Tutorial Sheet Test 3

Diploma: M2 MMS Université de Pau

Lecture: Numerical Analysis Collège E2S
Year: 2020/2021 R. Becker and D. Capatina

Exercice 1 Mixed approximation of general elliptic equations

Let Ω ⊂ Rd be a polyhedral domain with boundary Γ := ∂Ω. Let f ∈ L2 (Ω),
α ∈ L∞ (Ω), β ∈ Rd , γ ∈ R+ such that there exist α0 > 0, α1 > 0 satisfying 0 < α0 6
α(x) 6 α1 for almost all x ∈ Ω. We consider the boundary value problem

− div(α∇u) + β · ∇u + γu = f in Ω,
(1)
u = 0 on Γ .

Let
β
u.
σ = α∇u −
2
We set V := Hdiv (Ω) and Q = L2 (Ω) and write k·k = k·kL2 (Ω,Rm ) for m = 1 or m = d.
We consider the variational problem: (σ, u) ∈ V × Q such that for all (τ, v) ∈ V × Q
 +
a(σ, τ) + b (τ, u) = 0,
Z
(2)
b (σ, v) − c(u, v) = −
−
fv,
Ω

with
Z Z   Z
1 1 2
a(σ, τ) := σ · τ,
c(u, v) := γ+ |β| uv, b(σ, v) := (div σ) v,
α 4α
Ω
Z Ω
Z Ω
(3)
+ 1 − 1
b (σ, v) := b(σ, v) + β · σv, b (σ, v) := b(σ, v) − β · σv.
Ω 2α Ω 2α

We define the bilinear form

A((σ, u), (τ, v)) := a(σ, τ) + b+ (τ, u) + b− (σ, v) − c(u, v). (4)
In addition, let H be a regular simplicial mesh family.
1. Prove that a solution to (2) satisfies the boundary value problem (1).
2. Let ! 21
2
−1 1 2 2
|||(σ, u)||| :=

α (σ + 2 βu) + kdiv σk + kuk . (5)
2

Shortly show that |||(·, ·)||| is a norm on V × Q.

3. Establish that for all (σ, u) ∈ V × Q we have
2
−1 β 2
A((σ, u), (σ, −u)) = α (σ + 2 u) + γ kuk . (6)
2

Hint: use the binomial formula (identité remarquable).

1
 4. Show that
Z
1
γ u div σ 6 kdiv σk2 + γ2 kuk2 and
Ω 4
Z 2 (7)
|β|2
 
1 β 1 2 − 1 β
β · σ + u div σ 6 kdiv σk + α 2 (σ + u) .
Ω 2α 2 4 4α0 2

Hint: use Young’s inequality

5. Using the previous question, show that for (τ1 , v1 ) = (0, div σ) we have
2
|β|2

1 2 1 β
α 2 (σ + u) − γ2 kuk2 .
−

A((σ, u), (τ1 , v1 )) > kdiv σk − (8)
2 4α0 2

6. From now on we suppose γ = 1.

Conclude using (8) and (6) that there exists κ > 0 such that

A((σ, u), (τ, v))

sup > κ |||(σ, u)|||. (9)
(τ,v)∈V×Q\{0,0} |||(τ, v)|||

Hint: use as test function (τ, v) = (τ1 , v1 ) + C(σ, −u) with a well-chosen constant C.

7. Let k ∈ N0 . We set Vh := RT kh and Qh := Dkh . Define the discrete problem.

8. Briefly show the uniform discrete inf-sup condition for A.
9. Deduce that the discrete problem has a unique solution (σh , uh ).
10. Give an estimate for the interpolation error in |||(·, ·)||| under sufficient regularity
assumptions on σ and u.
11. Deduce an error estimate for |||(σ − σh , u − uh )|||.
12. BONUS: Any ideas for the case γ = 0?
Solution Exercice 1
1. By the first equation of (2), we have for all τ ∈ V
Z Z Z
1 1
− (div τ) u = σ·τ+ β · τu
Ω Ω α Ω 2α

