Chapter 6

Applications in
Linear and Angular
Kinetics
Formula Of : Linear & Angular
 Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics
What is kinetics?
► Kinetics is concerned with what causes a body to move the
way it does.
► Understanding the concepts of inertia, mass, weight,
pressure, volume, density, specific weight, torque, and
impulse provides a useful foundation for understanding the
effects of forces

Basic Concept:
inerti weigh Kinetics Specific
impulse
a t weight

voulm torqu
mass pressure density
e e
 Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics
Inter forces Vs. External Forces

Internal External
- Forces that act ✔ Forces that act on
within the body an object as result
- Very important to of its interaction
concern about the with the
nature and causes environment
of injury surrounding it
✔ Contact or
noncontact forces
 Forces – Newton’s Law

First Law Second Law Third Law

(Law of Inertia) (Law of acceleration) (Law of reaction)
• Force is represented • Force influences the • Force influences the
as necessary to start, rate of change in the rate of change in the
change or stop motion momentum of an momentum of an
object object
• Force is being
involved in the action
and reaction that
occurs in the
interaction between
two objects
Forces – Torque
Forces-related characteristics of
human movement
✔ Involves rotation of the body
segments around joint axes
✔ The effect of this rotation is
called joint torque/rotary
forces
✔ a measure of the amount of
twisting along a certain joint
 Measuring Forces

1.Direct measurement
a) Forces plates
b) Forces transducers
c) Strain gauges
2.Indirect
► Based on Second Newton’s Law (f=ma)
Assess acceleration from a kinematic analysis of
movement
 Forces

What is a free body diagram?

It is a diagram showing vector representations

of all forces acting on a defined system
Watch this videos for better
understanding of :
► Moment Of Inertia :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z19iwclwY14

► Radius of gyration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaEz-wS4q6I

► Angular momentum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWSu6U0Ujs8
 Resistance to Angular Acceleration
Moment of inertia
(inertia of rotation)
axis of rotation

r m
m r r m
r m

 
 Resistance to Angular Acceleration
Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia is the sum of the
products of each particle’s mass
(m) and the radius of rotation (r) for
that particle squared.
Hence, based on the equation, it
tells that the further the mass away
from the center of rotation,the
more forces it needed to make it
moves

SI unit: kg m2
 Resistance to Angular
Acceleration
Radius of gyration
• distance from the axis of rotation to
a point where the body’s mass
could be concentrated without
altering its rotational
characteristics
• used as the index for mass
distribution for calculating moment
of inertia:
 Resistance to Angular
Acceleration

Radius of gyration
Knee angle affects the moment of inertia of the swinging leg
with respect to the hip because of changes in the radius of
gyration for the lower leg (k2) and foot (k3)
 Angular Momentum

Angular momentum
• Defined as quantity of angular motion possessed by a
body
• measured as the product of moment of inertia (I) and
angular velocity ( ):

Three factors affect the magnitude of a body’s angular momentum: (1) its
mass (m), (2) the distribution of that mass with respect to the axis of rotation
(k), and (3) the angular velocity of the body (w)
Angular Momentum
 Angular Momentum
Principle of conservation of angular momentum
Whenever gravity is the only acting external force, angular
momentum is conserved. For angular motion, the principle
of conservation of momentum may be stated as follows:
The total angular momentum of a given system remains constant in
the
absence of external torques
Gravitational force acting at a body’s CG produces no
torque because d(center of gravity) equals zero and so it
creates no change in angular momentum.

In SI base units: kg m2 s−1

 Angular Momentum

 
 Angular Momentum
What produces change in angular momentum?

In SI base units: kg m2 s−1

As before, the symbols T, t, H, I, and w represent torque, time, angular momentum,

moment of inertia, and angular velocity, respectively, and subscripts 1 and 2 denote initial
and second or final points in time
 Angular Momentum

 
Angular Analogues of Linear
Kinematic Quantities

Angular equivalents of linear kinematic

quantities
 Angular Analogues of Newton’s Laws

What is the angular law of inertia?

A rotating body will maintain a state of rest

or constant rotational motion unless acted
on by an external torque that changes the
state.
 Angular Analogues of Newton’s Laws

What is the angular law of acceleration?

A net torque causes angular acceleration of a

body that is:

● of a magnitude proportional to the torque

● in the direction of the torque
● and inversely proportional to the body’s
moment of inertia
 Angular Analogues of Newton’s Laws

What is the angular law of acceleration?

 
 Angular Analogues of Newton’s Laws

What is the angular law of reaction?

● For every angular action, there is an equal and

opposite angular reaction.
 Centripetal Force
► Bodies undergoing rotary motion around a fixed
axis are also subject to a linear force.
► Centripetal force is defined as (force directed
toward the center of rotation for a body in
rotational motion)
► Centripetal force prevents the rotating body from
leaving its circular path while rotation occurs
around a fixed axis

► https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvCezk9DJfk
 Centripetal
Force
Example-Hammer throw
• When athletes make a hammer
follow a circular pathway, they
apply a centripetal force by
pulling inwards of the hammer
 Centripetal Force-F1

Race Car Physics

•Physics plays a great deal in the

design and technique of driving a
racing car.

•Why are F1 race cars flat and

have such as wide wheel base?

•It is because the wider the car, the

faster it corners. (Why?)
 Centripetal Force-F1

Race Car Physics

•When a race car approaches a corner, without some forces

applied, the car (and driver) would continue on a straight line
(due to inertia).
•The force must produce a change in direction toward the
center of the curve.
•The type of force that acts perpendicular to the car's velocity
is called centripetal force.
•Centripetal force means center-seeking. It acts to change the
direction of the car but not the speed.
 Centripetal Force-F1

Race Car Physics

• The centripetal force is provided by the friction between the

tires and the track.

• The force is directly related to the square of the speed of the

car. If a car goes too fast, the friction force is not great enough
to hold the car in the track.

• The centripetal force is also inversely related to the radius of

the curve. The bigger the radius of the turning circle, the less
force needed to make the curve.
Questions
?