DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

FOR SARASWATI HI TECH CITY

PRAYAGRAJ
“A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement
For the Degree of”

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted To –
DR. A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
Submitted By –
1. GYAN PRAKASH YADAV Under the Guidance of
2. AVANISH KUMAR YADAV Shailendra Yadav
3. RAHUL RAI (Assistant Professor)
4. KM SAKSHI UPADHYAY (Department of civil engineering)

Department of Civil Engineering

United College of Engineering & Research
UPSIDC Industrial Area, Naini, Prayagraj

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to affirm that the undertaking entitled, "DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT FOR SARASWATI HI TECH CITY PRAYAGRAJ" presented by GYAN

PRAKASH YADAV, AVANISH KUMAR YADAV, RAHUL RAI and KM SAKSHI

UPADHYAY in halfway satisfaction of the necessity for the honor of Bachelor of

Technology degree in Civil Engineering at United College of Engineering and Research

Naini, Prayagraj (U.P) is a real work completed by Students under the direction of

SHAILENDRA YADAV. As far as I could possibly know, the issue epitomized in the

task has not been submitted to some other University/Institute for the honor of any

Degree.

PROJECT ADVISER PROJECT COORDINATOR

Shailendra Yadav Er. Mani Mahesh

(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)

DATE: HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Dr. Jitendra Kumar

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

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 DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the discussion entitle “SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT”

being submitted by us towards the fulfillment of the degree of bachelor of technology,

in the Department of Civil Engineering is a project work carried by us under the

supervision of SHAILANDRA YADAV and have not been submitted anywhere else.

We will be solely responsible if any kind of plagiarism is found.

Date:

GYAN PRAKASH YADAV (1701000031)

RAHUL RAI (1701000055)

AVANISH KUMAR YADAV (1701000024)

KM SAKSHI UPADHYAY (1701000033)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We might want to offer our true thanks to Civil Engineering office, United College of
Engineering and Research Prayagraj for furnishing us with a chance to take you the
difficult errand of performing different test and demonstrating confidence in our ability
to play out the work according to the desire.

We are offering our profound thanks to our task direct, Mr. Mani Mahesh, who has
consistently been on the effective fulfillment of the undertaking. It is all because of the
rule and instructive help from him that helped us in playing out the errand effectively.

Positively, worth affirmation are the earnest endeavors of all the workforce and staff
individuals from structural Engineering office, for their huge help and collaboration.
Ultimately, we additionally express our appreciative wishes to Head of Department,
Civil Engineering Department for supporting us in the venture procedures

SAKSHI UPADHYAY
RAHUL RAI
GYAN PRAKASH YADAV
AVANISH KUMAR YADAV

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 ABSTRACT
The dirty water that comes from homes and businesses as a result of laundry, using the
bathroom and all the soapy water that comes from washing dishes called sewage or
wastewater. Rainwater entering drains and industrial wastes also appear to fit under this
category.
Sewage is treated by a variety of methods to make it suitable for its intended use, be it
for spraying onto irrigation fields (for watering crops) or be it for human consumption.
Sewage treatment mainly takes place in two main stages: Primary and Secondary
treatment. In arid areas, where there is not enough water, sewage also undergoes a
tertiary treatment to meet the demand of drinking water supply.
During primary treatment, the suspended solids are separated from the water and the
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the water is reduced, preparing it for the next
stage in wastewater treatment. Secondary treatment can be accomplished by a wide
variety of means. However, in our project, we will be concentrating on two of the most
commonly used method: Trickling filter and Activated sludge. Activated sludge method
uses air and a biological floc that is comprised of bacteria and protozoan. This aeration
continues for 4-6 hours, after which it is stopped and the contents moved to settling
tank. In the settling tank, the floc settles out and removes much of the organic material
with it. This process removes 75-95% of BOD.
In the trickling filter, sewage is passed over a bed of rocks or molded plastic, over
which a biofilms of aerobic microorganisms grow. This method removes 80-85% of
BOD. The water is then infected, mostly by the chlorination, and released into flowing
water or oceans.
If needed, the sewage water can be treated in such a way as to make it safe for
consumption. This is where tertiary treatment appears. The sole purpose of tertiary
treatment is to make sewage water suitable for human consumption, in other words, it
give us potable water. It removes phosphorus, nitrogen, and the remaining BOD by
liming, subsequent nitrification and denitrification, and using filters of fine sand or
activated charcoal, respectively.
The model will aim to explain the stages of wastewater treatment with alternate group
members elaborating each step as the explanation proceeds. In short, the model will aid
the general public in understanding where their wastewater goes and how it is deal with.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
ABSTRACT 2
TABLE OF CONTENT 3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5
1.2 NEEDOF STUDY 5
1.3 OBJECTIVE 5
1.4 ABOUT THE LOCATION OFPROJECT 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 RESERACHER 8
2.2 METHOD ADOPTED
2.1 RAWSEWAGE 10
2.2SCREENING 10
2.2.1 COARSE SCREEN 10
2.2.2 FINE SCREEN 10
2.3 GRIT CHAMBER 11

