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Review and Open issues of Cryptographic Algorithms in Cyber Security

Conference Paper · August 2019

DOI: 10.1109/iCCECE46942.2019.8941663

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 Review and Open issues of Cryptographic
Algorithms in Cyber Security
Safeeullah Soomro Mohammad Riyaz Belgaum Zainab Alansari
Department of Computer Studies Malaysian Institute of Information Department of Computer Studies, AMA
AMA International University Technology International University, Salmabad,
Salmabad, Bahrain Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Bahrain.
[email protected] Lumpur, Malaysia.(UniKL MIIT) [email protected]
[email protected]

Ruchin Jain
Department of Computer Studies
AMA International University
Salmabad, Bahrain
[email protected]

Abstract— Security has been a primary focus in all the data and information related to private and public sectors are
areas of communications and also has become a big problem very sensible and are prone to attacks. Today most of the
for all kind of companies dealing with heterogeneous data. To transactions are carried out online due to fast internet
overcome the security issues, we have cybersecurity specialists service and applications available on devices like mobile,
and experts around the world but the finding and hiring these
tabs and laptops, so it is challenging to avoid leakage of
people are difficult due to expenses accordance with projects.
The researchers have focused on some of the issues of information, theft and robbery.
cryptographic algorithms to review it and provide solutions in
terms of research and development. Furthermore, we discuss Moreover, with the advancement of technology and the
cryptographic algorithms which may help to reduce security usage of 3G and 4G communications availability has led the
issues around the world, but some issues are rigorous, so will intruders and hackers to get their tasks easy as the users are
discuss here and review it according to standard encryption not aware of how to keep their data secure. Therefore the
and decryption methods in cryptography. Some of the security has become a concern of the providers itself. We
encryption and decryption algorithms consider and explain can say that it is a war against intruders and hackers to keep
some excellent examples for the researchers to find it for a
data secure. To avoid and stay safe ourselves, we have to
better comparison in the field of cybersecurity. Our effort may
help researchers to enhance security capabilities in terms of provide pieces of training and awareness of security issues
cryptographic algorithms in general. We provide a summary of and provide comprehensive approaches to employees who
different algorithms in this paper and elaborate open issues can remain reliable data and information all the time. It is
together with discussions that may help us to reduce problems current need of all industries to keep their employees trained
of security issues. and updated for upcoming security issues otherwise it is
challenging to hire security specialist who is very difficult to
Keywords—Encryption, Decryption, Cryptography, Data, find and expenses to affect the project’s cost and time
information security, Security issues, Secret Keys and ultimately.
Cryptographic algorithms.

I. INTRODUCTION The researchers in this field provide useful algorithms to

avoid security issues and provide safeguards to the data and
information, which we may keep safe and secure from
Presently everyone's concern in all the areas of research is intruders and hackers. These algorithms are called
security as it plays a significant role to secure the data and encryption and decryption algorithms. There are various
information from the intruders and hackers through some encryption and decryption algorithms where the user needs
cryptographic algorithms. The major part of cryptographic the same key on both sides called symmetric, and the
algorithms is encryption and decryption of communication algorithms that have different keys for encryption and
messages. The encryption is the process of encoded decryption is called asymmetric. In this work, we provide
messages from senders to receivers in such a way that no both reviews and challenges for securing the data, which is
other actor can understand. The decryption is mainly the the ultimate goal of any company or industry around the
reverse process of encrypted messages, which is decrypted world.
from the secret information through a secret key that only
sender and receiver can understand and use it. Most of the banking and electronic transactions are carried
out through online using wireless networks that demand
In this work, we are providing review and open issues of the secure connections[1]. This is called as CLA triad [1], which
cryptographic algorithms, which may help to secure the data ensures the confidentiality, and authentication through
and information through communication channels secretly. wireless or on a wired connection. According to banking
The cybersecurity is a major challenge for all industries to and electronic payments survey the NIST Computer
keep their data and information safe from intruders and Security Handbook [9] defines the term computer security
hackers. Securing data has become very difficult to manage as, “The protection afforded to an automatic information
due to the cost involved and the availability of experts. For system in order to accomplish the applicable objectives of
all sizes of organizations like small, medium and large, the preserving the integrity, availability and confidentiality of

