Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) .

Technology issues in process design
-Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

It is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control entire production process.[1][2]
This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each part.
Manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers. Typically,
CIM relies on closed-loop control processes based on real-time input from sensors. It is also
known as flexible design and manufacturing.
1. Computer-integrated manufacturing is used in automotive, aviation, space, and ship

building industries.[4]
2. The term "computer-integrated manufacturing" is both a method of manufacturing and
the name of a computer-automated system in which individual engineering, production,
marketing, and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized.
3. In a CIM system functional areas such as design, analysis, planning, purchasing, cost
accounting, inventory control, and distribution are linked through the computer with
factory floor functions such as materials handling and management, providing direct
control and monitoring of all the operation.
 CIM is an example of application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in
the Manufacturing process.
 CIM is an example of the implementation of information and communication
technologies (ICTs) in manufacturing.
 CIM implies that there are at least two computers exchanging information, e.g. the
controller of an arm robot and a micro-controller.
 CIM is most useful where a high level of ICT is used in the company or facility, such as
CAD/CAM systems, and the availability of process planning and its data.
The idea of "digital manufacturing" became prominent in the early 1970s, with the release of
Dr. Joseph Harrington's book, Computer Integrated Manufacturing. [5] However, it was not until
1984 when computer-integrated manufacturing began to be developed and promoted by
machine tool manufacturers and the Computer and Automated Systems Association and
Society of Manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME).
-Key challenges
There are three major challenges to development of a smoothly operating computer-
integrated manufacturing system:
 Integration of components from different suppliers: When different machines, such as
CNC, conveyors and robots, are using different communications protocols (In the case of
AGVs, even differing lengths of time for charging the batteries) may cause problems.
 Data integrity: The higher the degree of automation, the more critical is the integrity of
the data used to control the machines. While the CIM system saves on labor of
operating the machines, it requires extra human labor in ensuring that there are proper
safeguards for the data signals that are used to control the machines.
 Process control: Computers may be used to assist the human operators of the
manufacturing facility, but there must always be a competent engineer on hand to
handle circumstances which could not be foreseen by the designers of the control
software.
CIMOSA provides a solution for business integration with four types of products:[11]
 The CIMOSA Enterprise Modeling Framework, which provides a reference architecture
for enterprise architecture
 CIMOSA IIS, a standard for physical and application integration.
 CIMOSA Systems Life Cycle, is a life cycle model for CIM development and deployment.
 Inputs to standardization, basics for international standard development.
CIMOSA according to Vernadat (1996), coined the term business process and introduced the
process-based approach for integrated enterprise modeling based on a cross-boundaries
approach, which opposed to traditional function or activity-based approaches. With CIMOSA
also the concept of an "Open System Architecture" (OSA) for CIM was introduced, which was
designed to be vendor-independent, and constructed with standardized CIM modules. Here to
the OSA is "described in terms of their function, information, resource, and organizational
aspects. This should be designed with structured engineering methods and made operational
in a modular and evolutionary architecture for operational use".
The various processes involved in a CIM are listed as follows:

 Computer-aided design
 Prototype manufacture
 Determining the efficient method for manufacturing by calculating the costs and
considering the production methods, volume of products, storage and distribution
 Ordering of the necessary materials needed for the manufacturing process
 Computer-aided manufacturing of the products with the help of computer
numerical controllers
 Quality controls at each phase of the development.
 Product assembly with the help of robots
 Quality check and automated storage
 Automatic distribution of products from the storage areas to awaiting lorries/trucks
 Automatic updating of logs, financial data and bills in the computer system
CIM is a combination of different applications and technologies like CAD, CAM,
computer-aided engineering, robotics, manufacturing resource planning and enterprise
management solutions. It can also be considered as an integration of all enterprise
operations that work with a common data repository.
The major components of CIM are as follows:

 Data storage, retrieval, manipulation and presentation mechanisms
 Real-time sensors for sensing the current state and for modifying processes
 Data processing algorithms
The Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture (CIMOSA) was
proposed in 1990 by the AMCIE consortium to provide an open systems architecture that
specifies both enterprise modeling and enterprise integration required by CIM
environments.
The CIM approach has found a wide range of applications in industrial and production
engineering, mechanical engineering and electronic design automation. CIM increases
the manufacturing productivity and lowers the total cost of manufacturing. It also offers
great flexibility, quality and responsiveness.

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Technology issues in process design

-Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

1. Computer-integrated manufacturing is used in automotive, aviation, space, and ship

The various processes involved in a CIM are listed as follows:

The major components of CIM are as follows:

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