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2.3.1 TYPES OF GRITCHAMBER 11
2.4 PRIMARY CLARIFIER 11
2.5 AERATION TANK 11
2.6 SECONDARY CLARIFIER 11
2.7 DISINFECTION 12
2.7.1 MEDIA 12
2.8 SLUDGETHICKNER 12
2.9 SLUDGE DRYING BEDS 13
2.10 TESTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 13
CHAPTER 3: DATA COLLECTION
3.10.1BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 13
3.10.1.2BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDEQUATION 14
3.10.1.3 OIL AND GREASE TEST PROCEDURE 14
3.10.1.4 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID PROCEDURE 15
3.10.1.5 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDCALCULATION 15
4. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 SCREEN REQUIREMENT. 18
4.2. DESIGNING OF GRIT CHAMBER 19
4.3. DESIGINING OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK 20
4.4. DESIGNING OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS 21
4.5. DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK 24
4.6. DESIGN OF SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK 25
4.7. ESTIMATION OF GAS PRODUCED FROM DIGESTED TANK 2

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 TABLE OF FIGURE

Figure 1.........................................................................................................7
Figure 2.........................................................................................................8
Figure 3.......................................................................................................13
Figure 4.......................................................................................................14

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 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Before knowing about sewage treatment, we have to know about sewage. Liquid waste
of domestic and industrial origin is known as sewage. It consists of 99.6% water and
0.4% biodegradable pollutants and small solid particles. It is generated by residential,

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institutional, commercial and industrial establishment. It includes household waste
liquid from toilets, bathrooms, kitchens and sinks.
Major aim of sewage treatment is to remove as much of suspended solids as possible
before the remaining water is discharged back to the environment. There are three
processes used to remove contaminants and produce treated waste water-
i) Physical Process
ii) Chemical Process
iii) Biological Process
Waste water is draining in two colour i.e. grey water and black water. Treated grey
water is being permitted for use for watering plants and treated black water is used for
flushing toilets.
1.2 NEED OF STUDY
All the large industry and factories generate large amount of waste water in a day. If we
dispose this waste water directly to the river then the aquatic animal can dead or if we
dispose waste water in neighborhood area then it can cause various disease and
contamination of land and water. So before disposal of waste water in the environment
we have to treat it. It is easy to eliminate solid waste but it is not so easy to remove
chemical and biological contaminants from this waste water. This is done with the help
of sewage treatment plant. By treating sewage we can save environment, aquatic life,
water, money. We can take part in economic development by treatment of sewage.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
 To design Sewage Treatment Plant of 15 MLD for Saraswati High Tech City.
 To extract pollutants, remove coarse particles and kill pathogens
 To reduce BOD and COD
1.4 ABOUT THE LOCATION OF PROJECT
SARASWATI HI-TECH CITY ALLAHABAD
Saraswati Hi Tech city is a neighborhood in Naini, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The
area lies between the limits of Allahabad Municipality near Triveni Sangam River on
NH 76. The Government of Uttar Pradesh is building a university named Allahabad

ix
State University, along with a library in Hi-Tech city which also has a proposed
stadium.
The project is led by Uttar Pradesh industrial development corporation, on an area of
1140 acres (460 hectares), and will have industrial area, residential area, parks and a
museum. There will be 1500 residential property, including Type-A, Type-B, and Type-
C and the corresponding size for units is 250 square meters (2700 sq.) 200 sq. meters
(2200 sq.) and 120 sq. meters (1300 sq.).

Land Use Area in Acres

Residential 118.86
Industrial 115.54
Commercial 104.45
Institutional 112.64
Green/ water body 319.18
Amenities 54.71
Roads 208.62
Future development 104.75
Total land acquired 1140

Figure 1

SARASWATI HI TECH CITY LAYOUT

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 Figure 2

General standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants, Part A: Effluents as per

Schedule VI of the Environmental (Protection) Rules 1986 and National River
Conservation Directorate Guidelines for Faecal Coliforms, (Values in mg/l unless
stated)

