ELECTROMAGNETISM &

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 Basic definitions

Magnetic field :-
The space around a magnet in which the magnetic effects are felt is known as
magnetic field.

Magnetic flux :- [Ø]

The magnetic lines of force originate from north pole N & go into south pole
S. The entire magnetic lines of force representing a magnetic field is magnetic
flux. It is expressed in [wb] . It is analogous to current .
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,
Hassan
Magnetic flux density:- [B]
The magnetic flux per unit area, area being normal to lines of flux is flux density. It is
expressed in (wb/m2) or Tesla (T) .
Magneto Motive Force (m.m.f) :-
m.m.f is the force that drives flux through a magnetic circuit. Or it can also be defined as the
force required to drive flux through a magnetic circuit. It is analogous to emf . It is expressed
in [AT].
Magnetic field intensity / Magnetising force/ Magnetic field strength:-
It is defined as number of ampere turns produced per unit length or it can also be defined as
the force experienced by unit N pole placed at that point
[ H= NI /l] AT/m
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,
Hassan
Reluctance:-
Opposition offered to the production of magnetic flux. Or it can also be defined as opposition
offered to the passage of magnetic flux through a material.
It is expressed in (AT/wb). It is analogous to resistance. It is given by ,
[R = l /μ0 μr A]
where,
l - length of magnetic material or circuit
A- area of cross section
• μ0 - permeability of free space
• μr - relative permeability

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
Permeability:-
It is the property of a magnetic material by virtue of which magnetic flux can be easily

created in it. It is analogous to conductance.

a) Absolute permeability (μ) [μ = B / H]

b) Relative permeability (μr) [μr = B / B0] B0 - flux induced in free space

Magnetic circuit:-
Path followed by magnetic flux is magnetic circuit .

Mean circumference of the ring is taken as length of magnetic circuit. (l = π d)

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 Analogy Between Electric & Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

mmf creates magnetic flux. (At) emf drives current (V)

Reluctance is opposition offered magnetic flux. Resistance is opposition to offered to flow of

current
Magnetic flux Ø (Wb) Electric Current I, (A)

Permeability μ (Tm/A) Conductivity (S/m)

Permeance, G (Wb/A) Conductance, G (S)

Flux density B (Wb/m2) or T Current density (A/m2) J

Magnetic field intensity H (At/m) Electric field intensity E (V/m)

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 Differences Between Magnetic Circuit And Electric Circuit

Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

Once set up, no energy is required to maintain it Energy must be continuously required to maintain
current flow.

It stores energy It dissipates energy in the form of heat.

Saturation exists in magnetic circuits There is no concept of saturation in electric circuit

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Faraday’s Experiment
Magnet at rest No deflection in
galvanometer
Magnet moved towards the Galvanometer deflects in
coil one direction
Magnet moved away from Galvanometer deflects in
the coil the opposite direction

Whenever there is relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, the
flux linkage with a coil changes and this change in flux induces a voltage across a
coil.
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,
Hassan
 Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction

I law :-
Whenever magnetic flux linking a coil changes, emf is induced.
or
Whenever there is a relative motion between flux & conductor emf is
induced in that conductor.

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction

II law:-
The magnitude of induced emf is equal to rate of change of flux linking
the coil.
[e = dØ / dt]

For a coil with 'N' turns, (emf is induced in each turn)

Total emf induced is given by,
e = N dØ/dt

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
Lenz's law
The direction of induced emf is such that it opposes the cause producing
it.

e = - N dØ/dt

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 Property of electromagnetism

“Every current carrying conductor produces its own flux around it " . The direction of the
flux is given by Right hand thumb rule.

Right hand thumb rule

When a conductor is held in the palm –
• Thumb points towards direction of current
• Curled fingers represent direction of flux

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 Types of induced emf
• Dynamically induced emf –
emf induced due to the relative motion between flux & conductor is called dynamically induced emf .
Example – Generators
• Statically induced emf -
emf induced in the coil when the varying flux links with itself is called statically induced emf and is called
so because it involves no moving parts .(flux and conductor remain stationary)
a) Self induced emf - Current is passed through a coil, flux develops around it. When the current is varied
flux varies which links with coil and emf is induced.
b) Mutually induced emf - Emf induced when varying flux in a coil links with the neighbouring coil and
induces emf in neighbouring coil .
Example - transformer

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
Self inductance :
The ability of a coil to induce emf in itself (by changing current flowing through it) is self inductance.

