizontal bars in the photo?
A Parallel B Perpendicular
C Skew D Intersecting

3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 151

 38. CONSTRUCTION Use these steps to construct a line through a given point
P that is parallel to a given line m.

T
P P
S
m m
P R P R

STEP 1 Draw points Q and R on m. ] Be sure the

STEP 2 Copy ∠ PQR on QP.
‹ ›
‹]›
Draw PQ. Draw an arc with the two angles are corresponding. Label
‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
compass point at Q so it crosses the new angle ∠ TPS. Draw PS . PS i QR .
‹]› ‹]›
QP and QR .

39. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Two lines are cut by a transversal. Suppose the
measure of a pair of alternate interior angles is 908. Explain why the
measure of all four interior angles must be 908.

TREE HOUSE In Exercises 40–42, use the photo to decide

whether the statement is true or false.
40. The plane containing the floor of the tree house is parallel
to the ground. D
B
C
41. All of the lines containing the railings of the staircase,
‹]›
such as AB , are skew to the ground. A
‹]›
42. All of the lines containing the balusters, such as CD , are
perpendicular to the plane containing the floor of the
tree house.

CHALLENGE Draw the figure described.

43. Lines l and m are skew, lines l and n are skew, and lines m and n
are parallel.
44. Line l is parallel to plane A, plane A is parallel to plane B, and line l is
not parallel to plane B.

MIXED REVIEW
Use the Law of Detachment to make a valid conclusion. (p. 87)
45. If the measure of an angle is less than 908, then the angle is acute.
The measure of ∠ A is 468.
46. If a food has less than 140 milligrams of sodium per serving, then it is low
sodium. A serving of soup has 90 milligrams of sodium per serving.

PREVIEW Find the measure of each numbered angle. (p. 124)

Prepare for
47. 48. 49.
Lesson 3.2 1208 1108 3 3
in Exs. 47–49. 1 3 508 2
2 1 2 1

152 EXTRA PR ACTICE for Lesson 3.1, p. 900 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
Investigating
g
Geometry
g
ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 3.2 classzone.com
Keystrokes

3.2 Parallel Lines and Angles

M AT E R I A L S • graphing calculator or computer

QUESTION What are the relationships among the angles formed

by two parallel lines and a transversal?

You can use geometry drawing software to explore parallel lines.

EXPLORE Draw parallel lines and a transversal

].
STEP 1 Draw line Draw and label two points A and B. Draw AB
‹ › F3
Perp B
A Parallel
] . Label it C.
STEP 2 Draw parallel line Draw a point not on AB
‹ › Perp. Bis.
Angle Bis.
‹]› C Midpoint
Choose Parallel from the F3 menu and select AB . Then
‹]› Compass
select C to draw a line through C parallel to AB . Draw a Locus
point on the parallel line you constructed. Label it D.
STEP 2

STEP 3 Draw transversal Draw two points E and F outside the

‹]›
parallel lines. Draw transversal EF . Find the intersection
‹]› ‹]›
of AB and EF by choosing Point from the F2 menu. Then E
choose Intersection. Label the intersection G. Find and B
‹]› ‹]› A G
label the intersection H of CD and EF .
D
C H
STEP 4 Measure angle Measure all eight angles formed by the
three lines by choosing Measure from the F5 menu,
then choosing Angle. F
STEP 3

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

1. Record the angle measures from Step 4 in a table like the one shown.
Which angles are congruent?

Angle ∠ AGE ∠ EGB ∠ AGH ∠ BGH ∠ CHG ∠ GHD ∠ CHF ∠ DHF

Measure 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

2. Drag point E or F to change the angle the transversal makes with the
parallel lines. Be sure E and F stay outside the parallel lines. Record the
new angle measures as row “Measure 2” in your table.
3. Make a conjecture about the measures of the given angles when two
parallel lines are cut by a transversal.
a. Corresponding angles b. Alternate interior angles
4. REASONING Make and test a conjecture about the sum of the measures
of two consecutive interior angles when two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal.

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 153

 3.2 Use Parallel Lines
and Transversals
Before You identified angle pairs formed by a transversal.
Now You will use angles formed by parallel lines and transversals.
Why? So you can understand angles formed by light, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary
• corresponding
ACTIVITY EXPLORE PARALLEL LINES
angles, p. 149
Materials: lined paper, tracing paper, straightedge
• alternate interior
angles, p. 149 STEP 1 Draw a pair of parallel lines cut by a
• alternate exterior nonperpendicular transversal on lined paper.
Label the angles as shown. 1 2
angles, p. 149
3 4
• consecutive interior STEP 2 Trace your drawing onto tracing paper.
angles, p. 149
STEP 3 Move the tracing paper to position ∠ 1 of the
traced figure over ∠ 5 of the original figure. 5 6
Compare the angles. Are they congruent? 7 8
STEP 4 Compare the eight angles and list all the
congruent pairs. What do you notice about the
special angle pairs formed by the transversal?

POSTULATE For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 15 Corresponding Angles Postulate t

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, 2

p
then the pairs of corresponding angles are
6
congruent. q

∠2 > ∠6

EXAMPLE 1 Identify congruent angles

The measure of three of the numbered angles is
1208. Identify the angles. Explain your reasoning.
1208 2 5 6
Solution 3 4 7 8

By the Corresponding Angles Postulate, m∠ 5 5 1208.

Using the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, m∠ 4 5 1208.
Because ∠ 4 and ∠ 8 are corresponding angles, by the Corresponding Angles
Postulate, you know that m∠ 8 5 1208.

154 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 THEOREMS For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.1 Alternate Interior Angles Theorem t
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then 4 p
the pairs of alternate interior angles are congruent. 5
q

Proof: Example 3, p. 156 ∠4 > ∠5

THEOREM 3.2 Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem t

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then 1
p
the pairs of alternate exterior angles are congruent.
8 q

Proof: Ex. 37, p. 159 ∠1 > ∠8

THEOREM 3.3 Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem t

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, 3 p
then the pairs of consecutive interior angles are 5
q
supplementary.
∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are
Proof: Ex. 41, p. 159 supplementary.

EXAMPLE 2 Use properties of parallel lines

ALGEBRA Find the value of x.

1158
4 a
(x 1 5)8

Solution b

By the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, m∠ 4 5 1158. Lines a and b

are parallel, so you can use the theorems about parallel lines.
m∠ 4 1 (x 1 5)8 5 1808 Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem

1158 1 (x 1 5)8 5 1808 Substitute 115 8 for m ∠ 4.

x 1 120 5 180 Combine like terms.

x 5 60 Subtract 120 from each side.

(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

Use the diagram at the right.

1. If m∠ 1 5 1058, find m∠ 4, m∠ 5, and m∠ 8. Tell 1 2 5 6
which postulate or theorem you use in each case. 3 4 7 8
2. If m∠ 3 5 688 and m∠ 8 5 (2x 1 4)8, what is the
value of x? Show your steps.

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 155

 EXAMPLE 3 Prove the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
Prove that if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of
alternate interior angles are congruent.

Solution
Draw a diagram. Label a pair of alternate interior t
WRITE PROOFS angles as ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. You are looking for an angle that 1 p
You can use the is related to both ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. Notice that one angle is a 2
information from the vertical angle with ∠ 2 and a corresponding angle with 3 q
diagram in your proof. ∠ 1. Label it ∠ 3.
Find any special angle
pairs. Then decide what GIVEN cpiq
you know about those PROVE c ∠1 > ∠2
pairs.
STATEMENTS REASONS

1. piq 1. Given
2. ∠1 > ∠3 2. Corresponding Angles Postulate
3. ∠3 > ∠2 3. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
4. ∠1 > ∠2 4. Transitive Property of Congruence

EXAMPLE 4 Solve a real-world problem

SCIENCE When sunlight enters a drop of rain, different colors of light leave
the drop at different angles. This process is what makes a rainbow. For violet
light, m∠ 2 5 408. What is m∠ 1? How do you know?

Solution
Because the sun’s rays are parallel, ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are alternate interior angles.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, ∠ 1 > ∠ 2. By the definition of
congruent angles, m∠ 1 5 m∠ 2 5 408.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

3. In the proof in Example 3, if you use the third statement before the second
statement, could you still prove the theorem? Explain.
4. WHAT IF? Suppose the diagram in Example 4 shows yellow light leaving a
drop of rain. Yellow light leaves the drop at an angle of 418. What is m∠ 1
in this case? How do you know?

156 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.2 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 5, 9, and 39
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 3, 21, 33, 39, and 40

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Draw a pair of parallel lines and a transversal. Label a pair
of corresponding angles.

2. ★ WRITING Two parallel lines are cut by a transversal. Which pairs

of angles are congruent? Which pairs of angles are supplementary?

EXAMPLES 3. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE In the figure at the right,

1 and 2 which angle has the same measure as ∠ 1? 1 2
on pp. 154–155 3
A ∠2 B ∠3
for Exs. 3–16 4 5
C ∠4 D ∠5

USING PARALLEL LINES Find the angle measure.

Tell which postulate or theorem you use.
4. If m∠ 4 5 658, then m∠ 1 5 ? .
1 2
5. If m∠ 7 5 1108, then m∠ 2 5 ? .
3 4
6. If m∠ 5 5 718, then m∠ 4 5 ? . 5 6
7 8
7. If m∠ 3 5 1178, then m∠ 5 5 ? .
8. If m∠ 8 5 548, then m∠ 1 5 ? .

USING POSTULATES AND THEOREMS What postulate or theorem justifies the

statement about the diagram?
9. ∠ 1 > ∠ 5 10. ∠ 4 > ∠ 5
6
11. ∠ 2 > ∠ 7 12. ∠ 2 and ∠ 5 are supplementary. 5 8
7
2
13. ∠ 3 > ∠ 6 14. ∠ 3 > ∠ 7 1 4
3
15. ∠ 1 > ∠ 8 16. ∠ 4 and ∠ 7 are supplementary.

USING PARALLEL LINES Find m∠ 1 and m∠ 2. Explain your reasoning.

17. 18. 19.

1508
1408 1 1228
2
1
1 2
2

20. ERROR ANALYSIS A student concludes that

∠ 9 > ∠ 10 by the Corresponding Angles ∠ 9 > ∠ 10
9
Postulate. Describe and correct the error in
this reasoning. 10

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 157

 21. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Given p i q, describe two t
methods you can use to show that ∠ 1 > ∠ 4. 1
2 p
3
4 q

USING PARALLEL LINES Find m∠ 1, m∠ 2, and m∠ 3. Explain your reasoning.

22. 23. 24.

1
1 2 1 2
1338
808 3 3
1158 2 3

ANGLES Use the diagram at the right.

‹]› ‹]› A B
25. Name two pairs of congruent angles if AB and DC are parallel.
‹]› ‹]›
26. Name two pairs of supplementary angles if AD and BC
are parallel. D C

ALGEBRA Find the values of x and y.

27. 28. 29.

3y 8
y8 x8 y8
6y 8 x8 658
458
858 2x 8 558

30. 31. 32.

4x 8
608 (3y 1 2)8 (14x 2 10)8
(5y 2 5)8
2y 8 5x8
3x 8 1358 528

33. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of y in the diagram? t

1108
A 70 B 75
m
C 110 D 115
(y 2 5)8 1 n

MN and }
34. DRAWING Draw a four-sided figure with sides } PQ, such that
}i }
MN MP i }
PQ, } NQ, and ∠ MNQ is an acute angle. Which angle pairs
formed are congruent? Explain your reasoning.

CHALLENGE Find the values of x and y.

35. 608 36. 1508

(2x 2 y)8 (5x 2 y)8

(2x 1 y)8 (5x 1 y)8

408 1308

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

158 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3 37. PROVING THEOREM 3.2 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
on p. 156 the pairs of alternate exterior angles are congruent. Use the steps below
for Ex. 37 to write a proof of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem.
GIVEN cpiq p
PROVE c ∠1 ù ∠2 1

a. Show that ∠ 1 ù ∠ 3. 3 2
q

b. Then show that ∠ 1 ù ∠ 2.

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 4 38. PARKING LOT In the diagram, the lines

on p. 156 dividing parking spaces are parallel. The
for Exs. 38–40 measure of ∠ 1 is 1108.
a. Identify the angle(s) congruent to ∠ 1. 1 2 5 6
b. Find m∠ 6. 3 4 7 8
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

39. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The Toddler™ is a walking robot. Each leg of

the robot has two parallel bars and a foot. When the robot walks,
the leg bars remain parallel as the foot slides along the surface.
a. As the legs move, are there pairs of angles that are always
congruent? always supplementary? If so, which angles?
b. Explain how having parallel leg bars allows the robot’s
foot to stay flat on the floor as it moves.
6
1 25

40. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE You are designing a box like the one below.

A
2
1 1 B
3 3 2 C

a. The measure of ∠ 1 is 708. What is m∠ 2? What is m∠ 3?

b. Explain why ∠ ABC is a straight angle.
c. What If? If m∠ 1 is 608, will ∠ ABC still be a straight angle? Will the
opening of the box be more steep or less steep? Explain.

41. PROVING THEOREM 3.3 If two parallel lines are cut by a

transversal, then the pairs of consecutive interior angles
3 2 n
are supplementary. Write a proof of the Consecutive
Interior Angles Theorem. 1
GIVEN cnip p

PROVE c ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are supplementary.

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 159

 42. PROOF The Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (page 192) t
states that if a transversal is perpendicular to one of two
parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the other. Write a 1
proof of the Perpendicular Transversal Theorem. r
2
GIVEN c t ⊥ r, r i s
s
PROVE ct⊥s

43. CHALLENGE In the diagram, ∠ 4 > ∠ 5. }

SE bisects ∠ RSF. E
Find m∠ 1. Explain your reasoning. F 4

2
1 3 5
T S R

MIXED REVIEW
44. Find the length of each segment in the coordinate plane y
at the right. Which segments are congruent? (p. 15) B(3, 3)
A(22, 2)
Are angles with the given measures complementary,
1
supplementary, or neither? (p. 35)
O 1 D(3, 0) x
45. m∠ 1 5 628, 46. m∠ 3 5 1308, 47. m∠ 5 5 448,
m∠ 2 5 1288 m∠ 4 5 708 m∠ 6 5 468
C(0, 23)
Find the perimeter of the equilateral figure with the given
side length. (pp. 42, 49)
48. Pentagon, 20 cm 49. Octagon, 2.5 ft 50. Decagon, 33 in.

PREVIEW Write the converse of the statement. Is the converse true? (p. 79)
Prepare for
51. Three points are collinear if they lie on the same line.
Lesson 3.3
in Exs. 51–52. 52. If the measure of an angle is 1198, then the angle is obtuse.

QUIZ for Lessons 3.1–3.2

Copy and complete the statement. (p. 147)
1. ∠ 2 and ? are corresponding angles.
1 2
2. ∠ 3 and ? are consecutive interior angles. 3 4
3. ∠ 3 and ? are alternate interior angles. 5 6
7 8
4. ∠ 2 and ? are alternate exterior angles.

Find the value of x. (p. 154)

5. 6. 7.
1518
2x8 728
1288 (2x 1 1)8 (7x 1 24)8

160 EXTR A PR ACTICE for Lesson 3.2, p. 900 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
 3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel

Before You used properties of parallel lines to determine angle relationships.

Now You will use angle relationships to prove that lines are parallel.
Why? So you can describe how sports equipment is arranged, as in Ex. 32.

Key Vocabulary Postulate 16 below is the converse of Postulate 15 in Lesson 3.2. Similarly,
• paragraph proof the theorems in Lesson 3.2 have true converses. Remember that the converse
• converse, p. 80 of a true conditional statement is not necessarily true, so each converse of a
• two-column proof, theorem must be proved, as in Example 3.
p. 112
POSTULATE For Your Notebook
POSTULATE 16 Corresponding Angles Converse
If two lines are cut by a transversal so the
corresponding angles are congruent, then 2
the lines are parallel. j
6
k
jik

EXAMPLE 1 Apply the Corresponding Angles Converse

ALGEBRA Find the value of x that makes m i n.

(3x 1 5)8
Solution m
658
Lines m and n are parallel if the marked n
corresponding angles are congruent.
(3x 1 5)8 5 658 Use Postulate 16 to write an equation.

3x 5 60 Subtract 5 from each side.

x 5 20 Divide each side by 3.

c The lines m and n are parallel when x 5 20.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

1. Is there enough information in the diagram

to conclude that m i n? Explain. 758
m
2. Explain why Postulate 16 is the converse of
1058 n
Postulate 15.

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 161

 THEOREMS For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.4 Alternate Interior Angles Converse
If two lines are cut by a transversal so the
alternate interior angles are congruent, 5 j
4
then the lines are parallel. k
Proof: Example 3, p. 163 jik

THEOREM 3.5 Alternate Exterior Angles Converse

1
If two lines are cut by a transversal so the
j
alternate exterior angles are congruent,
then the lines are parallel. k
8
Proof: Ex. 36, p. 168 jik

THEOREM 3.6 Consecutive Interior Angles Converse

If two lines are cut by a transversal
3 j
so the consecutive interior angles are
5
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
k
If ∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are
Proof: Ex. 37, p. 168 supplementary, then j i k.

EXAMPLE 2 Solve a real-world problem

SNAKE PATTERNS How can you tell whether the sides of the pattern are
parallel in the photo of a diamond-back snake?

Solution
Because the alternate interior angles are congruent, you know that the sides
of the pattern are parallel.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2

Can you prove that lines a and b are parallel? Explain why or why not.
3. a b 4. a b 5. m∠ 1 1 m∠ 2 5 1808
a b
1
2

162 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 3 Prove the Alternate Interior Angles Converse
Prove that if two lines are cut by a transversal so the alternate interior
angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Solution
AVOID ERRORS 1
GIVEN c ∠4 > ∠5 g
Before you write a 4
proof, identify the PROVE cgih 5
GIVEN and PROVE h
statements for the STATEMENTS REASONS
situation described or
1. ∠4 > ∠5 1. Given
for any diagram
you draw. 2. ∠1 > ∠4 2. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
3. ∠1 > ∠5 3. Transitive Property of Congruence
4. gih 4. Corresponding Angles Converse

(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

PARAGRAPH PROOFS A proof can also be written in paragraph form, called

a paragraph proof. The statements and reasons in a paragraph proof are
written in sentences, using words to explain the logical flow of the argument.

EXAMPLE 4 Write a paragraph proof

In the figure, r i s and ∠ 1 is congruent to ∠ 3. r s
Prove p i q.
3 p
2 1
q
Solution
Look at the diagram to make a plan. The diagram suggests that you look at
angles 1, 2, and 3. Also, you may find it helpful to focus on one pair of lines
and one transversal at a time.

Plan a. Look at ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. b. Look at ∠ 2 and ∠ 3.

for
Proof r s r s

3 p 3 p
2 1 2 1
q q

∠ 1 > ∠ 2 because r i s. If ∠ 2 > ∠ 3, then p i q.

TRANSITIONAL
WORDS
Plan a. It is given that r i s, so by the Corresponding Angles Postulate,
In paragraph proofs, in ∠ 1 > ∠ 2.
transitional words such Action
as so, then, and therefore b. It is also given that ∠ 1 > ∠ 3. Then ∠ 2 > ∠ 3 by the Transitive
help to make the logic Property of Congruence for angles. Therefore, by the Alternate
clear. Interior Angles Converse, p i q.

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 163

 THEOREM For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.7 Transitive Property of Parallel Lines
If two lines are parallel to the same line, p q r
then they are parallel to each other.

Proofs: Ex. 38, p. 168; Ex. 38, p. 177 If p i q and q i r, then p i r.

EXAMPLE 5 Use the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines

U.S. FLAG The flag of the United S
States has 13 alternating red and S
S 
white stripes. Each stripe is parallel S
S 
to the stripe immediately below S
S 
it. Explain why the top stripe is S
S 
parallel to the bottom stripe. S
S 
S
S 
Solution
USE SUBSCRIPTS
The stripes from top to bottom can be named s1, s2, s3, . . . , s13. Each stripe
When you name several
is parallel to the one below it, so s1 i s2, s2 i s3, and so on. Then s1 i s3 by the
similar items, you can
use one variable with
Transitive Property of Parallel Lines. Similarly, because s3 i s4, it follows that
subscripts to keep track s1 i s4. By continuing this reasoning, s1 i s13. So, the top stripe is parallel to the
of the items. bottom stripe.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3, 4, and 5

6. If you use the diagram at the right to prove

1 j
the Alternate Exterior Angles Converse,
what GIVEN and PROVE statements would
you use? 8 k

7. Copy and complete the following paragraph proof of the Alternate

Interior Angles Converse using the diagram in Example 3.
It is given that ∠ 4 > ∠ 5. By the ? , ∠ 1 > ∠ 4. Then by the Transitive
Property of Congruence, ? . So, by the ? , g i h.

8. Each step is parallel to the step

immediately above it. The bottom step
is parallel to the ground. Explain why
the top step is parallel to the ground.

164 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.3 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 11, 29, and 37
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 16, 23, 24, 33, and 39

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Draw a pair of parallel lines with a transversal. Identify
all pairs of alternate exterior angles.

2. ★ WRITING Use the theorems from the previous lesson and the
converses of those theorems in this lesson. Write three biconditionals
about parallel lines and transversals.

EXAMPLE 1 ALGEBRA Find the value of x that makes m i n.

on p. 161
3. 4. 5.
for Exs. 3–9 1358
1208 m m 1508 m
(2x 1 15)8 (3x 2 15)8
3x 8 n n n

6. m n 7. m n 8. m n

(180 2 x)8 2x 8 x8 (2x 1 20)8

x8 3x 8

9. ERROR ANALYSIS A student concluded

that lines a and b are parallel. Describe a b aib
and correct the student’s error. xº yº
xº yº c

EXAMPLE 2 IDENTIFYING PARALLEL LINES Is there enough information to prove m i n?

on p. 162 If so, state the postulate or theorem you would use.
for Exs. 10–17
10. m n 11. m n 12. r

m
r r
n

13. m n 14. r s 15. r s

m m
r
n n

16. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Use lined paper to draw two parallel lines cut by
a transversal. Use a protractor to measure one angle. Find the measures
of the other seven angles without using the protractor. Give a theorem or
postulate you use to find each angle measure.

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 165

 17. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Complete the steps below to
‹]› ‹]› B
determine whether DB and HF are parallel. A F
a. Find m ∠ DCG and m ∠ CGH. C G
b. Describe the relationship between ∠ DCG and 778 1158
∠ CGH.
‹]› ‹]› D 388 E H
c. Are DB and HF parallel? Explain your reasoning.

EXAMPLE 3 18. PLANNING A PROOF Use these steps to plan a proof of the Consecutive
on p. 163 Interior Angles Converse, as stated on page 162.
for Ex. 18 a. Draw a diagram you can use in a proof of the theorem.
b. Write the GIVEN and PROVE statements.

REASONING Can you prove that lines a and b are parallel? If so, explain how.

19. a b 20. 21. a b

1148 a
368
738 1448
1078 488 b
668 1448

] ] ‹ › ‹ ›
22. ERROR ANALYSIS A student decided that AD i BC based on the diagram
below. Describe and correct the student’s error.

] i BC
]
‹ › ‹ ›
AD
A B

D C

23. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Use the diagram at the right. q r

You know that ∠ 1 > ∠ 4. What can you conclude?
p 1 s
A piq B ris 2 3
C ∠2 > ∠3 D None of the above 4

REASONING Use the diagram at the right for Exercises 24 and 25.

24. ★ SHORT RESPONSE In the diagram, assume j i k. How j k

many angle measures must be given in order to find the
measure of every angle? Explain your reasoning. 1 2 5 6
3 4 7 8 t
25. PLANNING A PROOF In the diagram, assume ∠ 1 and ∠ 7 are
supplementary. Write a plan for a proof showing that lines
j and k are parallel.

26. REASONING Use the diagram at the right. F E H G

Which rays are parallel? Which rays are 588 618
not parallel? Justify your conclusions. 628 598
B C
A D

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

166 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 27. VISUAL REASONING A point R is not in plane ABC.
a. How many lines through R are perpendicular to plane ABC?
b. How many lines through R are parallel to plane ABC?
c. How many planes through R are parallel to plane ABC?

28. CHALLENGE Use the diagram. r s

a. Find x so that p i q. (2x 1 2)8
p
b. Find y so that r i s.
(x 1 56)8
c. Can r be parallel to s and p be parallel (y 1 7)8 (3y 2 17)8 q
to q at the same time? Explain.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 2 29. PICNIC TABLE How do you know that the top of the
on p. 162 picnic table is parallel to the ground?
for Exs. 29–30
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
p

30. KITEBOARDING The diagram of the control bar of the kite shows the
angles formed between the control bar and the kite lines. How do you
know that n is parallel to m?

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

31. DEVELOPING PROOF Copy and complete the proof.

GIVEN c m ∠ 1 5 1158, m ∠ 2 5 658 1 m
PROVE cmin 2
n

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. m ∠ 1 5 1158 and m ∠ 2 5 658 1. Given

2. 1158 1 658 5 1808 2. Addition
3. m ∠ 1 1 m ∠ 2 5 1808 3. ?
4. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are supplementary. 4. ?
5. min 5. ?

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 167

 a b
32. BOWLING PINS How do you know that the
bowling pins are set up in parallel lines?

EXAMPLE 5 33. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The map shows part of Denver, Colorado. Use the
on p. 164 markings on the map. Are the numbered streets parallel to one another?
for Ex. 33 Explain how you can tell.

E 20th Ave.

E 19th Ave.

E 18th Ave.
Pennsylvania St.

Washington St.
E 17th Ave.

Williams St.
Franklin St.
Downing St.
Clarkson St.

Ogden St.

Gilpin St.
Pearl St.

High St.
Pa
rk
Av
e.

EXAMPLE 3 PROOF Use the diagram and the given information to write a two-column
on p. 163 or paragraph proof.
for Exs. 34–35
34. GIVEN c ∠ 1 > ∠ 2, ∠ 3 > ∠ 4 35. GIVEN c a i b, ∠ 2 > ∠ 3
} }
PROVE c AB i CD PROVE ccid
A c d
1
D a
2 E 1 2
3 4
4 3
B b
C

EXAMPLE 4 PROOF In Exercises 36 and 37, use the diagram to write a paragraph proof.
on p. 163
36. PROVING THEOREM 3.5 Prove the Alternate t
for Exs. 36–37
Exterior Angles Converse. 1 2
3 4 m
37. PROVING THEOREM 3.6 Prove the
Consecutive Interior Angles Converse. 5 6
7 8 n

38. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Use these steps to prove Theorem 3.7, the
Transitive Property of Parallel Lines.
a. Copy the diagram in the Theorem box on page 164. Draw a transversal
through all three lines.
b. Write the GIVEN and PROVE statements.
c. Use the properties of angles formed by parallel lines and transversals
to prove the theorem.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

168 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 39. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Architects and engineers make drawings using
a plastic triangle with angle measures 308, 608, and 908. The triangle slides
along a fixed horizontal edge.

a. Explain why the blue lines shown are parallel.

b. Explain how the triangle can be used to draw vertical parallel lines.

REASONING Use the diagram below in Exercises 40–44. How would you
show that the given lines are parallel?

d e f g
40. a and b
1148 a
41. b and c
718
42. d and f 1148 1378 668
438 b
43. e and g 668
c
44. a and c

45. CHALLENGE Use these steps to investigate the angle bisectors of

corresponding angles.
a. Construction Use a compass and straightedge or geometry drawing
software to construct line l, point P not on l, and line n through
P parallel to l. Construct point Q on l and construct }PQ. Choose
a pair of alternate interior angles and construct their angle bisectors.
b. Write a Proof Are the angle bisectors parallel? Make a conjecture.
Write a proof of your conjecture.

MIXED REVIEW
Solve the equation. (p. 875)
3 22 1
46. } x 5 21 47. } x 5 21 48. } x 5 21 49. 26x 5 21
4 3 5

50. You can choose one of eight sandwich fillings and one of four kinds of
bread. How many different sandwiches are possible? (p. 891)
51. Find the value of x if } AD and }
AB > } CD > }
AD. A D
Explain your steps. (p. 112) 9x 2 11 6x 1 1

B C

PREVIEW Simplify the expression.

Prepare for
27 2 2 0 2 (23) 3x 2 x
Lesson 3.4 in 52. } (p. 870) 53. } (p. 870) 54. } (p. 139)
8 2(24) 126 24x 1 2x
Exs. 52–54.