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xii
 CHAPTER2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 RESERACHER
Literature review was undertaken to gather information on the research in the field of
impact of urban waste on the quality of ground water and soil in different area. The
characteristics and composition of the urban waste i.e. sewage and municipal waste
water was studied by various workers in the world. Literature shows evidences of the
work carried out on the health risk assessment due to urban waste. The impact of
urbanization on the water quality was also studied by various researchers in the different
part of the world.
Lin S.H. and Cheng K.W., (2001) did investigation based on treatment of municipal
wastewater which is finished by SBR treatment prior to which coagulation as first
procedure. The batch wise working advancement in the SBR process are held along
with the permission of continuous sewage inflow, this was an alternate design of SBR
which endeavored this examination.12 hours of SBR process cycle was experimented.
Baffle plates which are perforated which are two in numbers and containing huge
numbers of 2mm pores involved an absolute surface Territory of 20% of the baffle
plates, partitioned SBR basin in three equivalent compartments. Settle and draw
activities are minimized buy impact of continuous in swimming wastewater with the
help of the perforated baffle plates. In a comparison with the conventional SBR and
upgraded SBR a conclusion was made that same results were obtained with an
additional merit of flow which is continuous. Biochemical Oxygen demand extraction
was found to be 97.8% and COD removal was 91.8 percent. Conclusion was made by
the author having chemical coagulation being best alternative for sewage pre-treatment
before SBR entry. A certain scope in improvisation was found out in modified version
of SBR as it does not provide a prominent change in results.
Li and Zang (2002) read execution of SBR in the treatment of wastewater from dairy
industry having different HRT and organic loadings. For 10000 milligrams per liter
COD and HRT of one day, the extraction efficiency of Total Kjeldal Nitrogen, total
solids, COD, nitrogen, volatile solids was voted as 3.75 %, 63.4%, 80.2 %, 38.3 % and
66.3 % individually.
Tansel B. (2008) studies new technologies for water and waste water treatment: a
survey of recent patents. In his study he takes overview of hybrid filtration systems and
filtration cartridges. The recent patents applicable for water and wastewater treatment
address improvements for ease of operation, reliability, cost, size, maintainability,
xiii
improved water quality, and analytical methods. There are also patents that show
applications of Nano technology especially in the areas of disinfection, ion exchange,
and detection methods.
Moawada (2009) researched the ability to treat municipal sewage with a combined
method of aerobic and anaerobic treatment forms for example up flow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket (UASB) trailed by aerobic SBR discharge sewage reasonable for
irrigation system. 3 trials was tested, which comprises of 4-3 hours variety to HRT of
UASB, 6-12 hours period variation of SBR which comprises of aeration cycle variety
from 2 -9 hours. The increment in Hydraulic retention time of a SBR system was useful
on Total Nitrogen extraction yet having no impact on Total Phosphorus just as
extraction efficiencies of COD and BOD. COD removal efficiency was 84 to 89%,
BOD removal efficiency was 90 to 95.9 % and TSS removal efficiency was 85 to 93.9%
individually which inferred that utilization of SBR after UASB is an excellent
innovation.
Haarhoff, J. and Olivier J. (2006) studied GAC performance at three southern African
water treatment plants. From their meta-analysis, a clear picture emerged of which
water quality parameters were significantly improved by GAC, and to what extent. In
his one of the finding they mention that the data obtained from the small pilot filters of
50 mm diameter at Rietvlei appeared to have produced data comparable with much
larger pilot filters, indicating that smaller filters may be used with good effect if larger
systems are beyond the reach of a specific location.
Le Chevallier M.W. and Kwok-Keung A. (2004) carried out study on water treatment
and pathogen control process efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. In the
executive summary of the report they state that for control of microbes within the
distribution system, disinfectants must interact with bacteria growing in pipeline
biofilms or contaminating the system. The mechanism of disinfection within the
distribution system differs from that of primary treatment. Factors important in
secondary disinfection include disinfectant stability and transport into biofilms,
disinfectant type and residual, pipe material, corrosion and other engineering and
operational parameters.
Pant A. and Mittal A. K. (2007) carried out research on disinfection of wastewater
with comparative evaluation of chlorination and DHS-bio tower. To achieve good
disinfection, the contact time and dose are extremely important. A longer contact time is
required for complete disinfection to occur. As per Lindsay (2004), a contact time of 30
minutes is a minimum, and if the dose remains constant, the contact time may
necessitated to be increased at low temperatures or higher pH to obtain the same level of
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disinfection. Typical chlorine doses for municipal wastewater disinfection are about 5-
20 mg/1 with a contact time of 30 to 60 min.
2.2 METHOD ADOPTED
2.1 RAW SEWAGE
According to IS Code: 2470-1986 sewage or domestic/municipal wastewater is a
type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is mostly consists
mostly of greywater (from sinks, bathtub, showers, dishwashers and clothes
washers), Blackwater (the water used to flush toilets), soaps and detergents, and toilet
paper.
A system of sewer pipes collects sewage and takes it for treatment or disposal.
Sewage treatment is process of removing the contaminants from sewage to produce
liquid and solids suitable for discharge to the environment or for use.

2.2 SCREENING
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plant .Screening
removes object such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging
of downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances.
Some modern wastewater treatment plants use both coarse screens and fine screens.
2.2.1 COARSE SCREENS
Coarse screens remove large solids, rags, and debris from wastewater, and typically
have openings of 6mm (0.25 in) or large. Types of coarse screens include mechanically
and manually cleaned bar screens, including trash racks.
2.2.2 FINE SCREENS
Fine screens are typically used to remove material that may create operation and
maintenance problems in downstream processes, particularly in systems that lack
primary treatment.
Typical opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in). Very fine
screens with openings of 0.2 to 1.5 mm (0.01 to 0.06 in) placed after coarse and fine

xv
screens can reduce suspended solids to levels near those achieved by primary
clarification.
2.3 GRIT CHAMBER
Grit chamber is long narrow or circular tank in the primary sewage treatment plant that
is designed to reduce the velocity of the flow of sewage to eliminate the girt materials
such as sand, ash and clinker, eggshells, bone chips, and many inert materials inorganic
in nature. These are the essentially coarse sedimentation tank in which the water flows
at a maximum velocity of 0.75 m/sec.
2.3.1 TYPES OF GRIT CHAMBERS
 Velocity controlled V-shaped land grit channels
 Square shaped chambers with entry and exit on opposite side and mold hopper
 Vortex type cone and the centrifugal action plummets the grit top bottom

2.4 PRIMARY CLARIFIERS

Primary clarifier reduces the content of suspended solids and pollutants embedded in
those suspended solids. It allows many suspended particles to settle out of water or
waste water while slowing going through the tank and providing a source of
purification. Concentrated impurities, discharged from the bottom of the tank are known
as sludge, while the particles that float to the surface of the liquid are called scum.
2.5 AERATION TANK
After primary treatment the wastewater undergoes secondary treatment. Secondary
treatment refers to the removal of organic material in the wastewater by biological
means. The secondary treatment, also called activated sludge process, is designed to
remove biological content from the sewage such as, human waste, food, soap, detergent.
In these process remove up to 90% of the waste water by adding in small
microorganisms live off of, the organic matter is they’re food supply.
There are two types of this method,
 The activated sludge where the bacteria is free floating.
 The bacteria are attached to a membrane that the water filters through allowing them
to end east.

