Victoria Cross

The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award
of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the
Victoria Cross
presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces. It
may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded to
Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own
honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be
awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to
civilians under military command although no civilian has received
the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen
Victoria in 1857, two-thirds of all awards have been personally
presented by the British monarch. These investitures are usually held
at Buckingham Palace.

The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to

honour acts of valour during the Crimean War. Since then, the medal Obverse of the cross; ribbon: 11⁄2
has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients. Only 15 inches (38 mm), crimson (blue
medals, of which 11 were to members of the British Army and four ribbon for naval awards 1856–
were to members of the Australian Army, have been awarded since 1918)
the Second World War. The traditional explanation of the source of Type Military decoration
the metal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from
Russian cannons captured at the siege of Sevastopol. However, Awarded for "... most
research has indicated another origin for the material.[4] Historian conspicuous
John Glanfield has established that the metal for most of the medals bravery, or some
made since December 1914 came from two Chinese cannons, and daring or pre-
that there is no evidence of Russian origin.[5] eminent act of
valour or self-
Owing to its rarity, the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched sacrifice, or extreme
over £400,000 at auctions.[6] A number of public and private
devotion to duty in
collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross. The private collection of
the presence of the
Lord Ashcroft, amassed since 1986, contains over one-tenth of all
VCs awarded. Following a 2008 donation to the Imperial War enemy"[1]
Museum, the Ashcroft collection went on public display alongside the Description Bronze Cross
museum's Victoria and George Cross collection in November 2010.[7] pattée with Crown
and Lion
Beginning with the Centennial of Confederation in 1967, Canada,[8] Superimposed, and
followed in 1975 by Australia[9] and New Zealand,[10] developed
motto: "For Valour"
their own national honours systems, separate from and independent of
the British or Imperial honours system. As each country's system Presented The Monarch of the
evolved, operational gallantry awards were developed with the by United Kingdom
premier award of each system—the Victoria Cross for Australia, the Eligibility Persons of any rank
Canadian Victoria Cross and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand— in the Naval, Military
being created and named in honour of the Victoria Cross. These are
and Air Forces of
unique awards of each honours system, recommended, assessed,
the United Kingdom,
gazetted, and presented by each country.
its colonies or
territories, and
 Commonwealth
Contents
countries that award
Origin UK honours;
Manufacture members of the
Appearance Merchant Navy; and
civilians serving
Award process
under the orders,
Colonial awards
directions or
Separate Commonwealth awards
supervision of any
Authority and privileges of the above-
Annuity mentioned forces or
Forfeited awards services[2]
Recipients Post- VC
Public sales nominals

Thefts Clasps Bars can be

awarded for further
Collections
acts of valour
Legacy
Memorials Status Currently awarded

In art Established 29 January 1856

See also First 26 June 1857

awarded
Notes
Footnotes Last 26 February 2015
Citations awarded

References Total 1,358

External links Total 1,355

recipients

Origin
Ribbon bar
In 1854, after 39 years of peace, Britain found itself fighting a major
war against Russia. The Crimean War was one of the first wars with
modern reporting, and the dispatches of William Howard Russell
described many acts of bravery and valour by British servicemen that Second award bar
went unrewarded.[11] Order of Wear
Next (higher) None
Before the Crimean War, there was no official standardised system for
recognition of gallantry within the British armed forces. Officers were Next (lower) George Cross[3]
eligible for an award of one of the junior grades of the Order of the
Bath and brevet promotions while a Mention in Despatches existed as an alternative award for acts of lesser
gallantry. This structure was very limited; in practice, awards of the Order of the Bath were confined to
officers of field rank[12] and brevet promotions or Mentions in Despatches were largely confined to those who
were under the immediate notice of the commanders in the field, generally members of the commander's own
staff.[13]

Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank; France awarded the
Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour, established 1802) and the Netherlands gave the Order of William
(established in 1815). There was a growing feeling among the public and in the Royal Court that a new award
was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with the length or merit of a man's
service. Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856[11][14] (gazetted
5 February 1856)[14] that officially constituted the VC. The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of
valour during the Crimean War.[15]

Queen Victoria had instructed the War Office to strike a new medal that would not recognise birth or class.
The medal was meant to be a simple decoration that would be highly prized and eagerly sought after by those
in the military services.[16] To maintain its simplicity, Queen Victoria, under the guidance of Prince Albert,
vetoed the suggestion that the award be called The Military Order of Victoria and instead suggested the name
Victoria Cross. The original warrant stated that the Victoria Cross would only be awarded to officers and men
who had served in the presence of the enemy and had performed some signal act of valour or devotion.[17]
The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 at which Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean
recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park, London.[11]