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978-1-7281-2138-3/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
information system resources (includes hardware, software, hackers, which are discussed below to provide security and
firmware, information/data, and telecommunications).” The vigilance.
mechanism that protects the information from changes, a. Authentication
destruction, unintended or unauthorized access of the data is The messages in between senders and receivers have a piece
security. Cryptography (a word with Greek origins, means of code, which may validate on both sides are called as
“secret writing”), is the science and art of transforming authentication in cryptography. For example, when we are
messages to make them secure and immune to attack, used doing online shopping or carrying online banking
in security in networking. [10]. transactions, we receive OTC (One Time Code) which may
keep security measures for the out data and information. In
Our research outlines the following research questions, and Figure 2, we provide a pictorial presentation of the
each research question is answered in our study. authentication process in cryptography. Mainly it proves the
identity in between sender and receiver through any
I. How Cryptographic algorithms work and secure communication channel.
information from other parties. Furthermore
provides literature review and discussion. b. Confidentiality/Privacy
II. Review of those algorithms and provide a solution The privacy means only sender and receiver can understand
in terms of discussions where we discuss the the communication which is called as a secret
challenges and comparative analysis of algorithms communication. It exchanges cipher messages between
in terms of cybersecurity and provide final verdict sender and receiver through any communication channel
according to our understanding of research in where authorized parties can understand it. Furthermore,
cryptographic algorithms. confidentiality is a process where only the authorized party
can use and understand it. Moreover, unauthorized parties
Furthermore, our study provides a literature review, can download or copy the message but could not understand
challenges and future research on the comparison of due to encryption. The reason is that they could not decrypt
different research work based on various entities like time the message due to the unavailability of the encryption key.
consumption, key length, speed and cost. In Figure 3, the process of privacy/confidentiality is shown
below.
The paper briefs as follows: Section 2 introduces S M R
cryptographic algorithms while section 3 discusses the
comparative analysis, discussion about cryptographic
algorithms and cybersecurity; section 4 provides related K
research while section 5 presents the conclusion. Fig.3 Privacy in between sender and receiver

II. CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS OVERVIEW In Figure 3, S represents the sender, M represents the
Cryptographic algorithms are securing information through message, R represents the receiver and K stands for key,
communication paths. Those algorithms are essential and which is a secret key on any communication channel.
useful for different tasks carried from sender and receiver c. Integrity
through any network. The tasks are encryption, decryption, This process ensures the data and information is secure and
authentication and digital identity, which are carried through places it on devices correctly. It aims to keep as trusted data
cryptographic algorithms and keep communication and on devices where senders and receivers can upload and
information safe from hackers and intruders. Technically download the data. Furthermore, it provides a protected
the algorithms are categorized as symmetric and shield to data and information from intruders and hackers
asymmetric, which are designed for the achievement of who may damage it.
security measurements for the listed categories. d. Non-Repudiation
Non-repudiation is a legal concept, which is used for
security purpose and provides proofs to senders and
receivers. Mainly it is a legitimate concern that no one can
deny any transaction between both parties.
e. Service Availability and Reliability
This is mainly a maintenance part of the cybersecurity
process where devices can maintain and repair onetime. It
manages to detect and remove spyware for operating
systems. Furthermore, we provide a summary of different
cryptographic algorithms and discuss some issues and
challenges. Before discussing the various algorithms, we
give some information about the symmetric and asymmetric,
Fig.1 Cryptographic Security Categories which is a need for the understanding of most of the
Fig. 1 represents the Cryptographic categories of the algorithms in cryptography. The symmetric algorithm is an
security and goals of the cryptographic functions in general. encryption method or scheme, which uses the same key for
The five main goals of the cryptographic algorithms, make encryption, and decryption of messages in between senders
sure to secure data and information from intruders and and receivers. The asymmetric algorithm is also called
public-key cryptography, where messages are encrypted and