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 Figure 3

2.6 SECONDARY CLARIFIER

After the activated sludge process is complete, the wastewater is sent into secondary
clarifier. These clarifiers work just like the primary clarifiers, using gravity to remove
particulate matter from the water. Some of the solids collected in the secondary clarifier
are sent back to the aeration tank to treat more wastewater and the excess is pumped to
another location in the plant further treatment.
2.7 DISINFECTION
Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic.
Microorganisms are destroyed and deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and
reproduction.
2.7.1 MEDIA
Disinfection can be attained by means of physical or chemical disinfections. The agents
also remove organic contaminants from water, which serve as nutrients or shelters for
microorganisms. Disinfectants must also have residual effects, which means that they
remain active in the water after disinfection.
A disinfectant should prevent pathogenic microorganisms from growing in the
plumbing after disinfection, causing the water to be recontaminated.
2.8 SLUDGE THICKNER
Thickening of sludge increase its solids content and reduces the volume of free water
thereby minimizing the unit load on downstream processes such as digestion and
dewatering.The most commonly used thickening processes are:
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 Gravity Thickening
This process involves the concentration of thin sludge to more dense sludge in special
circular tank designed for this purpose. A gravity thickener is similar to a conventional
sedimentation tank in design, but has a more steep [floor slope. Tank ranges from 6-4
m. floor slope is varies from 1:4 to 1:6 depending upon the type of sludge, time required
for thickening & storage volume to absorb peak solid load.

 DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATION

The objectives of flotation – thickening is to attach a minute air bubble to suspended
solids and cause the solids to separate from the water in an upward direction. This is due
to the fact that the solid particles have a specific gravity lower than water when the
bubble is attached.

 CENTRIFUGATION
Centrifugation has been demonstrated to be capable of thickening a variety of
wastewater sludge. Centrifuges are a compact, simple, flexible, self-contained unit.
They have the disadvantages of high capital, maintenance and power costs and often a
poor, solids-capture efficiency if chemical are not used for bio sludge.
2.9 SLUDGE DRYING BEDS
Sludge drying bed is the most widely used method for sludge dewatering. Sludge drying
involves natural ways of drying to mechanical ways of removing water content. Sludge
drying bed is generally used for small and medium sized communities.
The piping to the sludge drying beds should be designed for velocity of at least 0.75
m/s. The sludge is placed on the bed in 20-30 cm layers and allowed to dry. Sludge cake
removal by shoveling into wheel-barrows, trucks, scraper, or front end loader.

xviii
 Figure 4

CHAPTER 3
DATA COLLECTION
3.1 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)-
PRINCIPLE:
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is based mainly on the classification of
biological activity of a substance. A procedure measures the dissolved oxygen
consumed by micro-organisms while capable of taking and oxidizing the organic matter
under aerobic conditions. The standard test condition lets in incubating the sample in an
air tight bottle, in dark at a required temperature for specific time.
DILUTION METHOD:
This standard method is recognized by EPA, which is labelled Method 5210B in
the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. In order to obtain
BOD5, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a sample must be measured before and
after the incubation period, and appropriately adjusted by the sample corresponding
dilution factor. This analysis is performed using 300 ml incubation bottles in
which buffered dilution water is dosed with seed microorganisms and stored for 5 days

xix
in the dark room at 20 °C to prevent DO production via photosynthesis. The bottles
have traditionally been made of glass, which required cleaning and rinsing between
samples. A SM 5210B approved, disposable, plastic BOD bottle is available which
eliminates this step. In addition to the various dilutions of BOD samples, this procedure
requires dilution water blanks, glucose glutamic acid (GGA) controls, and seed controls.
The dilution water blank is used to confirm the quality of the dilution water that is used
to dilute the other samples. This is necessary because impurities in the dilution water
may cause significant alterations in the results. The GGA control is a standardized
solution to determine the quality of the seed, where its recommended
BOD5 concentration is 198 mg/l ± 30.5 mg/l. For measurement of carbonaceous
BOD (cBOD), a nitrification inhibitor is added after the dilution water has been added
to the sample. The inhibitor hinders the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen, which supplies
the nitrogenous BOD (nBOD). When performing the BOD 5 test, it is conventional
practice to measure only cBOD because nitrogenous demand does not reflect the
oxygen demand from organic matter. This is because nBOD is generated by the
breakdown of proteins, whereas cBOD is produced by the breakdown of organic
molecules.
BOD5 is calculated by:
( D ₀−D₅)
 Unseeded: BOD ₅=
P
( D ₀−D ₅)−(B ₀−B₅) f
 Seeded:BOD₅¿
P
Where:
D0is the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the diluted solution after preparation (mg/l)
D5 is the DO of the diluted solution after 5 day incubation (mg/l)
P is the decimal dilution factor
B0 is the DO of diluted seed sample after preparation (mg/l)
B5 is the DO of diluted seed sample after 5 day incubation (mg/l)
f fff fffffffffffffffffffffffffffff is the ratio of seed volume in dilution solution to seed volume
in BOD test on seed
Further reference can be taken from IS 3025 (Part 44): 1993 - Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST ( PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ) FOR
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WATER AND WASTEWATER PART 44 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
( BOD ).
3.2 OIL AND GREASE TEST PROCEDURE
The material is subjected to extraction in a Sox-hlet apparatus with
trichlorotrifluoroethane. The residue left after the evaporation of solvent is weighed.
Compounds volatilized at or below 103°C will be lost when filter is dried. The method
is empirical and reproducible results can be obtained only by adherence to all the
details. Further references and other methods can be taken from IS 3025 (Part 39):
1991 - Indian Standard METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND
CI-IEMICAL) FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER PART 39. OIL AND GREASE