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.3, p. 900 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 169
 MIXED REVIEW of Problem Solving STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com

Lessons 3.1–3.3
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Use the diagram of 4. SHORT RESPONSE A neon sign is shown
the tennis court below. below. Are the top and the bottom of the Z
q
parallel? Explain how you know.
p
n
418
418
m

k 5. EXTENDED RESPONSE Use the diagram of

the bridge below.
a. Identify two pairs of parallel lines so each
pair is on a different plane.
b. Identify a pair of skew lines.
238
c. Identify two pairs of perpendicular lines.
1
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Use the picture of the
tile floor below.

r l m n
2 (2x 1 1)8
1 4 s
3 6
5 7 a. Find the value of x that makes lines l and
8 m parallel.
b. Suppose that l i m and l i n. Find m ∠ 1.
Explain how you found your answer. Copy
the diagram and label any angles you
a. Name the kind of angle pair each angle need for your explanation.
forms with ∠ 1.
6. GRIDDED ANSWER In the photo of the picket
b. Lines r and s are parallel. Name the angles
fence, m i n. What is m ∠ 1 in degrees?
that are congruent to ∠ 3.

3. OPEN-ENDED The flag of Jamaica is shown.

Given that n i p and m∠ 1 5 538, determine 1
the measure of ∠ 2. Justify each step in your m
argument, labeling any angles needed for
your justification. 308
n
N
P

7. SHORT RESPONSE Find the values of x and y.

 Explain your steps.

a b

648 928 c
M
y8 x8
888 d

170 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.4 Find and Use Slopes
of Lines
Before You used properties of parallel lines to find angle measures.
Now You will find and compare slopes of lines.
Why So you can compare rates of speed, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary The slope of a nonvertical line is the ratio of y

• slope, p. 879 vertical change (rise) to horizontal change (run)
run
• rise, p. 879 between any two points on the line. x2 2 x1
• run, p. 879 If a line in the coordinate plane passes through rise
y2 2 y1 (x2, y2)
points (x1, y1) and (x2, y 2) then the slope m is
(x1, y1)
rise change in y y2 2 y1
m5} 5}5} .
run change in x x2 2 x1
x

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Slope of Lines in the Coordinate Plane
n y
Negative slope: falls from left to right, as in line j j k

Positive slope: rises from left to right, as in line k

x
Zero slope (slope of 0): horizontal, as in line l l
Undefined slope: vertical, as in line n

EXAMPLE 1 Find slopes of lines in a coordinate plane

REVIEW SLOPE Find the slope of line a and line d. y a d b
For more help with
slope, see p. 879. Solution (0, 4) (6, 4) c
y2 2 y1 22
Slope of line a: m 5 } 5 4} 5}2
5 21
x2 2 x1 628 22 (8, 2)
y 2y 20 1
2
Slope of line d: m 5 } 1
5 4} 4
5} , (4, 0) (6, 0) x
x2 2 x1 626 0
1
which is undefined.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

Use the graph in Example 1. Find the slope of the line.

1. Line b 2. Line c

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 171

 COMPARING SLOPES When two lines intersect in a coordinate plane, the
steeper line has the slope with greater absolute value. You can also compare
slopes to tell whether two lines are parallel or perpendicular.

POSTULATES For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 17 Slopes of Parallel Lines y

In a coordinate plane, two nonvertical lines are

parallel if and only if they have the same slope.
x
Any two vertical lines are parallel.
m1 5 m2

POSTULATE 18 Slopes of Perpendicular Lines y

READ VOCABULARY In a coordinate plane, two nonvertical lines are

If the product of two perpendicular if and only if the product of their
numbers is 21, then slopes is 21.
x
the numbers are called
negative reciprocals. Horizontal lines are perpendicular to vertical lines.
m1 p m2 5 21

EXAMPLE 2 Identify parallel lines

Find the slope of each line. Which lines k1 y k2 k3
are parallel? (4, 5)
(22, 4)
Solution
Find the slope of k1 through (22, 4) (6, 3)
2
and (23, 0). (3, 1)

024 24 (23, 0) 1 x
m1 5 } 5} 54
23 2 (22) 21 (5, 22)
Find the slope of k 2 through (4, 5)
and (3, 1).
25 24
m2 5 1} 5} 54
324 21
Find the slope of k 3 through (6, 3) and (5, 22).

m3 5 22 23
}5}55
25
526 21
c Compare the slopes. Because k1 and k 2 have the same slope, they are
parallel. The slope of k 3 is different, so k 3 is not parallel to the other lines.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2

3. Line m passes through (21, 3) and (4, 1). Line t passes through (22, 21)
and (3, 23). Are the two lines parallel? Explain how you know.

172 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 3 Draw a perpendicular line
Line h passes through (3, 0) and (7, 6). Graph the line perpendicular to h
that passes through the point (2, 5).

Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope m1 of line h through (3, 0) and (7, 6).
20
m1 5 6} 6
5} 3
5}
723 4 2
y h
STEP 2 Find the slope m2 of a line perpendicular
(7, 6)
to h. Use the fact that the product of the
(2, 5)
slopes of two perpendicular lines is 21.
REVIEW GRAPHING 22
3
Given a point on a line } p m2 5 21 Slopes of perpendicular lines (5, 3)
2 3
and the line’s slope, you
22 2
can use the rise and run m2 5 } Multiply each side by }.
3
1
3 (3, 0)
to find a second point
1 x
and draw the line. STEP 3 Use the rise and run to graph the line.

★ EXAMPLE 4 Standardized Test Practice

A skydiver made jumps with three parachutes. Parachutes

The graph shows the height of the skydiver from y
the time the parachute opened to the time of the

Height (ft)
landing for each jump. Which statement is true? 4000

ELIMINATE CHOICES A The parachute opened at the same 2000 c

a b
The y-intercept height in jumps a and b.
represents the height 0
when the parachute
B The parachute was open for the same 0 2 4 x
opened, so the heights amount of time in jumps b and c. Time (minutes)
in jumps a and b were C The skydiver descended at the same rate in jumps a and b.
not the same. So you
can eliminate choice A. D The skydiver descended at the same rate in jumps a and c.

Solution
The rate at which the skydiver descended is represented by the slope of the
segments. The segments that have the same slope are a and c.
c The correct answer is D. A B C D

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

4. Line n passes through (0, 2) and (6, 5). Line m passes through (2, 4) and
(4, 0). Is n ⊥ m? Explain.
5. In Example 4, which parachute is in the air for the longest time? Explain.
6. In Example 4, what do the x-intercepts represent in the situation? How can
you use this to eliminate one of the choices?

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 173

 EXAMPLE 5 Solve a real-world problem
ROLLER COASTERS During the climb on the Magnum XL-200 roller coaster,
you move 41 feet upward for every 80 feet you move horizontally. At the crest
of the hill, you have moved 400 feet forward.
a. Making a Table Make a table showing the
height of the Magnum at every 80 feet it
moves horizontally. How high is the roller
coaster at the top of its climb?
b. Calculating Write a fraction that
represents the height the Magnum climbs
for each foot it moves horizontally. What
does the numerator represent?
c. Using a Graph Another roller coaster, the
Millenium Force, climbs at a slope of 1.
At its crest, the horizontal distance from
the starting point is 310 feet. Compare
this climb to that of the Magnum. Which
climb is steeper?

Solution
a.
Horizontal distance (ft) 80 160 240 320 400
Height (ft) 41 82 123 164 205

The Magnum XL-200 is 205 feet high at the top of its climb.
41 rise 41 4 80 0.5125
b. Slope of the Magnum 5 } 5 } 5}5}
run 80 80 4 80 1
The numerator, 0.5125, represents the slope in decimal form.
c. Use a graph to compare the climbs.
Roller Coaster Slopes
Let x be the horizontal distance and
let y be the height. Because the slope y
of the Millenium Force is 1, the rise (310, 310)
is equal to the run. So the highest Millenium
Height (ft)

(400, 205)
point must be at (310, 310). 200 Force

c The graph shows that the Millenium Magnum

Force has a steeper climb, because
the slope of its line is greater 0
(1 > 0.5125). 0 200 400 x
Horizontal distance (ft)
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 5

7. Line q passes through the points (0, 0) and (24, 5). Line t passes through
the points (0, 0) and (210, 7). Which line is steeper, q or t?
8. WHAT IF? Suppose a roller coaster climbed 300 feet upward for every
350 feet it moved horizontally. Is it more steep or less steep than the
Magnum? than the Millenium Force?

174 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.4 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 7, 13, and 35
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 34, 35, and 41
5 MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 37

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Describe what is meant by the slope of a nonvertical line.

2. ★ WRITING What happens when you apply the slope formula to a

horizontal line? What happens when you apply it to a vertical line?

EXAMPLE 1 MATCHING Match the description of the slope of a line with its graph.
on p. 171
3. m is positive. 4. m is negative. 5. m is zero. 6. m is undefined.
for Exs. 3–12
A. y B. y C. y D. y

x x x x

FINDING SLOPE Find the slope of the line that passes through the points.

7. (3, 5), (5, 6) 8. (22, 2), (2, 26) 9. (25, 21), (3, 21) 10. (2, 1), (0, 6)

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the slope of the line.

11. 12.
4
m5} y Slope of the line through
3 (2, 7) and (4, 5)
4
(6, 4) y 2y
725 251
m5}
2 1
5} 5}
3 x2 2 x1 422 2
1
(2, 1)
2 x

EXAMPLES TYPES OF LINES Tell whether the lines through the given points are parallel,
2 and 3 perpendicular, or neither. Justify your answer.
on pp. 172–173
13. Line 1: (1, 0), (7, 4) 14. Line 1: (23, 1), (27, 22) 15. Line 1: (29, 3), (25, 7)
for Exs. 13–18
Line 2: (7, 0), (3, 6) Line 2: (2, 21), (8, 4) Line 2: (211, 6), (27, 2)

GRAPHING Graph the line through the given point with the given slope.
1 5 2
16. P(3, 22), slope 2} 17. P(24, 0), slope } 18. P(0, 5), slope }
6 2 3

EXAMPLES STEEPNESS OF A LINE Tell which line through the given points is steeper.
4 and 5
19. Line 1: (22, 3), (3, 5) 20. Line 1: (22, 21), (1, 22) 21. Line 1: (24, 2), (23, 6)
on pp. 173–174
Line 2: (3, 1), (6, 5) Line 2: (25, 23), (21, 24) Line 2: (1, 6), (3, 8)
for Exs. 19–22

22. REASONING Use your results from Exercises 19221. Describe a way to
determine which of two lines is steeper without graphing them.

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 175

 PERPENDICULAR LINES Find the slope of line n perpendicular to line h and
passing through point P. Then copy the graph and graph line n.
23. y
h 24. y h 25. y
(3, 1) (3, 4) 1 x
1 21

2 x P(6, 1) (25, 23)

1
h
(23, 22) 1 x (2, 24)
P(3, 23) (5, 22) P(24, 26)

26. REASONING Use the concept of slope to decide whether the points
(23, 3), (1, 22), and (4, 0) lie on the same line. Explain your reasoning
and include a diagram.

GRAPHING Graph a line with the given description.

27. Through (0, 2) and parallel to the line through (22, 4) and (25, 1)
28. Through (1, 3) and perpendicular to the line through (21, 21) and (2, 0)
1
29. Through (22, 1) and parallel to the line through (3, 1) and (4, 2})
2

CHALLENGE Find the unknown coordinate so the line through the points
has the given slope.
1
30. (23, 2), (0, y); slope 22 31. (27, 24), (x, 0); slope } 32. (4, 23), (x, 1); slope 24
3

PROBLEM SOLVING
33. WATER SLIDE The water slide is 6 feet
tall, and the end of the slide is 9 feet
from the base of the ladder. About what
slope does the slide have?
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EXAMPLE 5 34. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which car has better gas mileage?
Gas Mileage
on p. 174
A A B B
for Exs. 34–37
C Same rate D Cannot be determined
remaining

B
Gas

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Distance driven

35. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Compare the graphs of the three lines described
below. Which is most steep? Which is the least steep? Include a sketch
in your answer.
Line a: through the point (3, 0) with a y-intercept of 4
Line b: through the point (3, 0) with a y-intercept greater than 4
Line c: through the point (3, 0) with a y-intercept between 0 and 4

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED 5 MULTIPLE

176 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE REPRESENTATIONS
36. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Ladder safety guidelines include the following
recommendation about ladder placement. The horizontal distance h
between the base of the ladder and the object the ladder is resting against
should be about one quarter of the vertical distance v between the
ground and where the ladder rests against the object.

a. Find the recommended slope for a ladder.

b. Suppose the base of a ladder is 6 feet away from a building. The ladder
has the recommended slope. Find v.
c. Suppose a ladder is 34 feet from the ground where it touches a
building. The ladder has the recommended slope. Find h.

37. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The Duquesne (pronounced “du-KAYN”)

Incline was built in 1888 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to move people up
and down a mountain there. On the incline, you move about 29 feet
vertically for every 50 feet you move horizontally. When you reach the
top of the hill, you have moved a horizontal distance of about 700 feet.
a. Making a Table Make a table showing the vertical
distance that the incline moves for each 50 feet of
horizontal distance during its climb. How high is
the incline at the top?
b. Drawing a Graph Write a fraction that represents
the slope of the incline’s climb path. Draw a graph
to show the climb path.
c. Comparing Slopes The Burgenstock Incline in
Switzerland moves about 144 vertical feet for every
271 horizontal feet. Write a fraction to represent the
slope of this incline’s path. Which incline is steeper,
the Burgenstock or the Duquesne?

38. PROVING THEOREM 3.7 Use slopes of lines to write a paragraph proof of
the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines on page 164.

AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE In Exercises 39 and 40, slope can be used to

describe an average rate of change. To write an average rate of change,
rewrite the slope fraction so the denominator is one.
39. BUSINESS In 2000, a business made a profit of $8500. In 2006, the
business made a profit of $15,400. Find the average rate of change in
dollars per year from 2000 to 2006.
40. ROCK CLIMBING A rock climber begins climbing at a point 400 feet above
sea level. It takes the climber 45 minutes to climb to the destination,
which is 706 feet above sea level. Find the average rate of change in feet
per minute for the climber from start to finish.

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 177

 41. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The line graph shows the regular season
attendance (in millions) for three professional sports organizations
from 1985 to 2000.
a. During which five-year period did the 02/&%33)/.!,30/243!44%.$!.#%
NBA attendance increase the most?
Estimate the rate of change for this

!TTENDANCEMILLIONS
five-year period in people per year. 
b. During which five-year period did the
NHL attendance increase the most? 
Estimate the rate of change for this
five-year period in people per year.
c. Interpret The line graph for the NFL 
   
seems to be almost linear between
1985 and 2000. Write a sentence about .ATIONAL"ASKETBALL!SSOCIATION."!
what this means in terms of the .ATIONAL&OOTBALL,EAGUE.&,
real-world situation. .ATIONAL(OCKEY,EAGUE.(,

42. CHALLENGE Find two values of k such that the points (23, 1), (0, k),
and (k, 5) are collinear. Explain your reasoning.

MIXED REVIEW
43. Is the point (21, 27) on the line y 5 2x 2 5? Explain. (p. 878)
44. Find the intercepts of the graph of y 5 23x 1 9. (p. 879)

Use the diagram to write two examples of each postulate. (p. 96) Œ
A
45. Through any two points there exists exactly one line.
E
46. Through any three noncollinear points there exists exactly
C D
one plane. P F

PREVIEW Solve the equation for y. Write a reason for each step. (p. 105)
Prepare for
1 5
Lesson 3.5 in 47. 6x 1 4y 5 40 48. } x2} y 5 210 49. 16 2 3y 5 24x
2 4
Exs. 47–49.

QUIZ for Lessons 3.3–3.4

Find the value of x that makes m i n. (p. 161)
1. 2. 3.
(3x 2 5)8 888
2x8 m m m
548 1458
n (4x 2 12)8 n
n

Find the slope of the line that passes through the given points. (p. 171)
4. (1, 21), (3, 3) 5. (1, 2), (4, 5) 6. (23, 22), (27, 26)

178 EXTR A PR ACTICE for Lesson 3.4, p. 901 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
Technology
ACTIVITY Use after Lesson 3.4 classzone.com
Keystrokes

3.4 Investigate Slopes

M AT E R I A L S • graphing calculator or computer

QUESTION How can you verify the Slopes of Parallel Lines Postulate?

You can verify the postulates you learned in Lesson 3.4 using geometry
drawing software.

EXAMPLE Verify the Slopes of Parallel Lines Postulate

STEP 1 Show axes Show the x-axis and the y-axis by

choosing Hide/Show Axes from the F5 menu.

STEP 2 Draw line Draw a line by choosing Line from the A

F2 menu. Do not use one of the axes as your line.
Choose a point on the line and label it A.
STEPS 1–3
STEP 3 Graph point Graph a point not on the line by
choosing Point from the F2 menu.

STEP 4 Draw parallel line Choose Parallel from the F3 F5

Hide/Show
menu and select the line. Then select the point Alph-Num
not on the line. Display
-2 Measure
A Coord.&Eq.
STEP 5 Measure slopes Select one line and choose Calculate
Measure Slope from the F5 menu. Repeat this Clear
step for the second line.
STEPS 4–5

STEP 6 Move line Drag point A to move the line. What

do you expect to happen?

-2
PRACTICE -2
A
1. Use geometry drawing software to verify the Slopes of
Perpendicular Lines Postulate.
STEP 6
a. Construct a line and a point not on that line. Use Steps
1–3 from the Example above.
b. Construct a line that is perpendicular to your original
line and passes through the given point.
c. Measure the slopes of the two lines. Multiply the slopes.
What do you expect the product of the slopes to be?

2. WRITING Use the arrow keys to move your line from Exercise 1. Describe
what happens to the product of the slopes when one of the lines is
vertical. Explain why this happens.

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 179

 3.5 Write and Graph
Equations of Lines
Before You found slopes of lines.
Now You will find equations of lines.
Why? So you can find monthly gym costs, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary Linear equations may be written in different forms. The general form of a
• slope-intercept linear equation in slope-intercept form is y 5 mx 1 b, where m is the slope
form and b is the y-intercept.
• standard form
• x-intercept, p. 879
• y-intercept, p. 879
EXAMPLE 1 Write an equation of a line from a graph
Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form. y
(0, 4)
Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope. Choose two points on the
graph of the line, (0, 4) and (3, 22). 1

64 2 (22) 1 x
m5}5} 5 22
023 23
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept. The line intersects the (3, 22)
y-axis at the point (0, 4), so the y-intercept is 4.
STEP 3 Write the equation.
y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.

y 5 22x 1 4 Substitute 22 for m and 4 for b.

EXAMPLE 2 Write an equation of a parallel line

Write an equation of the line passing through the point (21, 1) that is
parallel to the line with the equation y 5 2x 2 3.

Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope m. The slope of a line parallel to y 5 2x 2 3 is the
same as the given line, so the slope is 2.
LINEAR EQUATIONS
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept b by using m 5 2 and (x, y) 5 (21, 1).
The graph of a linear
equation represents y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.
all the solutions of the
equation. So, the given 1 5 2(21) 1 b Substitute for x, y, and m.
point must be a solution 35b Solve for b.
of the equation.
c Because m 5 2 and b 5 3, an equation of the line is y 5 2x 1 3.

180 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 CHECKING BY GRAPHING You can check that y
equations are correct by graphing. In Example 2,
you can use a graph to check that y 5 2x 2 3 is y 5 2x 1 3
parallel to y 5 2x 1 3. (21, 1)
1
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com
2 x

y 5 2x 2 3

EXAMPLE 3 Write an equation of a perpendicular line

Write an equation of the line j passing through the point (2, 3) that is
perpendicular to the line k with the equation y 5 22x 1 2.

Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope m of line j. Line k has a slope of 22.
22 p m 5 21 The product of the slopes of ⊥ lines is 21.

1
m5} Divide each side by 22.
2
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept b by using m 5 }1 and (x, y) 5 (2, 3).
2
y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.

1
35} (2) 1 b Substitute for x, y, and m.
2
25b Solve for b.

1
c Because m 5 } and b 5 2, an equation k y
2
1
of line j is y 5 } x 1 2. You can check y 5 12 x 1 2
2 j
that the lines j and k are perpendicular y 5 22x 1 2
by graphing, then using a protractor to (2, 3)
measure one of the angles formed by 1
the lines.
2 x

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1, 2, and 3

1. Write an equation of the line in the graph y

at the right. (3, 1)
1
2. Write an equation of the line that passes
2 x
through (22, 5) and (1, 2).
(0, 21)
3. Write an equation of the line that passes
through the point (1, 5) and is parallel to the
line with the equation y 5 3x 2 5. Graph the
lines to check that they are parallel.
4. How do you know the lines x 5 4 and y 5 2 are perpendicular?

3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines 181

 EXAMPLE 4 Write an equation of a line from a graph
GYM MEMBERSHIP The graph models the total
Gym Membership Cost
cost of joining a gym. Write an equation of the
line. Explain the meaning of the slope and the y

Cost (dollars)
400 (5, 363)
y-intercept of the line.

Solution 200 (2, 231)

STEP 1 Find the slope. 0

0 2 4 x
2 231
m 5 363
} 5 } 5 44
132 Months
522 3
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept. Use the slope and one of the points on
the graph.
y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.

231 5 44 p 2 1 b Substitute for x, y, and m.

143 5 b Simplify.

STEP 3 Write the equation. Because m 5 44 and b 5 143, an equation of the

line is y 5 44x 1 143.
c The equation y 5 44x 1 143 models the cost. The slope is the monthly fee,
$44, and the y-intercept is the initial cost to join the gym, $143.

STANDARD FORM Another form of a linear equation is standard form. In

standard form, the equation is written as Ax 1 By 5 C, where A and B
are not both zero.

EXAMPLE 5 Graph a line with equation in standard form

Graph 3x 1 4y 5 12.

Solution
CHOOSE A METHOD
The equation is in standard form, so you can use the intercepts.
Another way you could
graph the equation is STEP 1 Find the intercepts.
to solve the equation
for y. Then the equation To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. To find the y-intercept, let x 5 0.
will be in slope-intercept 3x 1 4y 5 12 3x 1 4y 5 12
form. Use rise and run
from the point where 3x 1 4(0) 5 12 3(0) 1 4y 5 12
the line crosses the
y-axis to find a second x54 y53
point. Then graph STEP 2 Graph the line.
the line.
The intercepts are (4, 0) and y
(0, 3). Graph these points, then (0, 3)
draw a line through the points.
1

1 (4, 0) x

182 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 4 and 5

5. The equation y 5 50x 1 125 models the total cost of joining a climbing
gym. What are the meaning of the slope and the y-intercept of the line?

Graph the equation.

6. 2x 2 3y 5 6 7. y 5 4 8. x 5 23

WRITING EQUATIONS You can write linear equations to model real-world

situations, such as comparing costs to find a better buy.

EXAMPLE 6 Solve a real-world problem

DVD RENTAL You can rent DVDs at a local store for $4.00 each. An Internet
company offers a flat fee of $15.00 per month for as many rentals as you want.
How many DVDs do you need to rent to make the online rental a better buy?

ANOTHER WAY Solution

For alternative methods
STEP 1 Model each rental with an equation.
for solving the problem
in Example 6, turn Cost of one month’s rental online: y 5 15
to page 188 for the
Problem Solving Cost of one month’s rental locally: y 5 4x, where x represents the
Workshop. number of DVDs rented

STEP 2 Graph each equation.

Monthly DVD Rentals

24
Cost (dollars)

(3.75, 15) y 5 15
16

8
y 5 4x

0 The graphs intersect

0 2 4 6 at the point (3.75, 15).
Number of rentals

READ VOCABULARY
c The point of intersection is (3.75, 15). Using the graph, you can see
The point at which the
costs are the same is
that it is cheaper to rent locally if you rent 3 or fewer DVDs per month.
sometimes called the If you rent 4 or more DVDs per month, it is cheaper to rent online.
break-even point.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 6

9. WHAT IF? In Example 6, suppose the online rental is $16.50 per month
and the local rental is $4 each. How many DVDs do you need to rent to
make the online rental a better buy?
10. How would your answer to Exercise 9 change if you had a 2-for-1 coupon
that you could use once at the local store?

3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines 183

 3.5 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 17, 23, and 61
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 9, 29, 64, and 65

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY What does intercept mean in the expression slope-intercept
form?
2. ★ WRITING Explain how you can use the standard form of a linear
equation to find the intercepts of a line.

EXAMPLE 1 WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the line shown.

on p. 180
3. y 4. y 5. y
for Exs. 3–22 1 1
(23, 4)
1 (3, 0) x 1 x
(0, 22)
1

(25, 23) 1 x
(0, 24) (1, 22)

6. (23, 3) y 7. y 8. y
1
(5, 6)
(25, 21) 1 x
1

1 x (1, 23)

1
(2, 23) (1, 0)
2 x

9. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation is an y

equation of the line in the graph? (22, 2)
1 1 22
A y 5 2}
2
x B y 5 2}
2
x11 x
4 1
C y 5 22x D y 5 22x 1 1

WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the line with the given

slope m and y-intercept b.
10. m 5 25, b 5 212 11. m 5 3, b 5 2 12. m 5 4, b 5 26
5 4 2 11
13. m 5 2}, b 5 0 14. m 5 } , b 5 2} 15. m 5 2}
5
, b 5 212
2 9 9

WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the line that passes through the
given point P and has the given slope m.
16. P(21, 0), m 5 21 17. P(5, 4), m 5 4 18. P(6, 22), m 5 3
2 1
19. P(28, 22), m 5 2} 20. P(0, 23), m 5 2} 21. P(213, 7), m 5 0
3 6

22. WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of a line with undefined slope

that passes through the point (3, 22).

184 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

EXAMPLE 2 PARALLEL LINES Write an equation of the line that passes through point P
on p. 180 and is parallel to the line with the given equation.
for Exs. 23–29 1
23. P(0, 21), y 5 22x 1 3 24. P(27, 24), y 5 16 25. P(3, 8), y 2 1 5 } (x 1 4)
5
26. P(22, 6), x 5 25 27. P(22, 1), 10x 1 4y 5 28 28. P(4, 0), 2x 1 2y 5 12

29. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Line a passes through points (22, 1) and (2, 9).
Which equation is an equation of a line parallel to line a?
1 1
A y 5 22x 1 5 B y 5 2}
2
x15 C y5} x25 D y 5 2x 2 5
2

EXAMPLE 3 PERPENDICULAR LINES Write an equation of the line that passes through
on p. 181 point P and is perpendicular to the line with the given equation.
for Exs. 30–35
7
30. P(0, 0), y 5 29x 2 1 31. P(21, 1), y 5 }x 1 10 32. P(4, 26), y 5 23
3
33. P(2, 3), y 2 4 5 22(x 1 3) 34. P(0, 25), x 5 20 35. P(28, 0), 3x 2 5y 5 6

EXAMPLE 5 GRAPHING EQUATIONS Graph the equation.

on p. 182
36. 8x 1 2y 5 210 37. x 1 y 5 1 38. 4x 2 y 5 28
for Exs. 36–45
39. 2x 1 3y 5 29 40. y 2 2 5 21 41. y 1 2 5 x 2 1
42. x 1 3 5 24 43. 2y 2 4 5 2x 1 1 44. 3(x 2 2) 5 2y 2 4

45. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the x- and
y-intercepts of the graph of 5x 2 3y 5 215.

To find the x-intercept, To find the y-intercept,

let x 5 0: let y 5 0:
5x 2 3y 5 215 5x 2 3y 5 215
5(0) 2 3y 5 215 5x 2 3(0) 5 215
y55 x 5 23

IDENTIFYING PARALLEL LINES Which lines are parallel, if any?

46. y 5 3x 2 4 47. x 1 2y 5 9 48. x 2 6y 5 10

x 1 3y 5 6 y 5 0.5 x 1 7 6x 2 y 5 11
3(x 1 1) 5 y 2 2 2x 1 2y 5 25 x 1 6y 5 12

USING INTERCEPTS Identify the x- and y-intercepts of the line. Use the
intercepts to write an equation of the line.
49. y 50. y 51. y
1 x
21 20

1
10 x
1 x

52. INTERCEPTS A line passes through the points (210, 23) and (6, 1).
Where does the line intersect the x-axis? Where does the line intersect
the y-axis?

3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines 185

 SOLUTIONS TO EQUATIONS Graph the linear equations. Then use the graph
to estimate how many solutions the equations share.
53. y 5 4x 1 9 54. 3y 1 4x 5 16 55. y 5 25x 1 6
4x 2 y 5 1 2x 2 y 5 18 10x 1 2y 5 12

56. ALGEBRA Solve Exercises 53–55 algebraically. (For help, see Skills
Review Handbook, p. 880.) Make a conjecture about how the solution(s)
can tell you whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line.

57. ALGEBRA Find a value for k so that the line through (21, k) and
(27, 22) is parallel to the line with equation y 5 x 1 1.

