Module III

AC MOTORS
Engr. Analyn A. Cueto
 Topics:

• AC MOTORS-IM
• General Principles
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Problem solving
AC MOTORS
Maybe divided or classified into various
groups:
• Principle of operation
• Type of current
• Related to their speed
• Related to their structural features
Regarding to Principle of Operation
A. Synchronous Motor
B. Asynchronous Motor
1. Induction Motor
2. Commutator Motor
Induction Machines/Induction Motor
As general rule, conversion of electrical
power into mechanical power takes place
in the rotating part of the motor.
The machines are called induction
machines because of the rotor voltage
which produces the rotor current and the
rotor magnetic field is induced in the rotor
windings.
Induction motor can be treated as rotating
transformer
CONSTRUCTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPn5Ou-N0b0
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered machines in industry
– simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
– wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10
MW
– run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load
– Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency
power-electronic drive for optimal speed
control
• TWO TYPES OF AC MOTORS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF
ROTOR USED
• INDUCTION MOTOR – runs slightly slower than the
supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor
of this motor is created by an induced current.
• SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR – does not rely on
induction and as a result, can rotate exactly at the
supply frequency or a sub-multiple of the supply
frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor is either
generated by current delivered through slip rings
or by a permanent magnet.
• An induction motor has two main parts
i) a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations
ii) a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to
create a series of rotor slots, providing space
for the rotor winding
• conventional 3-phase windings made of
insulated wire (wound-rotor) » similar to the
winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the
ends by two aluminum rings, forming a
squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mle-ZvYi8H
A
1. Squirrel cage – the conductors would look like one of
the exercise wheels that squirrel or hamsters run on.
• This rotor is a cylinder of steel laminations,
with highly conductive metal (typically
aluminum or copper) embedded into its
surface. When an alternating current is run
through the stator windings, a rotating
magnetic field is produced.
• This induces a current in the rotor winding,
which produces its own magnetic field. The
interaction of the magnetic fields produced by
the stator and rotor windings produces a
torque on the squirrel cage rotor.
Application of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

• Squirrel cage induction motors are commonly used

in many industrial applications. They are
particularly suited for applications where the
motor must maintain a constant speed, be
self-starting, or there is a desire for low
maintenance.
• These motors are commonly used in:
• Centrifugal pumps
• Industrial drives (e.g. to run conveyor belts)
• Large blowers and fans
• Machine tools
• Lathes and other turning equipment
Advantages of Squirrel Cage
• Some advantages of squirrel cage induction motors are:
• They are low cost
• Require less maintenance (as there are no slip rings or brushes)
• Good speed regulation (they are able to maintain a constant
speed)
• High efficiency in converting electrical energy to mechanical
energy (while running, not during startup)
• Have better heat regulation (i.e. don’t get as hot)
• Small and lightweight
• Explosion proof (as there are no brushes which eliminate the
risks of sparking)
Disadvantages
• Although squirrel cage motors are very popular and have many
advantages – they also have some downsides. Some
disadvantages of squirrel cage induction motors are:
• Very poor speed control
• Although they are energy efficient while running at full load
current, they consume a lot of energy on startup
• They are more sensitive to fluctuations in the supply voltage.
When the supply voltage is reduced, induction motor draws
more current. During voltage surges, increase in voltage
saturates the magnetic components of the squirrel cage
induction motor
• They have high starting current and poor starting torque (the
starting current can be 5-9 times the full load current; the
starting torque can be 1.5-2 times the full load torque)
Classification of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

• NEMA (National Electrical

Manufacturer’s Association) in United
States and IEC in Europe has classified
the design of the squirrel cage
induction motors based on their
speed-torque characteristics into some
classes. These classes are Class A, Class
B, Class C, Class D, Class E and Class F.
• 2. Wound rotor – have a brushes and slip ring at the
end of rotor.
• The major difference between squirrel cage rotor and wound
type rotor is the presence of a slip ring in wound type rotor
hence it is also called a slip ring rotor. The three terminals of
star connected rotor windings are brought out and are
connected to the external resistors through the slip ring.
• Slip rings are made up of a high resistance material such as
phosphorous bronze or brass. Brush contacts are used for
making the connection of the rotor winding with the external
circuit, Brushes are made up of carbon or copper material, but
carbon is preferred due to its self-lubricating property. So
friction losses are less with carbon brushes.
• To improve the starting torque, external resistors are used.
This external resistor also limits the starting current drawn by
the motor at the time of starting. Hence power factor
improves.
SCR-
Wound rotor-
Difference