159
decrypted with two different keys one is public, and another III. CHALLENGES AND COMPARATIVE
private key. The public key can be shared with anyone while ANALYSIS
the private key has to be shared with specific receivers to In this section, we discuss and provide a comparative
keep data safe and secure from the intruders and hackers. analysis of different factors of a cryptographic algorithm
a) DES/3DES or TripleDES like time, cost, usage, key length, factors, performance,
The US Government started using this encryption method in advanced features and security issues. The challenges are
the ’70s. The ATMs use this method for the transactions depicted below, and the solution may discuss according to
carried out. It provides encrypted data and password in given sceneries and expert opinions.
different operating systems used for ATMs. Furthermore, The cyberattacks come along with online transactions,
the advanced version offers three times better than the old network share folders, clods and data integration centers. A
system and ensures the encryption process in an efficient study on various research papers is carried out to provide
way. data in the table and compare with current scenarios of
b) Blowfish Malaysia country, which is quite better in the development
Bruce Schneider developed the blowfish algorithm in 1993. of safer strategies for the cyber attacks.
This technique is open and free to use as the patents are not
held by anyone. The secret key size may vary from 32 to Incidents 2012-2018 2019 Increase/Decrease
448 bits. It is faster than DES in converting messages using
Fraud 2439 2650 Increase
encryption and decryption.
Intrusion 2203 2305 Increase
c) AES
Spam 291 400 Increase
Advanced Encryption Standard started in 1997 by the
Malicious 353 380 Increase
National Institute of Standards and Technology. It is an
advanced encrypted system which works efficiently in Code
restricted environments. Furthermore, the Twofish Cyber 173 10 Increase
algorithm becomes an advanced encryption algorithm which Harassments
replaced DES. Also, AES could benefit the databases to Content 10 20 Increase
secure the data [13]. During encryption-decryption, the AES Related
process encodes ten rounds for 128-bit keys. Twelve rounds Denial of 55 90 Increase
for 192-bit keys and fourteen rounds for the 256-bit keys to Services
come out with the last encoded message [14]. The AES Vulnerability 12 42 Increase
allows 128-bit length information to be split into four Reports
fundamental active blocks. Those parts are dealt with as a Table.1 Cryptographic Security Categories
line of bytes and combine data from 8 to 256 bits in
different pieces. In Table 1, Column 1 shows the data attacks in different
d) RSA related entities regarding cybersecurity. Column 2 provides
RSA represents Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard information on various attacks since 2012-2018[23].
Adleman. RSA is named after the mathematicians who Column 3 contains attacks of the year 2019, and column 4
concocted it. RSA was first distributed in 1997 [11]. shows the relative comparison between the years from 2012
Variable size key and encryption square are utilized in RSA. till now. It shows an increasing trend because of cyber hubs
The primary favourable position of the RSA calculation is in different small, medium and large organizations. The
upgraded security and comfort. Utilizing Public Key reasons are costly to higher people and provide cyber
Encryption is likewise a preferred position of this solutions. Most of the companies and organizations have
calculation. RSA needs encryption speed [12]. RSA, by and already installed and started to offer security systems fully.
large, has three stages; key age, encoding and deciphering. According to our knowledge, the increment of 10% is not a
Then again, RSA has numerous disparities, so it is not significant loss and is quite affordable. According to this
suitable for banking and commercial industries [15]. survey report, we can say that due to the integration of cyber
e) IDEA systems and experts, 20% is an efficient way to deal with
IDEA technique is a minor revision in DES where it cyber attacks.
operates on 64 to 128 bits and provides a chunk of pieces in IV. RELATED RESEARCH
8 bits where the bitwise operation may rotate a bit per single
entry time. This encryption calculation was utilized in Pretty In this section, we provide relevant research on the work,
Good Privacy (PGP) Version 2 and is a discretionary which is closely related to our presented study. Protocols
calculation in OpenPGP. IDEA features 64-bit blocks with a can be accurate using inductive definitions as the inductive
128-bit key. method is simple and general. It tackles three versions of
f) MD5 Otway-Rees protocol for authentication, two versions of
MD5 was created by Professor Ronald Rivest and was Needham-Schroeder symmetric key protocol, and a
utilized to make digital signatures. It is a single direction recursive protocol. The analysis of Needham-Schroeder
hash work and is planned for 32-bit machines. It supplanted discloses Lowe’s attack, and the researcher found an
the MD4 calculation. alternative of Otway-Rees. Furthermore, the study of
This section has provided complete information about the Yahalom, a simplified version of Woo-Lam and the shared-
algorithms in detail, which may be useful for the readers to key version of Needham-Schroeder have been done. It was
understand the basics of cryptography. also analyzed that Kerberos is complicated to interpret
because of the use of session keys for encryption. In Internet