58. ALGEBRA Find a value for k so that the line through (k, 2) and (7, 0) is
28
perpendicular to the line with equation y 5 x 2 } .
5

59. CHALLENGE Graph the points R(27, 23), S(22, 3), and T(10, 27). Connect
them to make nRST. Write an equation of the line containing each side.
Explain how you can use slopes to show that nRST has one right angle.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 4 60. WEB HOSTING The graph models the total Web Hosting
on p. 182 cost of using a web hosting service for y
300
for Exs. 60–61

Cost (dollars)
several months. Write an equation of the
(10, 280)
line. Tell what the slope and y-intercept 200
mean in this situation. Then find the total
cost of using the web hosting service for 100
one year. (0, 50)
0
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Months

61. SCIENCE Scientists believe that a Tyrannosaurus

Rex weighed about 2000 kilograms by age 14. It
then had a growth spurt for four years, gaining
2.1 kilograms per day. Write an equation to
model this situation. What are the slope and
y-intercept? Tell what the slope and y-intercept
mean in this situation.
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Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois

EXAMPLE 6 62. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A national park has two options: a $50 pass for all
on p. 183 admissions during the year, or a $4 entrance fee each time you enter.
for Exs. 62–65 a. Model Write an equation to model the cost of going to the park for a
year using a pass and another equation for paying a fee each time.
b. Graph Graph both equations you wrote in part (a).
c. Interpret How many visits do you need to make for the pass to be
cheaper? Explain.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

186 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 63. PIZZA COSTS You are buying slices of pizza for you and your friends.
A small slice costs $2 and a large slice costs $3. You have $24 to spend.
Write an equation in standard form Ax 1 By 5 C that models this
situation. What do the values of A, B, and C mean in this situation?

64. ★ SHORT RESPONSE You run at a rate of 4 miles per hour and your friend
runs at a rate of 3.5 miles per hour. Your friend starts running 10 minutes
before you, and you run for a half hour on the same path. Will you catch
up to your friend? Use a graph to support your answer.

65. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Audrey and Sara are making

jewelry. Audrey buys 2 bags of beads and 1 package of
clasps for a total of $13. Sara buys 5 bags of beads and
2 packages of clasps for a total of $27.50.
a. Let b be the price of one bag of beads and let c be the
price of one package of clasps. Write equations to
represent the total cost for Audrey and the total cost
for Sara.
b. Graph the equations from part (a).
c. Explain the meaning of the intersection of the two
lines in terms of the real-world situation.

66. CHALLENGE Michael is deciding which gym membership to buy.

Points (2, 112) and (4, 174) give the cost of gym membership at one gym
after two and four months. Points (1, 62) and (3, 102) give the cost of
gym membership at a second gym after one and three months. Write
equations to model the cost of each gym membership. At what point do
the graphs intersect, if they intersect? Which gym is cheaper? Explain.

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW Find the length of each segment. Round to the nearest tenth of a unit. (p. 15)
Prepare for
67. y 68. y 69. y
Lesson 3.6 A(1, 4) 1 1 S(1, 1)
N(2, 0)
in Exs. 67–69.
2 x 1 x
B(4, 2)
1 M(23, 23)
1 x T (6, 23)

Describe the pattern in the numbers. Write the next number in the pattern. (p. 72)
70. 22, 27, 212, 217, . . . 71. 4, 8, 16, 32, . . . 72. 101, 98, 95, 92, . . .

Find m∠ 1 and m ∠ 2. Explain your reasoning. (p. 154)

73. 74. 75.
648 m
1 2 1
m 1 1578 2
m n
828
n 2
n

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.5, p. 901 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com

3.5 187
 Using ALTERNATIVE METHODS
LESSON 3.5
Another Way to Solve Example 6, page 183

MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In Example 6 on page 183, you saw how to

graph equations to solve a problem about renting DVDs. Another way you can
solve the problem is using a table. Alternatively, you can use the equations to
solve the problem algebraically.

PROBLEM DVD RENTAL You can rent DVDs at a local store for $4.00 each. An
Internet company offers a flat fee of $15.00 per month for as many
rentals as you want. How many DVDs do you need to rent to make
the online rental a better buy?

METHOD 1 Using a Table You can make a table to answer the question.

STEP 1 Make a table representing each rental option.

DVDs Renting Renting

rented locally online
1 $4 $15

2 $8 $15

STEP 2 Add rows to your table until you see a pattern.

DVDs Renting Renting

rented locally online
1 $4 $15
2 $8 $15

3 $12 $15

4 $16 $15

5 $20 $15

6 $24 $15

STEP 3 Analyze the table. Notice that the values in the second column
(the cost of renting locally) are less than the values in the third
column (the cost of renting online) for three or fewer DVDs. However,
the values in the second column are greater than those in the third
column for four or more DVDs.

c It is cheaper to rent locally if you rent 3 or fewer DVDs per month.

If you rent 4 or more DVDs per month, it is cheaper to rent online.

188 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 METHOD 2 Using Algebra You can solve one of the equations for one of its variables.
Then substitute that expression for the variable in the other equation.

STEP 1 Write an equation for each rental option.

Cost of one month’s rental online: y 5 15
Cost of one month’s rental locally: y 5 4x, where x represents the
number of DVDs rented

STEP 2 Substitute the value of y from one equation into the other equation.
y 5 4x
15 5 4x Substitute 15 for y.

3.75 5 x Divide each side by 4.

STEP 3 Analyze the solution of the equation. If you could rent 3.75 DVDs, your
cost for local and online rentals would be the same. However, you can
only rent a whole number of DVDs. Look at what happens when you
rent 3 DVDs and when you rent 4 DVDs, the whole numbers just less
than and just greater than 3.75.

c It is cheaper to rent locally if you rent 3 or fewer DVDs per month.

If you rent 4 or more DVDs per month, it is cheaper to rent online.

P R AC T I C E

1. IN-LINE SKATES You can rent in-line skates 4. MANUFACTURING A company buys a new
for $5 per hour, or buy a pair of skates for widget machine for $1200. It costs $5 to make
$130. How many hours do you need to skate each widget. The company sells each widget
for the cost of buying skates to be cheaper for $15. How many widgets do they need to
than renting them? sell to earn back the money they spent on the
machine?
2. WHAT IF? Suppose the in-line skates in
Exercise 1 also rent for $12 per day. How 5. WRITING Which method(s) did you use to
many days do you need to skate for the cost solve Exercises 1–4? Explain your choice(s).
of buying skates to be cheaper than
renting them? 6. MONEY You saved $1000. If you put this
money in a savings account, it will earn
3. BUTTONS You buy a button machine for 1.5% annual interest. If you put the $1000 in
$200 and supplies to make one hundred fifty a certificate of deposit (CD), it will earn 3%
buttons for $30. Suppose you charge $2 for annual interest. To earn the most money,
a button. How many buttons do you need to does it ever make sense to put your money in
sell to earn back what you spent? the savings account? Explain.

Using Alternative Methods 189

 3.6 Prove Theorems About
Perpendicular Lines
Before You found the distance between points in the coordinate plane.
Now You will find the distance between a point and a line.
Why? So you can determine lengths in art, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary
• distance from a
ACTIVITY FOLD PERPENDICULAR LINES
point to a line
Materials: paper, protractor
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

 
 

Fold a piece of paper. Fold the paper again, Unfold the paper.
so that the original fold
lines up on itself.
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
1. What type of angles appear to be formed where the fold lines intersect?

2. Measure the angles with a protractor. Which angles are congruent?

Which angles are right angles?

The activity above suggests several properties of perpendicular lines.

THEOREMS For Your Notebook

THEOREM 3.8
If two lines intersect to form a linear pair of g
congruent angles, then the lines are perpendicular.
1 2 h
If ∠ 1 > ∠ 2, then g ⊥ h.
Proof: Ex. 31, p. 196

THEOREM 3.9
b
If two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect to
form four right angles. 1 2 a
If a ⊥ b, then ∠ 1, ∠ 2, ∠ 3, ∠ 4 are right angles. 3 4
Proof: Ex. 32, p. 196

190 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 1 Draw conclusions
‹]› ‹]›
In the diagram at the right, AB ⊥ BC . What can
you conclude about ∠ 1 and ∠ 2? A
1 2
D B C

Solution
‹]› ‹]›
AB and BC are perpendicular, so by Theorem 3.9, they form four right angles.
You can conclude that ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are right angles, so ∠ 1 ù ∠ 2.

THEOREM For Your Notebook

THEOREM 3.10
If two sides of two adjacent acute angles are
perpendicular, then the angles are complementary. A
‹]› ‹]› 1
If BA ⊥ BC , then ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are complementary. 2
Proof: Example 2, below B C

EXAMPLE 2 Prove Theorem 3.10

Prove that if two sides of two adjacent acute angles are
perpendicular, then the angles are complementary. D
]› ]›
GIVEN c ED ⊥ EF 7
8
PROVE c ∠ 7 and ∠ 8 are complementary.
F E
STATEMENTS REASONS

1.
]› ]›
ED ⊥ EF 1. Given
2. ∠ DEF is a right angle. 2. ⊥ lines intersect to form 4 rt. ?.
(Theorem 3.9)
3. m ∠ DEF 5 908 3. Definition of a right angle
4. m ∠ 7 1 m ∠ 8 5 m ∠ DEF 4. Angle Addition Postulate
5. m ∠ 7 1 m ∠ 8 5 908 5. Substitution Property of Equality
6. ∠ 7 and ∠ 8 are complementary. 6. Definition of complementary angles

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

1. Given that ∠ ABC > ∠ ABD, what can you

A
conclude about ∠ 3 and ∠ 4? Explain how
3
you know. 4
C B D

2. Write a plan for proof for Theorem 3.9, that if two lines are perpendicular,
then they intersect to form four right angles.

3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines 191

 THEOREMS For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.11 Perpendicular Transversal Theorem
j
If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two
parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the other. h

If h i k and j ⊥ h, then j ⊥ k. k

Proof: Ex. 42, p. 160; Ex. 33, p. 196

THEOREM 3.12 Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem

In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the m n
same line, then they are parallel to each other.
If m ⊥ p and n ⊥ p, then m i n. p
Proof: Ex. 34, p. 196

EXAMPLE 3 Draw conclusions

Determine which lines, if any, must be parallel in the s t u
diagram. Explain your reasoning.
p
Solution
Lines p and q are both perpendicular to s, so by
Theorem 3.12, p i q. Also, lines s and t are both q
perpendicular to q, so by Theorem 3.12, s i t.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3

Use the diagram at the right. a b

3. Is b i a? Explain your reasoning. c

4. Is b ⊥ c? Explain your reasoning.

DISTANCE FROM A LINE The distance from a point to a line is the length of
the perpendicular segment from the point to the line. This perpendicular
segment is the shortest distance between the point and the line. For example,
the distance between point A and line k is AB. You will prove this in Chapter 5.
A C E
m

k
B D F p
Distance from a point to a line Distance between two parallel lines

The distance between two parallel lines is the length of any perpendicular
segment joining the two lines. For example, the distance between line p
and line m above is CD or EF.

192 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 4 Find the distance between two parallel lines
SCULPTURE The sculpture below is drawn on a graph where units are
measured in inches. What is the approximate length of }
SR, the depth of
a seat?
Y



3


2



0






     X

Solution
You need to find the length of a perpendicular segment from a back leg to a
front leg on one side of the chair.
Using the points P(30, 80) and R(50, 110), the slope of each leg is
110 2 80 30 3
} 5 } 5 }.
50 2 30 20 2
The segment SR has a slope of
120 2 110 10 2
} 5 2} 5 2}.
35 2 50 15 3
The segment }
SR is perpendicular to the leg so the distance SR is
}}}
d 5 Ï (35 2 50)2 1 (120 2 110)2 ø 18.0 inches.

c The length of }
SR is about 18.0 inches.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 4

Use the graph at the right for Exercises 5 and 6. A y c d

2
5. What is the distance from point A to line c?
6. What is the distance from line c to line d? 2 x

7. Graph the line y 5 x 1 1. What point on the line is the shortest

distance from the point (4, 1)? What is the distance? Round to the
nearest tenth.

3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines 193

 3.6 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 19, 23, and 29
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 11, 12, 21, 22, and 30

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY The length of which A C E G
segment shown is called the distance
between the two parallel lines? Explain.

B D F H

EXAMPLES JUSTIFYING STATEMENTS Write the theorem that justifies the statement.
1 and 2
2. j ⊥ k 3. ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 are 4. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are
on p. 191
for Exs. 2–7
complementary. right angles.
j

1 2 k 1
4 2
5

APPLYING THEOREMS Find m∠ 1.

5. 6. 7.

1
658 1
1 388

EXAMPLE 3 SHOWING LINES PARALLEL Explain how you would show that m i n.
on p. 192
8. t 9. t 10. t
for Exs. 8–12
m m x8 m
n n n
x8 x8 x8

11. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Explain how to draw two parallel lines using only a
straightedge and a protractor.

12. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Describe how you can fold a sheet of paper to create
two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the same line.

EXAMPLES ERROR ANALYSIS Explain why the statement about the figure is incorrect.
3 and 4
13. 14.
on pp. 192–193
y z C
for Exs. 13–14
12 cm
x 60°
A B
‹]›
Lines y and z are The distance from AB
parallel. to point C is 12 cm.

194 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ‹]› ‹]›
FINDING ANGLE MEASURES In the diagram, FG ⊥ GH . Find the value of x.

15. 16. 208 17.

F
F (2x 2 9)8 G
H
638
(x 1 14)8 (x 2 25)8 x8
G H H G F

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Determine which lines, if any, must be parallel.

Explain your reasoning.
18. n p 19. 20. z y
d
v
m f

k g x

21. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which statement must be true if c ⊥ d? c

A m ∠ 1 1 m ∠ 2 5 908 B m ∠ 1 1 m ∠ 2 < 908 2 d
1
C m ∠ 1 1 m ∠ 2 > 908 D Cannot be determined

22. ★ WRITING Explain why the distance between two lines

is only defined for parallel lines.

EXAMPLE 4 FINDING DISTANCES Use the Distance Formula to find the distance between
on p. 193 the two parallel lines. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
for Exs. 23–24
23. y 24. y

1 1
x
1 x 1

25. CONSTRUCTION You are given a line n and a point P not on n. Use a
compass to find two points on n equidistant from P. Then use the steps
for the construction of a segment bisector (page 33) to construct a line
perpendicular to n through P.

26. FINDING ANGLES Find all the unknown angle measures

in the diagram at the right. Justify your reasoning for 1 2
each angle measure. 308
3 5
27. FINDING DISTANCES Find the distance between the 408
4
3
lines with the equations y 5 } x 1 4 and 23x 1 2y 5 21.
2

28. CHALLENGE Describe how you would find the distance from a point to a
plane. Can you find the distance from a line to a plane? Explain.

3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines 195

 PROBLEM SOLVING
29. STREAMS You are trying to cross a stream from point A. Which point
should you jump to in order to jump the shortest distance? Explain.

B C D E

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30. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The segments that form the

path of a crosswalk are usually perpendicular
to the crosswalk. Sketch what the segments
would look like if they were perpendicular to the
crosswalk. Which method requires less paint?
Explain.
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EXAMPLE 2 31. PROVING THEOREM 3.8 Copy and complete the proof that if two lines
on p. 191 intersect to form a linear pair of congruent angles, then the lines are
for Exs. 31–34 perpendicular.
GIVEN c ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are a linear pair. g
∠1 > ∠2
1 2 h
PROVE c g ⊥ h

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are a linear pair. 1. Given

2. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are supplementary. 2. ?
3. ? 3. Definition of supplementary angles
4. ∠1 > ∠2 4. Given
5. m∠ 1 5 m∠ 2 5. ?
6. m ∠ 1 1 m ∠ 1 5 1808 6. Substitution Property of Equality
7. 2(m ∠ 1) 5 1808 7. Combine like terms.
8. m ∠ 1 5 908 8. ?
9. ? 9. Definition of a right angle
10. g⊥h 10. ?

PROVING THEOREMS Write a proof of the given theorem.

32. Theorem 3.9

33. Theorem 3.11, Perpendicular Transversal Theorem
34. Theorem 3.12, Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

196 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 CHALLENGE Suppose the given statement is true. Determine whether
]› ]›
AB ⊥ AC .
35. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are congruent.
B
1
36. ∠ 3 and ∠ 4 are complementary. 2
A
3
37. m ∠ 1 5 m ∠ 3 and m ∠ 2 5 m ∠ 4 4 C
38. m ∠ 1 5 408 and m ∠ 4 5 508

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW Find the value of x. (p. 24)
Prepare for
39. 40. 41.
Lesson 4.1 238
in Exs. 39–41. x8
308 x 8 458 608 878 x 8

Find the circumference and area of the circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
(p. 49)

42. 43. 44.

20 m 12 in.
9 cm

Find the value of x that makes m i n. (p. 161)

45. 46. 47.
m 1258 m
458 m
1408
x8 n 8x 8 n (x 1 30)8 n

QUIZ for Lessons 3.5–3.6

Write an equation of the line that passes through point P and is parallel to
the line with the given equation. (p. 180)
1. P(0, 0), y 5 23x 1 1 2. P(25, 26), y 2 8 5 2x 1 10 3. P(1, 22), x 5 15

Write an equation of the line that passes through point P and is

perpendicular to the line with the given equation. (p. 180)
4. P(3, 4), y 5 2x 2 1 5. P(2, 5), y 5 26 6. P(4, 0), 12x 1 3y 5 9

Determine which lines, if any, must be parallel. Explain. (p. 190)

7. v w 8. a 9. l m n
x b p

y c q

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.6, p. 901 3.6 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 197
 Extension Taxicab Geometry
Use after Lesson 3.6

GOAL Find distances in a non-Euclidean geometry.

Key Vocabulary You have learned that the shortest distance between two points is the length
• taxicab geometry of the straight line segment between them. This is true in the Euclidean
geometry that you are studying. But think about what happens when you are
in a city and want to get from point A to point B. You cannot walk through the
buildings, so you have to go along the streets.
HISTORY NOTE
Taxicab geometry is the non-Euclidean geometry y
Euclidean geometry is
that a taxicab or a pedestrian must obey.
named after a Greek 4 blocks A
mathematician. Euclid In taxicab geometry, you can travel either
(circa third century B.C.) 3 blocks
horizontally or vertically parallel to the axes.
used postulates and In this geometry, the distance between two points
deductive reasoning to is the shortest number of blocks between them. B
prove the theorems 1
you are studying in 1 x
this book.
Non-Euclidean
geometries start by
assuming different KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
postulates, so they
result in different Taxicab Distance y
theorems. u x2 2 x1 u
The distance between two points is
A(x 1, y1)
the sum of the differences in their u y 2 2 y1 u
coordinates.
AB 5 ⏐x 2 2 x1⏐ 1 ⏐y 2 2 y1⏐ B(x 2 , y2)
x

EXAMPLE 1 Find a taxicab distance

Find the taxicab distance from A(21, 5) to B(4, 2). Draw two different
shortest paths from A to B.

Solution
REVIEW AB 5 ⏐x2 2 x1⏐ 1 ⏐y 2 2 y1⏐ y
ABSOLUTE VALUE A(21, 5)
For help with absolute 5 ⏐4 2 (21)⏐ 1 ⏐2 2 5⏐
value, see p. 870.
5 ⏐5⏐ 1 ⏐23⏐
58 B(4, 2)
1
c The shortest path is 8 blocks.
1 x
Two possible paths are shown.

198 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 CIRCLES In Euclidean geometry, a circle is all points that are the same
distance from a fixed point, called the center. That distance is the radius.
Taxicab geometry uses the same definition for a circle, but taxicab circles
are not round.

EXAMPLE 2 Draw a taxicab circle

Draw the taxicab circle with the given radius r and center C.
a. r 5 2, C(1, 3) b. r 5 1, C(22, 24)
y y x
21
21

1 x

PRACTICE
EXAMPLE 1 FINDING DISTANCE Find the taxicab distance between the points.
on p. 198
1. (4, 2), (0, 0) 2. (3, 5), (6, 2) 3. (26, 3), (8, 5)
for Exs. 1–6
4. (21, 23), (5, 22) 5. (23, 5), (21, 5) 6. (27, 3), (27, 24)

EXAMPLE 2 DRAWING CIRCLES Draw the taxicab circle with radius r and center C.
on p. 199
7. r 5 2, C(3, 4) 8. r 5 4, C(0, 0) 9. r 5 5, C(21, 3)
for Exs. 7–9

FINDING MIDPOINTS A midpoint in taxicab geometry is a point where

the distance to the endpoints are equal. Find all the midpoints of }
AB.
10. A(2, 4), B(22, 22) 11. A(1, 23), B(1, 3) 12. A(2, 2), B(23, 0)

13. TRAVEL PLANNING A hotel’s website claims that the hotel is an easy walk
to a number of sites of interest. What are the coordinates of the hotel?
www.hotel-area.com

y
Getting Around Town by Foot
Aquarium
Subway

Subway stop: 2 blocks

Aquarium: 8 blocks 1 Shopping
Shopping mall: 5 blocks mall
1 x

14. REASONING The taxicab distance between two points is always greater
than or equal to the Euclidean distance between the two points. Explain
what must be true about the points for both distances to be equal.

Extension: Taxicab Geometry 199

 MIXED REVIEW of Problem Solving STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com

Lessons 3.4–3.6
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You are planning a 3. OPEN-ENDED Write an equation of a line
party. You would like to have the party at a parallel to 2x 1 3y 5 6. Then write an
roller skating rink or bowling alley. The table equation of a line perpendicular to your line.
shows the total cost to rent the facilities by
number of hours. 4. SHORT RESPONSE You are walking across
a field to get to a hiking path. Use the graph
Roller skating Bowling below to find the shortest distance you can
Hours
rink cost ($) alley cost ($) walk to reach the path. Explain how you
1 35 20 know you have the shortest distance.
Y
2 70 40
9OU
3 105 60 
4 140 80

5 175 100 


a. Use the data in the table. Write and graph  X
two equations to represent the total cost y (IKINGPATH
to rent the facilities, where x is the
number of hours you rent the facility.
b. Are the lines from part (a) parallel? 5. EXTENDED RESPONSE The Johnstown
Explain why or why not. Inclined Plane in Johnstown, Pennsylvania,
c. What is the meaning of the slope in each is a cable car that transports people up and
equation from part (a)? down the side of a hill. During the cable car’s
climb, you move about 17 feet upward for
d. Suppose the bowling alley charges an
every 25 feet you move forward. At the top
extra $25 set-up fee. Write and graph an
of the incline, the horizontal distance from
equation to represent this situation. Is
where you started is about 500 feet.
this line parallel to either of the lines from
part (a)? Explain why or why not.

2. GRIDDED ANSWER The graph models the

accumulated cost of buying a used guitar
and taking lessons over the first several
months. Find the slope of the line.

Learning to Play Guitar

y
300
Cost (dollars)

(5, 275) a. How high is the car at the top of its climb
200 compared to its starting height?
(0, 200)
b. Find the slope of the climb.
100
c. Another cable car incline in Pennsylvania,
0 the Monongahela Incline, climbs at a
0 2 4 6 x slope of about 0.7 for a horizontal distance
Months of about 517 feet. Compare this climb to
that of the Johnstown Inclined Plane.
Which is steeper? Justify your answer.

200 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

3 CHAPTER SUMMARY
BIG IDEAS For Your Notebook
Big Idea 1 Using Properties of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
When parallel lines are cut by a transversal, angle pairs are formed.
Perpendicular lines form congruent right angles.

∠ 2 and ∠ 6 are corresponding angles,

and they are congruent.
1 2
3 4 ∠ 3 and ∠ 6 are alternate interior angles,
and they are congruent.
5 6
7 8 ∠ 1 and ∠ 8 are alternate exterior angles,
and they are congruent.
∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are consecutive interior angles, and
they are supplementary.

a If a ⊥ b, then ∠ 1, ∠ 2, ∠ 3, and ∠ 4 are all right

1 angles.
2 b
3 4

Big Idea 2 Proving Relationships Using Angle Measures

You can use the angle pairs formed by lines and a transversal to show that
the lines are parallel. Also, if lines intersect to form a right angle, you know
that the lines are perpendicular.
Through point A not on line q, there is only one s
line r parallel to q and one line s perpendicular to q. A
r

Big Idea 3 Making Connections to Lines in Algebra

In Algebra 1, you studied slope as a rate of change y a b
and linear equations as a way of modeling situations. y 5 2x 1 3
3
Slope and equations of lines are also a useful way c y 5 2x 2 1
to represent the lines and segments that you study
in Geometry. For example, the slopes of parallel lines
1 x
are the same (a i b), and the product of the slopes of
perpendicular lines is 21 (a ⊥ c, and b ⊥ c). y 5 2 12 x 1 1

Chapter Summary 201

3 CHAPTER REVIEW
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
classzone.com
• Multi-Language Glossary
• Vocabulary practice

For a list of • parallel lines, p. 147 • consecutive interior angles, p. 149

postulates and • skew lines, p. 147 • paragraph proof, p. 163
theorems, see
• parallel planes, p. 147 • slope, p. 171
pp. 926–931.
• transversal, p. 149 • slope-intercept form, p. 180
• corresponding angles, p. 149 • standard form, p. 182
• alternate interior angles, p. 149 • distance from a point to a line, p. 192
• alternate exterior angles, p. 149

VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. Copy and complete: Two lines that do not intersect and are not coplanar are
called ? .
2. WRITING Compare alternate interior angle pairs and consecutive interior angle
pairs.

Copy and complete the statement using the figure at the right.
3. ∠ 1 and ? are corresponding angles. 2
1 4
4. ∠ 3 and ? are alternate interior angles. 3
6
5 8
5. ∠ 4 and ? are consecutive interior angles. 7

6. ∠ 7 and ? are alternate exterior angles.

Identify the form of the equation as slope-intercept form or standard form.

7. 14x 2 2y 5 26 8. y 5 7x 2 13

REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

Use the review examples and exercises below to check your understanding
of the concepts you have learned in each lesson of Chapter 3.

3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles pp. 147–152

EXAMPLE
Think of each segment in the rectangular box at B
D
the right as part of a line.
C
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› A
a. BD, AC, BH, and AG appear perpendicular to AB .
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
b. CD , GH, and EF appear parallel to AB .
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› H F
c. CF and EG appear skew to AB .
d. Plane EFG appear parallel to plane ABC. G E

202 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 classzone.com
Chapter Review Practice

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1 Think of each segment in the diagram of a rectangular box as
on p. 147 part of a line. Which line(s) or plane(s) contain point N and K L
for Exs. 9–12 appear to fit the description?
‹]› J M
9. Line(s) perpendicular to QR
‹]›
10. Line(s) parallel to QR P
‹]› P
11. Line(s) skew to QR
12. Plane(s) parallel to plane LMQ N R

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals pp. 154–160

EXAMPLE
Use properties of parallel lines to find the value of x.
By the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, (x 2 5)8
m∠ 6 5 508.
6
(x 2 5)8 1 m∠ 6 5 1808 Consecutive Interior 508
Angles Theorem

(x 2 5)8 1 508 5 1808 Substitute 50 8 for m ∠ 6.

x 5 135 Solve for x.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Find m∠ 1 and m∠ 2. Explain your reasoning.
1 and 2
13. 14. 15.
on pp. 154–155
for Exs. 13–19 1 1
1 958 1358
54 8 2 2 2

Find the values of x and y.

16. 17. 18.

488
358 y8 2y 8 588
y8
x8 (5x 2 17)8 2x 8

19. FLAG OF PUERTO RICO Sketch the rectangular  

flag of Puerto Rico as shown at the right. Find

the measure of ∠ 1 if m∠ 3 5 558. Justify each
step in your argument.