Manufacture

A single company of jewellers, Hancocks & Co, has been responsible for the production of every VC
awarded since its inception.[18]

It has long been widely believed that all the VCs were cast from the cascabels of two cannons that were
captured from the Russians at the siege of Sevastopol.[19][20][18] However, in 1990 Creagh and Ashton
conducted a metallurgical examination of the VCs in the custody of the Australian War Memorial,[21][22] and
later the historian John Glanfield wrote that, through the use of X-ray studies of older Victoria Crosses, it was
determined that the metal used for almost all VCs since December 1914 is taken from antique Chinese guns,
replacing an earlier gun.[4][20][18][23] Creagh noted the existence of Chinese inscriptions on the cannons,
which are now barely legible due to corrosion.[21] A likely explanation is that the cannons were taken as
trophies during the First Opium War and held in the Woolwich repository.

It was also thought that some medals made during the First World War were composed of metal captured from
different Chinese guns during the Boxer Rebellion. This is not so, however. The VCs examined by Creagh
and Ashton[21][22] both in Australia (58) and at the National Army Museum in New Zealand (14)[21] spanned
the entire time during which VCs have been issued and no compositional inconsistencies were found.[21] It
was also believed that another source of metal was used between 1942 and 1945 to create five Second World
War VCs when the Sevastopol metal "went missing".[4] Creagh accessed the Army records at MoD
Donnington in 1991 and did not find any gaps in the custodial record.[21] The composition found in the WW2
VCs, amongst them those for Edwards (Australia) and Upham (New Zealand), is similar to that for the early
WW1 medals. This is likely to be due to the reuse of material from earlier pourings, casting sprues, defective
medals, etc.

The barrels of the Chinese cannon are on display in the Artillery Hall of The Royal Armouries at Fort Nelson,
Hampshire. The remaining portion of the only remaining cascabel, weighing 358 oz (10 kg), is stored in a
vault maintained by 15 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps at MoD Donnington and can only be removed under
armed guard. It is estimated that approximately 80 to 85 more VCs could be cast from this source.[4]

Appearance
The decoration is a bronze cross pattée, 139 ⁄64 ″ (41 mm) high, 127 ⁄64 ″ (36 mm) wide, bearing the crown of
Saint Edward surmounted by a lion, and the inscription "for valour".[24] This was originally to have been "for
the brave", until it was changed on the recommendation of Queen Victoria, as it implied that not all men in
battle were brave.[20] The decoration, suspension bar, and link weigh about 0.87 troy ounces (27 g).[25]
The cross is suspended by a ring from a seriffed "V" to a bar
ornamented with laurel leaves, through which the ribbon passes. The
reverse of the suspension bar is engraved with the recipient's name,
rank, number and unit.[16] On the reverse of the medal is a circular
panel on which the date of the act for which it was awarded is
engraved in the centre.[16]

The Original Warrant Clause 1 states that the Victoria Cross "shall
consist of a Maltese cross of bronze".[24] Nonetheless, it has always
been a cross pattée; the discrepancy with the warrant has never been
corrected.[26]

The ribbon is crimson, 11 ⁄2 ″(38 mm) wide. The original (1856)

specification for the award stated that the ribbon should be red for
army recipients and dark blue for naval recipients,[27] but the dark The front and back of Edward
blue ribbon was abolished soon after the formation of the Royal Air Holland's VC
Force on 1 April 1918. On 22 May 1920 King George V signed a
warrant that stated all recipients would now receive a red ribbon and
the living recipients of the naval version were required to exchange their ribbons for the new colour.[28]
Although the army warrants state the colour as being red, it is defined by most commentators as being crimson
or "wine-red".[29]

Since 1917 a miniature of the Cross has been affixed to the centre of the ribbon bar when worn without the
Cross. In the event of a second award bar, a second replica is worn alongside the first.[26]

Award process
The Victoria Cross is awarded for

... most conspicuous bravery, or some daring or pre-

eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme
devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.[1]