160
protocol TLS, arbitrary secret numbers are exchanged, to other algorithms and therefore, is a promising candidate for
generate the session keys. Using one Isabelle command encryption and decryption process of multimedia data.[18]
produced many results. Analyzing Needham-Schroeder took Studies were also performed on Finite-field cryptography,
only 30 hours, which include extending the model with which has a vital role to play in the current cyberspace
public-key encryption and hashing. It was suggested to network. One model is the RSA open key cryptosystem
follow explicitness which simplifies the proofs. Checking based the multifaceted design of discovering factorization of
the model is an e ective means of finding attacks. It copes enormous whole numbers and pivotal Diffie-hellman trade
with only many finite states and fails to find the reason why as it was hard to ascertain discrete logarithms in limited
an attack happened. This model provides an inductive proof fields. To ensure arranged data, the hardness of these issues
to give an examination of the protocol. When a protocol is should be estimated, and the related security utilizing
modified, the proof scripts from the beginning for its persuasive parameters for cryptography was required. Issues
analysis. All the steps were analyzed in the study. These were experienced at a hypothetical level, the Buhler's recipe
scripts take less time to execute, which is competitive with and its translation. The Buhler's strategy is an equation for
model checking. The net result of this study concludes that a most pessimistic scenario asymptotic. Issues during
designer of the protocol used model checking inspection and information accumulation incorporated that information
should apply the inductive approach to examine deeply into focuses on a given modulus size are not prone to be created
the properties for accuracy. [16] freely. Issues at procedure level were the base modulus sizes
Another study was conducted in which two efficient were given dependent on interoperability more than security
cryptosystems using the permutation–substitution supported issues. In this way, the examination expresses that there is a
by chaotic systems are proposed. Firstly, an S-box method is hole between the Buhler's recipe given the present
introduced, which exhibits its efficiency in the S-box factorization speed information, where the L-documentation
designed scheme to secure colour image encryption equation which gave progressively unpredictability of
technique. Besides, an encryption plot that is productive in finding the factorization. Besides, it is proposed to fuse
shading dependent on clamorous maps and S-confines the moderate qualities to the following RSA modulus update
type of stage substitution system was created. This research process. The open key length suggestions for RSA and DH,
put forth a practical and straightforward S-box method their experience and thinking are given. In light of this
based on the logistic-sine map. The researchers suggested exploration, a refreshed technique for estimating adequate
that to manage the problem of crucial little space and key sizes of the RSA and DH, and to benchmark it against
powerless encryption in the current disordered ways, an the open key is recommended for limited field cryptography
effective disarray based picture encryption plot as change [19].
substitution. Using the change substitution structure was to Cloud Computing has a commitment in the field of IoT and
incite encryption between the figure pictures and key itself, is apparent that the Cloud Computing innovation improves
along these lines expanding the security by including the capacity of the IoT. As opposed to utilizing broad
dissemination in the plain picture. The investigation utilization of IoT, this examination took the advantage that
demonstrated the adequacy of the proposed plans that Cloud Computing security through the AES calculation
demonstrated that encryption plan meets prerequisites for performs reliably better in various conditions, including
encryption criteria. This encryption scheme also provides both, equipment and programming stages. This utilization
sizeable keyspace and is therefore adequate for could be workable for all sort of stages and DSPs.
implementing this method.[17] Consequently, it demonstrates how Cloud Computing
Researchers also created and planned an asset productive innovation improves the capacity of the IoT [20].
encryption calculation framework which is exceptionally As we know that Medical Internet of Things, also known as
moderate but can be applied in multithreaded programming MIoT, plays a vital role in improving the health and safety
for encrypting the massive multimedia data. Another multi- of a massive number of people after the MIot was evolved.
level encryption model was developed using three schemes, Therefore, the concept of remote health care came into force
namely, the Feistel Encryption Scheme, genetic algorithms wherein the real-time data is sent to the medical data
and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The system centres, which is efficient and cost-effective. MIoT devices
used actual big multimedia data which was medical-based handle information that increases exponentially. Since this
and compared the results to the benchmarked encryption data is sensitive hence security and privacy of the data
algorithms like the RC6, MARS, 3-DES, DES, and collected from MIoT devices, transferring data to the cloud,
Blowfish for the encryption and decryption procedures for are major unsolved concerns. The author focuses on the
the running time and their throughput. security and privacy issues in MIoT. The matters discussed
A study, considering the system efficiency and performance, in this study are (i) Insecure Network. (ii) Lightweight
proposed an encryption system. This framework was Protocols for Device and (iii) Data Sharing. Four kinds of
contrasted and its later form for demonstrating its asset issues are considered in this study k-anonymity, including
effectiveness. Results demonstrated that the request in Partial Datafy k-anonymity, Overall Datafy k-anonymity, μ-
contrast with the standard encryption calculations Argus k-anonymity, and clustering k-anonymity. The study
demonstrated the least run time and higher throughput for showed that clustering 2-anonymity gave the best results.
the cryptographic procedures. Improvement is observed in Further research on security issues and challenges are
the computation run time by 75%, and its throughput was suggested by the authors.[21]
more significant than before by a multiple of four as The encrypted data in the cloud, which has to be shared, is
compared to its sequential version. This algorithm exhibits a of significant importance. Therefore, research proposed
better Avalanche Effect in cryptography as compared to cryptosystem considered a key-total verification that can

161
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