Chapter Review 203

3 3.3
CHAPTER REVIEW
Prove Lines are Parallel pp. 161–169

EXAMPLE
Find the value of x that makes m i n.
Lines m and n are parallel when the marked (5x 1 8)8 m
corresponding angles are congruent.
538
(5x 1 8)8 5 538 n

5x 5 45
x59
c The lines m and n are parallel when x 5 9.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1 Find the value of x that makes m i n.
on p. 161
20. 21. 22.
for Exs. 20–22
1478
x8 m m
(2x 1 20)8 m
738 (x 1 14)8 n
3x 8 n
n

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines pp. 171–178

EXAMPLE
Find the slope of each line. Which lines are l m y n
parallel?
21 2 5 26 (25, 5) (21, 5)
Slope of l 5 } 5} 5 23 (3, 4)
23 2 (25) 2
125 24
Slope of m 5 } 5} 5 24
0 2 (21) 1
(0, 1)
24 24 1 (4, 0) x
Slope of n 5 0} 5} 5 24 21
423 1 (23, 21)

c Because m and n have the same slope, they are parallel. The slope of l is
different, so l is not parallel to the other lines.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Tell whether the lines through the given points are parallel, perpendicular,
2 and 3 or neither.
on pp. 172–173
23. Line 1: (8, 12), (7, 25) 24. Line 1: (3, 24), (21, 4)
for Exs. 23–24
Line 2: (29, 3), (8, 2) Line 2: (2, 7), (5, 1)

204 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 classzone.com
Chapter Review Practice

3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines pp. 180–187

EXAMPLE
Write an equation of the line k passing through the point (24, 1) that is
perpendicular to the line n with the equation y 5 2x 2 3.
First, find the slope of line k. Then, use the given point and the slope in the
Line n has a slope of 2. slope-intercept form to find the y-intercept.
2 p m 5 21 y 5 mx 1 b
1 1
m 5 2}
2
1 5 2}
2
(24) 1 b
21 5 b
1
c An equation of line k is y 5 2} x 2 1.
2

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
Write equations of the lines that pass through point P and are (a) parallel
2 and 3
and (b) perpendicular to the line with the given equation.
on pp. 180–181
for Exs. 25–26 25. P(3, 21), y 5 6x 2 4 26. P(26, 5), 7y 1 4x 5 2

3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines pp. 190–197

EXAMPLE
Find the distance between y 5 2x 1 3 and y 5 2x 1 8. y

Find the length of a perpendicular segment from one

line to the other. Both lines have a slope of 2, so the (22, 4)
1
slope of a perpendicular segment to each line is 2}
2
. (23, 2) (0, 3)
The segment from (0, 3) to (22, 4) has a slope of 1
423 1
} 5 2}. So, the distance between the lines is
22 2 0 2 1 x
}} }
d 5 Ï (22 2 0)2 1 (4 2 3)2 5 Ï5 ø 2.2 units.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 4 Use the Distance Formula to find the distance between the two parallel
on p. 193 lines. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
for Exs. 27–28
27. y 28. y
(0, 6)
(22, 6) (3, 8)
(21, 3)

2
(2, 2) (0, 1)
1
2 x
2 x

Chapter Review 205

3 CHAPTER TEST
Classify the pairs of angles as corresponding, alternate
interior, alternate exterior, or consecutive interior. 1 2
3 4
1. ∠ 1 and ∠ 8 2. ∠ 2 and ∠ 6 3. ∠ 3 and ∠ 5
5 6
4. ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 5. ∠ 3 and ∠ 7 6. ∠ 3 and ∠ 6 7 8

Find the value of x.

7. 8. 9.
1408 (18x 2 22)8 1078
508
x8 (4x 1 11)8

Find the value of x that makes m i n.

10. 11. 12.
(128 2 x)8
1378 m m (x 1 17)8 m

x8 x8
738 n
n n

Find the slope of the line that passes through the points.
13. (3, 21), (3, 4) 14. (2, 7), (21, 23) 15. (0, 5), (26, 12)

Write an equation of the line that passes through the given point P and
has the given slope m.
16. P(22, 4), m 5 3 17. P(7, 12), m 5 20.2 18. P(3, 5), m 5 28

Write an equation of the line that passes through point P and is

perpendicular to the line with the given equation.
19. P(1, 3), y 5 2x 2 1 20. P(0, 2), y 5 2x 1 3 21. P(2, 23), x 2 y 5 4

AB ⊥ }
In Exercises 22–24, } BC. Find the value of x.
22. x8 23. 24. x8
A A C B

518 (8x 1 9)8

688 3x8
A
C B B C

25. RENTAL COSTS The graph at the right models y (50, 60)
60
Cost (dollars)

the cost of renting a moving van. Write an

equation of the line. Then find the cost of 40
renting the van for a 100 mile trip.
(0, 30)
20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 x
Miles

206 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

3 ALGEBRA REVIEW
GRAPH AND SOLVE LINEAR INEQUALITIES
classzone.com
Algebra

EXAMPLE 1 Graph a linear inequality in two variables

Graph the inequality 0 > 2x 2 3 2 y. y

Solution
(0, 0)
Rewrite the inequality in slope-intercept form, y > 2x 2 3. x
The boundary line y 5 2x 2 3 is not part of the solution,
so use a dashed line.
To decide where to shade, use a point not on the line,
such as (0, 0), as a test point. Because 0 > 2 p 0 2 3, (0, 0)
is a solution. Shade the half-plane that includes (0, 0).

EXAMPLE 2 Use an inequality to solve a real-world problem

SAVINGS Lily has saved $49. She plans to save $12 per week to buy a camera
that costs $124. In how many weeks will she be able to buy the camera?

Solution
Let w represent the number of weeks needed.
49 1 12w ≥ 124 Write an algebraic model.

12w ≥ 75 Subtract 49 from each side.

w ≥ 6.25 Divide each side by 12.

c She must save for 7 weeks to be able to buy the camera.

E XERCISES
EXAMPLE 1 Graph the linear inequality.
for Exs. 1–8
1. y > 22x 1 3 2. y ≤ 0.5x 2 4 3. 22.5x 1 y ≥ 1.5 4. x < 3
5. y < 22 6. 5x 2 y > 25 7. 2x 1 3y ≥ 218 8. 3x 2 4y ≤ 6

EXAMPLE 2 Solve.
for Exs. 9–11
9. LOANS Eric borrowed $46 from his mother. He will pay her back at least
$8 each month. At most, how many months will it take him?

10. GRADES Manuel’s quiz scores in history are 76, 81, and 77. What score
must he get on his fourth quiz to have an average of at least 80?

11. PHONE CALLS Company A charges a monthly fee of $5 and $.07 per
minute for phone calls. Company B charges no monthly fee, but charges
$.12 per minute. After how many minutes of calls is the cost of using
Company A less than the cost of using Company B?

Algebra Review 207

 3 ★ Standardized TEST PREPARATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

If you have difficulty solving a multiple choice problem directly, you may
be able to use another approach to eliminate incorrect answer choices and
obtain the correct answer.

PROBLEM 1
Which ordered pair is a solution of the equations y 5 2x 2 5 and
4x 1 3y 5 45?
A (3, 11) B (5, 5) C (6, 7) D (7, 6)

METHOD 1 METHOD 2
SOLVE DIRECTLY Find the ordered pair that is ELIMINATE CHOICES Another method is to
the solution by using substitution. eliminate incorrect answer choices.
Because the first equation is solved for y, Substitute choice A into the equations.
substitute y 5 2x 2 5 into 4x 1 3y 5 45.
y 5 2x 2 5
4x 1 3y 5 45
11 0 2(3) 2 5
4x 1 3(2x 2 5) 5 45
11 0 6 2 5
4x 1 6x 2 15 5 45
11 Þ 1 ✗
10x 2 15 5 45
The point is not a solution of y 5 2x 2 5, so there
10x 5 60 is no need to check the other equation. You can
eliminate choice A.
x56
Substitute choice B into the equations.
Solve for y by substituting 6 for x in the
first equation. y 5 2x 2 5 4x 1 3y 5 45
y 5 2x 2 5 5 0 2(5) 2 5 4(5) 1 3(5) 0 45
y 5 2(6) 2 5 5 0 10 2 5 20 1 15 0 45
y 5 12 2 5 555✓ 35 Þ 45 ✗
y57 You can eliminate choice B.
So, the solution of the linear system is (6, 7), Substitute choice C into the equations.
which is choice C. A B C D
y 5 2x 2 5 4x 1 3y 5 45
7 0 2(6) 2 5 4(6) 1 3(7) 0 45
7 0 12 2 5 24 1 21 0 45
757✓ 45 5 45 ✓
Choice C makes both equations true so, the
answer is choice C. A B C D

208 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

PROBLEM 2
Which equation is an equation of the line through the point (21, 1) and
perpendicular to the line through the points (2, 4) and (24, 6)?
2 1
A y 5 2}
3
x1} B y 5 3x 1 4
3
1 4
C y5} x1} D y 5 3x 2 2
3 3

METHOD 1 METHOD 2
SOLVE DIRECTLY Find the slope of the line ELIMINATE CHOICES Another method to
through the points (2, 4) and (24, 6). consider is to eliminate choices based on the
slope, then substitute the point to find the
624 2 1
m5} 5} 5 2} correct equation.
24 2 23 26
624 1
The slope of the line perpendicular to this line m5} 5 2}
24 2 2
3
is 3, because 3 p 1 2}
32
1
5 21. Use y 5 3x 1 b and
The slope of the line perpendicular to this line
the point (21, 1) to find b. is 3. Choices A and C do not have a slope of 3,
1 5 3(21) 1 b, so b 5 4. so you can eliminate these choices. Next, try
substituting the point (21, 1) into answer
The equation of the line is y 5 3x 1 4. The choice B.
correct answer is B. A B C D
1 0 3(21) 1 4 ✓
This is a true statement.
The correct answer is B. A B C D

PRACTICE
Explain why you can eliminate the highlighted answer choice.
1. Use the diagram below. Which pair of angles are alternate exterior
angles?
1 2
A 4 and 5 B 2 and 6
3 4
C 1 and 8 D 1 and 10 5 6 9 10
7 8

2. Which equation is an equation of the line parallel to the line through the
points (21, 4) and (1, 1)?
3 3
A y 5 2}
2
x23 B y5} x23
2
2
C y5} x23 D y 5 3x 2 3
3

Standardized Test Preparation 209

3 ★ Standardized TEST PRACTICE

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A line is to be drawn through point P in the 6. According to the graph, which is the closest
graph so that it never crosses the y-axis. approximation of the decrease in sales
Through which point does it pass? between week 4 and week 5?
A (22, 3) y Sales of DVD Players
30
B (23, 22)

DVD players
Number of
1 20
C (3, 2)
1 x 10
D (23, 2)
P(3, 22)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Week
2. Which equation is an equation of a line
A 24 DVD players
parallel to 22x 1 3y 5 15?
2 B 20 DVD players
2
A y 5 2}
3
x17 B y5} x17
3 C 18 DVD players
3 D 15 DVD players
C y 5 2}
2
x17 D y 5 26x 1 7

7. In the diagram, m i n. Which pair of angles

3. Two trains, E and F, travel along parallel
have equal measures?
tracks. Each track is 110 miles long. They
begin their trips at the same time. Train E
travels at a rate of 55 miles per hour and 1 3 4
train F travels at a rate of 22 miles per hour. 2 5 6 m
How many miles will train F have left to 7
travel after train E completes its trip?
A 5 miles B 33 miles 8 9
n
C 60 miles D 66 miles
A ∠ 3 and ∠ 5 B ∠ 4 and ∠ 7
4. A line segment is parallel to the y-axis and is
9 units long. The two endpoints are (3, 6) and C ∠ 1 and ∠ 9 D ∠ 2 and ∠ 6
(a, b). What is a value of b?
8. Five lines intersect as shown in the diagram.
A 26 B 23 Lines a, b, and c are parallel. What is the
C 3 D 6 value of x 1 y?

5. Which equation is an equation of a line 558

perpendicular to y 5 5x 1 7? a
708
A y 5 25x 1 9
b
B y 5 5x 1 16 x8 y8
c
1
C y5} x17
5
A 125 B 165
1
D y 5 2} x17 C 195 D 235
5

210 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com

GRIDDED ANSWER SHORT RESPONSE

9. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to 13. Explain how you know that lines m and n are
5x 2 3y 5 9? parallel to each other.
10. What is the slope of the line passing through
the points (1, 1) and (22, 22)? m
358
11. What is the y-intercept of the line that is 1458
parallel to the line 2x 2 y 5 3 and passes n
through the point (23, 4)?
12. What is the value of a if line j is parallel to
14. What is one possible value for the slope of
line k?
a line passing through the point (1, 1) and
passing between the points (22, 22) and
1258 (22, 23) but not containing either one
j of them?
a8 k

EXTENDED RESPONSE
15. Mrs. Smith needs a babysitter. Lauren who lives next door charges $5 per
hour for her services. Zachary who lives across town charges $4 per hour
plus $3 for bus fare.
a. Using this information, write equations to represent Lauren and
Zachary’s babysitting fees. Let F represent their fees and h represent the
number of hours.
b. Graph the equations you wrote in part (a).
c. Based on their fees, which babysitter would be a better choice for
Mrs. Smith if she is going out for two hours? Explain your answer.
d. Mrs. Smith needs to go out for four hours. Which babysitter would be
the less expensive option for her? Justify your response.

16. In a game of pool, a cue ball is hit from point A and follows the path of
AB i }
arrows as shown on the pool table at the right. In the diagram, } DC
} }
and BC i ED.
AB and }
a. Compare the slopes of }
y
BC. What can you H(0, 8) C(2, 8) G(4, 8)
conclude about ∠ ABC?
b. If m∠ BCG 5 458, what is m∠ DCH? Explain your D(0, 6) B(4, 6)
reasoning. E
c. If the cue ball is hit harder, will it fall into
Pocket F? Justify your answer.
A(0, 2)

F (0, 0) J(4, 0) x

Standardized Test Practice 211

 CUMULATIVE REVIEW Chapters 1–3
Line l bisects the segment. Find the indicated lengths. (p. 15)
1. GH and FH 2. XY and XZ

l l
4x 5x 2 7 3x 2 5 x13
F G H X Y Z

Classify the angle with the given measure as acute, obtuse, right, or
straight. (p. 24)
3. m∠ A 5 288 4. m∠ A 5 1138 5. m∠ A 5 798 6. m∠ A 5 908

Find the perimeter and area of the figure. (p. 49)

7. 8. 9.
6 in. 15 m 13 m 3.8 yd
12 m
14 in.
14 m

Describe the pattern in the numbers. Write the next number in the pattern. (p. 72)
10. 1, 8, 27, 64, . . . 11. 128, 32, 8, 2, . . . 12. 2, 26, 18, 254, . . .

Use the Law of Detachment to make a valid conclusion. (p. 87)

13. If 6x < 42, then x < 7. The value of 6x is 24.
14. If an angle measure is greater than 908, then it is an obtuse angle.
The measure of ∠ A is 1038.
15. If a musician plays a violin, then the musician plays a stringed
instrument. The musician is playing a violin.

Solve the equation. Write a reason for each step. (p. 105)
16. 3x 2 14 5 34 17. 24(x 1 3) 5 228 18. 43 2 9(x 2 7) 5 2x 2 6

Find the value of the variable(s). (pp. 124, 154)

19. 20. 21.
(7x 1 37)8
(9x 1 54)8
348 (4x 1 30)8 4x8 (3y 1 42)8

5x8

22. 23. 24.

3y8 x8 y8 7y8
(5x 2 10)8 (4x 1 4)8
798 x8 1408
(5y 2 80)8

212 Cumulative Review: Chapters 1–3

Find the slope of the line through the given points. (p. 171)
25. (5, 22), (7, 22) 26. (8, 3), (3, 14) 27. (21, 2), (0, 4)

Write equations of the lines that pass through point P and are (a) parallel
and (b) perpendicular to the line with the given equation. (p. 180)
28. P(3, 22), y 5 6x 1 7 29. P(22, 12), y 5 2x 2 3 30. P(7, 21), 6y 1 2x 5 18
‹]› ‹]›
31. Use the diagram at the right. If ∠ AEB ù ∠ AED, is AC ⊥ DB ?
A
Explain how you know. (p. 190)
D E B
C

EVERYDAY INTERSECTIONS In Exercises 32–34, what kind of geometric

intersection does the photograph suggest? (p. 2)
32. 33. 34.

35. MAPS The distance between Westville and Easton is 52 mi

37 miles. The distance between Reading and Easton is 37 mi
Reading
52 miles. How far is Westville from Reading? (p. 9) Easton
Westville

36. GARDENING A rectangular garden is 40 feet long and 25 feet wide.

What is the area of the garden? (p. 49)

ADVERTISING In Exercises 37 and 38, use the following advertising

slogan: “Do you want the lowest prices on new televisions? Then come
and see Matt’s TV Warehouse.” (p. 79)
37. Write the slogan in if-then form. What are the hypothesis and
conclusion of the conditional statement?
38. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional
statement you wrote in Exercise 37.

39. CARPENTRY You need to cut eight wood

planks that are the same size. You measure
and cut the first plank. You cut the second
piece using the first plank as a guide, as
shown at the right. You use the second
plank to cut the third plank. You continue
this pattern. Is the last plank you cut the
same length as the first? Explain your
reasoning. (p. 112)

Cumulative Review: Chapters 1–3 213

 4 Congruent
Triangles
4.1 Apply Triangle Sum Properties
4.2 Apply Congruence and Triangles
4.3 Prove Triangles Congruent by SSS
4.4 Prove Triangles Congruent by SAS and HL
4.5 Prove Triangles Congruent by ASA and AAS
4.6 Use Congruent Triangles
4.7 Use Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
4.8 Perform Congruence Transformations

Before
In previous chapters, you learned the following skills, which you’ll use in
Chapter 4: classifying angles, solving linear equations, finding midpoints,
and using angle relationships.

Prerequisite Skills
VOCABULARY CHECK
Classify the angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
1. m∠ A 5 1158 2. m∠ B 5 908 3. m∠ C 5 358 4. m∠ D 5 958

SKILLS AND ALGEBRA CHECK

Solve the equation. (Review p. 65 for 4.1, 4.2.)
5. 70 1 2y 5 180 6. 2x 5 5x 2 54 7. 40 1 x 1 65 5 180

Find the coordinates of the midpoint of }

PQ. (Review p. 15 for 4.3.)
8. P(2, 25), Q(21, 22) 9. P(24, 7), Q(1, 25) 10. P(h, k), Q(h, 0)

Name the theorem or postulate that justifies the

statement about the diagram. (Review p. 154 for 4.3–4.5.)
1 2 4 5
11. ∠ 2 > ∠ 3 12. ∠ 1 > ∠ 4 3 6
13. ∠ 2 > ∠ 6 14. ∠ 3 > ∠ 5

1SFSFRVJTJUF
TLJMMT
QSBDUJDF
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

214
 Now
In Chapter 4, you will apply the big ideas listed below and reviewed in the
Chapter Summary on page 281. You will also use the key vocabulary listed below.

Big Ideas
1 Classifying triangles by sides and angles
2 Proving that triangles are congruent
3 Using coordinate geometry to investigate triangle relationships

KEY VOCABULARY
• triangle, p. 217 • corollary, p. 220 • isosceles triangle, p. 264
scalene, isosceles, • congruent figures, p. 225 legs, vertex angle, base,
equilateral, acute, right, • corresponding parts, p. 225 base angles
obtuse, equiangular • transformation, p. 272
• right triangle, p. 241
• interior angles, p. 218 legs, hypotenuse translation, reflection,
• exterior angles, p. 218 rotation
• flow proof, p. 250

Why?
Triangles are used to add strength to structures in real-world situations. For
example, the frame of a hang glider involves several triangles.

Geometry
The animation illustrated below for Example 1 on page 256 helps you answer
this question: What must be true about }
QT and }
ST for the hang glider to fly
straight?

'IVEN
3 3TATEMENT 2EASONS


241243 

3TATEMENTS

2 214ISSUPPLEMENTARYTOAND
234ISSUPPLEMENTARYTO 
4 214234
2424 
$124$324
1434 

2EASONS 
'IVEN
'IVEN 
1 3TART 2EFLEXIVE0ROPERTYOF3EGMENT#ONGRUENCE

!!3#ONGRUENCE4HEOREM
#ORRESPONDINGPARTSOFCONGRUENTTRIANGLESARECONGRUENT
You will use congruent segments and Scroll down to see the information needed
to prove that }
QT > }
$EFINITIONOF,INEAR0AIR
#ONGRUENT3UPPLEMENTS4HEOREM
angles in the hang glider to write a proof. ST.

Geometry at classzone.com
Geometry at classzone.com

Other animations for Chapter 4: pages 234, 242, 250, 257, and 274

215
 Investigating
g
Geometry
g
ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 4.1
4.1 Angle Sums in Triangles
M AT E R I A L S • paper • pencil • scissors • ruler

QUESTION What are some relationships among the interior angles of a

triangle and exterior angles of a triangle?

EXPLORE 1 Find the sum of the measures of interior angles

STEP 1 Draw triangles Draw and cut out several

different triangles.

STEP 2 Tear off corners For each triangle, tear off the
three corners and place them next to each other,
as shown in the diagram.

STEP 3 Make a conjecture Make a conjecture about the

sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
triangle. ∠ 1, ∠ 2, and ∠ 3 are interior angles.

EXPLORE 2 Find the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle

STEP 1 Draw exterior angle Draw and cut out several

different triangles. Place each triangle on a
piece of paper and extend one side to form an
exterior angle, as shown in the diagram.

STEP 2 Tear off corners For each triangle, tear off the
corners that are not next to the exterior angle.
Use them to fill the exterior angle, as shown.

STEP 3 Make a conjecture Make a conjecture about the

relationship between the measure of an exterior
angle of a triangle and the measures of the
nonadjacent interior angles. In the top figure, ∠ BCD is an exterior angle.

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

1. Given the measures of two interior angles of a triangle, how can you find
the measure of the third angle?
2. Draw several different triangles that each have one right angle. Show that
the two acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.

216 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 4.1 Apply Triangle Sum
Properties
Before You classified angles and found their measures.
Now You will classify triangles and find measures of their angles.
Why? So you can place actors on stage, as in Ex. 40.

Key Vocabulary A triangle is a polygon with three sides. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is
• triangle called “triangle ABC” or “n ABC.”
scalene, isosceles,
equilateral, acute,
right, obtuse, KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
equiangular
Classifying Triangles by Sides
• interior angles
• exterior angles Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle
• corollary to a
theorem

No congruent sides At least 2 congruent sides 3 congruent sides

READ VOCABULARY Classifying Triangles by Angles

Notice that an
equilateral triangle
Acute Right Obtuse Equiangular
is also isosceles. An Triangle Triangle Triangle Triangle
equiangular triangle is
also acute.

3 acute angles 1 right angle 1 obtuse angle 3 congruent angles

EXAMPLE 1 Classify triangles by sides and by angles

SUPPORT BEAMS Classify the triangular shape
of the support beams in the diagram by its sides
and by measuring its angles.

Solution
The triangle has a pair of congruent sides, so it is
isosceles. By measuring, the angles are 558, 558,
and 708. It is an acute isosceles triangle.

4.1 Apply Triangle Sum Properties 217

 EXAMPLE 2 Classify a triangle in a coordinate plane
Classify nPQO by its sides. Then y
determine if the triangle is a right P(21, 2) Œ(6, 3)
triangle.

O(0, 0) x

Solution
STEP 1 Use the distance formula to find the side lengths.
}} }} }
OP 5 Ï (x2 2 x1)2 1 (y2 2 y1)2 5 Ï ((21) 2 0)2 1 (2 2 0)2 5 Ï5 ø 2.2
}} }} }
OQ 5 Ï (x2 2 x1)2 1 (y2 2 y1)2 5 Ï(6 2 0)2 1 (3 2 0)2 5 Ï45 ø 6.7
}} }} }
PQ 5 Ï(x2 2 x1)2 1 (y2 2 y1)2 5 Ï (6 2 (21))2 1 (3 2 2)2 5 Ï 50 ø 7.1

STEP 2 Check for right angles. The slope of } 220

OP is } 5 22. The slope
21 2 0

of } 20
OQ is 3} 1
5} . The product of the slopes is 22 1 }12 2 5 21,
620 2
so }
OP ⊥ }
OQ and ∠ POQ is a right angle.
c Therefore, nPQO is a right scalene triangle.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

1. Draw an obtuse isosceles triangle and an acute scalene triangle.

2. Triangle ABC has the vertices A(0, 0), B(3, 3), and C(23, 3). Classify it by
its sides. Then determine if it is a right triangle.

ANGLES When the sides of a polygon are extended, other angles are formed.
The original angles are the interior angles. The angles that form linear pairs
with the interior angles are the exterior angles.
READ DIAGRAMS
Each vertex has a pair
of congruent exterior
angles. However, it is
common to show only
one exterior angle at
each vertex. interior angles exterior angles

THEOREM For Your Notebook

THEOREM 4.1 Triangle Sum Theorem B

The sum of the measures of the interior

angles of a triangle is 1808.
A C
Proof: p. 219; Ex. 53, p. 224 m∠ A 1 m∠ B 1 m∠ C 5 1808

218 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

AUXILIARY LINES To prove certain theorems, you may need to add a line, a
segment, or a ray to a given diagram. An auxiliary line is used in the proof of
the Triangle Sum Theorem.

PROOF Triangle Sum Theorem

GIVEN c n ABC B D
PROVE c m∠ 1 1 m∠ 2 1 m∠ 3 5 1808 4 2 5

Plan a. Draw an auxiliary line through 1 3

for B and parallel to }
AC . A C
Proof
b. Show that m∠ 4 1 m∠ 2 1 m∠ 5 5 1808, ∠ 1 > ∠ 4, and ∠ 3 > ∠ 5.
c. By substitution, m∠ 1 1 m∠ 2 1 m∠ 3 5 1808.

STATEMENTS REASONS
‹]›
Plan a. 1. Draw BD parallel to }
AC. 1. Parallel Postulate
in
Action b. 2. m∠ 4 1 m∠ 2 1 m∠ 5 5 1808 2. Angle Addition Postulate and
definition of straight angle
3. ∠ 1 > ∠ 4, ∠ 3 > ∠ 5 3. Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem
4. m∠ 1 5 m∠ 4, m∠ 3 5 m∠ 5 4. Definition of congruent
angles
c. 5. m∠ 1 1 m∠ 2 1 m∠ 3 5 1808 5. Substitution Property of
Equality

THEOREM For Your Notebook

THEOREM 4.2 Exterior Angle Theorem
B
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the measures of the
1
two nonadjacent interior angles. A C
Proof: Ex. 50, p. 223 m∠ 1 5 m∠ A 1 m∠ B

EXAMPLE 3 Find an angle measure

ALGEBRA Find m∠ JKM. J

x8
Solution
708 (2x 2 5)8
STEP 1 Write and solve an equation L K M
to find the value of x.
(2x 2 5)8 5 708 1 x8 Apply the Exterior Angle Theorem.

x 5 75 Solve for x.

STEP 2 Substitute 75 for x in 2x 2 5 to find m∠ JKM.

2x 2 5 5 2 p 75 2 5 5 145
c The measure of ∠ JKM is 1458.

4.1 Apply Triangle Sum Properties 219

 A corollary to a theorem is a statement that can be proved easily using the
theorem. The corollary below follows from the Triangle Sum Theorem.

COROLLARY For Your Notebook

Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem C

The acute angles of a right triangle are

complementary.
A B
Proof: Ex. 48, p. 223 m∠ A 1 m∠ B 5 908

EXAMPLE 4 Find angle measures from a verbal description

ARCHITECTURE The tiled staircase shown
forms a right triangle. The measure of one
acute angle in the triangle is twice the
measure of the other. Find the measure of
each acute angle.

Solution
First, sketch a diagram of the situation. Let the
measure of the smaller acute angle be x8. Then
the measure of the larger acute angle is 2x8. The 2x 8
Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem states
that the acute angles of a right triangle are x8
complementary.
Use the corollary to set up and solve an equation.
x8 1 2x8 5 908 Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem

x 5 30 Solve for x.

c So, the measures of the acute angles are 308 and 2(308) 5 608.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

3. Find the measure of ∠ 1 in the diagram

shown. 3x8

408 1 (5x 2 10)8

4. Find the measure of each interior angle of n ABC, where m∠ A 5 x8,

m∠ B 5 2x8, and m∠ C 5 3x8.
5. Find the measures of the acute angles of
the right triangle in the diagram shown. 2x8

(x 2 6)8

6. In Example 4, what is the measure of the obtuse angle formed between

the staircase and a segment extending from the horizontal leg?

220 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 4.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 9, 15, and 41
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 7, 20, 31, 43, and 51

SKILL PRACTICE
VOCABULARY Match the triangle description with the most specific name.

1. Angle measures: 308, 608, 908 A. Isosceles

2. Side lengths: 2 cm, 2 cm, 2 cm B. Scalene
3. Angle measures: 608, 608, 608 C. Right
4. Side lengths: 6 m, 3 m, 6 m D. Obtuse
5. Side lengths: 5 ft, 7 ft, 9 ft E. Equilateral
6. Angle measures: 208, 1258, 358 F. Equiangular

7. ★ WRITING Can a right triangle also be obtuse? Explain why or why not.

EXAMPLE 1 CLASSIFYING TRIANGLES Copy the triangle and measure its angles. Classify
on p. 217 the triangle by its sides and by its angles.
for Exs. 8–10
8. X 9. M 10. J K

Y Z L N H

EXAMPLE 2 COORDINATE PLANE A triangle has the given vertices. Graph the triangle
on p. 218 and classify it by its sides. Then determine if it is a right triangle.
for Exs. 11–13
11. A(2, 3), B(6, 3), C(2, 7) 12. A(3, 3), B(6, 9), C(6, 23) 13. A(1, 9), B(4, 8), C(2, 5)

EXAMPLE 3 FINDING ANGLE MEASURES Find the value of x. Then classify the triangle by
on p. 219 its angles.
for Exs. 14–19
14. 15. 16.
608 3x8
648
x8
x8 608
608 708 x8

ALGEBRA Find the measure of the exterior angle shown.