3.3 Total Suspended Solid Procedure

The sample is evaporated in a weighed dish on a steam-bath and is dried to a constant
mass in an oven either at 103-105°C or 179-181°C. Total residue is calculated from
increase in mass.
Total Suspended Solid Calculation
Calculate the total residue using the following equation:
1000 M
Total residue, mg/l =
V
Where
M = mass in mg of total residue and V = volume in ml of the sample.
For further reference see IS: 3025 (Part 15) - 1984 (Reaffirmed 2009) - Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR
WATER AND WASTE WATER PART 15 TOTAL RESIDUE (TOTAL SOLIDS –
DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED) (First Revision).

3.4 pH Value
The pH value is defined as the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration
present in water. It is used to designate the acidity and alkalinity of water.
Thus, pH value = -log [H+]
Nature of fresh sewage and treated sewage is alkaline and the septic sewage is acidic in
nature. The pH value of fresh and treated sewage is generally more than 7& the pH

xxi
value of septic sewage is less than 7. The pH value can measured quickly and
automatically with the help of a potentiometer.

MEASUREMENT OF pH VALUE
The negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ion gives the pH of a sample. pH
varies from 6-8 in waste water sample, due to hydrolysis of salts of bases and acids.
Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Ammonia which are dissolved affect pH value
of water. pH value may be more than 9 in alkaline springs and the pH may be 4 or even
less than 4 for acidic ones. Industrial wastes do affect the pH as it depends on buffer
capacity of water. pH value of water sample in lab changes because of losses absorption
of gases, reactions with sediments, chemical reaction taking place within the sample
bottle. Therefore pH value should preferably be determined at the time of collection of
sample.
pH is measured using pH meter. The pH meter is an electrical device that determines the
acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions, one of the most commonly monitored
parameters.
To use pH meter, the pH electrode is first calibrated with standard buffer solutions with
known pH values. To make a pH measurement, the electrode is immersed into the
sample solution until a steady reading is reached. The electrode is then rinsed after each
sample and stored in a storage solution after all the measurements have been completed.
For further reference we can see IS 3025 (Part 11) (1983, Reaffirmed 2002): Method of
Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water and Wastewater, Part 11: pH
Value (First Revision).

3.5 Chloride Content

Chloride derived from the kitchen wastes, human excreta and industrial discharge. The
normal chloride content of domestic sewage is 120 mg/lit. High chloride content of
sewage indicates the presence of industrial sewage or infiltration of sea water.
The chloride content can measure by titrating the waste with standard silver nitrate
solution using potassium chromate as indicator. For further clearance we can refer IS
3025-32 (1988): Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
wastewater, Part 32: Chloride

3.6 Nitrogen Content

xxii
The presence of nitrogen in sewage indicates the presence of organic matter. It may
occur in one or more of the following forms:
a) Free ammonia
b) Nitrites
c) Albuminoidal nitrogen
d) Nitrates
Presence of free ammonia indicates the very first stage of decomposition of organic
matter. Albuminoidal nitrogen indicates quantity of nitrogen present in sewage before
the decomposition of organic matter is started.
The nitrites indicate the presence of partly decomposed organic matter .Nitrates indicate
the presence of fully oxidized organic matter.
The amount of free ammonia present in sewage can be easily measured by simply
boiling and measuring the ammonia gas.
The amount of albuminoid nitrogen can be measured by adding strong alkaline solution
of potassium permanganate to the already boiled sewage sample and again boiling the
same. The amount of nitrates present in sewage sample can be measured by color
matching method.

Methodology for determination of nitrogen content

The presence of nitrogen in sewage indicates the presence of organic matter. It may
occur in one or more of the following forms:
a) Free ammonia
b) Albuminoid nitrogen
c) Nitrites
d) Nitrates

Presence of free ammonia indicates the very first stage of decomposition of organic
matter. Albuminoid nitrogen indicates quantity of nitrogen present in sewage before the
decomposition of organic matter is started. The nitrites indicate the presence of partly
decomposed organic matter. Nitrates indicate the presence of fully oxidized organic
matter. The amount of free ammonia present in sewage can be easily measured by
simply boiling and measuring the ammonia gas. The amount of albuminoid nitrogen can
xxiii
be measured by adding strong alkaline solution of potassium permanganate to the
already boiled sewage sample and again boiling the same. The amount of nitrites or
nitrates present in sewage sample can be measured by color matching methods.IS 3025-
34 (1988): Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
wastewater, Part 34: Nitrogen

CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Screen Requirement

(14 × 106 × 10-3 )

Peak flow= 14 MLD =
24×60×60
= 0.162 m³/sec (at peak flow)