A recommendation for the VC is normally issued by an officer at

regimental level, or equivalent, and has to be supported by three
witnesses, although this has been waived on occasion.[30] The
recommendation is then passed up the military hierarchy until it
reaches the Secretary of State for Defence. The recommendation is
then laid before the monarch who approves the award with his or her
signature. Victoria Cross awards are always promulgated in the
London Gazette with the single exception of the award to the
American Unknown Soldier in 1921.[31] The Victoria Cross warrant The obverse of William Johnstone's
makes no specific provision as to who should actually present the VC showing the dark blue ribbon for
pre-1918 awards to naval personnel
medals to the recipients. Queen Victoria indicated that she would like
to present the medals in person and she presented 185 medals out of
the 472 gazetted during her reign. Including the first 62 medals
presented at a parade in Hyde Park on 26 June 1857 by Queen Victoria, nearly 900 awards have been
personally presented to the recipient by the reigning British monarch. Nearly 300 awards have been presented
by a member of the royal family or by a civil or military dignitary. About 150 awards were either forwarded to
the recipient or next of kin by registered post or no details of the presentations are known.[32]
The original royal warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official
policy was not to award the VC posthumously. Between the Indian Mutiny in 1857 and the beginning of the
Second Boer War, the names of six officers and men were published in the London Gazette with a
memorandum stating they would have been awarded the Victoria Cross had they survived. A further three
notices were published in the London Gazette in September 1900 and April 1901 for gallantry in the Second
Boer War. In an exception to policy for the Second Boer War, six posthumous Victoria Crosses, three to those
mentioned in the notices in 1900 and 1901 and a further three, were granted on 8 August 1902, the first
official posthumous awards.[33][a] Five years later in 1907, the posthumous policy was reversed for earlier
wars, and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men whose names were mentioned in
notices in the Gazette dating back to the Indian Mutiny.[34] The Victoria Cross warrant was not amended to
explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920, but one quarter of all awards for World War I were
posthumous.[35][36]

The process and motivations of selecting the medal's recipients has sometimes been interpreted as inconsistent
or overly political. The most common observation being that the Victoria Cross may be given more often for
engagements that senior military personnel would like to publicly promote.[37][38]

The 1920 royal warrant made provision for awards to women serving in the Armed Forces. No woman has
been awarded a VC.[b][40]

In the case of a gallant and daring act being performed by a squadron, ship's company or a detached body of
men (such as marines) in which all men are deemed equally brave and deserving of the Victoria Cross, a ballot
is drawn. The officers select one officer, the NCOs select one individual, and the private soldiers or seamen
select two individuals.[41] In all, 46 awards have been awarded by ballot with 29 of the awards during the
Indian Mutiny. Four further awards were granted to Q Battery, Royal Horse Artillery at Korn Spruit on 31
March 1900 during the Second Boer War. The final ballot awards for the army were the six awards to the
Lancashire Fusiliers at W Beach during the landing at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915, although three of the awards
were not gazetted until 1917. The final seven ballot awards were the only naval ballot awards with three
awards to two Q-ships in 1917 and four awards for the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918. The provision for awards by
ballot is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant, but there have been no further such awards since 1918.[30]

Between 1858 and 1881, the Victoria Cross could be awarded for actions taken "under circumstances of
extreme danger" not in the face of the enemy.[42] Six such awards were made during this period—five of them
for a single incident during an Expedition to the Andaman Islands in 1867.[43] In 1881, the criteria were
changed again and the VC was only awarded for acts of valour "in the face of the enemy".[43] Due to this, it
has been suggested by many historians including Lord Ashcroft that the changing nature of warfare will result
in fewer VCs being awarded.[44]

Colonial awards

The Victoria Cross was extended to colonial troops in 1867. The extension was made following a
recommendation for gallantry regarding colonial soldier Major Charles Heaphy for action in the New Zealand
Wars in 1864.[45] He was operating under British command and the VC was gazetted in 1867. Later that year,
the Government of New Zealand assumed full responsibility for operations, but no further recommendations
for the Victoria Cross were raised for local troops who distinguished themselves in action.[46] Following
gallant actions by three New Zealand soldiers in November 1868 and January 1869 during the New Zealand
Wars, an Order in Council on 10 March 1869 created a "Distinctive Decoration" for members of the local
forces without seeking permission from the Secretary of State for the Colonies.[47] Although the governor was
chided for exceeding his authority, the Order in Council was ratified by the Queen. The title "Distinctive
Decoration" was later replaced by the title New Zealand Cross.[46] In addition, in 1870 Victoria sent six
ceremonial Highland broadswords to New Zealand, to be presented as "Swords of Honour" to Māori rangatira
who had served with distinction during the New Zealand Land Wars. The swords were presented in a
ceremony in Wellington in June 1870 to Mōkena Kōhere, Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui (Major Kemp), Te
Pokiha Taranui, Henare Tomoana, Ropata Wahawaha, and Ihaka Whaanga.[48]