Squirrel Cage Motor Slip Ring Motor

Cost Low High

Maintenance Low High

Speed Control Poor Good

Efficiency on startup Poor Good

Efficiency during operation Good Poor

Heat regulation Good Poor

In rush current & torque High Low

Rotating Magnetic Field
• Balanced three phase windings, i.e. mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other, fed by balanced three phase source
• A rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed

Where fe is the supply frequency and

P is the no. of poles and nsync is called
the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
Synchronous speed
Principle of operation
• This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows
in the rotor windings
• The rotor current produces another magnetic field
• A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
T=

Where τind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the

magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
Induction motor speed
• At what speed will the IM run?
– Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
– If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the
rotor will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic
field and the rotating magnetic field will not cut the
rotor. So, no induced current will flow in the rotor and
no rotor magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
– When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
• So, the IM will always run at a speed
lower than the synchronous speed
• The difference between the motor
speed and the synchronous speed is
called the Slip (s)
S=
Advantages of IM
• The most important advantage of an induction motor is that
its construction is quite simple in nature. The construction of
the Stator is similar in both Synchronous motors as well
as induction motors. However, a slip ring is required to feed DC
Supply to the Rotor in the case of a Synchronous Generator.
These Slip rings are not required in a Squirrel cage induction
motor because the windings are permanently short circuited.
When compared with a DC Motor, the induction motor does
not have Brushes and hence, maintenance required is quite
low. This leads to a simple construction.

• The working of the motor is independent of the environmental

condition. This is because the induction motor is mechanically
strong.
• A Squirrel cage induction motor does not contain
Brushes, Slip rings and Commutators. Due to this reason,
the cost of the motor is quite low. However, Slip Rings
are used in Wound type induction motor to add
external resistance to the rotor winding.
• Due to the absence of Brushes, there are no sparks in
the motor. It can also be operated in hazardous
conditions.
• Unlike synchronous motors, a 3 phase induction
motor has a high starting torque, good speed regulation
and reasonable overload capacity.
• An induction motor is a highly efficient machine with full
load efficiency varying from 85 to 97 percent.
Disadvantages of IM
• A single phase induction motor, unlike a 3 phase induction
motor, does not have a self starting torque. Auxiliaries are
required to start a single phase motor.
• During light load conditions, the power factor of the motor
drops to a very low value. This is because during the start, the
motor draws a large magnetising current to overcome the
reluctance offered by the air gap between the Stator and the
Rotor. Also, the induction motor will take very
less current from the supply main. The vector sum of Load
current and Magnetising current lags the voltage by around
75-80 degrees and hence, the power factor is low. Due to high
magnetising current, the copper losses of the motor increase.
This in turn leads to decrease in the efficiency of the motor.
• Speed control of an induction motor is very difficult to
attain. This is because a 3 phase induction motor is a
constant speed motor and for the entire loading range,
the change in speed of the motor is very low.
• Induction motors have high input surge currents, which
are referred to as Magnetising Inrush currents. This
causes a reduction in voltage at the time of starting the
motor.
• Due to poor starting torque, the motor cannot be used
for applications which require high starting torque

Pf video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tv_7XWf96gg&t=108s
Related Problem Solving Topics:
• Slip
• Frequency
• Speed
• Torque
• Current
• Power
• Efficiency
SLIP
- The way in which the rotor “slip back”
from synchronism.

Ns-
Nr-
Frequency
• Synchronous Frequency (Fs)
-constant
• Frequency of Rotor Current (Fr)
-when the rotor starts revolving, the
frequency depends upon relative speed
or slip speed.
Derived formula: Fr =
Torque
• While the input to the induction motor is
electrical power, its output is mechanical
power and for that we should know some
terms and quantities related to mechanical
power
• Any mechanical load applied to the motor
shaft will introduce a Torque on the motor
shaft. This torque is related to the motor
output power and the rotor speed
• T=
Sample Problem Solving:
1. A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz,
Y-connected induction motor has a
full-load slip of 5 percent
a. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
b. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated
load?
c. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at
rated load?
d. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated
load?
Sample Problem Solving:
•
4. A 6 pole, 3Ø I.M. operates at 60 hz
frequency . If the motor is running at 4%
slip, calculate:
• a.) speed of the motor
• b.) frequency of the motor
• c.) frequency of the rotor @ standstill
5. A 6 pole, 50 Hz, three phase induction
motor has its full load speed of 950 rpm.
Its speed in rpm at three quarter load is
_______?
6. An induction motor with 8 poles, 60 Hz
operated with a half load slip of 2.25%.
Calculate the rotor speed at full load in
rpm.
Derivation of Torque’s Formulas:
• At Standstill
• At running FL condition
• At maximum condition
• At given load condition
• At different ratio
What is the stand still condition of induction motor?