Assuring that the velocity through the screen, is not allowed to exceed 0.8m/sec, we
have

Q 0.162
Net area, AN = = = 0.2025 m²
V 0.8

xxiv
Using Rectangular Steel bars in the screen, having 1cm width and placed at 5cm clear
Spacing, we have Net area,
AN = clear spacing× length × no. Of opening
=S.L.N = (0.05).LN

Total area, AT =center to center spacing× length × no. of opening

+ 0.01 0.01
= S.L.N= (0.05 + ). L.N
2 2
= (0.06) L.N
AT 0.06 L. N
So, =( ¿
AN 0.05 L. N

6
ø= AT = ×0.2025
5
= AT =0.243m2
Assuming that the screen bars are placed al 60° to the horizontal, we have
0.243
The gross area of the Screen needed = =0.28m2
sin 60

Hence, a coarse screen of 0.28 m2 is required

Q 0.162
Also, u = = = 0.667 m/s
AT 0.243
Hence the head lose hL = 0.0729(v2-u2) =0.0729(0.82-0.6672) = 0.014 m
DESIGINING OF GRIT CHAMBER

i) Let the flow in the Grit chamber be laminar. Thus, the settling velocity may
be calculated by stokes equation i.e.

xxv
 −3
g ( S s−1 ) d 2 = 9.81× ( 2.65−1 ) ×(0.2× 10 ) =
Vt = 0.036 m/s
18 V 18 ×10−2 ×(10− 4)
V t d 0.036 ×0.02 ×10−3
Re = = = 7.2
V 10−2 × 10−4
The value of Reynold’s number is greater than 1 but less than 104, Hence, the flow is
transitional.
24 3 24 3
C D=
Re (Re )1/2 + 0.34 = 7.2 + ¿ ¿ + 0.34 = 4.8
+

The general formula for the calculation of settling velocity is given by

4 (S s−1)d
Vt =
3
× g × CD

4 (2.65−1) ×0.2 ×10−3

Vt = × 9.81 ×
2
3 4.8
Vt = 0.03 m/s
Vtd 0.03× 0.2 ×10−3
Re = = =6
V 10−2 × 10−4
24 3
C D= + +0.34 =5.565
6 6 1/ 2
−3
4 (2.65−1)× 0.2× 10
Vt2 = ×9.81 ×
3 5.565
Vt = 0.028 m/s

0.028× 0.2 ×10−3

Re = = 5.6
10−2 × 10−4
2.4 3
CD = 5.6 + 1/ 2 +0.34=5.893
5.6
−3
4 9.81 ×(2.65−1)× 0.2× 10
Vt2 = ×
3 5.893
Vt = 0.028 m/s (Hence ok)

xxvi
Thus, the settling velocity of the 0.2 mm particles is 0.027 m/s
ii) Critical horizontal flow velocity can be calculated by modified shield’s
formula as

Vh = 4.5√ gd( S s ¿−1)¿ = 4.5√ 9.81 ×0.2 ×10−3 ×(2.65−1) =0.26 m/s

iii) Let the Length ,width and depth of grit chamber

be L, B and D respectively,

14× 106 × 10-3

Quantity of flow Q = 14 MLD = = 0.162 m3/s
24×60×60
Now we know that, Q = Vh × A
0.162
A= = 0.623 m2
0.26
Assuming depth of tank D as 1m, then
D×B = A, so 1×B = 0.623 m2
Depth of basin D 1.5
Detention time = = = = 55 sec (40 – 60 sec) (ok)
settling velocity Vt 0.027
Assume free board of 0.5 m, so,
D = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 m
∴ length of tank is, L = Critical horizontal velocity × Detention time

= 0.26 × 55 = 14.3 m say 14.5 m

Thus, dimensions of tank are 14.5m×0.65m×1.5m

DESIGINING OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

Q = 14 MLD
Now assuming the detention period in the sewage sedimentation tank as 2 hours, we
have

xxvii
The quantity of sewage to be treated in 2 hours i.e. the capacity of tank required,
14
Q= ×2 = 1.167 ML = 1166.67 m3
24
Now assuming that the flow velocity through the tank is maintained at 0.3 m/minute, we
have
The length of the tank required = velocity of flow×detention period
= 0.3× 2×60 = 36 m
Capacity of the tank
Cross sectional area of the tank required =
Length of the tank
1166.67
= = 32.4m2
36
Assume the water depth in the tank (i.e. effective depth of tank) is 3m, the width of the
tank required
Area of cross section 32.4
= = = 10.8 m
Depth 3
We will provide the tank with mechanical cleaning arrangement, so no extra space at
bottom is required for sludge zone
Now assuming a free board of 0.5 m, we have
The overall depth of the tank = 3+ 0.5 =3.5 m
Hence, a rectangular sedimentation tank with an overall size of
36m×10.8 m ×3.5 m can be used.