The question of whether awards could be made to colonial troops not serving with British troops was raised in
South Africa in 1881. Surgeon John McCrea, an officer of the South African forces was recommended for
gallantry during hostilities which had not been approved by the British Government. He was awarded the
Victoria Cross and the principle was established that gallant conduct could be rewarded independently of any
political consideration of military operations. More recently, four Australian soldiers were awarded the Victoria
Cross in the Vietnam War although Britain was not involved in the conflict.[49]

Indian troops were not originally eligible for the Victoria Cross since they had been eligible for the Indian
Order of Merit since 1837, which was the oldest British gallantry award for general issue. When the Victoria
Cross was created, Indian troops were still controlled by the Honourable East India Company and did not
come under Crown control until 1860. European officers and men serving with the Honourable East India
Company were not eligible for the Indian Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross was extended to cover them in
October 1857. It was only at the end of the 19th century that calls for Indian troops to be awarded the Victoria
Cross intensified. Indian troops became eligible for the award in 1911. The first awards to Indian troops
appeared in the London Gazette on 7 December 1914 to Darwan Sing Negi and Khudadad Khan. Negi was
presented with the Victoria Cross by King George V during a visit to troops in France. The presentation
occurred on 5 December 1914 and he is one of a very few soldiers presented with his award before it appeared
in the London Gazette.[50]

Separate Commonwealth awards

Since the Second World War, most but not all Commonwealth
countries have created their own honours systems and no longer
participate in the British honours system. This began soon after the
Partition of India in 1947, when the new countries of India and
Pakistan introduced their own systems of awards. The VC was
replaced by the Param Vir Chakra (PVC) and Nishan-e-Haider (NH)
respectively. Most if not all new honours systems continued to permit
recipients of British honours to wear their awards according to the
rules of each nation's order of wear. Sri Lanka, whose defence
personnel were eligible to receive the Victoria Cross until 1972,
introduced its own equivalent, the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya Victoria Cross as it appears on
medal. Three Commonwealth realms—Australia, Canada and New Commonwealth War Graves
[51]
Zealand —have each introduced their own decorations for Commission headstones.
gallantry and bravery, replacing British decorations such as the
Victoria Cross with their own. The only Commonwealth countries
that still can recommend the VC are the small nations that still participate in the British honours system, none
of whose forces have ever been awarded the VC.[52]

When the Union of South Africa instituted its own range of military decorations and medals with effect from
6 April 1952, these new awards took precedence before all earlier British decorations and medals awarded to
South Africans, with the exception of the Victoria Cross, which still took precedence before all other awards.
The other older British awards continued to be worn in the order prescribed by the British Central Chancery of
the Orders of Knighthood.[3][53][54]

Australia was the first Commonwealth realm to create its own VC, on 15 January 1991. Although it is a
separate award, its appearance is identical to its British counterpart.[55] Canada followed suit when in 1993
Queen Elizabeth signed Letters Patent creating the Canadian VC, which is also similar to the British version,
except that the legend has been changed from "for valour" to the Latin "pro valore ". This language was
chosen so as to favour neither French nor English, the two official languages of Canada.[56] New Zealand was
the third country to adapt the VC into its own honours system. While the New Zealand and Australian VCs
are technically separate awards, the decoration is identical to the British design, including being cast from the
same gunmetal as the British VC.[51][55] The Canadian Victoria Cross also includes metal from the same
cannon, along with copper and other metals from all regions of Canada.[57]

There have been five recipients of the Victoria Cross for Australia, four for action in Afghanistan and one
awarded for action in the Second World War following a review. The first was to Trooper Mark Donaldson
(Special Air Service Regiment) on 16 January 2009 for actions during Operation Slipper, the Australian
contribution to the War in Afghanistan;[58] Ben Roberts-Smith,[59] Daniel Keighran[60] and Cameron Baird
were also awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia for actions in Afghanistan. Teddy Sheean was awarded the
VC after the Australian Government convened an expert panel to review his case.[61] The Victoria Cross for
New Zealand has been awarded once: Corporal Willie Apiata (New Zealand Special Air Service) on 2 July
2007, for his actions in the War in Afghanistan in 2004. The Canadian Victoria Cross has been cast once, to be
awarded to the Unknown Soldier at the rededication of the Vimy Memorial on 7 April 2007 (this date being
chosen as it was the 90th anniversary of the battle of Vimy Ridge), but pressure from veterans' organisations
caused the plan to be dropped.[62]

