Chapter 1 Homework Solution:

P1.2-1, 3, 4
P1.3-2, 4
P1.5-1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8

P1.2.1 The total charge that has entered a circuit element is q(t) = 1.25(1–e–5t) when t ≥ 0 and q(t) = 0
when t < 0. Determine the current in this circuit element for t ≥ 0.
Answer: i(t) = 6.25e–5t A

Solution: i (=
t)
d
dt
( )
1.25 1 − e −=
5t
6.25 e −5t A

P 1.2-3 The current in a circuit element is i(t) = 4 sin 3t A when t ≥ 0 and i(t) = 0 when t < 0. Determine
the total charge that has entered a circuit element for t ≥ 0.
τ 0
=
Hint: q (0) ∫
−∞
i (τ )dτ
= ∫=
0 dτ
−∞
0

Solution:
4 4 4
q ( t ) =∫ i (ttttt
) d + q ( 0 ) =∫ 4sin 5 d + 0 =− cos 3 0 =− cos 3 t + C
t t t
0 0 5 5 5

0 t < 2
2 2 < t < 4

P 1.2-4 The current in a circuit element is i (t ) =  where the units of current are A and the
 −1 4 < t < 8
0 8 < t
units of time are s. Determine the total charge that has entered a circuit element for t ≥ 0.
Answer:
0 t<2
2t − 4 2<t <4

q (t ) =  where the units of charge are C.
8 − t 4<t <8
0 8<t

Solution:
q (t ) (ttt
) d ∫=
t t
=
−∞ ∫ i= 0d
−∞
0 C for t ≤ 2 so q(2) = 0.

q ( t ) = ∫ i (tttt
) d + q ( 2 ) = ∫ 2 d = 2 = 2t−4 C for 2 ≤ t ≤ 4. In particular, q(4) = 4 C.
t t t
2 2 2

q ( t ) =∫ i (tttt
) d + q ( 4 ) =∫ −1 d + 4 =− + 4 =8−t C for 4 ≤ t ≤ 8. In particular, q(8) = 0 C.
t t t
4 4 4
 (t ) ∫ i (ttt
) d + q=
(8) ∫ 0 d =
t t
q= +0 0 C for 8 ≤ t .
8 8

P 1.3-2 A charge of 45 nC passes through a circuit element during a particular interval of time that is 5
ms in duration. Determine the average current in this circuit element during that interval of time.
Answer: i = 9 μA

Solution:
∆ q 45 ×10−9
i= = −3
= 9 ×10−6 = 9 mA
∆t 5 ×10
P1.3-4 The charge flowing in a wire is plotted in Figure P1.3-4. Sketch the corresponding current.

Figure P1.3-4

P1.3-4
 15 ×10−9
 −6
= 7.5 ×10−3 = 7.5 mA when 0 < t < 2 m s
 2 × 10
d  15 × 10−9
i ( t ) = q ( t ) =the slope of the q versus t plot =− −6
=−5 ×10−3 =−5 mA when 4 m s < t < 7 m s
dt  3 × 10
 0 otherwise



P1.5-1 Figure P1.5-1 shows four circuit elements identified by the letters A, B, C, and D.
(a) Which of the devices supply 30 mW?
(b) Which of the devices absorb 0.03 W?
(c) What is the value of the power received by device B?
(d) What is the value of the power delivered by device B?
(e) What is the value of the power delivered by device C?
 Figure P1.5-1

Solution:

(a) A and D. The element voltage and current do not adhere to the passive convention in Figures P1.5- A
and D so the product of the element voltage and current is the power supplied by these elements.

(b) B and C. The element voltage and current adhere to the passive convention in Figures P1.5-1 B and C
so the product of the element voltage and current is the power delivered to, or absorbed by these elements.

(c) 30 mW. The element voltage and current adhere to the passive convention in Figure P1.5-1B, so the
product of the element voltage and current is the power received by this element: (5 V)(6 mA) = 30 mW.
The power supplied by the element is the negative of the power received to the element, −30 W.

(d) −30 mW

(e) –30 mW. The element voltage and current adhere to the passive convention in Figure P1.5-1C, so the
product of the element voltage and current is the power received by this element: (5 V)(6 mA) = 30 mW.
The power supplied by the element is the negative of the power received to the element, −30 W.

P 1.5-3 A walker’s cassette tape player uses four AA batteries in series to provide 6 V to the player
circuit. The four alkaline battery cells store a total of 200 watt-seconds of energy. If the cassette player is
drawing a constant 10 mA from the battery pack, how long will the cassette operate at normal power?

Solution:
P = ( 6 V )(10 mA ) = 0.06 W
∆w 200 W⋅s
∆ t= = = 3.33×103 s
P 0.06 W

P 1.5-5 An automobile battery is charged with a constant current of 2 A for five hours. The terminal
voltage of the battery is v = 11 + 0.5t V for t > 0, where t is in hours. (a) Find the energy delivered to the
battery during the five hours. (b) If electric energy costs 15 cents/kWh, find the cost of charging the battery
for five hours.
Answer: (b) 1.84 cents

Solution:
a.) Assuming no more energy is delivered to the battery after 5 hours (battery is fully
charged).
5( 3600 )
5 ( 3600 )  0.5 t  0.5 2
∫0 vi dttt
t
w= ∫ Pdt = =∫0 2 11 + 3600  d = 22 t +
3600 0
= 441×103 J =
441 kJ

1 hr 15¢
b.) Cost = 441kJ × × =
1.84¢
3600s kWhr
P 1.5-6 Find the power, p(t), supplied by the element shown in Figure P 1.5-6 when
v(t) = 4 sin 3t V and i(t) = (1/12) sin 3t A. Evaluate p(t) at t=0.5 s and t = 1 s. Observe that the power
supplied by this element has a positive value at some times and a negative value at other times.
1
Hint: (sin at )(sin=
bt ) (cos(a − b)t − cos(a + b)t )
2
Answer: p(t) = (1/6)cos(6t) W, p(0.5) = 0.0235 W, p(1) = −0.02466 W

Solution:
1  1 1
p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( 4 cos 3 t )  sin 3 t  = ( sin 0 + sin 6 t ) = sin 6 t W
 12  6 6
1
( 0.5) =
p= sin 3 0.0235 W
6
1
p (1) = sin 6 = −0.0466 W
6

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

v=4*cos(3*t); % device voltage

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')
P 1.5-7 Find the power, p(t), supplied by the element shown in Figure P
1.5-6 when v(t) = 8 sin 3t V and i(t) = 2 sin 3t A.
1
Hint: (sin at )(sin=
bt ) (cos(a − b)t − cos(a + b)t )
2
Answer: p(t) = 8 – 8cos 6t W
Figure P 1.5-7
Solution:
p (t ) = (8sin 3 t )( 2sin 3 t ) =
v (t ) i (t ) = 8 ( cos 0 − cos 6 t ) =
8 − 8cos 6 t W

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

v=8*sin(3*t); % device voltage

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')
P 1.5-8 Find the power, p(t), supplied by the element shown in Figure P
1.5-6. The element voltage is represented as v(t) = 4(1–e–2t)V when t ≥ 0
and v(t) = 0 when t < 0. The element current is represented as i(t) = 2e–2t
A when t ≥ 0 and i(t) = 0 when t < 0.
Answer: p(t) = 8(1 – e–2t)e–2t W
Figure P 1.5-7
Solution:
( ) ( )
p ( t ) =v ( t ) i ( t ) =4 1 − e −2 t × 2 e −2 t =8 1 − e −2 t e −2 t W

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

v=4*(1-exp(-2*t)); % device voltage

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')