• Standstill as the word says, means when

rotor of the induction motor is not
rotating or the initial condition before it
begins to rotate.
• during standstill when motor is about to
start, it achieves Synchronous speed but
rotor remains still at rest. Thus we
consider Synchronous speed N and as
rotor is standstill so rotor speed is 0.
Induction Motor at Standstill
•
At Running Condition
• 1)An induction motor can't run at
synchronous speed a on its own.
• 2)If you drive it by external force to gain
synchronous speed, or won't generate
torque.
• 3)If your drive it at higher than
synchronous speed, when connected to
supply mains, it works as a generator and
feeds power back into grid.
At Running Condition
At Running Full load, SFL = 2% to 6%
• RR = Rotor resistance at running condition
• XR
• ZR
• IR
• ER/Φ
• Where:
• XR = (S) (X2)
• ER/Φ = (S) (E2/Φ)
• Deriving the formula for Torque Developed (Tg, T2, Tdev)
• TR = k Φ IR pfR
At Maximum Condition
• It is independent of the rotor circuit resistance.
• Torque at the maximum condition varies inversely as
the standstill reactance of the rotor. Hence, for
maximum torque, X2 and therefore, the inductance of
the rotor should be kept as small as possible.
• By varying the resistance in the rotor circuit, maximum
torque can be obtained at any desired slip or the speed.
It depends upon the rotor resistance at the slip (sM =
R2/X2).
• To develop maximum torque at the standstill condition,
the rotor resistance must be high and should be equal to
X2. But to develop a torque which is maximum at the
running condition the rotor resistance must be low.
At Maximum Condition
• TR = k Φ IR pfR
– Derivation the formula between the
relationship FL torque and Maximum
torque
– Starting torque and Maximum
torque
Sample Problem Solving:
7. A three phase induction motor having a star connected rotor has
an induced emf of 80V between slip rings at standstill on open
circuit. The motor has a resistance and reactance per phase of 1
ohm and 4 ohms respectively. Calculate the current per phase and
pf when:
– Slip rings are short circuited
– Slip rings are connected to rheostat of 3 ohms.
8. A three phase, 400V, star connected motor has a star connected
rotor with stator to rotor turns ratio of 6.5:1. The rotor resistance
and standstill reactance per phase are 0.05 ohm and 0.25 ohm
respectively. What should be the value of external resistance per
phase to be inserted in rotor circuit to obtain maximum torque at
starting? And what will be the rotor starting current with this
resistance?
• 9. A 1100V, 50Hz, 4 pole, delta connected
induction motor has a star connected sling ring
rotor with a transformation ratio of 3.8. The rotor
resistance and standstill reactance are 0.012 ohm
and 0.25 ohm respectively. Determine the
following:
• a. rotor current at starting with slip ring shorted
• b. rotor pf at starting with slip ring shorted
• c. rotor current at 4% slip rings
• d. rotor pf at 4% slip rings
• e. torque at running condition
• 10. A three phase 440/200 V y-y connected wound rotor
induction motor has 0.06 ohm rotor resistance per
phase. Find the additional resistance required in the
rotor circuit to make starting torque equal to the
maximum torque of the motor.
11. A three phase, 50Hz 4 pole induction motor has a rotor
resistance and standstill reactance of 0.02 ohm and 0.15
ohm respectively. If the FL torque is obtained at 360 rpm.
Calculate the following:
– Ratio of Tmax/TFL
– Speed of the motor at maximum torque
– Rotor current at maximum torque
Next Topic:
❖ Power Stages of IM
❖ Blocked Rotor Test
❖ Methods of Starting IM
❖ IM Torque Speed Curve

Engr. A. Cueto
“If you light a lamp for someone else it will
also brighten up your path.”eac^0^

Thank you and God Bless☺