Authority and privileges

As the highest award for valour of the United Kingdom, the Victoria Cross is always the first award to be
presented at an investiture, even before knighthoods, as was shown at the investiture of Private Johnson
Beharry, who received his medal before General Sir Mike Jackson received his knighthood.[19] Owing to its
status, the VC is always the first decoration worn in a row of medals and it is the first set of post-nominal
letters used to indicate any decoration or order.[52] Similar acts of extreme valour that do not take place in the
face of the enemy are honoured with the George Cross (GC), which has equal precedence but is awarded
second because the GC is newer.[63]

It is not statutory for "all ranks to salute a bearer of the Victoria Cross": There is no official requirement that
appears in the official warrant of the VC, nor in Queen's Regulations and Orders, but tradition dictates that this
occurs and, consequently, senior officers will salute a private awarded a VC or GC.[63]

As there was no formal order of wear laid down,[64] the Victoria Cross was at first worn as the recipient
fancied. It was popular to pin it on the left side of the chest over the heart, with other decorations grouped
around the VC. The Queen's Regulations for the Army of 1881 gave clear instructions on how to wear it; the
VC had to follow the badge of the Order of the Indian Empire. In 1900 it was ordained in Dress Regulations
for the Army that it should be worn after the cross of a Member of the Royal Victorian Order. It was only in
1902 that King Edward VII gave the cross its present position on a bar brooch.[65] The cross is also worn as a
miniature decoration on a brooch or a chain with mess jacket, white tie or black tie. As a bearer of the VC is
not a Companion in an Order of Chivalry, the VC has no place in a coat of arms.[66]

Annuity

The original warrant stated that NCOs and private soldiers or seamen on the Victoria Cross Register were
entitled to a £10 per annum annuity.[67] In 1898, Queen Victoria raised the pension to £50 for those that could
not earn a livelihood, be it from old age or infirmity.[68] Today holders of the Victoria Cross or George Cross
are entitled to an annuity, the amount of which is determined by the awarding government. Since 2015, the
annuity paid by the British Government is £10,000 per year.[69] This is exempted from tax for British
taxpayers by Section 638 Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, along with pensions or annuities
from other awards for bravery.[70] In Canada, under the Gallantry Awards Order, members of the Canadian
Forces or people who joined the British forces before 31 March 1949 while domiciled in Canada or
Newfoundland receive Can$3,000 per year.[71] Under Subsection 103.4 of the Veterans' Entitlements Act
1986, the Australian Government provides a Victoria Cross Allowance.[72] Until November 2005 the amount
was A$3,230 per year. Since then this amount has been increased annually in line with the Australian
Consumer Price Index.[73][74]

Forfeited awards

The original royal warrant involved an expulsion clause that allowed for a recipient's name to be erased from
the official register in certain wholly discreditable circumstances and his pension cancelled.[75] Eight were
forfeited between 1861 and 1908. The power to cancel and restore awards is still included in the Victoria
Cross warrant.[76]

King George V felt very strongly that the decoration should never be forfeited and in a letter from his Private
Secretary, Lord Stamfordham, on 26 July 1920, his views are forcefully expressed:

The King feels so strongly that, no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the VC has
been conferred, the decoration should not be forfeited. Even were a VC to be sentenced to be
hanged for murder, he should be allowed to wear his VC on the scaffold.[31]

Recipients
A total of 1,358 Victoria Crosses have been awarded since 1856 to
1,355 men.[77] There are several statistics related to the greatest
number of VCs awarded in individual battles or wars. The greatest
number of Victoria Crosses awarded for a single day was 24 for deeds
performed during the Indian Mutiny on 16 November 1857, 23 for
deeds at Lucknow and one by Francis David Millet Brown for action
at Narnoul, south of Delhi.[78] The greatest number won by a single
unit during a single action is seven, to the 2nd/24th Foot, for the
defence of Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879, during the Zulu The 93rd Highlanders storming
War.[79] The greatest number won in a single conflict is 628, being Sikandar Bagh. National Army
for the First World War.[80] Ishar Singh became the first Indian Sikh Museum, London (NAM 1987-06-12)
to receive the award.[81] Eight of the then-twelve surviving holders of
the Victoria Cross attended the 150th Anniversary service of
remembrance at Westminster Abbey on 26 June 2006.[82]

Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar, the bar
representing a second award of the VC. They are Noel Chavasse and
Arthur Martin-Leake, both doctors in the Royal Army Medical Corps,
for rescuing wounded under fire; and New Zealander Captain Charles
Upham, an infantryman, for combat actions.[83] Upham remains the
only combatant soldier to have received a VC and Bar. Surgeon
General William Manley, an Irishman, remains the sole recipient of James Hills-Johnes VC pictured
both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross. The VC was awarded for earning his Victoria Cross at the
his actions during the Waikato-Hauhau Maori War, New Zealand on siege of Delhi in July 1857
29 April 1864, while the Iron Cross was awarded for tending the
wounded during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71.[84] Royal
New Zealand Air Force Flying Officer Lloyd Trigg has the distinction of being the only serviceman ever
awarded a VC on evidence solely provided by the enemy, for an action in which there were no surviving
Allied witnesses.[85] The recommendation was made by the captain of the German U-boat U-468 sunk by
Trigg's aircraft. Lieutenant Commander Gerard Roope was also awarded a VC on recommendation of the
enemy, the captain of the Admiral Hipper, but there were also numerous surviving Allied witnesses to
corroborate his actions.[86]

Since the end of the Second World War, the original VC has been awarded fifteen times: four in the Korean
War, one in the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1965, four to Australians in the Vietnam War, two during
the Falklands War in 1982, one in the Iraq War in 2004, and three in the War in Afghanistan for actions in
2006, 2012 and 2013.[87][88][89][90]

In 1856, Queen Victoria laid a Victoria Cross beneath the foundation stone of Netley Military hospital.[91]
When the hospital was demolished in 1966 the VC, known as "The Netley VC", was retrieved and is now on
display in the Army Medical Services Museum, Mytchett, near Aldershot. This VC is not counted in official
statistics.[91] In 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was awarded the US Medal of Honor and reciprocally the
Victoria Cross was presented to the American Unknown Soldier of the First World War.[87] This is the only
ungazetted VC award and is included in the total of 1,358 awards.

Public sales
Since 1879, more than 300 Victoria Crosses have been publicly auctioned or advertised. Others have been
privately sold. The value of the VC can be seen by the increasing sums that the medals reach at auctions. In
1955 the set of medals awarded to Edmund Barron Hartley was bought at Sotheby's for the then record price
of £300 (approximately £7900 in present-day terms[92]). In October 1966 the Middlesex Regiment paid a new
record figure of £900 (approximately £16900 in present-day terms[92]) for a VC awarded after the Battle of the
Somme. In January 1969, the record reached £1700 (£28200[92]) for the medal set of William Rennie.[93] In
April 2004 the VC awarded in 1944 to Sergeant Norman Jackson, RAF, was sold at an auction for
£235,250.[94][95] On 24 July 2006, an auction at Bonhams in Sydney of the VC awarded to Captain Alfred
Shout fetched a world record hammer price of A$1 million (approximately £410,000 at the time).[6] In
November 2009, it was reported that almost £1.5 million was paid to St Peter's College, Oxford by Lord
Ashcroft for the VC and bar awarded to Noel Chavasse.[96] Vice Admiral Gordon Campbell's medal group,
including the VC he received for actions while in command of HMS Farnborough, was reportedly sold for a
record £840,000.[97]

Thefts
Several VCs have been stolen and, being valuable, have been placed on the Interpol watch-list for stolen
items.[98] The VC awarded to Milton Gregg, which was donated to the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in
London, Ontario, Canada in 1979, was stolen on Canada Day (1 July 1980), when the museum was
overcrowded[99] and has been missing since. A VC awarded in 1917 to Canadian soldier Corporal Filip
Konowal[100] was stolen from the same museum in 1973 and was not recovered until 2004.[101]

On 2 December 2007, nine VCs were among 100 medals stolen from locked, reinforced glass cabinets at the
QEII Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru, New Zealand, with a value of around NZD$20 million. Charles
Upham's VC and Bar was among these.[102] A reward of NZ$300,000 was posted for information leading to
the recovery of the decorations and conviction of the thieves, although at the time there was much public
debate about the need to offer reward money to retrieve the medals.[103] On 16 February 2008 New Zealand
Police announced all the medals had been recovered.[104][105]
Collections
There are a number of collections of Victoria Crosses. The VC collection of businessman and politician Lord
Ashcroft, amassed since 1986, contains 162 medals, over one-tenth of all VCs awarded. It is the largest
collection of such decorations. In July 2008 it was announced that Ashcroft was to donate £5 million for a
permanent gallery at the Imperial War Museum where the 50 VCs held by the museum would be put on
display alongside his collection.[106] The Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum opened on 12
November 2010, containing a total of 210 VCs and 31 GCs.[7]