DESIGNING OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

Q = 14 MLD = 14000 m3/day
Assuming BOD of sewage as 220 mg/l and BOD removed in primary treatment as 30
%, the
BOD of sewage of coning to aeration
70
=Y 0=¿ ×220=154 mg/l
100

xxviii
If BOD reduction is 85% (say) then BOD left in effluent
15
=Y E=¿ ×220=33 mg/ l
100
So BOD removed in activated plant = 154-33 = 121 mg/l
121
= Efficiency required in activated plant = =0.79
154
For efficiency of 85 to 92 % , we use F/M ratio as 0.4 to 0.3 , and MLSS between 1500
to 3000 mg/l for converted activated plant , since efficiency required is an lower side ,
we can use moderate figures for F/M ratio and MLSS
F
So, let us adopt = 0.33
M
Similarly adopt MLSS (XT) = 2000mg/l

F QY0
Using equation, =
M V XT

Assume, Q = 14000 m3/ day

Y0= 154 mg/l= 15gm/m3

XT= 2000mg/l (assumed)

14000×154
∴ 0.33 =
V×2000
Where V = volume of aeration tank,
So, V = 3266.67 m3
i) Check for Aeration period or H.R.T (t)
V 3266.67
From t = ×24= × 24
Q 14000
= 5.6 h (within limits of 4 to 6h) (OK)
ii) Check for solids Retention time (SRT) or sludge Age (θC )

xxix
 αy
From, V× X T = ×Q( Y0-Y E)θC
1+ Ke × θC

Where, V = 3266.67 m3
XT= 2000 mg/l
α y = yeild coefficient=1 w.r.t TSS or MLSS

Q = 14000 m3/ day

K e = endogeneous respiration rate constant =0.06 d -1

Y0 =BOD of influent in aerat i on tank =154 mg/l

Y E = BOD of effluent = 33 mg/l

Substituting the value, we get

1×14000×(154-33)×θC
3266.67×2000=
1+0.06×θC
1×14000×121× θC
⇒ 1+0.06 θC = = 0.25928 θC
3266.67×2000
⇒1 = (0.25928 – 0.06)θc ⇒ θC = 5 days (OK)
(it is in the range of 5 to 8 days)
iii) Check for volumetric loading –
Q. Y 0
Volumetric loading = gm of BOD/m3 of tank volume
V
14000×154
= =660 gm/m3=0.66 kg/m3
3266.67
within the permissible range of (0.3-0.7 kg/m3) (OK)

iv) check for return sludge ratio –

xxx
 XT
QR
using equation we have = = 106
Q - XT
SVI
Where SVI = 100 ml/gm (assumed –since this value should be in the range of 50 – 150)
X T = 2000 mg/l

2000
QR
= 106 = 0.25 (i.e. within range of 25 % to 50%) (OK)
Q - 2000
100
We will, for conservative purposes, however provide 33% return sludge. The adopted
SVI with this return sludge ratio is then computed as –
2000
0.33 = 106 = SVI = 124 ok
- 2000
SVI
The sludge pumps for bringing recirculated sludge from the secondary sedimentation
tank will thus have a capacity = 33%×Q = 0.33×1400
= 4620 m3/d

TANK DIMENSIONS
Adopt aeration tank of depth 3m and width 4.5 m. The total length of the aeration
Total Volume required 3266.67
channel required = =
B×D 3×4.5
= 241.97 say 243m
Provide a continuous channel with 3 aeration Chambers, each of 81 m length. Total
width of the unit, including two baffles each of 0.25m
Thickness = 3× 4.5+2 ×0.25=14 m
Total depth provided including free board of 0.6 m will be 3+ 0.6 = 3.6 m
Overall dimension of the Aeration tank will be 81 m×14 m×3.6 m

Rate of air supply required

Assuming air required of the aeration tank to be 100 m3 of air per kg of BOD removed

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Air required i.e. blower capacity
121× 1400 3
= 100 × m /d
1000
1
= 121 ×1400 × m3 / min
24 × 60
= 117.638 = 117.64 m3 / min
Let standard diffuser plates of 0.3× 0.3× 25 mm
Size, releasing 1.2 m3 of air / min / m2 with 0.3 mm pores may be used
Then the total no. of plates required
117.64
= = 1092
1.2× 0.3× 0.3
Let us now provide more plates in the initial length of the tank; say provide 45% of
1 1
plates in the 1st length; 30% of plates in 2nd length;
3 3
1
And 25% in the last length
3
So; plates to be provided in the 1st chamber = 0.45×1092=491.4
Plates to be provide in the 2nd chamber = 0.3 ×1092=327.6
Plates to be provide in 3rd chamber = 0.25 ×1092=273
The diffusion plates are now adjusted as to ensure the minimum clear distance 0.9 m
along the channel length to avoid interference from the rising streams of bubbles. The
minimum center to center spacing of plates along channel length, will therefore be 1.2
m, and hence in a channel of 81 m we would be able to accommodate only about [No.
of spacing -1]
81
= −1=66. In order to provide total of 491 plates in this length of 81 m, we will have
1.2
491
to use = 8 plates in each row, placed side by side along the width of the chamber.
66
Hence, use 8 plates along the width of each chamber, constituting of one, and provide
66 such rows @ 1.2 m c/c distance with total 528 plates

xxxii
In the second chamber of 81m length, we have to provide 290 plates, and hence c/c
spacing of row (8 rows in each row)
81
81×8
= 290 = = 2.2 c/c
290
8
In the third chamber, no of plates required is 274 and hence spacing of rows in this
81
81×8
chamber = 274 = = 2.3 m c/c
274
8
Hence adopt 8 plates in each row, and rows are placed @ 1.2 c/c in the 1st chamber, @
2.2 m c/c in the 2nd chamber and 2.3 m c/c in 3rd chamber

DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK

Adopting a surface loading rate of 20 m3/day/m2 at average flow of 14000 m3/day, we
have
14000
i) surface area required = = 700 m2
20
Adopted surface loading rate of 125 kg/day/m2 MLSS of 2000 mg/l, we have
14000×2000 1
i) the surface area required = × m2
1000 125
= 224 m2
The higher surface area of 700 m2 is adopted

700×4
Adopting a circular tank, dia of tank =
√ 2
= 30 m

Weir loading is for circular weir is placed along the periphery of the tank having length
14000
30 πwill be = 148.5 < 150 ok
30π
Hence provide 30 m dia secondary settling tank of 3.5 m depth

DESIGN OF SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK

Assuming total suspended solid of raw sludge = 300 mg/l

xxxiii
Mass of suspended solids in 14 ml of sewage flowing per day

300×14×10 6
= kg = 5200 kg/day
106
Assuming 65% solids are removed in primary settling tanks, we have
Mass of solids removed in primary settling tank
= 0.65×5200=3380 kg/day
Assuming that the fresh sludge has a moisture content of 95 % we have
5 kg of dry solids will make = 100 kg of wet sludge
100
So 3380 kg of day should will make = ×3380=67600 kg of wet sludge per day
5
Assuming specific gravity of wet sludge as 1.02 (density = 1020 kg / m3) we have the
67600 3
velocity of raw sludge produced per day = V 1 = m / day
1020
= 66.67 m3 / day
The value of the digested sludge ( V2 ) at 85 % moisture content ( pT )
Is given by the formula,
100- p1 100-95
V 2 = V 1[ ] = V 1[ ]
100- p2 100-85

5 1 1
Or V 2 = V 1 [ ] = × V 1 = × 90.47
15 3 3
V 2 = 30.15 m3 / day

Now assuming the digested period as 20 days for a high rate digestor, we get
2
Capacity = [V 1− ( V1 - V2 ) ] t
3
2
= [66.27−¿ (66.27 −¿30.15)×20
3
= 843.74 m3

xxxiv
Now providing 6 m depth of the cylindrical digestion tank we have
1005.13
Cross section area of the tank = = 40.62 m2
6

140.62
Dia of the tank
√ π
4
= 13.38 or 14 m

Hence provide a cylindrical digestion tank 6m deep and 14 m dia, with an additional
hoppered bottom of 1: 1 slope for collection of digested sludge

ESTIMATION OF GAS PRODUCED FROM DIGESTED TANK

Total suspended solids in sewage = 300 mg/l
Assuming that 65% of suspended solids are removed in primary settling tank, we have
The suspended solids removed as sludge
= o.65 ×300 = 195 mg/l
Now assuming that total volatile solids presents are 70% of the suspended solids we
have
The volatile solids removed = 0.7 ×195=136.5 mg/l
Further assuming that the volatile matter is reduced by 65 % in sludge digestion we
have
Volatile matter reduced = 0.65 ×136.5=88.725 mg/l
Hence volatile matter reduced in 14×10 6 L of sewage

14× 106
= 88.725 × kg = 1242.15 kg
10 6
Now assuming 0.9 m3 of gas is produced per kg of volatile Matter reduced we have total
quantity of GAS produced = 0.9×1242.15 = 118 m3
Assuming that the produced gas contains 65 % methane and 30% carbon dioxide we
have
Methane produced = 0.65×1118=726.65 m3

Carbon dioxide produced = 0.3 ×1118=335.38 m3

xxxv
Now assuming that the methane in the sludge gas has fuel value of 36000 kJ/m3
We have the fuel value of = 36000×726.65=26.16 MKJ
Now assuming a boiler efficiency of 80% we have the amount of heat that can be
finished by the boiler
= 0.8 ×26.16 Mk J =20.92 Mk J
= 20.92 Million kilo joule

CHAPTER 5: RESULT DISCUSSION

After following the designing procedure, the size of different treatment units required
are as follows:
 Area of Coarse Screen= 0.28m2
 Size of Grit Chamber= 14.5m×0.65m×1.5m
 Size of Primary Sedimentation Tank= 36m×10.8m×3.5m
 Size of Aeration Tank= 81m×14m×3.6m
 Size of Secondary Settlement Tank= 30m diameter and 3.5m deep
 Size of Sludge Digestion Tank= 6m deep and 14m in diameter
 Fuel Value of Methane Gas Produced= 26.16 MkJ

CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATION

As we have seen in the above design process that all the found values are under the
recommended values and hence above values are recommended for the different units of
sewage treatment plant

CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES

1. Manual on water supply and treatment – 1999, Central Public Health &
Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs, Government of India.

xxxvi
2. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems – 2013, Central Public Health
& Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs, Government of India.
3. S.K Garg; Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Engineering Volume 1&2, Khanna
Publicatons.
4. Burrian, Steven J., et al. (1999). "The Historical Development of Wet-Weather Flow
Management." US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. Document No. EPA/600/JA-
99/275.
5. ^ Burton Jr., G. Allen; Pitt, Robert E. (2001). "Chapter 2. Receiving Water Uses,
Impairments, and Sources of Stormwater Pollutants". Stormwater Effects
Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers. New
York: CRC/Lewis Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87371-924-7.
6. ^ Khopkar, S.M. (2004). Environmental Pollution Monitoring And Control. New
Delhi: New Age International. p. 299. ISBN 978-81-224-1507-0.

xxxvii