Assignment No. 03 Name Salman Noor ID CU-186-2017 Sec B Submitted To Engr. Aamir Shehzad Subject Geo - Informatics (Theory)

ASSIGNMENT NO.
= 03
NAME = SALMAN NOOR
ID = CU-186-2017
SEC = B
SUBMITTED TO = ENGR. AAMIR SHEHZAD
SUBJECT = GEO – INFORMATICS (THEORY)
Q1: Write a short lecture wise summary of all lectures before mid-term
and elaborate how you are going to use its knowledge in research and
field?
Ans: SUMMARY OF LECTURE 01:
In this chapter we learned the general introduction
of GIS and difference between DATA and information.
So Geographic information system is framework for gathering, managing, and
analyzing data and it is a technology which develops and uses information science
infrastructure to address the problems of geography, cartography, geosciences and
related branches of science and engineering. There are some technologies which
are used for collecting and dealing with geographic information:
There are three main types:
1. Remote sensing (RS)
2. Geographic Information system (GIS)
3. Global Positioning system (GPS)
The other things which we learned is the difference between DATA &
INFORMATION:
Data is a collection of facts and it’s consisting of symbols that represent
measurements of phenomenon. Data is unorganized and good data are expensive
and difficult to create. Data can be store, transmitted, and processed much more
efficiently than their physical counterparts that are printed on paper. E.g.: pictures,
maps etc.
While Information is data that has been selected or created in response to a
question in simple word information is how much you understand those facts in
context. Information is structured or organized by transforming the data into
information. E.g.: data from rainfall event in the watershed can be analyzed to tell
if a flood warning should be issued.
SUMMARY OF LECTURE: 02
From this lecture we learned about
Remote sensing how it works and different radiation energy and about albedo so
let’s discuss it in a short note. Remote sensing is the process of detecting and
monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and
emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite, aircraft, and field vehicles).
Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense"
things about the Earth. In remote sensing information transfer is accomplished by
use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). EMR is form of energy that reveals its
presence by the observable effects its produce when it strikes the matter. There are
two main method of data collection are Ground base approach and Remote
sensing based approach. In this lecture we also learned some new terms like
Albedo, Atmospheric column, and atmospheric window. So the albedo is
actually is a measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without
being absorbed. Something that appears white reflects most the light that hits it has
a high albedo, white something looks dark absorbs most the light that hits it,
indicating a low albedo.in simple word white have high albedo while black have
low albedo. The atmospheric column is a path or way by which the energy from
the sun reflecting from a spot on the earth surface and then travel through the
atmospheric column in both the direction. And the atmospheric window is defined
as the wavelength ranges large or small over which the atmosphere shows good
transmittance. From the word window it’s give clear idea to pass something from it
so the atmospheric window gives us information which radiation is fully passed or
transmitted and which is have zero transmission.
Q2: Write a short note on how remote sensing and various bands of
Landsat imagery can be used to monitor Billion tree tsunami project
(forests) in Pakistan?
Ans: Monitoring Billion Tree Planation with Remote Sensing Satellite
data:
The well-known method to identify and monitor land surface changes
using satellite remote sensing data utilizes a combination of band thresholding and
optical indices (such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – NDVI) to
separate land surface features. Applying this approach to two separate images by a
given period of time allows changes in the extent of the area of interest to be
identified. The atmospheric correction to the two images separated over time,
extent of land can be compared. allowing for changes to be identified. this
approach will provide an excellent alternative to field level change detection
methods in challenging environments across Pakistan. We tested this approach for
Bannu forest region (as shown in the Figure 2). The Figure 1 shows the land cover
map of Bannu region for the year 2015.
Figure 1: Land cover map of Bannu Forest Region.

Figure 2: Map of Bannu forest region (credit to Billion Tree Tsunami website)
Two Landsat 8 images are used for this study area acquired in June 01, 2013 and
June 12, 2017. The Landsat 8 images are freely available from the United States
Geological Survey (USGS) “Earth Explorer” (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). The
images were converted into surface reflectance before NDVI calculations using a
standardized approach ( for detail check http://landsat.usgs.gov/CDR_LSR.php).
Figure 3: NDVI map of Bannu forest region derived from Landsat 8 image
acquired on June 01, 2013.
Figure 4: NDVI map of Bannu forest region derived from Landsat 8 image
acquired on June 12, 2017.
Figure 5: NDVI map in KMZ format of Bannu forest region derived from Landsat
8 image acquired on June 01, 2013 shown in google earth.
Figure 6: NDVI map in KMZ format of Bannu forest region derived from Landsat
8 image acquired on June 12, 2017 shown in google earth.

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Figure 1: Land cover map of Bannu Forest Region.

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