Prior to the November 2010 opening of the Ashcroft Gallery, the largest collection of VCs on public display
was held by the Australian War Memorial, whose collection includes all nine VCs awarded to Australians at
Gallipoli. Of the 101 medals awarded to Australians (96 VCs, and five VCs for Australia), this collection
contains around 70 medals, including three medals awarded to British soldiers (Grady, 1854; Holbrook, 1914;
and Whirlpool, 1858), and three of the VCs for Australia (Donaldson, 2008; Keighran, 2010; and Roberts-
Smith, 2010).[107]

Museums with holdings of ten or more VCs include:[108][109]

 In the UK
Number
Museum Location of VCs
Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Imperial War Museum North Lambeth, London 210
The National Army Museum Chelsea, London 39
The Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum Winchester, Hampshire 34
The Royal Engineers Museum Gillingham, Kent 26
The Army Medical Services Museum Mytchett, Surrey 22
Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum Woolwich, London 20
The Queen's Own Highlanders Museum Fort George, Inverness-shire 16
The Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh Brecon, Wales 16
The Green Howards Regimental Museum Richmond, Yorkshire 15
The Royal Fusiliers Museum Tower of London 12
The Gordon Highlanders Museum Aberdeen 12
The National Maritime Museum Greenwich, London 11
The National War Museum Edinburgh Castle 11
The RAF Museum Hendon, London 11
The Sherwood Foresters Museum Nottingham 11
The Gurkha Museum Winchester, Hampshire 10
The Royal Marines Museum Portsmouth, Hampshire 10
The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum Caernarfon Castle, Wales 10
Outside the UK

Australian War Memorial Canberra, Australia ~70[110]

Canadian War Museum Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 39[111]

National Army Museum Waiouru, New Zealand 11

Note: Many VCs are on loan to the museums and are owned by individuals and not owned by the museums themselves.[108]

Legacy

Memorials

In 2004, a national Victoria Cross and George Cross memorial was installed in Westminster Abbey close to the
tomb of the Unknown Warrior.[112] Westminster Abbey contains monuments and memorials to central figures
in British History including Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and James VI & I.[113] One VC recipient, Lord
Henry Percy, is buried, within a family vault, in the Abbey.[114]

Canon William Lummis was a military historian who built up an archive on the service records and final
resting places of Victoria Cross holders.[115] This was then summarised into a pamphlet which was taken to be
an authoritative source on these matters. However, Lummis was aware of short-comings in his own work and
encouraged David Harvey to continue it. The result was Harvey's seminal book Monuments to Courage. In
2007 the Royal Mail used material from Lummis' archives to produce a collection of stamps commemorating
Victoria Cross recipients.[116]

It is a tradition within the Australian Army for soldiers' recreational clubs on military bases to be named after a
particular recipient of the Victoria Cross.[117] Australia has another unique means of remembering recipients of
the Victoria Cross. Remembrance Drive is a path through city streets and highways linking Sydney and
Canberra. Trees were planted in February 1954 by Queen Elizabeth II in a park near Sydney Harbour and at
the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, marking either end of the route, with various plantations along the
roadsides in memory of the fallen. Beginning in 1995, 23 rest stop memorials named for Australian recipients
of the VC from World War II onwards have been sited along the route, providing picnic facilities and public
amenities to encourage drivers to take a break on long drives. 23 of the 26 memorial sites have been dedicated,
with a further three reserved for the surviving VC recipients, including two of the newer Victoria Cross for
Australia awards. Edward Kenna was honoured with the most recent rest stop on 16 August 2012, having
died in 2009.[118]

Valour Road is a residential street in the city of Winnipeg, Canada named in honour of three World War I
recipients of the Victoria Cross who lived in the same block of that street. The story is also commemorated in a
sixty-second short film commonly seen on Canadian television.[119]

In art

The subject of soldiers earning the VC has been popular with artists since the medal's inception. Notable are
the fifty paintings by Louis William Desanges that were painted in the late 1850s and early 1860s. Many of
these were exhibited at the Egyptian Gallery in Piccadilly, but in 1900, they were brought together by Lord
Wantage as the Victoria Cross Gallery and exhibited in the town of Wantage, at that time in Berkshire. Later,
the collection was broken up and many of the paintings were sent to the various regiments depicted. Some
were damaged or destroyed.[120] A number of the acts were also portrayed in a Second World War
propaganda pamphlet, and the images commissioned by the Ministry of Information are presented in an online
gallery available on the website of The National Archives.[121] In 2016, portrait photographer Rory Lewis
was commissioned by the Victoria Cross and George Cross Association to hold portrait sittings with all living
recipients of the Victoria Cross and the George Cross.[122]