17. 18. 19. x8 1

(2x 2 2)8 248

(2x 1 18)8 (3x 1 2)8

(3x 1 6)8
x8 458

EXAMPLE 4 20. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Explain how to use the

on p. 220 Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem to find 3x8
for Ex. 20 the measure of each angle.
2x8

4.1 Apply Triangle Sum Properties 221

 ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS Find the measure of the numbered angle.

21. ∠ 1 22. ∠ 2
23. ∠ 3 24. ∠ 4 2
1 3
4
25. ∠ 5 26. ∠ 6 408
208 6
5

27. ALGEBRA In nPQR, ∠ P > ∠ R and the measure of ∠ Q is twice the

measure of ∠ R. Find the measure of each angle.

28. ALGEBRA In nEFG, m∠ F 5 3(m∠ G), and m∠ E 5 m∠ F 2 308. Find

the measure of each angle.

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 29 and 30, describe and correct the error.

29. 30.
All equilateral triangles m∠ 1 1 808 1 508 5 1808
are also isosceles. So, if
n ABC is isosceles, then
it is equilateral as well. 80°
1 50°

31. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following is not possible?

A An acute scalene triangle B A triangle with two acute exterior angles

C An obtuse isosceles triangle D An equiangular acute triangle

ALGEBRA In Exercises 32–37, find the values of x and y.

32. 33. 34.

438 y8 258
1188
758 x8
x8
x8 228
y8 y8 208

35. 36. 37.

y8
x8
y8 158 x8
x8 648 358
y8
478
188

38. VISUALIZATION Is there an angle measure that is so small that any

triangle with that angle measure will be an obtuse triangle? Explain.

39. CHALLENGE Suppose you have the equations y 5 ax 1 b, y 5 cx 1 d,

and y 5 ex 1 f.
a. When will these three lines form a triangle?
b. Let c 5 1, d 5 2, e 5 4, and f 5 27. Find values of a and b so that no
triangle is formed by the three equations.
4 1 41 4
c. Draw the triangle formed when a 5 } ,b5} , c 5 2}, d 5 } , e 5 0,
3 3 3 3
and f 5 21. Then classify the triangle by its sides.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

222 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 1 40. THEATER Three people are standing on a stage. The 8 ft
on p. 217 distances between the three people are shown in the
for Ex. 40 diagram. Classify the triangle formed by its sides. Then
copy the triangle, measure the angles, and classify the 6.5 ft 5 ft
triangle by its angles.
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

41. KALEIDOSCOPES You are making a kaleidoscope. The directions state

that you are to arrange three pieces of reflective mylar in an equilateral
and equiangular triangle. You must cut three strips from a piece of mylar
6 inches wide. What are the side lengths of the triangle used to form the
kaleidoscope? What are the measures of the angles? Explain.

translucent plastic glass glass reflective mylar

glass
cardboard spacers tube cardboard eyepiece

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

42. SCULPTURE You are bending a strip of metal into an isosceles triangle
for a sculpture. The strip of metal is 20 inches long. The first bend is
made 6 inches from one end. Describe two ways you could complete
the triangle.

43. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which inequality describes the possible measures

of an angle of a triangle?
A 08 ≤ x8 ≤ 1808 B 08 ≤ x8 < 1808 C 08 < x8 < 1808 D 08 < x8 ≤ 1808

SLING CHAIRS The brace of a sling chair forms a triangle with

the seat and legs of the chair. Suppose m∠ 2 5 508 and m∠ 3 5 658.
44. Find m∠ 6. 45. Find m∠ 5.
46. Find m∠ 1. 47. Find m∠ 4. 1
2
48. PROOF Prove the Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem 3
6 4 5
on page 220.

49. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM The measures of the angles of

} } }
a triangle are (2Ï 2x 8), (5Ï 2x 8), and (2Ï2x 8).
a. Write an equation to show the relationship of the angles.
b. Find the measure of each angle.
c. Classify the triangle by its angles.
B
50. PROVING THEOREM 4.2 Prove the Exterior
Angle Theorem. (Hint: Find two equations
involving m∠ ACB.) A C D

4.1 Apply Triangle Sum Properties 223

 51. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The figure below shows an initial plan for a
triangular flower bed that Mary and Tom plan to build along a fence.
They are discussing what the measure of ∠ 1 should be.

lusion :
MaryÕs conc FENCE 4OM¦SCON
CLUSION
iangle €  €
Use the Tr 5SETHED
EFINITION
e m .
Sum Theoro o
€
OFALINEA
RPAIR
o + m _ 1 = 180 YARD
50 + 100 o €M
?
m _ 1 = 30 €
M?
€

Did Mary and Tom both reason correctly? If not, who made a mistake and
what mistake was made? If they did both reason correctly, what can you
conclude about their initial plan? Explain.

52. ALGEBRA n ABC is isosceles. AB 5 x and BC 5 2x 2 4.

a. Find two possible values for x if the perimeter of n ABC is 32.
b. How many possible values are there for x if the perimeter of n ABC
is 12?

53. CHALLENGE Use the diagram to write a proof B

of the Triangle Sum Theorem. Your proof 2 D
should be different than the proof of the 4
Triangle Sum Theorem on page 219. 1 3 5
A C E

MIXED REVIEW
∠ A and ∠ B are complementary. Find m∠ A and m∠ B. (p. 35)
54. m∠ A 5 (3x 1 16)8 55. m∠ A 5 (4x 2 2)8 56. m∠ A 5 (3x 1 4)8
m∠ B 5 (4x 2 3)8 m∠ B 5 (7x 1 4)8 m∠ B 5 (2x 1 6)8

PREVIEW Each figure is a regular polygon. Find the value of x. (p. 42)
Prepare for
57. 58. 59.
Lesson 4.2
in Exs. 57–59. 2x 2 5
6x 1 1
4x 1 6

12x 2 10 x12
3x 1 7

60. Use the Symmetric Property of Congruence to complete the statement:

If ? > ? , then ∠ DEF > ∠ PQR. (p. 112)

Use the diagram at the right. (p. 124)

61. If m∠ 1 5 1278, find m∠ 2, m∠ 3, and m∠ 4.
1
62. If m∠ 4 5 1708, find m∠ 1, m∠ 2, and m∠ 3. 3 2
4
63. If m∠ 3 5 548, find m∠ 1, m∠ 2, and m∠ 4.

224 EXTR A PR ACTICE for Lesson 4.1, p. 902 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
 4.2 Apply Congruence
and Triangles
Before You identified congruent angles.
Now You will identify congruent figures.
Why? So you can determine if shapes are identical, as in Example 3.

Key Vocabulary Two geometric figures are congruent if they have exactly the same size and
• congruent figures shape. Imagine cutting out one of the congruent figures. You could then
• corresponding position the cut-out figure so that it fits perfectly onto the other figure.
parts
Congruent Not congruent

Same size and shape Different sizes or shapes

In two congruent figures, all the parts of one figure are congruent to the
corresponding parts of the other figure. In congruent polygons, this means
that the corresponding sides and the corresponding angles are congruent.
CONGRUENCE STATEMENTS When you
write a congruence statement for two
polygons, always list the corresponding B E
vertices in the same order. You can write
congruence statements in more than one
way. Two possible congruence statements A C F D
for the triangles at the right are
n ABC ù nFED or nBCA > nEDF.
Corresponding angles ∠A > ∠F ∠B > ∠E ∠C > ∠D
Corresponding sides }
AB > }
FE }
BC > }
ED }
AC > }
FD

EXAMPLE 1 Identify congruent parts

VISUAL REASONING
Write a congruence statement for the J R
To help you identify
triangles. Identify all pairs of congruent
corresponding parts,
corresponding parts.
turn nRST. K
J T S
Solution
K S
The diagram indicates that nJKL ù nTSR. L T

Corresponding angles ∠ J > ∠ T, ∠ K > ∠ S, ∠ L > ∠ R

L R Corresponding sides JK > }
} KL > }
TS, } SR, }
LJ > }
RT

4.2 Apply Congruence and Triangles 225

 EXAMPLE 2 Use properties of congruent figures
In the diagram, DEFG > SPQR. 8 ft E P (2x 2 4) ft R
D
1028 (6y 1 x)8
a. Find the value of x.
b. Find the value of y.
848 688
G 12 ft F P S
Solution
a. You know that }
FG > }
QR. b. You know that ∠ F > ∠ Q.
FG 5 QR m∠ F 5 m∠ Q
12 5 2x 2 4 6885 (6y 1 x)8
16 5 2x 68 5 6y 1 8
85x 10 5 y

EXAMPLE 3 Show that figures are congruent

PAINTING If you divide the wall
into orange and blue sections
along }
JK, will the sections of the
wall be the same size and shape?
Explain.

Solution
From the diagram, ∠ A > ∠ C and ∠ D > ∠ B because all right angles are
congruent. Also, by the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem,
AB i }
} DC. Then, ∠ 1 > ∠ 4 and ∠ 2 > ∠ 3 by the Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem. So, all pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.
The diagram shows } AJ > } KD > }
CK, } DA > }
JB, and } BC. By the Reflexive
} }
Property, JK > KJ. All corresponding parts are congruent, so AJKD > CKJB.
c Yes, the two sections will be the same size and shape.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1, 2, and 3

In the diagram at the right, ABGH > CDEF. A B F

C
1058
1. Identify all pairs of congruent
corresponding parts. (4x 1 5)8
H
2. Find the value of x and find m∠ H. G D
E
3. Show that nPTS > nRTQ. P P

T
S R

226 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 THEOREM For Your Notebook
THEOREM 4.3 Third Angles Theorem
If two angles of one triangle are B E
congruent to two angles of another
triangle, then the third angles are
also congruent. A C D F
If ∠ A ù ∠ D, and ∠ B ù ∠ E, then ∠ C ù ∠ F.
Proof: Ex. 28, p. 230

EXAMPLE 4 Use the Third Angles Theorem

Find m∠ BDC. A B
458
ANOTHER WAY Solution N
For an alternative
∠ A > ∠ B and ∠ ADC > ∠ BCD, so by the 308
method for solving the
problem in Example 4,
Third Angles Theorem, ∠ ACD > ∠ BDC. C D

turn to page 232 for By the Triangle Sum Theorem,

the Problem Solving m∠ ACD 5 1808 2 458 2 308 5 1058.
Workshop. c So, m∠ ACD 5 m∠ BDC 5 1058 by the definition of congruent angles.

EXAMPLE 5 Prove that triangles are congruent

Write a proof. A
} }} }
GIVEN c AD > CB, DC > BA, ∠ ACD > ∠ CAB, D
∠ CAD > ∠ ACB B
PROVE c n ACD > nCAB C

Plan a. Use the Reflexive Property to show that }

AC > }
AC.
for
Proof b. Use the Third Angles Theorem to show that ∠ B > ∠ D.

STATEMENTS REASONS

Plan AD > }
1. } CB, }
DC > }
BA 1. Given
in } }
a. 2. AC > AC 2. Reflexive Property of Congruence
Action
3. ∠ ACD > ∠ CAB, 3. Given
∠ CAD > ∠ ACB
b. 4. ∠ B > ∠ D 4. Third Angles Theorem
5. n ACD > nCAB 5. Definition of > n
s

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 4 and 5

4. In the diagram, what is ma DCN? D

5. By the definition of congruence, what N R

C 758
additional information is needed to
know that nNDC > nNSR? 688
S

4.2 Apply Congruence and Triangles 227

 PROPERTIES OF CONGRUENT TRIANGLES The properties of congruence that
are true for segments and angles are also true for triangles.

THEOREM For Your Notebook

THEOREM 4.4 Properties of Congruent Triangles
B
Reflexive Property of Congruent Triangles
For any triangle ABC, n ABC > n ABC. A C

E
Symmetric Property of Congruent Triangles
If n ABC > nDEF, then nDEF > n ABC. D F

K
Transitive Property of Congruent Triangles
If n ABC > nDEF and nDEF > nJKL, then n ABC > nJKL. J L

4.2 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 9, 15, and 25
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy the congruent triangles
shown. Then label the vertices of the triangles so
that nJKL > nRST. Identify all pairs of congruent
corresponding angles and corresponding sides.

2. ★ WRITING Based on this lesson, what information do you need to prove

that two triangles are congruent? Explain.

EXAMPLE 1 USING CONGRUENCE Identify all pairs of congruent corresponding parts.

on p. 225 Then write another congruence statement for the figures.
for Exs. 3–4
3. n ABC > nDEF 4. GHJK > QRST

A D E H S

T
G J
C
F P
B K R

EXAMPLE 2 READING A DIAGRAM In the diagram, nXYZ > nMNL. Copy and complete
on p. 226 the statement.
for Exs. 5–10
5. m∠ Y 5 ? 6. m∠ M 5 ? X L N
7. YX 5 ? 8. }
YZ > ? 338
1248
8

9. nLNM > ? 10. nYXZ > ? Y Z M

228 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

EXAMPLE 3 NAMING CONGRUENT FIGURES Write a congruence statement for any figures
on p. 226 that can be proved congruent. Explain your reasoning.
for Exs. 11–14
11. X Y 12. B
F
E

A
W Z C
D

13. B C 14. W
E J K
V X
L

A F G D Z Y N M

EXAMPLE 4 THIRD ANGLES THEOREM Find the value of x.

on p. 227
15. L M Y 16. P
for Exs. 15–16 B S
708
x8 808
5x 8
N X Z 458
A C R

17. ERROR ANALYSIS A student says

M N
that nMNP > nRSP because the
corresponding angles of the triangles
R S
are congruent. Describe the error in
this statement.
nMNP > nRSP P

18. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Graph the triangle with vertices L(3, 1), M(8, 1),
and N(8, 8). Then graph a triangle congruent to nLMN.

ALGEBRA Find the values of x and y.

19. 20. (6x 2 y)8

(4x 1 y)8
(17x 2 y)8
408

288
1308
(12x 1 4y)8

21. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Suppose n ABC > nEFD, nEFD > nGIH,
m∠ A 5 908, and m∠ F 5 208. What is m∠ H?
A 208 B 708 C 908 D Cannot be determined

22. CHALLENGE A hexagon is contained in a cube, as shown.

Each vertex of the hexagon lies on the midpoint of an
edge of the cube. This hexagon is equiangular. Explain
why it is also regular.

4.2 Apply Congruence and Triangles 229

 PROBLEM SOLVING
23. RUG DESIGNS The rug design is made of congruent triangles. One
triangular shape is used to make all of the triangles in the design.
Which property guarantees that all the triangles are congruent?

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

24. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Create a design for a rug made with congruent
triangles that is different from the one in the photo above.

25. CAR STEREO A car stereo fits into a space in

your dashboard. You want to buy a new car
stereo, and it must fit in the existing space.
What measurements need to be the same in
order for the new stereo to be congruent to
the old one?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 5 26. PROOF Copy and complete the proof. B E

on p. 227 } }} }} }
GIVEN c AB > ED, BC > DC, CA > CE ,
for Ex. 26 C
∠ BAC > ∠ DEC A D
PROVE c n ABC > nEDC

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. } ED, }
AB > } BC > }
DC, }
CA > }
CE, 1. Given
∠ BAC > ∠ DEC
2. ∠ BCA > ∠ DCE 2. ?
3. ? 3. Third Angles Theorem
4. n ABC > nEDC 4. ?

27. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Suppose n ABC > nDCB, and the triangles share
vertices at points B and C. Draw a figure that illustrates this situation.
Is }
AC i }
BD ? Explain.

28. PROVING THEOREM 4.3 Use the plan to prove the Third Angles Theorem.
GIVEN c ∠ A > ∠ D, ∠ B > ∠ E A D
PROVE c ∠C > ∠F

B C E F

Plan for Proof Use the Triangle Sum Theorem to show that the sums of
the angle measures are equal. Then use substitution to show ∠ C > ∠ F.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

230 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 29. REASONING Given that n AFC > nDFE, must F be the midpoint
AD and }
of } EC ? Include a drawing with your answer.

30. ★ SHORT RESPONSE You have a set of tiles that come in two different
shapes, as shown. You can put two of the triangular tiles together to make
a quadrilateral that is the same size and shape as the quadrilateral tile.

Explain how you can find all of the angle measures of each tile by
measuring only two angles.

31. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM In the diagram,

G
quadrilateral ABEF > quadrilateral CDEF.
a. Explain how you know that }
BE > }
DE and
∠ ABE > ∠ CDE. B D
E
b. Explain how you know that ∠ GBE > ∠ GDE.
c. Explain how you know that ∠ GEB > ∠ GED. A F C
d. Do you have enough information to prove that
nBEG > nDEG? Explain.

32. CHALLENGE Use the diagram to write a proof. W

} ]› }
GIVEN c WX ⊥ VZ at Y, Y is the midpoint of WX , V
}
VW > }
] ›
VX, and VZ bisects ∠ WVX. Y Z

PROVE c nVWY > nVXY X

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW Use the Distance Formula to find the length of the segment. Round your
Prepare for answer to the nearest tenth of a unit. (p. 15)
Lesson 4.3
33. y 34. y 35. y (1, 3)
in Exs. 33–35.
(23, 3) (3, 2)
2 1 1

1 x 1 x
(0, 0) x (22, 21) (2, 22)

Line l bisects the segment. Write a congruence statement. (p. 15)

36. l 37. l 38. l

A B C L M N R S T

Write the converse of the statement. (p. 79)

39. If three points are coplanar, then they lie in the same plane.
40. If the sky is cloudy, then it is raining outside.

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 4.2, p. 902 ONLINE

4.2 QUIZ at classzone.com 231
 Using ALTERNATIVE METHODS
LESSON 4.2
Another Way to Solve Example 4, page 227

MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In Example 4 on page 227, you used

congruencies in triangles that overlapped. When you solve problems like this,
it may be helpful to redraw the art so that the triangles do not overlap.

PROBLEM Find m∠ BDC. A B

458

308
C D

METHOD Drawing A Diagram

STEP 1 Identify the triangles that overlap. Then redraw them so that they are
separate. Copy all labels and markings.
A B
458

308
C D C D

STEP 2 Analyze the situation. By the Triangle Sum Theorem,

m∠ ACD 5 1808 2 458 2 308 5 1058.
Also, because ∠ A > ∠ B and ∠ ADC > ∠ BCD, by the Third Angles
Theorem, ∠ ACD > ∠ BDC, and m∠ ACD 5 m∠ BDC 5 1058.

P R AC T I C E

1. DRAWING FIGURES Draw nHLM and nGJM 2. ENVELOPE Draw nPQS and nQPT so that
so they do not overlap. Copy all labels and they do not overlap. Find m∠ PTS.
mark any known congruences.
P P
a. H G b. H
K
J R
J L
358
S T
M
M L G

232 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

Investigating
g
Geometry
g
ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 4.3
4.3 Investigate Congruent Figures
M AT E R I A L S • straws • string • ruler • protractor

QUESTION How much information is needed to tell whether two

figures are congruent?

EXPLORE 1 Compare triangles with congruent sides

STEP 1 STEP 2

Make a triangle Cut straws to make side Make another triangle Use the same length
lengths of 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm. Thread the straws to make another triangle. If possible,
string through the straws. Make a triangle by make it different from the first. Compare the
connecting the ends of the string. triangles. What do you notice?

EXPLORE 2 Compare quadrilaterals with congruent sides

STEP 1 STEP 2

Make a quadrilateral Cut straws to make Make another quadrilateral Make a second
side lengths of 5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm, and 11 cm. quadrilateral using the same length straws.
Thread the string through the straws. Make a If possible, make it different from the first.
quadrilateral by connecting the string. Compare the quadrilaterals. What do you notice?

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

1. Can you make two triangles with the same side lengths that are different
shapes? Justify your answer.
2. If you know that three sides of a triangle are congruent to three sides of
another triangle, can you say the triangles are congruent? Explain.
3. Can you make two quadrilaterals with the same side lengths that are
different shapes? Justify your answer.
4. If four sides of a quadrilateral are congruent to four sides of another
quadrilateral, can you say the quadrilaterals are congruent? Explain.

4.3 Prove Triangles Congruent by SSS 233

 4.3 Prove Triangles
Congruent by SSS
Before You used the definition of congruent figures.
Now You will use the side lengths to prove triangles are congruent.
Why So you can determine if triangles in a tile floor are congruent, as in Ex. 22.

Key Vocabulary In the Activity on page 233, you saw that there is only one way to form a
• congruent figures, triangle given three side lengths. In general, any two triangles with the same
p. 225 three side lengths must be congruent.
• corresponding
parts, p. 225
POSTULATE For Your Notebook
POSTULATE 19 Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate
If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of a second
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
If AB > }
Side } RS, B S
Side BC > }
} C T
ST, and
Side }
CA > }
TR,
A R
then n ABC > nRST.

EXAMPLE 1 Use the SSS Congruence Postulate

Write a proof. L
} }} }
GIVEN c KL > NL , KM > NM K N
PROVE c nKLM > nNLM
Proof It is given that }
KL > }
NL and }
KM > }NM. M
} }
By the Reflexive Property, LM > LM. So, by the
SSS Congruence Postulate, nKLM > nNLM.

(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

Decide whether the congruence statement is true. Explain your reasoning.

1. nDFG > nHJK 2. nACB > nCAD 3. nQPT > nRST
F J B P S
3 7
A C
9
7 4
D G H K D P T R

234 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 ★ EXAMPLE 2 Standardized Test Practice

Which are the coordinates of the vertices y

of a triangle congruent to nPQR? P Œ
A (21, 1), (21, 5), (24, 5)
2
B (22, 4), (27, 4), (24, 6)
R
C (23, 2), (21, 3), (23, 1) 1 x
D (27, 7), (27, 9), (23, 7)

Solution
ELIMINATE CHOICES By counting, PQ 5 4 and QR 5 3. Use the Distance Formula to find PR.
}}
Once you know the
d 5 Ï (x2 2 x1)2 1 (y2 2 y1)2
side lengths of nPQR,
}}} } }
look for pairs of
PR 5 Ï (21 2 (25))2 1 (1 2 4)2 5 Ï 42 1 (23)2 5 Ï 25 5 5
coordinates with the
same x-coordinates or By the SSS Congruence Postulate, any triangle with side lengths 3, 4, and
the same y-coordinates. 5 will be congruent to nPQR. The distance from (21, 1) to (21, 5) is 4. The
In Choice C, (23, 2) and distance from (21, 5) to (24, 5) is 3. The distance from (21, 1) to (24, 5) is
(23, 1) are only 1 unit }}} } }

apart. You can eliminate Ï(5 2 1)2 1 ((24) 2 (21))2 5 Ï42 1 (23)2 5 Ï25 5 5.
D in the same way. c The correct answer is A. A B C D

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2

4. nJKL has vertices J(23, 22), K(0, 22), and L(23, 28). nRST has vertices
R(10, 0), S(10, 23), and T(4, 0). Graph the triangles in the same coordinate
plane and show that they are congruent.

ACTIVITY COPY A TRIANGLE

Follow the steps below to construct C
a triangle that is congruent to nABC.

A B
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

F F

D E D E D E D E

Construct }
DE so that it is Open your compass to the Draw an arc with radius BC Draw nDEF. By the SSS
congruent to }
AB. length AC. Use this length and center E that intersects Congruence Postulate,
to draw an arc with the the arc from Step 2. Label nABC > nDEF.
compass point at D. the intersection point F.

4.3 Prove Triangles Congruent by SSS 235

 EXAMPLE 3 Solve a real-world problem
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT Explain why the bench with the diagonal support is
stable, while the one without the support can collapse.

Solution
The bench with a diagonal support forms triangles with fixed side lengths. By
the SSS Congruence Postulate, these triangles cannot change shape, so the
bench is stable. The bench without a diagonal support is not stable because
there are many possible quadrilaterals with the given side lengths.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3

Determine whether the figure is stable. Explain your reasoning.

5. 6. 7.

4.3 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 7, 9, and 25
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 16, 17, and 28

SKILL PRACTICE
VOCABULARY Tell whether the angles or sides are corresponding angles,
corresponding sides, or neither.
2. }
AC and }
B L J
1. ∠ C and ∠ L JK
3. }
BC and }
KL 4. ∠ B and ∠ L A C K

EXAMPLE 1 DETERMINING CONGRUENCE Decide whether the congruence statement is

on p. 234 true. Explain your reasoning.
for Exs. 5–7
5. nRST > nTQP 6. n ABD > nCDB 7. nDEF > nDGF

S P B C E
F D

R T P A D G

236 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

EXAMPLE 2 8. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and
on p. 235 correct the error in writing a X y Y
for Exs. 8–12 congruence statement for the nWXZ > nZYX
triangles in the coordinate
1
plane.
1 x
W Z

ALGEBRA Use the given coordinates to determine if n ABC > nDEF.

9. A(22, 22), B(4, 22), C(4, 6), D(5, 7), E(5, 1), F(13, 1)
10. A(22, 1), B(3, 23), C(7, 5), D(3, 6), E(8, 2), F(10, 11)
11. A(0, 0), B(6, 5), C(9, 0), D(0, 21), E(6, 26), F(9, 21)
12. A(25, 7), B(25, 2), C(0, 2), D(0, 6), E(0, 1), F(4, 1)

EXAMPLE 3 USING DIAGRAMS Decide whether the figure is stable. Explain.

on p. 236
13. 14. 15.
for Exs. 13–15

16. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Let nFGH be an equilateral triangle with point J as

the midpoint of }
FG. Which of the statements below is not true?
FH > }
A } GH B }
FJ > }
FH FJ > }
C } GJ D nFHJ > nGHJ

17. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Let ABCD be a rectangle separated into two

triangles by }
DB. Which of the statements below is not true?

AD > }
A } CB B }
AB > }
AD AB > }
C } CD D nDAB > nBCD

APPLYING SEGMENT ADDITION Determine whether n ABC > nDEF. If they

are congruent, write a congruence statement. Explain your reasoning.
18. B 19. D
6 7 4 1
A B 5
F 3
A 2 C D 5 E F
7 6 1 4
E C

20. 3-D FIGURES In the diagram, }

PK > }
PL J
and }
JK > }
JL . Show that nJPK > nJPL.

P
K
L

21. CHALLENGE Find all values of x that A 5x B

make the triangles congruent. Explain. 4x 1 3
5x 2 2
C 3x 1 10 D

4.3 Prove Triangles Congruent by SSS 237

 PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 1 22. TILE FLOORS You notice two triangles in the tile floor of a hotel lobby.
on p. 234 You want to determine if the triangles are congruent, but you only have
for Ex. 22 a piece of string. Can you determine if the triangles are congruent?
Explain.
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 3 23. GATES Which gate is stable? Explain your reasoning.

on p. 236
for Ex. 23

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

PROOF Write a proof.

24. GIVEN c }
GH > } HJ > }
JK, } KG 25. GIVEN c }
WX > }
VZ , }
WY > }
VY, }
YZ > }
YX
PROVE c nGHJ > nJKG PROVE c nVWX > nWVZ
K G W X

J H V Z

AE > }
26. GIVEN c } AB > }
CE, } CD, 27. GIVEN c }
FM > }
FN, }
DM > }
HN,
E is the midpoint of }
BD. }> }
EF DE > }
GF, } HG
PROVE c nEAB > nECD PROVE c nDEN > nHGM

A C E G

B E D D M N H

28. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE When rescuers enter a partially collapsed

building they often have to reinforce damaged doors for safety.
a. Diagonal braces are added to Door 1 as shown below. Explain why
the door is more stable with the braces.
b. Would these braces be a good choice for
rescuers needing to enter and exit the
building through this doorway?
c. In the diagram, Door 2 has only a corner
brace. Does this solve the problem from
part (b)?
d. Explain why the corner brace makes the
door more stable.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

238 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 29. BASEBALL FIELD To create a baseball field, start 3ECOND
by placing home plate. Then, place second base BASE
3
127 feet 3} inches from home plate. Then, you
8


FT
FTIN
can find first base using two tape measures.



Stretch one from second base toward first base 4HIRD &IRST
and the other from home plate toward first base. BASE BASE

FT
The point where the two tape measures cross at


the 90 foot mark is first base. You can find third
base in a similar manner. Explain how and why (OMEPLATE
this process will always work.

30. CHALLENGE Draw and label the figure described below. Then, identify
what is given and write a two-column proof.
In an isosceles triangle, if a segment is added from the vertex between
the congruent sides to the midpoint of the third side, then two
congruent triangles are formed.