Since D(Ω, Rd ) ⊂ V, it follows that the distributional gradient of u is in L2 (Ω, Rd )

and
1 1 β
∇u = σ+ βu, ⇒ σ = α∇u − u.
α 2α 2
It follows that u ∈ H1 (Ω) and integration by parts gives
Z Z Z
+ 1 1
0 =a(σ, τ) + b (τ, u) = σ·τ+ (div τ) u + β · τu
Ω α Ω 2α
Z   Ω
1 1 
= σ − ∇u + βu · τ + hτn , uiH− 21 (Γ )×H 12 (Γ ) ⇒ uΓ = 0.
Ω α 2α

2
 Now the second equation reads
Z Z   
1 2 1
fv = γ+ |β| u − div σ + β·σ v
Ω Ω 4α 2α
 
1 1
⇒ div σ = γ + u+ β·σ−f
4α 2α
     
β 1 2 1 β
⇒ div α∇u − u = γ + |β| u + β · α∇u − u − f
2 4α 2α 2
⇒ div (α∇u − βu) = γu − f
⇒ div (α∇u) − β · ∇u − γu = −f

2. If |||(σ, u)||| = 0, first u = 0 and the remaining part is equivalent to kσkHdiv (Ω)
thanks to α > 0.
2
3. We have τ + β2 v = |τ|2 + τ · βv + 14 |β|2 v2 and then


A((σ, u), (σ, −u)) =a(σ, σ) + b+ (σ, u) − b− (σ, u) + c(u, u)

Z Z ! Z
1 2 |β|2 1
= |σ| + γ+ 2
u + β · σu
Ω α Ω 4α Ω α
Z  2 Z
1  β 
= σ + 2 u + γu2
Ω α Ω
2
−1 β 2
= α (σ + 2 u) + γ kuk .
2

4.
Z
1
γu div σ 6 kdiv σk2 + γ2 kuk2
Ω 4
Z 2
|β|2
 
1 β 1 2 − 1 β
β · σ + u div σ 6 kdiv σk + α 2 (σ + u)
Ω 2α 2 4 4α0 2

5.

A((σ, u), (τ1 , v1 )) =b− (σ, v1 ) − c(u, v1 ) = b− (σ, div σ) − c(u, div σ)
Z Z  
2 1 1 2
= kdiv σk − β · σ div σ − γ+ |β| u div σ
Ω 2α 4α
Z  Ω
Z
2 1 β
= kdiv σk − β · σ + u div σ − γu div σ
Ω 2α 2 Ω
2
|β|2

2 1 2 1 β 1
> kdiv σk − kdiv σk − (σ + u) − kdiv σk2 − kγuk2
4 4 α 2 4
2 2
1 |β| α− 12 (σ + β u) − γ2 kuk2
> kdiv σk2 −

2 4α0 2

3
 6. Taking the test function (τ, v) = (τ1 , v1 ) + C(σ, −u), we get
! 2
2
1 2 |β| −1 β
+ (C − 1) kuk2

A((σ, u), (τ, v)) > kdiv σk + C − α 2 (σ + u)
2 4α0 2


|β|2
So, we get with C := 1 + max 4α0
,1 the result.
7.
Z
(σh , uh ) ∈ Vh × Qh : A((σ, u), (τ, v)) = − fv, ∀(τ, v) ∈ Vh × Qh .
Ω

8. Same argument as in the continuous case, since Qh ⊂ Q, Vh ⊂ V and div Vh ⊂

Qh .
9. By the Babuška theorem.
10. With Ih the Raviart-Thomas interpolator and πh the L2 (Ω) projection on Qh

|β|
 
1
|||(σ − Ih σ, u − πh u)||| 6 kσ − Ih σk + 1 + ku − πh uk + kdiv(σ − Ih σ)k
α0 2α0
|β|
   
1
k
6CI dh |σ| + 1+ |u|k+1,Ω + |div σ|k+1,Ω
α0 k+1,Ω 2α0

11. According to the Babuška theorem, there exists C independent of H such that

|||(σ − σh , u − uh )||| 6C inf {|||(σ − τh , u − vh )||| | (τh , vh ) ∈ Vh × Qh }

6C|||(σ − Ih σ, u − πh u)|||
6C1 dkh |σ|k+1,Ω + |u|k+1,Ω + |div σ|k+1,Ω .