Or

When current is increased through a coil, it is opposed by instantaneous production of emf (self induced /
counter emf) or when current is decreased , it is also opposed by self induced emf [delayed]. This property of
coil due to which it opposes an increase or decrease of current through it, is called self inductance.

Self inductance is measured in terms of co efficient of self induction.

where L is the self inductance (coefficient of self induction) given by ,

L = N dØ/di
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,
Hassan
With
L = N dØ/di
Since Ø α I , dØ/di can be replaced by Ø/I
L = N Ø/i
When flux is expressed in terms of the ratio of mmf & reluctance , L is
given by ,
L = N2 μA / l

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
Energy stored in an inductor:-
When current through an inductor is increased from 0 to I in time 't', an emf 'e' is
induced in the coil.
Work done to overcome the opposition due to induced emf for an increase in current
is given by
Total energy W absorbed is given by-
W = ʃe.i dt = ʃL (di/dt) i dt = ʃLi di = L i2 / 2 = (1/2) L I2

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
Mutual inductance :
The ability of a coil to induce emf in the neighbouring coil by induction due to
change in current in 1st coil . Consider two coils having turns N1 & N2 respectively
Let V1 be the applied voltage in coil1 .
I1 be the current flowing in coil1 due to V1
Flux Ø1 is produced in coil 1 due to I1
emf is induced in coil 1 given by ,
e1 = - N1 dØ1/dt
Part of the flux Ø1 which is Ø12 links with both coils 1
&2
emf induced in coil 2 is given by ,
e12 = - N2 dØ12/dt
e12 = - N2 (dØ12/di1) X (di1/dt)
e12 = - M12 di1/dt
where M12 is the mutual inductance given by
M12 = N2 dØ12/di1
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,
Hassan
 Problems
1. The current in a coil decreases from 10A to 4 A in 0.1sec. If the inductance of the coil if 4H calculate
the emf induced in the coil.
Solution: emf induced in the coil is given by = e = - L di/dt
e = - 4 * (10-4)/0.1
= - 240 V
2. A coil consists of 600 turns and a current of 10A in the coil gives rise to a magnetic flux of 1mwb.
Calculate i) Self inductance, ii) Energy stored in the inductor, iii)emf induced when the current is
reversed in 0.01 second.
Solution:
i) Self inductance L = NØ/I = 600 * 1*10-3 / 10 = 0.06 H
ii) Energy stored W = (1/2) L I2 = 0.5 * 0.06 * 102 = 3 J
iii) Emf induced e = - L di/dt = - 0.06 * ((-10)-10)/0.01 = 120 V

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,

Hassan
 Problems
3. A coil consists of 750 turns. A current of 10 A in the coil gives rise to a magnetic flux of 1200 wb. Determine
the inductance of the coil and the average emf induced in the coil when this current is reversed in 0.01 second.
Solution:
i) Self inductance L = NØ/I = 750 * 1200*10-6 / 10 = 0.09 H
ii) Emf induced e = - L di/dt = - 0.09 * ((-10)-10)/0.01 = 180 V
4. A flux of 0.5 mwb, is produced in coil of 900 turns wound on a wooden ring by a current of 3 A. Calculate the
inductance of the coil, average emf induced in it when a current of 5A is switched off , assuming the current to fall
to zero in 1ms, mutual inductance between the coils, if a second coil of 600 turns was uniformly wound over the
first.
Solution:
i) Self inductance L = NØ/I = 900 * 0.5*10-3 / 3 = 0.15 H
ii) Emf induced: e = - L di/dt [Initial current Iinitial = 5A, Final current Ifinal = 0 A, dt = 1ms]
= - 0.15 * (Iinitial – Ifinal) / dt = - 0.15 * (5 – 0) / 1*10-3 = 750 V
iii) Mutual inductance M = KN2Ø1 / I1 [ here k = 1 as coil is wound over first] (N2 = 600)
M = 1 * 600 * 0.5*10-3 / 3
M = 0.1 H
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J., Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, MCE,
Hassan