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW Find the slope of the line that passes through the points. (p. 171)
Prepare for
31. A(3, 0), B(7, 4) 32. F(1, 8), G(29, 2) 33. M(24, 210), N(6, 2)
Lesson 4.4 in
Exs. 31–33.
Use the x- and y-intercepts to write an equation of the line. (p. 180)
34. y 35. y 36. y
3
40
3 x
1

1 x 20 x

37. Write an equation of a line that passes through (23, 21) and is parallel to
y 5 3x 1 2. (p. 180)

QUIZ for Lessons 4.1–4.3

A triangle has the given vertices. Graph the triangle and classify it by its
sides. Then determine if it is a right triangle. (p. 217)
1. A(23, 0), B(0, 4), C(3, 0) 2. A(2, 24), B(5, 21), C(2, 21) 3. A(27, 0), B(1, 6), C(23, 4)

In the diagram, HJKL > NPQM. (p. 225) J K M 3x 1 7 N

858 1248 (5y 1 36)8
4. Find the value of x.
22
5. Find the value of y.
618
H 5x 2 11 L P P

6. Write a proof. (p. 234) A

} }} }
GIVEN c AB > AC, AD bisects BC.
PROVE c nABD > nACD B D C

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 4.3, p. 902 ONLINE

4.3 QUIZ at classzone.com 239
 4.4 Prove Triangles Congruent
by SAS and HL
Before You used the SSS Congruence Postulate.
Now You will use sides and angles to prove congruence.
Why? So you can show triangles are congruent, as in Ex. 33.

Key Vocabulary Consider a relationship involving two sides and the angle they form, their
• leg of a right included angle. To picture the relationship, form an angle using two pencils.
triangle
• hypotenuse
INCLUDEDANGLE

Any time you form an angle of the same measure with the pencils, the side
formed by connecting the pencil points will have the same length. In fact,
any two triangles formed in this way are congruent.

POSTULATE For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 20 Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Postulate
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two
sides and the included angle of a second triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent.
If Side }
RS > }
UV, S V
Angle ∠ R > ∠ U, and
Side }
RT > }
UW,
R T U W
then nRST > nUVW.

EXAMPLE 1 Use the SAS Congruence Postulate

Write a proof. B C
} }} }
GIVEN c BC > DA, BC i AD
PROVE c n ABC > nCDA
A D
WRITE PROOFS
STATEMENTS REASONS
Make your proof easier
S 1. }
BC > }DA 1. Given
to read by identifying
the steps where you 2. }
BC i }
AD 2. Given
show congruent sides A 3. ∠ BCA > ∠ DAC 3. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
(S) and angles (A).
S 4. }
AC > }
CA 4. Reflexive Property of Congruence
5. n ABC > nCDA 5. SAS Congruence Postulate

240 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 EXAMPLE 2 Use SAS and properties of shapes
In the diagram, }QS and }RP pass through S
the center M of the circle. What can you
conclude about nMRS and nMPQ? R P
M

P
Solution
Because they are vertical angles, ∠ PMQ > ∠ RMS. All points on a circle are
the same distance from the center, so MP, MQ, MR, and MS are all equal.
c nMRS and nMPQ are congruent by the SAS Congruence Postulate.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

In the diagram, ABCD is a square with four congruent B S C

sides and four right angles. R, S, T, and U are the
midpoints of the sides of ABCD. Also, } RT ⊥ }
SU and
} }
SV > VU. R T
V
1. Prove that nSVR > nUVR.
2. Prove that nBSR > nDUT. A U D

In general, if you know the lengths of two sides and the measure of an angle
that is not included between them, you can create two different triangles.

B B
READ VOCABULARY
The two sides of a
triangle that form an
angle are adjacent to A C A C
the angle. The side not
adjacent to the angle is Therefore, SSA is not a valid method for proving that triangles are congruent,
opposite the angle. although there is a special case for right triangles.

side opposite aA RIGHT TRIANGLES In a right triangle, the sides

C adjacent to the right angle are called the legs. hypotenuse
leg
The side opposite the right angle is called the
hypotenuse of the right triangle.
B A leg

sides adjacent to aA
THEOREM For Your Notebook
THEOREM 4.5 Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence Theorem
If the hypotenuse and a leg of a right triangle A D
are congruent to the hypotenuse and a leg of a
second right triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent.
C B F E
Proofs: Ex. 37, p. 439; p. 932 n ABC ù n DEF

4.4 Prove Triangles Congruent by SAS and HL 241

 EXAMPLE 3 Use the Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence Theorem
USE DIAGRAMS
Write a proof. W X
If you have trouble
matching vertices GIVEN c }
WY > }
XZ, }
WZ ⊥ }
ZY, }
XY ⊥ }
ZY
to letters when
you separate the
PROVE c nWYZ > nXZY Z Y
overlapping triangles,
leave the triangles Solution
in their original W X
orientations. Redraw the triangles so they are side by side
with corresponding parts in the same position.
W X Mark the given information in the diagram. Z Y Y Z
Z Y Z Y
STATEMENTS REASONS

H 1. }
WY > }
XZ 1. Given
2. WZ ⊥ ZY, }
} } XY ⊥ }
ZY 2. Given
3. ∠ Z and ∠ Y are right angles. 3. Definition of ⊥ lines
4. nWYZ and nXZY are right 4. Definition of a right triangle
triangles.
L 5. }
ZY > }
YZ 5. Reflexive Property of Congruence
6. nWYZ > nXZY 6. HL Congruence Theorem

(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

EXAMPLE 4 Choose a postulate or theorem

SIGN MAKING You are making a canvas
R
sign to hang on the triangular wall
over the door to the barn shown in the
picture. You think you can use two
identical triangular sheets of canvas. You
know that } RP ⊥ }
QS and }
PQ > } PS. What
postulate or theorem can you use to Q S
P
conclude that nPQR > nPSR?

Solution
You are given that }
PQ > }PS. By the Reflexive Property, }
RP > }
RP. By the
definition of perpendicular lines, both ∠ RPQ and ∠ RPS are right angles, so
they are congruent. So, two sides and their included angle are congruent.
c You can use the SAS Congruence Postulate to conclude that nPQR > nPSR.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

Use the diagram at the right. A B

3. Redraw n ACB and nDBC side by side with
corresponding parts in the same position.
4. Use the information in the diagram to prove
that n ACB > nDBC. C D

242 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 4.4 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 13, 19, and 31
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 15, 23, and 39

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: The angle between two sides of a
triangle is called the ? angle.

2. ★ WRITING Explain the difference between proving triangles congruent

using the SAS and SSS Congruence Postulates.

EXAMPLE 1 NAMING INCLUDED ANGLES Use the diagram to name the included angle
on p. 240 between the given pair of sides.
3. }
XY and } 4. }
WZ and }
for Exs. 3–15 X Y
YW ZY
5. }
ZW and }
YW 6. }
WX and }
YX
7. }
XY and }
YZ 8. }
WX and }
WZ W Z

REASONING Decide whether enough information is given to prove that the

triangles are congruent using the SAS Congruence Postulate.
9. n ABD, nCDB 10. nLMN, nNQP 11. nYXZ, nWXZ

A D L M Z

P
N
B C
P W X Y

12. nQRV, nTSU 13. nEFH, nGHF 14. nKLM, nMNK

R S F E K L

G H N M
P V U T

15. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following sets of information does not
allow you to conclude that n ABC > nDEF?
A } DE, }
AB > } BC > }
EF, ∠ B > ∠ E B } DF, }
AB > } AC > }
DE, ∠ C > ∠ E
C } DF, }
AC > } EF, }
BC > } BA > }
DE D } DE, }
AB > } AC > }
DF, ∠ A > ∠ D

EXAMPLE 2 APPLYING SAS In Exercises 16–18, use the given information to name two
on p. 241 triangles that are congruent. Explain your reasoning.
18. }
MK ⊥ }
MN and }
KL ⊥ }
for Exs. 16–18
16. ABCD is a square with 17. RSTUV is a regular NL .
four congruent sides and pentagon.
K
four congruent angles.
T 10 m
B C M L
S U
10 m
N
R V
A D

4.4 Prove Triangles Congruent by SAS and HL 243

EXAMPLE 3 19. OVERLAPPING TRIANGLES Redraw A B C
on p. 242 n ACF and nEGB so they are side by side
for Ex. 19 with corresponding parts in the same D
position. Explain how you know that H
n ACF > nEGB. G F E

EXAMPLE 4 REASONING Decide whether enough information is given to prove that

on p. 242 the triangles are congruent. If there is enough information, state the
for Exs. 20–22 congruence postulate or theorem you would use.
20. A 21. Z is the midpoint of 22. M N
} and }
PY XQ.
C D R
X P

B Z
L T S
Y P

23. ★ WRITING Suppose both pairs of corresponding legs of two right

triangles are congruent. Are the triangles congruent? Explain.

24. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

Y 4x 5 5x 2 1
the error in finding the value of x. 5x 2 1 2x 5 21
4x 1 6 W x51
4x
X 4x Z

USING DIAGRAMS In Exercises 25–27, state the third congruence that must
be given to prove that n ABC > n DEF using the indicated postulate.
25. GIVEN c } DE, }
AB > } CB > }
FE, ? > ? B E
Use the SSS Congruence Postulate.
26. GIVEN c ∠ A > ∠ D, }
CA > }
FD, ? > ?
Use the SAS Congruence Postulate.
27. GIVEN c ∠ B > ∠ E, }
AB > }
DE, ? > ? A C D F
Use the SAS Congruence Postulate.

28. USING ISOSCELES TRIANGLES Suppose nKLN and nMLN L

are isosceles triangles with bases }
KN and }
MN respectively,
}
and NL bisects ∠ KLM. Is there enough information to K M
prove that nKLN > nMLN? Explain.
N

29. REASONING Suppose M is the midpoint of } RM ⊥ }

PQ in nPQR. If } PQ,
explain why nRMP > nRMQ.

AB > }
30. CHALLENGE Suppose } AC, }
AD > } AD ⊥ }
AF, } AB, D F
AF ⊥ }
and }
A
AC. Explain why you can conclude that
n ACD > n ABF.

B C

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

244 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 PROBLEM SOLVING
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES In Exercises 31 and 32, identify the theorem or
postulate you would use to prove the triangles congruent.
31. B 32.
B E

A C
E A
D C D F

B D E B E

A C D F
A C F

33. SAILBOATS Suppose you have two sailboats. What information do

you need to know to prove that the triangular sails are congruent
using SAS? using HL?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 3 34. DEVELOPING PROOF Copy and complete the proof.

L M N
on p. 242
GIVEN c Point M is the midpoint of }
LN.
nPMQ is an isosceles triangle with base }
for Ex. 34
PQ.
∠ L and ∠ N are right angles.
PROVE c n LMP > n NMQ P P

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. ∠ L and ∠ N are right angles. 1. Given

2. nLMP and nNMQ are right 2. ?
triangles.
3. Point M is the midpoint of }
LN. 3. ?
4. ? 4. Definition of midpoint
5. nPMQ is an isosceles triangle. 5. Given
6. ? 6. Definition of isosceles triangle
7. nLMP > nNMQ 7. ?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

PROOF In Exercises 35 and 36, write a proof.

35. GIVEN c }
PQ bisects ∠ SPT, }
SP > }
TP 36. GIVEN c }
VX > }
XY, }
XW > }
YZ , }
XW i }
YZ
PROVE c nSPQ > nTPQ PROVE c nVXW > nXYZ
P V
S T
X W

Y Z
P

4.4 Prove Triangles Congruent by SAS and HL 245

 PROOF In Exercises 37 and 38, write a proof.
37. GIVEN c }
JM > }
LM 38. GIVEN c D is the midpoint of }
AC.
PROVE c nJKM > nLKM PROVE c n ABD > nCBD
J B

K M

A D C
L

B
39. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which triangle congruence can you
prove, then use to prove that ∠ FED > ∠ ABF? A

A n ABE > n ABF C n AED > n ABD F

B n ACD > n ADF D n AEC > n ABD 708 408

C D E
708

40. PROOF Write a two-column proof. P

GIVEN c}
CR > }
CS, }
QC ⊥ }
CR, }
QC ⊥ }
CS
PROVE c nQCR > nQCS R
C

S P

41. CHALLENGE Describe how to show that y N

nPMO > nPMN using the SSS Congruence
Postulate. Then show that the triangles M
are congruent using the SAS Congruence
Postulate without measuring any angles. 2
Compare the two methods. O 2 P x

MIXED REVIEW
Draw a figure that fits the description. (p. 42)
42. A pentagon that is not regular.
43. A quadrilateral that is equilateral but not equiangular.

Write an equation of the line that passes through point P and is

perpendicular to the line with the given equation. (p. 180)
1
44. P(3, 21), y 5 2x 1 2 45. P(3, 3), y 5 }x 1 2 46. P(24, 27), y 5 25
3

PREVIEW Find the value of x. (p. 225)

Prepare for
47. R 48. L
Lesson 4.5 in E
Exs. 47—48. P
8x8 T M
888 358
708 408
G N 3x8
S F
P

246 Chapter 4 EXTRA PR ACTICE for Lesson 4.4, p. 902 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
 Technology
ACTIVITY Use after Lesson 4.4 classzone.com
Keystrokes

4.4 Investigate Triangles and Congruence

M AT E R I A L S • graphing calculator or computer

QUESTION Can you prove triangles are congruent by SSA?

You can use geometry drawing software to show that if two sides and
a nonincluded angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and a
nonincluded angle of another triangle, the triangles are not necessarily
congruent.

EXAMPLE Draw two triangles

STEP 1 STEP 2

B B

A C A D E C

Draw‹ a› line Draw points A and C. Draw Draw a circle Draw a circle with center
]
line AC . Then choose point B so that ∠ BAC
‹]›
at B so that the circle intersects AC at
is acute. Draw }AB. two points. Label the points D and E.
Draw } BD and }BE. Save as “EXAMPLE”.

STEP 3 Use your drawing

Explain why }
BD > }BE. In n ABD and n ABE, what other sides are congruent?
What angles are congruent?

PRACTICE

1. Explain how your drawing shows that n ABD À n ABE.

‹]›
2. Change the diameter of your circle so that it intersects AC in only one
point. Measure ∠ BDA. Explain why there is exactly one triangle you can
draw with the measures AB, BD, and a 908 angle at ∠ BDA.
3. Explain why your results show that SSA cannot be used to show that two
triangles are congruent but that HL can.

4.4 Prove Triangles Congruent by SAS and HL 247

 MIXED REVIEW of Problem Solving STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com

Lessons 4.1–4.4
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM In the diagram, 4. SHORT RESPONSE A rectangular
AC CD, }
}> } CG, }
BC > } EC > }
CF, and “diver down” flag is used to
∠ ACE > ∠ DCF. indicate that scuba divers are
in the water. On the flag,
AB > }
} FE, }
AH > } }> }
DE, CE AG,
and }EG > }
A D
AC. Also, ∠ A, ∠ C,
∠ E, and ∠ G are right angles.
308
1008 C Is nBCD > nFGH? Explain.
E F
658
B G

a. Classify each triangle in the figure by

angles.
b. Classify each triangle in the figure by
sides. 5. EXTENDED RESPONSE A roof truss is a
network of pieces of wood that forms a stable
2. OPEN-ENDED Explain how you know that structure to support a roof, as shown below.
n PQR > nSTR in the keyboard stand shown.
Y B
258
 D E


658
 A F G H C

a. Prove that nFGB > nHGB.


b. Is nBDF > nBEH? If so, prove it.

6. GRIDDED ANSWER In the diagram below,
BAFC > DEFC. Find the value of x.
    X

3. GRIDDED ANSWER In the diagram below,

find the measure of ∠ 1 in degrees.




248 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 4.5 Prove Triangles Congruent
by ASA and AAS
Before You used the SSS, SAS, and HL congruence methods.
Now You will use two more methods to prove congruences.
Why? So you can recognize congruent triangles in bikes, as in Exs. 23–24.

Key Vocabulary Suppose you tear two angles out of a piece of paper and place them at a fixed
• flow proof distance on a ruler. Can you form more than one triangle with a given length
and two given angle measures as shown below?

In a polygon, the side connecting the vertices of two angles is the included
side. Given two angle measures and the length of the included side, you can
make only one triangle. So, all triangles with those measurements
are congruent.

THEOREMS For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 21 Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two
angles and the included side of a second triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent.
If Angle ∠ A > ∠ D, E
Side }
AC > }
DF, and B

Angle ∠ C > ∠ F, D F
then n ABC > nDEF. A C

THEOREM 4.6 Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem

If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are congruent to two
angles and the corresponding non-included side of a second triangle, then
the two triangles are congruent.
If Angle ∠ A > ∠ D, E
Angle ∠ C > ∠ F, and B

Side }
BC > }
EF, D F
then n ABC > nDEF. A C

Proof: Example 2, p. 250

4.5 Prove Triangles Congruent by ASA and AAS 249

 EXAMPLE 1 Identify congruent triangles
Can the triangles be proven congruent with the information given in the
diagram? If so, state the postulate or theorem you would use.
a. b. c.

Solution
a. The vertical angles are congruent, so two pairs of angles and a pair of
non-included sides are congruent. The triangles are congruent by the
AAS Congruence Theorem.
AVOID ERRORS
b. There is not enough information to prove the triangles are congruent,
You need at least one
because no sides are known to be congruent.
pair of congruent
corresponding sides c. Two pairs of angles and their included sides are congruent. The triangles
to prove two triangles are congruent by the ASA Congruence Postulate.
congruent.

FLOW PROOFS You have written two-column proofs and paragraph proofs.
A flow proof uses arrows to show the flow of a logical argument. Each reason
is written below the statement it justifies.

EXAMPLE 2 Prove the AAS Congruence Theorem

Prove the Angle-Angle-Side Congruence Theorem.
GIVEN c ∠ A > ∠ D, ∠ C > ∠ F, B E
}
BC > }
EF
PROVE c n ABC > nDEF
A C D F
∠A > ∠D ∠B > ∠E
Given Third ? Thm.

∠C > ∠F n ABC > nDEF

Given ASA Congruence Post.

}
BC > }
EF
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com
Given

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

1. In the diagram at the right, what postulate or theorem U

R
can you use to prove that nRST > nVUT? Explain.
2. Rewrite the proof of the Triangle Sum Theorem on T
page 219 as a flow proof. S V

250 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 EXAMPLE 3 Write a flow proof
In the diagram, }
CE ⊥ }BD and ∠ CAB > ∠ CAD. C
Write a flow proof to show n ABE > n ADE.
A
Solution
GIVEN c}CE ⊥ }
BD, ∠ CAB > ∠ CAD B E D

PROVE c n ABE > n ADE

∠ BAE and ∠ CAB are supplements.

∠ CAB > ∠ CAD ∠ DAE and ∠ CAD are supplements. }
CE ⊥ }
BD
Given Def. of supplementary angles Given

∠ BAE > ∠ DAE }

AE > }
AE m∠ AEB 5 m∠ AED 5 908
Congruent Supps. Thm. Reflexive Prop. Def. of ⊥ lines

n ABE > nADE ∠ AEB > ∠ ADE

ASA Congruence Post. All right ? are >.

★ EXAMPLE 4 Standardized Test Practice

FIRE TOWERS The forestry service uses fire tower lookouts to watch for
forest fires. When the lookouts spot a fire, they measure the angle of their
view and radio a dispatcher. The dispatcher then uses the angles to locate
the fire. How many lookouts are needed to locate a fire?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D Not enough information

The locations of tower A, tower B, and !

the fire form a triangle. The dispatcher
knows the distance from tower
A to tower B and the measures of
∠ A and ∠ B. So, he knows the
measures of two angles and an #
"
included side of the triangle.

By the ASA Congruence Postulate, all triangles with these measures are
congruent. So, the triangle formed is unique and the fire location is given by
the third vertex. Two lookouts are needed to locate the fire.
c The correct answer is B. A B C D

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

3. In Example 3, suppose ∠ ABE > ∠ ADE is also given. What theorem or

postulate besides ASA can you use to prove that n ABE > n ADE?
4. WHAT IF? In Example 4, suppose a fire occurs directly between tower B
and tower C. Could towers B and C be used to locate the fire? Explain.

4.5 Prove Triangles Congruent by ASA and AAS 251

 CONCEPT SUMMARY For Your Notebook
Triangle Congruence Postulates and Theorems
You have learned five methods for proving that triangles are congruent.
SSS SAS HL (right n
s only) ASA AAS

B E B E B E B E B E

A C D F A C D F A C D F A C D F A C D F

All three sides are Two sides and the The hypotenuse Two angles and Two angles
congruent. included angle and one of the included side and a (non-
are congruent. the legs are are congruent. included) side are
congruent. congruent.

In the Exercises, you will prove three additional theorems about the congruence
of right triangles: Angle-Leg, Leg-Leg, and Hypotenuse-Angle.

4.5 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 5, 9, and 27
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 7, 21, and 26

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Name one advantage of using a flow proof rather than a
two-column proof.

2. ★ WRITING You know that a pair of triangles has two pairs of congruent
corresponding angles. What other information do you need to show that
the triangles are congruent?

EXAMPLE 1 IDENTIFY CONGRUENT TRIANGLES Is it possible to prove that the triangles

on p. 250 are congruent? If so, state the postulate or theorem you would use.
for Exs. 3–7
3. n ABC, nQRS 4. nXYZ, nJKL 5. nPQR, nRSP

B Y K P R

A C
P S Z L
P S

R X J

6. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe the

error in concluding that By AAA, C Z
n ABC > nXYZ. n ABC > nXYZ.

A B X Y

252 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 7. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which postulate or theorem C H J
can you use to prove that n ABC > nHJK?
A ASA B AAS
B A K
C SAS D Not enough information

EXAMPLE 2 DEVELOPING PROOF State the third congruence that is needed to prove
on p. 250 that nFGH > nLMN using the given postulate or theorem.
8. GIVEN c }
GH > }
for Exs. 8–13
MN, ∠ G > ∠ M, ? > ? F L
Use the AAS Congruence Theorem.
9. GIVEN c }
FG > }
G M
LM, ∠ G > ∠ M, ? > ?
Use the ASA Congruence Postulate.
10. GIVEN c }
FH > }
LN, ∠ H > ∠ N, ? > ?
Use the SAS Congruence Postulate. H N

OVERLAPPING TRIANGLES Explain how you can prove that the indicated
triangles are congruent using the given postulate or theorem.
11. n AFE > nDFB by SAS A B
F
12. n AED > nBDE by AAS
13. n AED > nBDC by ASA E D C

DETERMINING CONGRUENCE Tell whether you can use the given information
to determine whether n ABC > nDEF. Explain your reasoning.
14. ∠ A > ∠ D, } DE, }
AB > } AC > }
DF 15. ∠ A > ∠ D, ∠ B > ∠ E, ∠ C > ∠ F
16. ∠ B > ∠ E, ∠ C > ∠ F, }
AC > }
DE 17. AB EF, }
}> } FD, }
BC > } AC > }
DE

IDENTIFY CONGRUENT TRIANGLES Is it possible to prove that the triangles

are congruent? If so, state the postulate(s) or theorem(s) you would use.
18. n ABC, nDEC 19. nTUV, nTWV 20. nQML, nLPN

A U N
E V
T X
C M
B
W
D
P P L

21. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Use the graph at the right. y

a. Show that ∠ CAD > ∠ ACB. Explain your reasoning. C(6, 6)
B(2, 5)
b. Show that ∠ ACD > ∠ CAB. Explain your reasoning.
c. Show that n ABC > nCDA. Explain your reasoning.

2
22. CHALLENGE Use a coordinate plane. D(4, 2)
a. Graph the lines y 5 2x 1 5, y 5 2x 2 3, and A(0, 1)
1 x
x 5 0 in the same coordinate plane.
b. Consider the equation y 5 mx 1 1. For what values of m will the graph
of the equation form two triangles if added to your graph? For what
values of m will those triangles be congruent? Explain.

4.5 Prove Triangles Congruent by ASA and AAS 253

 PROBLEM SOLVING
CONGRUENCE IN BICYCLES Explain why the triangles are congruent.

23. 24.

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 3 25. FLOW PROOF Copy and complete the flow proof.
on p. 251
GIVEN c}AD i } BD > }
CE, } BC A
for Ex. 25 C
PROVE c n ABD > nEBC B
D
? ∠A > ∠E E

Given ?
∠C > ∠D n ABD > nEBC
BD > }
} BC ? ?
?

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 4 26. ★ SHORT RESPONSE You are making a map for an orienteering race.
on p. 251 Participants start at a large oak tree, find a boulder 250 yards due east
for Ex. 26 of the oak tree, and then find a maple tree that is 508 west of north of
the boulder and 358 east of north of the oak tree. Sketch a map. Can you
locate the maple tree? Explain.

27. AIRPLANE In the airplane at the

right, ∠ C and ∠ F are right angles,
}> }
BC EF, and ∠ A > ∠ D. What
A C F D

postulate or theorem allows you to

conclude that n ABC > nDEF? B E

RIGHT TRIANGLES In Lesson 4.4, you learned the Hypotenuse-Leg Theorem

for right triangles. In Exercises 28–30, write a paragraph proof for these
other theorems about right triangles.
28. Leg-Leg (LL) Theorem If the legs of two right triangles are congruent,
then the triangles are congruent.
29. Angle-Leg (AL) Theorem If an angle and a leg of a right triangle are
congruent to an angle and a leg of a second right triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
30. Hypotenuse-Angle (HA) Theorem If an angle and the hypotenuse of a
right triangle are congruent to an angle and the hypotenuse of a second
right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

254 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 31. PROOF Write a two-column proof. 32. PROOF Write a flow proof.
GIVEN AK > }
c} CJ, ∠BJK > ∠BKJ, GIVEN c}VW > }
UW, ∠ X > ∠ Z
∠ A > ∠C PROVE c nXWV > nZWU
PROVE c n ABK > nCBJ

B
Z Y X
V U

A J K C W

33. PROOF Write a proof. 34. PROOF Write a proof.

GIVEN c ∠ NKM > ∠ LMK, ∠ L > ∠ N GIVEN c X is the midpoint of }
VY and }
WZ .
PROVE c nNMK > nLKM PROVE c nVWX > nYZX
L N Z
X
V Y

K M W

35. CHALLENGE Write a proof. A

}
GIVEN c n ABF > nDFB, F is the midpoint of AE ,
}
B is the midpoint of AC. F B
PROVE c nFDE > nBCD > n ABF
E D C

MIXED REVIEW
Find the value of x that makes m i n. (p. 161)
36. 37. 38.
518 1018
m 428 m m
x8 2x8
n n (x 1 16)8 n

Write an equation of the line that passes through point P and is parallel to
the line with the given equation. (p. 180)
39. P(0, 3), y 5 x 2 8 40. P(22, 4), y 5 22x 1 3

PREVIEW Decide which method, SSS, SAS, or HL, can be used to prove that the
Prepare for triangles are congruent. (pp. 234, 240)
Lesson 4.6 in
Exs. 41–43.
41. nHJK > nLKJ 42. nUTV > nWVT 43. n XYZ > nRQZ

H K W X P

T V Z
J L Y R
U

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 4.5, p. 9034.5 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 255
 4.6 Use Congruent
Triangles
Before You used corresponding parts to prove triangles congruent.
Now You will use congruent triangles to prove corresponding parts congruent.
Why? So you can find the distance across a half pipe, as in Ex. 30.

Key Vocabulary By definition, congruent triangles have congruent corresponding parts.

• corresponding So, if you can prove that two triangles are congruent, you know that their
parts, p. 225 corresponding parts must be congruent as well.

EXAMPLE 1 Use congruent triangles

Explain how you can use the given
R
information to prove that the Q
hanglider parts are congruent. 1 T
GIVEN c ∠ 1 > ∠ 2, ∠ RTQ > ∠ RTS
PROVE c}QT > }ST
S
2
Solution
If you can show that n QRT > n SRT, you will know that }
QT > }
ST. First, copy
the diagram and mark the given information. Then add the information that
you can deduce. In this case, ∠ RQT and ∠ RST are supplementary to
congruent angles, so ∠ RQT > ∠ RST. Also, }
RT > }
RT .
Mark given information. Add deduced information.

R R

P T S P T S
1 2

Two angle pairs and a non-included side are congruent, so by the

AAS Congruence Theorem, n QRT > n SRT. Because corresponding
parts of congruent triangles are congruent, }
QT > }
ST.
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

1. Explain how you can prove that ∠ A > ∠ C. B

A C
D

256 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 EXAMPLE 2 Use congruent triangles for measurement
INDIRECT SURVEYING Use the following method to
MEASUREMENT find the distance across a river, from
When you cannot point N to point P. N P
easily measure a length
• Place a stake at K on the near side
so that }
NK ⊥ }
directly, you can make
conclusions about the NP. M
• Find M, the midpoint of }
length indirectly, usually
NK. L
by calculations based
on known lengths. • Locate the point L so that }
NK ⊥ }
KL and K
L, P, and M are collinear.
• Explain how this plan allows you to
find the distance. N P

Solution
Because }NK ⊥ }
NP and }NK ⊥ }KL , ∠ N and ∠ K M
are congruent right angles. Because M is the
midpoint of }
NK, }NM > }KM. The vertical L K
angles ∠ KML and ∠ NMP are congruent. So,
n MLK > n MPN by the ASA Congruence Postulate. Then, because
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent, } KL > }
NP. So, you
}
can find the distance NP across the river by measuring KL .

EXAMPLE 3 Plan a proof involving pairs of triangles

Use the given information to write a plan for proof. D
GIVEN c ∠ 1 > ∠ 2, ∠ 3 > ∠ 4
2 E 4
PROVE c n BCE > n DCE C
1 3
A

Solution B
In n BCE and n DCE, you know ∠ 1 > ∠ 2 and }
CE > }
CE. If you can show that
} }
CB > CD, you can use the SAS Congruence Postulate.
To prove that }
CB > }
CD, you can first prove that n CBA > n CDA. You are
given ∠ 1 > ∠ 2 and ∠ 3 > ∠ 4. }
CA > }
CA by the Reflexive Property. You can
use the ASA Congruence Postulate to prove that n CBA > n CDA.
c Plan for Proof Use the ASA Congruence Postulate to prove that
n CBA > n CDA. Then state that }CB > }
CD. Use the SAS Congruence
Postulate to prove that n BCE > n DCE.

(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3

2. In Example 2, does it matter how far from point N P P

you place a stake at point K? Explain.
R S
3. Using the information in the diagram at the right,
write a plan to prove that n PTU > n UQP. T U

4.6 Use Congruent Triangles 257

 PROVING CONSTRUCTIONS On page 34, you learned how to use a compass
and a straightedge to copy an angle. The construction is shown below. You
can use congruent triangles to prove that this construction is valid.

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

C C C

A B A B A B

F F

D E D E D E

To copy ∠ A, draw a Draw an arc with

]›
Draw DF. In Example 4,
segment with initial radius BC and center E. you will prove that
point D. Draw an arc with Label the intersection F. ∠ D > ∠ A.
center A. Using the same
radius, draw an arc with
center D. Label points
B, C, and E.

EXAMPLE 4 Prove a construction

Write a proof to verify that the construction for copying an angle is valid.

Solution
Add }
BC and }EF to the diagram. In the construction,
AB, DE, }
} } AC, and }
DF are all determined by the same C
compass setting, as are }
BC and }EF. So, you can
assume the following as given statements. A B

GIVEN c} DE, }
AB > } DF, }
AC > } BC > }
EF F
PROVE c ∠D > ∠A
D E
Plan Show that n CAB > n FDE, so you can
for conclude that the corresponding parts
Proof
∠ A and ∠ D are congruent.

STATEMENTS REASONS

Plan 1. } DE, }
AB > } DF, }
AC > } BC > }
EF 1. Given
in
Action 2. n FDE > n CAB 2. SSS Congruence Postulate
3. ∠ D > ∠ A 3. Corresp. parts of > n
s are >.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 4

4. Look back at the construction of an angle bisector in Explore 4 on page 34.

What segments can you assume are congruent?

258 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 4.6 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 19, 23, and 31
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 14, 31, and 36

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: Corresponding parts of congruent
triangles are ? .

2. ★ WRITING Explain why you might choose to use congruent triangles to

measure the distance across a river. Give another example where it may
be easier to measure with congruent triangles rather than directly.

EXAMPLES CONGRUENT TRIANGLES Tell which triangles you can show are congruent in
1 and 2 order to prove the statement. What postulate or theorem would you use?
5. }
JM > }
on p. 256–257
3. ∠ A > ∠ D 4. ∠ Q > ∠ T LM
for Exs. 3–11
A B D P S K

P
R T
C J M L

6. }
AC > }
BD 7. }
GK > }
HJ 8. }
QW > }
TV

A B J G H K T
R
P
S
M U
C D N L
V W

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe

the error in the statement. n ABC > n CDA by SAS. A B
So, AB 5 15 meters.
12 m

D 15 m C

PLANNING FOR PROOF Use the diagram to write a plan for proof.

10. PROVE c ∠ S > ∠ U LM > }

11. PROVE c } LQ

S T M
N
L
P
V U
P

12. PENTAGONS Explain why segments connecting any pair of

corresponding vertices of congruent pentagons are congruent. Make a
sketch to support your answer.

13. ALGEBRA Given that n ABC > n DEF, m∠ A 5 708, m∠ B 5 608,

y
1 2
m∠ C 5 508, m∠ D 5 (3x 1 10)8, m∠ E 5 } 1 20 8, and m∠ F 5 1 z2 1 14 28,
3
find the values of x, y, and z.

4.6 Use Congruent Triangles 259

 14. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which set of given information B
AD > }
does not allow you to conclude that } CD ?
A C
A } AE > }CE, m∠ BEA 5 908 E

B BA > }
} BC, ∠ BDC > ∠ BDA
C } AB > }CB, ∠ ABE > ∠ CBE D
}
D AE > CE, }
} AB > }CB

EXAMPLE 3 PLANNING FOR PROOF Use the information given in the diagram to write a
on p. 257 plan for proving that ∠ 1 > ∠ 2.
for Exs. 15–20
15. F G 16. E 17. P P
1 T
1 2
J 2
1 2 S R
K H
A B C D
18. A B C 19. K 20. T U
2
N 1
L V W X
1 2 2
F E D 1
M Y Z

USING COORDINATES Use the vertices of n ABC and n DEF to show that
∠ A > ∠ D. Explain your reasoning.
21. A(3, 7), B(6, 11), C(11, 13), D(2, 24), E(5, 28), F(10, 210)
22. A(3, 8), B(3, 2), C(11, 2), D(21, 5), E(5, 5), F(5, 13)

PROOF Use the information given in the diagram to write a proof.

23. PROVE c ∠ VYX > ∠ WYZ 24. PROVE c }

FL > }
HN

T U F G H
J K
V W
M
X Y Z L N

25. PROVE c n PUX > n QSY }> }

26. PROVE c AC GE

P P A B

T D
S U C E
R V
W F G
X Y

27. CHALLENGE Which of the triangles below are congruent?

C F J M P

A B D E G H K L N P

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

260 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 2 28. CANYON Explain how you can find the
on p. 257 distance across the canyon.
for Ex. 28 D
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
A B
E

29. PROOF Use the given information and the P S

diagram to write a two-column proof. R
GIVEN c}PQ i }
VS, }
QU i }
ST, }
PQ > }
VS
P V U T
PROVE c ∠Q > ∠S
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

30. SNOWBOARDING In the diagram of the half pipe below, C is the midpoint
of }
BD. If EC ø 11.5 m, and CD ø 2.5 m, find the approximate distance
across the half pipe. Explain your reasoning.
B A

E D

31. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Using the information in the diagram, you can
prove that }
WY > }
ZX . Which reason would not appear in the proof?
A SAS Congruence Postulate W X
B AAS Congruence Theorem
C Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Y Z
D Right Angle Congruence Theorem

EXAMPLE 4 32. PROVING A CONSTRUCTION The diagrams below show the construction
on p. 258 on page 34 used to bisect ∠ A. By construction, you can assume that
for Ex. 32 }> }
AB AC and }
BG > }
]›
CG. Write a proof to verify that AG bisects ∠ A.
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

C C C
G

A B A B A B

First draw an arc with Draw an arc with center C.

]›
Draw AG. It follows that
center A. Label the points Using the same radius, ∠ BAG > ∠ CAG.
where the arc intersects draw an arc with center B.
the sides of the angle Label the intersection
points B and C. point G.

4.6 Use Congruent Triangles 261

 ARCHITECTURE Can you use the given information to determine that
AB > }
} BC ? Justify your answer.
33. ∠ ABD > ∠ CBD, 34. }
AC ⊥ }
BD, BD bisects }
35. } AC,
AD 5 CD n ADE > n CDE }⊥ }
AD BD
B B
A B C
C
A E

A D C
D
D

36. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE You can use the method described below to
find the distance across a river. You will need a cap with a visor.
• Stand on one side of the river and look straight across to a point on
the other side. Align the visor of your cap with that point.
• Without changing the inclination of your neck and head, turn
sideways until the visor is in line with a point on your side of the
stream.
• Measure the distance BD between your feet and that point.

C
A A

B B D

a. What corresponding parts of the two triangles can you assume are
congruent? What postulate or theorem can you use to show that the
two triangles are congruent?
b. Explain why BD is also the distance across the stream.

PROOF Use the given information and the diagram to prove that ∠ 1 > ∠ 2.

37. GIVEN c }
MN > }
KN, ∠ PMN > ∠ NKL 38. GIVEN c } TV, }
TS > } SR > }
VW
K T

P J 2 1 2
S V
1 N P L
X
M R W

39. PROOF Write a proof. B

} }
GIVEN c BA > BC, D and E are midpoints, D E
∠ A > ∠ C, }
DF > }
EF F
} }
PROVE c FG > FH A G H C

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

262 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 AB i }
40. CHALLENGE In the diagram of pentagon ABCDE, } EC, }
AC i }
ED,
AB ED, and }
}> } AC > } AD > }
EC. Write a proof that shows } EB.

B D

A E

MIXED REVIEW
How many lines can be drawn that fit each description?
Copy the diagram and sketch all the lines. (p. 147) A
‹]›
41. Line(s) through B and parallel to AC
‹]› B
42. Line(s) through A and perpendicular to BC C

43. Line(s) through D and C D

PREVIEW The variable expressions represent the angle measures of a triangle. Find
Prepare for the measure of each angle. Then classify the triangle by its angles. (p. 217)
Lesson 4.7 in
44. m∠ A 5 x8 45. m∠ A 5 x8 46. m∠ A 5 (x 2 22)8
Exs. 44–46.
m∠ B 5 (4x)8 m∠ B 5 (5x)8 m∠ B 5 (x 1 16)8
m∠ C 5 (5x)8 m∠ C 5 (x 1 19)8 m∠ C 5 (2x 2 14)8

QUIZ for Lessons 4.4–4.6

Decide which method, SAS, ASA, AAS, or HL, can be used to prove that the
triangles are congruent. (pp. 240, 249)
1. 2. 3.

Use the given information to write a proof.

AB > }
4. GIVEN c ∠ BAC > ∠ DCA, } CD 5. GIVEN c ∠ W > ∠ Z, }
VW > }
YZ
PROVE c n ABC > n CDA (p. 240) PROVE c n VWX > n YZX (p. 249)
B Y

X
A C W Z

D V

6. Write a plan for a proof. (p. 256) P N

} }
GIVEN c PQ > MN, m∠ P 5 m∠ M 5 908
} }
PROVE c QL > NL
L
P
M

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 4.6, p. 903 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 263
 4.7 Use Isosceles and
Equilateral Triangles
Before You learned about isosceles and equilateral triangles.
Now You will use theorems about isosceles and equilateral triangles.
Why? So you can solve a problem about architecture, as in Ex. 40.

Key Vocabulary In Lesson 4.1, you learned that a triangle is isosceles if it vertex angle
• legs has at least two congruent sides. When an isosceles triangle
• vertex angle has exactly two congruent sides, these two sides are the
leg leg
• base legs. The angle formed by the legs is the vertex angle. The
base
• base angles third side is the base of the isosceles triangle. The two angles
angles adjacent to the base are called base angles.
base

THEOREMS For Your Notebook

THEOREM 4.7 Base Angles Theorem
If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles A
opposite them are congruent.
AB > }
If } AC, then ∠ B > ∠ C.
Proof: p. 265 B C

THEOREM 4.8 Converse of Base Angles Theorem

If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides A
opposite them are congruent.
AB > }
If ∠ B > ∠ C, then } AC.
Proof: Ex. 45, p. 269 B C

EXAMPLE 1 Apply the Base Angles Theorem

In nDEF, }
DE > }
DF. Name two congruent angles.
F
Solution
c}
DE > }
DF, so by the Base Angles Theorem, ∠ E > ∠ F. E D

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

Copy and complete the statement. H

1. If }
HG > }
HK, then ∠ ? > ∠ ? .
2. If ∠ KHJ > ∠ KJH, then ? > ? . G K J

264 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 PROOF Base Angles Theorem
GIVEN c}JK > }
JL K
PROVE c ∠K > ∠L J M

Plan a. Draw }JM so that it bisects }

KL . L
for
Proof b. Use SSS to show that nJMK > nJML.
c. Use properties of congruent triangles to show that ∠ K > ∠ L.

STATEMENTS REASONS

Plan 1. M is the midpoint of }

KL . 1. Definition of midpoint
a. 2. Draw }
in
Action JM. 2. Two points determine a line.
3. }
MK > } ML 3. Definition of midpoint
4. }
JK > }
JL 4. Given
5. }
JM > }JM 5. Reflexive Property of Congruence
b. 6. nJMK > nJML 6. SSS Congruence Postulate
c. 7. ∠ K > ∠ L 7. Corresp. parts of > n
s are >.

Recall that an equilateral triangle has three congruent sides.

COROLLARIES For Your Notebook

WRITE A Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem A
BICONDITIONAL
The corollaries state
If a triangle is equilateral, then it is equiangular.
that a triangle is
equilateral if and only Corollary to the Converse of Base Angles Theorem
if it is equiangular. B C
If a triangle is equiangular, then it is equilateral.

EXAMPLE 2 Find measures in a triangle

Find the measures of ∠ P, ∠ Q, and ∠ R. P
The diagram shows that nPQR is equilateral. Therefore,
R
by the Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem, nPQR is
equiangular. So, m∠ P 5 m∠ Q 5 m∠ R. P
3(m∠ P) 5 1808 Triangle Sum Theorem

m∠ P 5 608 Divide each side by 3.

c The measures of ∠ P, ∠ Q, and ∠ R are all 608.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2

3. Find ST in the triangle at the right. S T

4. Is it possible for an equilateral triangle to have
5
an angle measure other than 608? Explain.
U

4.7 Use Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 265

 EXAMPLE 3 Use isosceles and equilateral triangles

ALGEBRA Find the values of x and y in the diagram. K

4
y L
Solution x11
STEP 1 Find the value of y. Because nKLN is N M
equiangular, it is also equilateral
and }
KN > }
KL . Therefore, y 5 4.
AVOID ERRORS
STEP 2 Find the value of x. Because ∠ LNM > ∠ LMN,
You cannot use ∠ N to }
LN > }
LM and nLMN is isosceles. You also know
refer to ∠ LNM because
three angles have N as that LN 5 4 because nKLN is equilateral.
their vertex. LN 5 LM Definition of congruent segments

45x11 Substitute 4 for LN and x 1 1 for LM.

35x Subtract 1 from each side.

EXAMPLE 4 Solve a multi-step problem

LIFEGUARD TOWER In the lifeguard tower,
}
PS > }
QR and ∠ QPS > ∠ PQR. P Q
1 2
a. What congruence postulate can you use to
prove that nQPS > nPQR?
b. Explain why nPQT is isosceles. T
3
c. Show that nPTS > nQTR. 4
S
R

Solution
AVOID ERRORS a. Draw and label nQPS and nPQR so that P P P P
When you redraw the they do not overlap. You can see that 2 1
triangles so that they }> }
PQ QP, }
PS > }
QR, and ∠ QPS > ∠ PQR.
do not overlap, be So, by the SAS Congruence Postulate, T T
careful to copy all given nQPS > nPQR. 3 4
information and labels
correctly. b. From part (a), you know that ∠ 1 > ∠ 2
S R
because corresp. parts of > n
s are >. By

the Converse of the Base Angles Theorem,

}> }
PT QT, and nPQT is isosceles.
c. You know that }
PS > }
QR, and ∠ 3 > ∠ 4 because corresp. parts of > n
s

are >. Also, ∠ PTS > ∠ QTR by the Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem. So, nPTS > nQTR by the AAS Congruence Theorem.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

5. Find the values of x and y in the diagram.

y8 x8
6. REASONING Use parts (b) and (c) in Example 4 and the
SSS Congruence Postulate to give a different proof that
nQPS > nPQR.

266 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 4.7 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 5, 17, and 41
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 18, 19, 30, 31, 42, and 46

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Define the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle.

2. ★ WRITING What is the relationship between the base angles of an

isosceles triangle? Explain.

EXAMPLE 1 USING DIAGRAMS In Exercises 3–6, use the diagram. Copy and complete
on p. 264 the statement. Tell what theorem you used.
3. If }
AE > }
for Exs. 3–6
DE, then ∠ ? > ∠ ? .
E
4. If }
AB > }
EB, then ∠ ? > ∠ ? .
5. If ∠ D > ∠ CED, then ? > ? .
A B C D
6. If ∠ EBC > ∠ ECB, then ? > ? .

EXAMPLE 2 REASONING Find the unknown measure.

on p. 265
7. A 8. M 9. S
for Exs. 7–14

? 12 ?
608 608 ?
B C L 16 N R T

10. DRAWING DIAGRAMS A base angle in an isosceles triangle measures 378.

Draw and label the triangle. What is the measure of the vertex angle?

ALGEBRA Find the value of x.

11. E 12. K 13. B

5 5x 1 5
728
5 3x 8 F 16 L C
9x8
5 35
D J A

14. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

correct the error made in finding ∠ A > ∠ C, therefore B
BC in the diagram shown.
}
AC > }
BC. So, 5
BC 5 6
A 6 C

EXAMPLE 3 ALGEBRA Find the values of x and y.

on p. 266
15. 16. 17.
for Exs. 15–17 1028 y8
x8
y8
x8 (x 1 7)8 558 9y8

18. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Are isosceles triangles always acute triangles?

Explain your reasoning.

4.7 Use Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 267

 19. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of x in the diagram?

A 5 B 6 3x 1 4 22
C 7 D 9

ALGEBRA Find the values of x and y, if possible. Explain your reasoning.

20. 21. 22. 3x 2 2 32

X45 2 x4 C8 508 5y 2 4
3x8 7y 8

(2y 1 64)8 y 1 12

ALGEBRA Find the perimeter of the triangle.

(21 2 x ) in.
23. 24. 25.

(x 1 3) ft (2x 1 1) ft 7 in.
(x 1 4) in. (2x 2 3) in. (x 1 5) in.
6 ft

(4x 1 1) in.

REASONING In Exercises 26–29, use the diagram. State whether

the given values for x, y, and z are possible or not. If not, explain.
26. x 5 90, y 5 68, z 5 42

27. x 5 40, y 5 72, z 5 36 7 7

5 5
28. x 5 25, y 5 25, z 5 15 x8 y8
2 2
29. x 5 42, y 5 72, z 5 33 z8

30. ★ SHORT RESPONSE In nDEF, m∠ D 5 (4x 1 2)8, m∠ E 5 (6x 2 30)8, and

m∠ F 5 3x8. What type of triangle is nDEF? Explain your reasoning.

31. ★ }
SHORT RESPONSE In nABC, D is the midpoint of AC, and }
BD is
}
perpendicular to AC. Explain why nABC is isosceles.

ALGEBRA Find the value(s) of the variable(s). Explain your reasoning.

32. 33. 34.

x8 40
x8
y8 x8 40
308
8y

35. REASONING The measure of an exterior angle of an isosceles triangle is

1308. What are the possible angle measures of the triangle? Explain.

36. PROOF Let n ABC be isosceles with vertex angle ∠ A. Suppose ∠ A, ∠ B,

and ∠ C have integer measures. Prove that m∠ A must be even.

37. CHALLENGE The measure of an exterior angle of an isosceles triangle is

x8. What are the possible angle measures of the triangle in terms of x?
Describe all the possible values of x.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

268 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 PROBLEM SOLVING
38. SPORTS The dimensions of a sports pennant are given
in the diagram. Find the values of x and y. 798

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
y8
x8

39. ADVERTISING A logo in an advertisement is an equilateral triangle

with a side length of 5 centimeters. Sketch the logo and give the
measure of each side and angle.
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

40. ARCHITECTURE The Transamerica Pyramid

building shown in the photograph has four
faces shaped like isosceles triangles. The
measure of a base angle of one of these
858
triangles is about 858. What is the approximate
measure of the vertex angle of the triangle?

EXAMPLE 4 41. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM To make a zig-zag pattern, a graphic

on p. 266 designer sketches two parallel line segments. Then the
for Exs. 41–42 designer draws blue and green triangles as shown below.
a. Prove that n ABC > nBCD. B D F
b. Name all the isosceles triangles
in the diagram.
c. Name four angles that are
congruent to ∠ ABC. A C E G

42. ★ VISUAL REASONING In the pattern below, each small triangle is an

equilateral triangle with an area of 1 square unit.

Triangle

Area 1 square unit ? ? ?

a. Reasoning Explain how you know that any triangle made out of
equilateral triangles will be an equilateral triangle.
b. Area Find the areas of the first four triangles in the pattern.
c. Make a Conjecture Describe any patterns in the areas. Predict the area
of the seventh triangle in the pattern. Explain your reasoning.

43. REASONING Let nPQR be an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse }

QR.
Find m∠ P, m∠ Q, and m∠ R.

44. REASONING Explain how the Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem
follows from the Base Angles Theorem.

45. PROVING THEOREM 4.8 Write a proof of the Converse of the Base Angles
Theorem.

4.7 Use Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 269

 46. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Sue is designing fabric purses
that she will sell at the school fair. Use the diagram of
one of her purses.
" #
a. Prove that n ABE > nDCE. 
b. Name the isosceles triangles in the purse. %
c. Name three angles that are congruent to ∠ EAD.
! $
d. What If? If the measure of ∠ BEC changes, does
your answer to part (c) change? Explain.

REASONING FROM DIAGRAMS Use the information in the diagram to answer

the question. Explain your reasoning.
47. Is p i q? 48. Is n ABC isosceles?

458 p 508
B
1308 1 2 q
1308
A C

49. PROOF Write a proof. A

GIVEN c n ABC is equilateral,
∠ CAD > ∠ ABE > ∠ BCF. D

PROVE c n DEF is equilateral. E F

B C

50. COORDINATE GEOMETRY The coordinates of two vertices of nTUV are

T(0, 4) and U(4, 0). Explain why the triangle will always be an isosceles
triangle if V is any point on the line y 5 x except (2, 2).

51. CHALLENGE The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 3t, 5t 2 12, and
t 1 20. Find the values of t that make the triangle isosceles. Explain.

MIXED REVIEW
What quadrant contains the point? (p. 878)
52. (21, 23) 53. (22, 4) 54. (5, 22)

Copy and complete the given function table. (p. 884)

55. 56.
x 27 0 5 ? 22 0 1
y5x24 ? ? ? ? 26 0 3

PREVIEW AB > }
Use the Distance Formula to decide whether } AC. (p. 15)
Prepare for
57. A(0, 0), B(25, 26), C(6, 5) 58. A(3, 23), B(0, 1), C(21, 0)
Lesson 4.8 in
Exs. 57–60. 59. A(0, 1), B(4, 7), C(26, 3) 60. A(23, 0), B(2, 2), C(2, 22)

270 Chapter 4 EXTRA PR ACTICE for Lesson 4.7, p. 903 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
Investigating
g
Geometry
g
ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 4.8
4.8 Investigate Slides and Flips
M AT E R I A L S • graph paper • pencil

QUESTION What happens when you slide or flip a triangle?

EXPLORE 1 Slide a triangle y

C
STEP 1 Draw a triangle Draw a scalene right triangle with legs of length
3 units and 4 units on a piece of graph paper. Cut out the triangle. 1
A B
STEP 2 Draw coordinate plane Draw axes on the graph paper. Place 1 x
the cut-out triangle so that the coordinates of the vertices are
integers. Trace around the triangle and label the vertices.

STEP 3 Slide triangle Slide the cut-out triangle so it moves left and y
down. Write a description of the transformation and record
ordered pairs in a table like the one shown. Repeat this step C
three times, sliding the triangle left or right and up or down to
various places in the coordinate plane. C A B
1 x
Slide 2 units left and 3 units down. A B
Vertex Original position New position
A (0, 0) (23, 22)
B (3, 0) (0, 22)
C (3, 4) (0, 2)

EXPLORE 2 Flip a triangle

STEP 1 Draw a coordinate plane Draw and label a second coordinate y

plane. Place the cut-out triangle so that one vertex is at the
origin and one side is along the y-axis, as shown. C C

STEP 2 Flip triangle Flip the cut-out triangle over the y-axis. Record a A B B A
description of the transformation and record the ordered pairs 1 x
in a table. Repeat this step, flipping the triangle over the x-axis.

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

1. How are the coordinates of the original position of the triangle related to
the new position in a slide? in a flip?
2. Is the original triangle congruent to the new triangle in a slide? in a flip?
Explain your reasoning.

4.8 Perform Congruence Transformations 271

 4.8 Perform Congruence
Transformations
Before You determined whether two triangles are congruent.
Now You will create an image congruent to a given triangle.
Why So you can describe chess moves, as in Ex. 41.

Key Vocabulary A transformation is an operation that moves or changes a geometric figure

• transformation in some way to produce a new figure. The new figure is called the image.
• image A transformation can be shown using an arrow.
• translation The order of the vertices in the transformation n ABC → nPQR
• reflection statement tells you that P is the image of A,
Original figure Image
• rotation Q is the image of B, and R is the image of C.
• congruence
There are three main types of transformations. A translation moves every
transformation
point of a figure the same distance in the same direction. A reflection uses
a line of reflection to create a mirror image of the original figure. A rotation
turns a figure about a fixed point, called the center of rotation.

EXAMPLE 1 Identify transformations

TRANSFORMATIONS Name the type of transformation demonstrated in each picture.
You will learn more
a. b. c.
about transformations
in Lesson 6.7 and in
Chapter 9.
h P

Reflection in a Rotation about a point Translation in a

horizontal line straight path

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

1. Name the type of

transformation shown.

CONGRUENCE Translations, reflections, and rotations are three types of

congruence transformations. A congruence transformation changes the
position of the figure without changing its size or shape.

272 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 TRANSLATIONS In a coordinate plane, a translation moves an object a given
distance right or left and up or down. You can use coordinate notation to
describe a translation.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

READ DIAGRAMS Coordinate Notation for a Translation y
In this book, the original
figure is blue and the
You can describe a translation by the notation
transformation of the (x, y) → (x 1 a, y 1 b) x
b
figure is red, unless
otherwise stated. which shows that each point (x, y) of the blue a
figure is translated horizontally a units and
vertically b units.

EXAMPLE 2 Translate a figure in the coordinate plane

Figure ABCD has the vertices A(24, 3), B(22, 4), C(21, 1), and D(23, 1).
Sketch ABCD and its image after the translation (x, y) → (x 1 5, y 2 2).

Solution
First draw ABCD. Find the translation of each vertex by adding 5 to its
x-coordinate and subtracting 2 from its y-coordinate. Then draw ABCD and
its image.
(x, y) → (x 1 5, y 2 2) y

A(24, 3) → (1, 1) B
A
B(22, 4) → (3, 2)
2
C(21, 1) → (4, 21)
D C
D(23, 1) → (2, 21) 1 x

REFLECTIONS In this lesson, when a reflection is shown in a coordinate

plane, the line of reflection is always the x-axis or the y-axis.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Coordinate Notation for a Reflection
Reflection in the x-axis Reflection in the y-axis

y (x, y) (2x, y) y (x, y)

x
(x, 2y)
Multiply the y-coordinate by 21. Multiply the x-coordinate by 21.
(x, y) → (x, 2y) (x, y) → (2x, y)

4.8 Perform Congruence Transformations 273

 EXAMPLE 3 Reflect a figure in the y-axis
WOODWORK You are drawing a pattern for a y
wooden sign. Use a reflection in the x-axis to
draw the other half of the pattern.
1

1 x
Solution
y
Multiply the y-coordinate of each vertex by 21
to find the corresponding vertex in the image.
(x, y) → (x, 2y)
1
(21, 0) → (21, 0) (21, 2) → (21, 22)
1 x
(1, 2) → (1, 22) (1, 4) → (1, 24)
(5, 0) → (5, 0)
Use the vertices to draw the image. You can
check your results by looking to see if each
original point and its image are the same
distance from the x-axis. (FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3

2. The vertices of n ABC are A(1, 2), B(0, 0), and C(4, 0). A translation
of n ABC results in the image nDEF with vertices D(2, 1), E(1, 21),
and F(5, 21). Describe the translation in words and in coordinate notation.
3. The endpoints of }
RS are R(4, 5) and S(1, 23). A reflection of }
RS results in
TU, with coordinates T(4, 25) and U(1, 3). Tell which axis }
the image } RS
was reflected in and write the coordinate rule for the reflection.

ROTATIONS In this lesson, if a rotation is shown in a coordinate plane, the

center of rotation is the origin.
The direction of rotation can be either clockwise or counterclockwise. The
angle of rotation is formed by rays drawn from the center of rotation through
corresponding points on the original figure and its image.
908 clockwise rotation 608 counterclockwise rotation

y y

908
center of
608 rotation
O x O x
center of
rotation

Notice that rotations preserve distances from the center of rotation. So,
segments drawn from the center of rotation to corresponding points on the
figures are congruent.

274 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 EXAMPLE 4 Identify a rotation
Graph }AB and }CD. Tell whether }CD is a rotation of }
AB about the origin. If so,
give the angle and direction of rotation.
a. A(23, 1), B(21, 3), C(1, 3), D(3, 1) b. A(0, 1), B(1, 3), C(21, 1), D(23, 2)

Solution
a. y b. y
4
B C
3 B
D
908 C
A D
A
O 1 x O 1 x

m ∠ AOC 5 m ∠ BOD 5 908 m ∠ AOC < m∠ BOD

This is a 908 clockwise rotation. This is not a rotation.

EXAMPLE 5 Verify congruence

The vertices of n ABC are A(4, 4), B(6, 6), and C(7, 4). The notation
(x, y) → (x 1 1, y 2 3) describes the translation of n ABC to nDEF. Show
that n ABC > nDEF to verify that the translation is a congruence
transformation.

Solution
S You can see that AC 5 DF 5 3, so }
AC > }
DF. y

A Using the slopes, } DE and }

AB i } AC i }
DF. B
If you extend }
AB and }
DF to form ∠ G, the
Corresponding Angles Postulate gives you A C
∠ BAC > ∠ G and ∠ G > ∠ EDF. Then, E
∠ BAC > ∠ EDF by the Transitive Property
of Congruence. 1
G D F
S Using the Distance Formula, 1 x
AB 5 DE 5 2Ï 2 so }
AB > }
}
DE. So,
n ABC > nDEF by the SAS Congruence
Postulate.
c Because n ABC > nDEF, the translation is a congruence transformation.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 4 and 5

4. Tell whether nPQR is a rotation of y

nSTR. If so, give the angle and Q
2
direction of rotation.
R S
5. Show that nPQR > nSTR to verify
P 21 x
that the transformation is a
congruence transformation.
T

4.8 Perform Congruence Transformations 275

 4.8 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 11, 23, and 39
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 25, 40, 41, and 43

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Describe the translation (x, y) → (x 2 1, y 1 4) in words.

2. ★ WRITING Explain why the term congruence transformation is used in

describing translations, reflections, and rotations.

EXAMPLE 1 IDENTIFYING TRANSFORMATIONS Name the type of transformation shown.

on p. 272
3. y 4. y 5. y
for Exs. 3–8
2 1 2

3 x
4 x 1 x

WINDOWS Decide whether the moving part of the window is a translation.

6. Double hung 7. Casement 8. Sliding

EXAMPLE 2 DRAWING A TRANSLATION Copy figure ABCD y

on p. 273 and draw its image after the translation. B
for Exs. 9–16
9. (x, y) → (x 1 2, y 2 3)
A
10. (x, y) → (x 2 1, y 2 5) 1

11. (x, y) → (x 1 4, y 1 1) C 5 x
D
12. (x, y) → (x 2 2, y 1 3)

COORDINATE NOTATION Use coordinate notation to describe the translation.

13. 4 units to the left, 2 units down 14. 6 units to the right, 3 units up
15. 2 units to the right, 1 unit down 16. 7 units to the left, 9 units up

EXAMPLE 3 DRAWING Use a reflection in the x-axis to draw the other half of the figure.
on p. 274
17. y 18. y 19. y
for Exs. 17–19

1 1 1

1 x 1 x 1 x

276 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

EXAMPLE 4 ROTATIONS Use the coordinates to graph }
}
AB and CD. Tell whether CD }
on p. 275 is a rotation of }
AB about the origin. If so, give the angle and direction of
for Exs. 20–23 rotation.
20. A(1, 2), B(3, 4), C(2, 21), D(4, 23) 21. A(22, 24), B(21, 22), C(4, 3), D(2, 1)
22. A(24, 0), B(4, 24), C(4, 4), D(0, 4) 23. A(1, 2), B(3, 0), C(2, 21), D(2, 23)

24. ERROR ANALYSIS A student says that the

red triangle is a 1208 clockwise rotation of y
the blue triangle about the origin. 3
Describe and correct the error. 120°

O 1 x

25. ★ WRITING Can a point or a line segment be its own image under a
transformation? Explain and illustrate your answer.

APPLYING TRANSLATIONS Complete the statement using the description of

the translation. In the description, points (0, 3) and (2, 5) are two vertices of
a hexagon.
26. If (0, 3) translates to (0, 0), then (2, 5) translates to ? .
27. If (0, 3) translates to (1, 2), then (2, 5) translates to ? .
28. If (0, 3) translates to (23, 22), then (2, 5) translates to ? .

ALGEBRA A point on an image and the translation are given. Find the
corresponding point on the original figure.
29. Point on image: (4, 0); translation: (x, y) → (x 1 2, y 2 3)
30. Point on image: (23, 5); translation: (x, y) → (2x, y)
31. Point on image: (6, 29); translation: (x, y) → (x 2 7, y 2 4)

32. CONGRUENCE Show that the transformation in Exercise 3 is a

congruence transformation.

DESCRIBING AN IMAGE State the segment or triangle that represents the

image. You can use tracing paper to help you see the rotation.
33. 908 clockwise rotation of }
ST about E U
34. 908 counterclockwise rotation of }
BX about E
T V
35. 1808 rotation of nBWX about E A
D B
S W
36. 1808 rotation of nTUA about E E
C
Z X

AB to }
37. CHALLENGE Solve for the variables in the transformation of } CD and
then to }
EF.

A(2, 3), Translation: C(m 2 3, 4), Reflection: E(0, g 2 6),

B(4, 2a) (x, y) → (x 2 2, y 1 1) D(n 2 9, 5) in x-axis F(8h, 25)

4.8 Perform Congruence Transformations 277

 PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3 38. KITES The design for a kite shows the layout and
on p. 274 dimensions for only half of the kite.
for Ex. 38 a. What type of transformation can a designer FT
use to create plans for the entire kite?
b. What is the maximum width of the entire kite?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

39. STENCILING You are stenciling a room in your home. You want to use the
stencil pattern below on the left to create the design shown. Give the
angles and directions of rotation you will use to move the stencil from
A to B and from A to C.

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

40. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Some words reflect onto themselves through a

vertical line of reflection. An example is shown.
a. Find two other words with vertical lines of reflection.
Draw the line of reflection for each word.
b. Find two words with horizontal lines of reflection.
Draw the line of reflection for each word.

41. ★ SHORT RESPONSE In chess, six different kinds of pieces are moved
according to individual rules. The Knight (shaped like a horse) moves in
an “L” shape. It moves two squares horizontally or vertically and then one
additional square perpendicular to its original direction.
When a knight lands on a square with another piece,
it captures that piece.
a. Describe the translation used by the Black Knight
to capture the White Pawn.
b. Describe the translation used by the White Knight
to capture the Black Pawn.
c. After both pawns are captured, can the Black Knight
capture the White Knight? Explain.

EXAMPLE 5 42. VERIFYING CONGRUENCE Show that y

on p. 275 n ABC and nDEF are right triangles F
E
for Ex. 42 and use the HL Congruence Theorem C
to verify that nDEF is a congruence 1
B
transformation of n ABC. D 1 x
A

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

278 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 43. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A piece of paper is folded in
half and some cuts are made, as shown. Which figure
represents the unfolded piece of paper?

A B C D

44. CHALLENGE A triangle is rotated 908 counterclockwise and then

translated three units up. The vertices of the final image are A(24, 4),
B(21, 6), and C(21, 4). Find the vertices of the original triangle. Would the
final image be the same if the original triangle was translated 3 units up
and then rotated 908 counterclockwise? Explain your reasoning.

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW Simplify the expression. Variables a and b are positive.
Prepare for
2a 2 0 2a 1 2b
Lesson 5.1 in 45. } (p. 870) 46. ⏐(a 1 b) 2 a⏐ (p. 870) 47. } (p. 139)
0 2 (2b) 2
Exs. 45–50.

Simplify the expression. Variables a and b are positive. (p. 139)

} } }}
48. Ï(2b)2 49.Ï (2a)2 50.Ï (2a 2 a)2 1 (0 2 b)2

51. Use the SSS Congruence Postulate to show nRST > nUVW. (p. 234)
R(1, 24), S(1, 21), T(6, 21) U(1, 4), V(1, 1), W(6, 1)

QUIZ for Lessons 4.7–4.8

Find the value of x. (p. 264)
1. 2. 3.
24 in. (6x 1 12) in.
(4x 1 30) m 50 m
(3x 1 48)8

Copy nEFG and draw its image after the transformation. y

Identify the type of transformation. (p. 272) E
4. (x, y) → (x 1 4, y 2 1) 5. (x, y) → (2x, y) F

6. (x, y) → (x, 2y) 7. (x, y) → (x 2 3, y 1 2) G x

8. Is Figure B a rotation of Figure A about the origin? y

If so, give the angle and direction of rotation. (p. 272) B
A
1

1 x

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 4.8, p. 903 4.8ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 279
 MIXED REVIEW of Problem Solving STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com

Lessons 4.5–4.8
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Use the quilt pattern 4. SHORT RESPONSE Can the triangles ACD
shown below. and BCE be proven congruent using the
information given in the diagram? Can you
AD > }
show that }
y
BE ? Explain.
3
A B
B A
C
3 x C
D

D E

a. Figure B is the image of Figure A. Name 5. EXTENDED RESPONSE Use the information
and describe the transformation. given in the diagram to prove the statements
below.
b. Figure C is the image of Figure A. Name
and describe the transformation. B
c. Figure D is the image of Figure A. Name
and describe the transformation.
d. Explain how you could complete the quilt
pattern using transformations of Figure A.

2. SHORT RESPONSE You are told that a triangle

has sides that are 5 centimeters and
3 centimeters long. You are also told that the C
side that is 5 centimeters long forms an angle A
E
with the third side that measures 288. Is
there only one triangle that has these given F D
dimensions? Explain why or why not.
a. Prove that ∠ BCE > ∠ BAE.
3. OPEN-ENDED A friend has drawn a triangle AF > }
b. Prove that } CD.
on a piece of paper and she is describing
the triangle so that you can draw one that 6. GRIDDED ANSWER Find the value of x in the
is congruent to hers. So far, she has told you diagram.
that the length of one side is 8 centimeters
and one of the angles formed with this side
is 348. Describe three pieces of additional
information you could use to construct
the triangle.

45 in.
(4x 1 17) in.

34°
8 cm

280 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

4 CHAPTER SUMMARY
BIG IDEAS For Your Notebook
Big Idea 1 Classifying Triangles by Sides and Angles

Equilateral Isosceles Scalene

Sides

3 congruent sides 2 or 3 congruent sides No congruent sides

Acute Equiangular Right Obtuse

Angles

3 angles < 908 3 angles 5 608 1 angle 5 908 1 angle > 908

Big Idea 2 Proving That Triangles Are Congruent

SSS All three sides are congruent. B E

n ABC > n DEF
A C D F

SAS Two sides and the included B E

angle are congruent.
n ABC > n DEF
A C D F

HL The hypotenuse and one of B E

the legs are congruent.
n ABC > n DEF
(Right triangles only)
A C D F

ASA Two angles and the included B E

side are congruent. n ABC > n DEF
A C D F

AAS Two angles and a (non-included) B E

side are congruent.
n ABC > n DEF
A C D F

Big Idea 3 Using Coordinate Geometry to Investigate Triangle Relationships

You can use the Distance and Midpoint Formulas to apply postulates and
theorems to triangles in the coordinate plane.

Chapter Summary 281

4 CHAPTER REVIEW
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
classzone.com
• Multi-Language Glossary
• Vocabulary practice

For a list of • triangle, p. 217 • congruent figures, p. 225 • isosceles triangle, p. 264
postulates and scalene, isosceles, legs, vertex angle, base,
• corresponding parts, p. 225
theorems, see equilateral, acute, right, obtuse, base angles
equiangular • right triangle, p. 241
pp. 926–931. • transformation, p. 272
legs, hypotenuse
• interior angles, p. 218 • image, p. 272
• flow proof, p. 250
• exterior angles, p. 218 • congruence transformation, p. 272
• corollary to a theorem, p. 220 translation, reflection, rotation

VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. Copy and complete: A triangle with three congruent angles is called ? .
2. WRITING Compare vertex angles and base angles.
3. WRITING Describe the difference between isosceles and scalene triangles.
4. Sketch an acute scalene triangle. Label its interior angles 1, 2, and 3. Then
draw and shade its exterior angles.
5. If n PQR > n LMN, which angles are corresponding angles? Which sides
are corresponding sides?

REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

Use the review examples and exercises below to check your understanding
of the concepts you have learned in each lesson of Chapter 4.

4.1 Apply Triangle Sum Properties pp. 217–224

EXAMPLE
Find the measure of the exterior angle shown.
x8
Use the Exterior Angle Theorem to write and solve an
equation to find the value of x. 608 (2x 2 20)8

(2x 2 20)8 5 608 1 x8 Apply the Exterior Angle Theorem.

x 5 80 Solve for x.

The measure of the exterior angle is (2 p 80 2 20)8, or 1408.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3 Find the measure of the exterior angle shown.
on p. 219 6. 7. 2x8 8.
for Exs. 6–8 x8
208
(2x 2 25)8 (9x 1 9)8

8x8 458 5x8

282 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 classzone.com
Chapter Review Practice

4.2 Apply Congruence and Triangles pp. 225–231

EXAMPLE
Use the Third Angles Theorem to find m∠ X. B
In the diagram, ∠ A > ∠ Z and ∠ C > ∠ Y. By the Third
Angles Theorem, ∠ B > ∠ X. Then by the Triangle Sum 658 518
A C
Theorem, m∠ B 5 1808 2 658 2 518 5 648.
Y Z
So, m∠ X 5 m∠ B 5 648 by the definition of congruent angles.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES In the diagram, n ABC > nVTU. B U V
2 and 4 Find the indicated measure.
on pp. 226–227
9. m∠ B 10. AB 15 m
for Exs. 9–14
508 708
11. m∠ T 12. m∠ V A C T

Find the value of x.

13. 14.

1208 5x8
208 358
(2x 1 4)8

4.3 Prove Triangles Congruent by SSS pp. 234–239

EXAMPLE
M
Prove that nLMN > nPMN.
The marks on the diagram show that } LM > }
PM and
}
LN > }
PN. By the Reflexive Property, }
MN > }
MN. L N P
So, by the SSS Congruence Postulate, nLMN > nPMN.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1 Decide whether the congruence statement is true. Explain your reasoning.
on p. 234
15. nXYZ > nRST 16. n ABC > nDCB
for Exs. 15–16
Y S A
8 B
5 10
4
X Z R T
C 8 D

Chapter Review 283

4 4.4
CHAPTER REVIEW
Prove Triangles Congruent by SAS and HL pp. 240–246

EXAMPLE
D G
Prove that nDEF > nGHF.
DE > }
From the diagram, } GH, ∠ E > ∠ H, and }
EF > }
HF.
By the SAS Congruence Postulate, nDEF > nGHF. E F H

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Decide whether the congruence statement is true. Explain your reasoning.
1 and 3
17. nQRS > nTUS 18. nDEF > nGHF
on pp. 240, 242
for Exs. 17–18 P T G
D F
S H
R U
E

4.5 Prove Triangles Congruent by ASA and AAS pp. 249–255

EXAMPLE
A B
Prove that nDAC > nBCA.
By the Reflexive Property, }
AC > } AD i }
AC. Because } BC and D C
} }
AB i DC, ∠ DAC > ∠ BCA and ∠ DCA > ∠ BAC by the Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem. So, by the ASA Congruence Postulate, n ADC > n ABC.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES State the third congruence that is needed to prove that nDEF > nGHJ
1 and 2 using the given postulate or theorem.
DE > }
19. GIVEN c }
on p. 250
GH, ∠ D > ∠ G, ? > ?
for Exs. 19–20 J G
Use the AAS Congruence Theorem.
DF > }
20. GIVEN c }
D H
GJ, ∠ F > ∠ J, ? > ?
Use the ASA Congruence Postulate. E F

4.6 Use Congruent Triangles pp. 256–263

EXAMPLE
c}FG > }
JG, }
EG > }
F H
GIVEN HG G
PROVE
} }
c EF > HJ E J
You are given that }
FG > }
JG and }
EG > }
HG. By the Vertical Angles Theorem,
∠ FGE > ∠ JGH. So, nFGE > nJGH by the SAS Congruence Postulate.
Corres. parts of > n } }
s are >, so EF > HJ.

284 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 classzone.com
Chapter Review Practice

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3 Write a plan for proving that ∠ 1 > ∠ 2.
on p. 257
21. A B 22. F 23. P
for Exs. 21–23 1 2
12 P R
1 2
S T
C D E K G V
U W
H

4.7 Use Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles pp. 264–270

EXAMPLE
R
nQRS is isosceles. Name two congruent angles. P
}
QR > }
QS, so by the Base Angles Theorem, ∠ R > ∠ S. S

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3 Find the value of x.
on p. 266
for Exs. 24–26
24. L 25. W
9 ft X 32 x 1 30C8 26. T
7x 1 5
658
M 9 ft Y 10 U
x8 9 ft 13 2 x
N X V

4.8 Perform Congruence Transformations pp. 272–279

EXAMPLE
Triangle ABC has vertices A(25, 1), B(24, 4), and C(22, 3). Sketch n ABC
and its image after the translation (x, y) → (x 1 5, y 1 1).
(x, y) → (x 1 5, y 1 1) y

A(25, 1) → (0, 2) B

B(24, 4) → (1, 5) C
C(22, 3) → (3, 4) 1
A
1 x

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
Triangle QRS has vertices Q(2, 21), R(5, 22), and S(2, 23). Sketch nQRS
2 and 3
and its image after the transformation.
on pp. 273–274
for Exs. 27–29 27. (x, y) → (x 2 1, y 1 5) 28. (x, y) → (x, 2y) 29. (x, y) → (2x, 2y)

Chapter Review 285

4 CHAPTER TEST
Classify the triangle by its sides and by its angles.
1. 2. 3.

In Exercises 4–6, find the value of x.

4. 5. 6. x8
808 508
558
2x8 x8
308 x8

7. In the diagram, DEFG > WXFG. E X

Find the values of x and y.
758
F
608 (15x 1 y)8
D 10 G 3x 2 5 W

In Exercises 8–10, decide whether the triangles can be proven congruent by

the given postulate.
8. n ABC > nEDC by SAS 9. nFGH > nJKL by ASA 10. nMNP > nPQM by SSS

A B G J L N P

C
F H K M P
D E
B
11. Write a proof.
GIVEN c n ABC is isosceles, }
BD bisects ∠ B.
PROVE c n ABD > nCBD A D C

12. What is the third congruence needed to prove that

nPQR > nSTU using the indicated theorem?
P Q U
a. HL b. AAS

R T S

Decide whether the transfomation is a translation, reflection, or rotation.

13. y 14. y 15. y

1 1 1

1 x x 1 x

286 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

4 ALGEBRA REVIEW
SOLVE INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE EQUATIONS
classzone.com
Algebra

EXAMPLE 1 Solve inequalities

Solve 23x 1 7 ≤ 28. Then graph the solution.

When you multiply or divide each side of an inequality by a negative number,
you must reverse the inequality symbol to obtain an equivalent inequality.
23x 1 7 ≤ 28 Write original inequality.

23x ≤ 21 Subtract 7 from both sides.

x ≥ 27 Divide each side by 23. Reverse the inequality symbol.

c The solutions are all real numbers greater than

or equal to 27. The graph is shown at the right. 28 26 24 22 0

EXAMPLE 2 Solve absolute value equations

Solve ⏐2x 1 1⏐ 5 5.
The expression inside the absolute value bars can represent 5 or 25.
STEP 1 Assume 2x 1 1 represents 5. STEP 2 Assume 2x 1 1 represents 25.
2x 1 1 5 5 2x 1 1 5 25
2x 5 4 2x 5 26
x52 x 5 23
c The solutions are 2 and 23.

E XERCISES
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the inequality. Then graph the solution.
for Exs. 1–12
1. x 2 6 > 24 2. 7 2 c ≤ 21 3. 254 ≥ 6x
5 1
4. } t 1 8 ≤ 33 5. 3(y 1 2) < 3 6. } z<2
2 4
7. 5k 1 1 ≥ 211 8. 13.6 > 20.8 2 7.2r 9. 6x 1 7 < 2x 2 3
10. 2v 1 12 ≤ 9 2 2v 11. 4(n 1 5) ≥ 5 2 n 12. 5y 1 3 ≥ 2(y 2 9)

EXAMPLE 2 Solve the equation.

for Exs. 13–27
13. ⏐x 2 5⏐ 5 3 14. ⏐x 1 6⏐ 5 2 15. ⏐4 2 x⏐ 5 4

16. ⏐2 2 x⏐ 5 0.5 17. ⏐3x 2 1⏐ 5 8 18. ⏐4x 1 5⏐ 5 7

19. ⏐x 2 1.3⏐ 5 2.1 20. ⏐3x 2 15⏐ 5 0 21. ⏐6x 2 2⏐ 5 4

22. ⏐8x 1 1⏐ 5 17 23. ⏐9 2 2x⏐ 5 19 24. ⏐0.5x 2 4⏐ 5 2

25. ⏐5x 2 2⏐ 5 8 26. ⏐7x 1 4⏐ 5 11 27. ⏐3x 2 11⏐ 5 4

Algebra Review 287

 4 ★ Standardized TEST PREPARATION

CONTEXT-BASED
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Some of the information you need to solve a context-based multiple choice
question may appear in a table, a diagram, or a graph.

PROBLEM 1
Five of six players on a lacrosse team y
are set up in a 2-3-1 formation. In
J
this formation, the players form two
congruent triangles. Three attackmen
form one triangle. Three midfielders K
form the second triangle. In the
A C
diagram, where should player L stand
so that n ABC > nJKL?
A (8, 8) B (20, 60) 5
B

C (40, 40) D (30, 15) 5 x

Plan
INTERPRET THE GRAPH Use the graph to determine the coordinates of each
player. Use the Distance Formula to check the coordinates in the choices.

Solution
STEP 1
For n ABC, the coordinates are A(20, 20), B(30, 10), and C(40, 20). For n JKL,
Find the coordinates of
the coordinates are J(20, 40), K(30, 30), and L( ? , ? ).
each vertex.
STEP 2
Because n ABC > n JKL, BC 5 KL and CA 5 LJ. Find BC and CA.
Calculate EH and GE. }}} } }
By the Distance Formula, BC 5 Ï (402 30)2 1 (20 2 10)2 5 Ï 200 5 10Ï2 yards.
}}} }
Also, CA 5 Ï(202 40)2 1 (20 2 20)2 5 Ï 400 5 20 yards.
STEP 3
Check the coordinates given in the choices to see whether LJ 5 CA 5 20 yards
Check the choices to }
find the coordinates that and KL 5 BC 5 10Ï 2 yards. As soon as one set of coordinates does not work
produce the congruent. for the first side length, you can move to the next set.
}} }
Choice A: L(8, 8), so LJ 5 Ï (20 2 8)2 1 (40 2 8)2 5 4Ï 73 Þ 20 ✗
}}} }
Choice B: L(20, 60), so LJ 5 Ï (20 2 20)2 1 (40 2 60)2 5 Ï 400 5 20 ✓
}}} } }
and KL 5 Ï(20 2 30)2 1 (60 2 30)2 5 Ï1000 Þ 10Ï 2 ✗
}}} }
Choice C: L(40, 40), so LJ 5 Ï (20 2 40)2 1 (40 2 40)2 5 Ï 400 5 20 ✓
}}} } }
and KL 5 Ï(40 2 30)2 1 (40 2 30)2 5 Ï200 5 10Ï 2 ✓
Player L should stand at (40, 40). The correct answer is C. A B C D

288 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 PROBLEM 2
Use the diagram to find the value of y.
(4x 2 47)8
A 15.5 B 27.5
2y8
C 43 D 82

(2x 2 4)8 x 8

Plan
INTERPRET THE DIAGRAM All of the angle measures in the diagram are
labeled with algebraic expressions. Use what you know about the angles in a
triangle to find the value of y.

Solution
STEP 1
Use the Exterior Angle Theorem to find the value of x.
Find the value of x.
(4x 2 47)8 5 (2x 2 4)8 1 x8 Exterior Angle Theorem

4x 2 47 5 3x 2 4 Combine like terms.

x 5 43 Solve for x.
STEP 2
Use the Linear Pair Postulate to find the value of y.
Find the value of y.
(4x 2 47)8 1 2y8 5 1808 Linear Pair Postulate

[4(43) 2 47] 1 2y 5 180 Substitute 43 for x.

125 1 2y 5 180 Simplify.

y 5 27.5 Solve for y.

The correct answer is B. A B C D

PRACTICE
1. In Problem 2, what are the measures of the interior angles of the triangle?
A 27.58, 438, 109.58 B 27.58, 518, 868
C 408, 608, 808 D 438, 558, 828

2. What are the coordinates of the vertices

y
of the image of nFGH after the translation
(x, y) → (x 2 2, y 1 3)? F
3

A (3, 4), (24, 4), (21, 6) G

B (22, 21), (1, 3), (5, 1)
2 x
C (4, 1), (7, 21), (1, 23) H
D (24, 2), (21, 6), (3, 4)

Standardized Test Preparation 289

4 ★ Standardized TEST PRACTICE

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A teacher has the pennants shown below. 4. The diagram shows the final step in folding
Which pennants can you prove are an origami butterfly. Use the congruent
congruent? quadrilaterals, outlined in red, to find the
value of x 1 y.

BEARS J K N O
458 1068 (x 1 2y)8
858 (x 2 11)8
1248
L
Bobcats M P

A All of the pennants can be proven A 25 B 56

congruent. C 81 D 106
B The Hawks, Cyclones, and Bobcats
pennants can be proven congruent. 5. Which reason cannot be used to prove that
∠ A > ∠ D?
C The Bobcats and Bears pennants can be
proven congruent. A D
D None of the pennants can be proven
congruent.
B 5m F C 5m E
In Exercises 2 and 3, use the graph below.
A Base Angles Theorem
y
B Segment Addition Postulate
N
C SSS Congruence Postulate
2
D Corresponding parts of congruent
triangles are congruent.
1 x
M P
6. Which coordinates are the vertices of a
triangle congruent to nJKL?

2. What type of triangle is n MNP? A (25, 0), (25, 6), (21, 6)

A Scalene B (21, 25), (21, 21), (1, 25)

B Isosceles C (2, 1), (2, 3), (5, 1)

C Right D (4, 6), (6, 6), (6, 4)

D Not enough information y

J K
3. Which are the coordinates of point Q such
that nMNP > nQPN?
A (0, 23) L
1
B (26, 3)
1 x
C (12, 3)
D (3, 25)

290 Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

 STATE TEST PRACTICE
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GRIDDED ANSWER SHORT RESPONSE

7. What is the perimeter of the triangle? 10. If n ABE > n EDC, show that n EFA > n CBE.

3x 2 2 2x 1 3 A B C

5x

8. Figure ABCD has vertices A(0, 2), B(22, 24), F E D

C(2, 7), and D(5, 0). What is the y-coordinate
of the image of vertex B after the translation 11. Two triangles have the same base and height.
(x, y) → (x 1 8, y 2 0.5)? Are the triangles congruent? Justify your
answer using an example.
9. What is the value of x?
12. If two people construct wooden frames
for a triangular weaving loom using the
x x instructions below, will the frames be
(3x 1 18)8
congruent triangles? Explain your reasoning.
x
Construct the frame so that the loom has
a 908 angle at the bottom and 458 angles
at the two upper corners. The piece of
wood at the top should measure 72 inches.

EXTENDED RESPONSE
13. Use the diagram at the right. y

a. Copy the diagram onto a piece of graph paper. Reflect n ABC in B

the x-axis.
b. Copy and complete the table. Describe what you notice about the
C
coordinates of the image compared to the coordinates of n ABC.
1
A
A B C 1 x
Coordinates of n ABC ? ? ?
Coordinates of image ? ? ?

14. Kylie is designing a quilting pattern using two different fabrics. The A
B
diagram shows her progress so far. C
a. Use the markings on the diagram to prove that all of the white
triangles are congruent. J
H D
b. Prove that all of the blue triangles are congruent.
c. Can you prove that the blue triangles are right triangles? Explain. G
F
E

Standardized Test Practice 291