See also
Dickin Medal ("the animals' VC")

Notes

Footnotes
a. On 8 August 1902, as a result of a revision in the War Office policy, posthumous awards of the
Victoria Cross were allowed for officers and men who fell during the recent operation in the
performance of acts of valour which would, in the opinion of the Commander in Chief, have
entitled them to a Victoria Cross had they survived. The relevant recipients were:[33]
Captain David Younger, action near Krugersdorp, 11 July 1900
Lieutenant Robert Digby-Jones and Trooper Herman Albrecht, Battle of Wagon Hill,
6 January 1900
 Lieutenant Gustavus Hamilton Blenkinsopp Coulson, rear-guard action, near Lambrecht
Fontein, 18 May 1901
Sergeant Alfred Atkinson Battle of Paardeberg, 18 February 1900
Private John Barry action on Monument Hill, 7 and 8 January 1901
b. Elizabeth Webber Harris was presented with a replica gold VC by the 104th Bengal Fusiliers
for her valour in nursing cholera-ridden soldiers in India in 1869.[39]

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daring act having been performed by a squadron, ship's company, or detached body of seamen
and marines not under fifty in number, or by a brigade, regiment, troop or company in which the
admiral, general, or other officer commanding such forces may deem that all are equally brave
and distinguished, and that no special selection can be made by them, then is such case the
admiral, general, or other officer commanding, may direct that for any such body of seamen or
marines, or for every troop or company of soldiers, one officer shall be selected by the officers
engaged for the Decoration, and in like manner one petty officer or non-commissioned officer
shall be selected by the petty officers and non-commissioned officers engaged, and two
seamen or private soldiers or marines shall be selected by the seamen, or private soldiers, or
marines engaged, respectively for the Decoration, and the names of those selected shall be
transmitted by the senior officers in command of the Naval force, brigade, regiment, troop, or
company, to the admiral or general officer commanding, who shall in due manner confer the
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42. Warrant Amendment dated 10 August 1858: "subject to the rules and ordinances already
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May 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
73. Australian Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Clause 103, "Victoria Cross allowance granted to
a veteran under this section is payable at the rate of A$3,230 per year. The amount fixed by this
subsection is indexed annually in line with CPI increases." (accessdate=30 June 2007).
74. "Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Clause 198a" (http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_ac
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98fa.html) from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
75. Original Warrant Clause 15: "Fifteenthly. In order to make such additional provision as shall
effectually preserve pure this most honourable distinction, it is ordained that, if any person be
convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or of any infamous crime, or if he be accused of any
such offence, and doth not after a reasonable time surrender himself to be tried for the same,
his name shall forthwith be erased from the registry of individuals upon whom the said
Decoration shall have been conferred, and by an especial Warrant under Our Royal Sign
Manual, and the pension conferred under Rule 14 shall cease and determine from the date of
such Warrant. It is hereby further declared, that We, Our Heirs and Given Successors, shall be
the all judges of the circumstances requiring such expulsion; moreover, We shall at all times
have power to restore such persons as may at any time have been expelled, both to the
enjoyment of the Decoration and Pension."
76. "1920 warrant, article 12" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161009192647/http://www.victoriacro
ss.co.uk/vcrules.html). VictoriaCross.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.victoriacross.
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s/VictoriaCross.htm). Ministry of Defence. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070711152
413/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceFor/Veterans/Medals/VictoriaCross.htm) from
the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2007. (The figure used in this article does not
include the award to the American Unknown Soldier.)
78. Duckers, Peter (2005). The Victoria Cross. Shire Publications Ltd. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7478-
0635-6.
79. "The History of The Royal Welsh: Anglo-Zulu War 1879" (http://royalwelsh.org.uk/regiment/hist
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80. Arthur, Max; pp. 185–371.
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vy-vc-sells-for-world-record-auction-price) from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved
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98. Stewart, Iain (18 August 2017). "Stolen Victoria Crosses" (http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/aastol
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w.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10479634). The New Zealand Herald.
Retrieved 2 December 2007.
03. Wall, Tony (20 February 2008). "Why gangland figure got our medals back" (https://archive.toda
y/20120910135909/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4408597a10.html). Stuff. Archived from the original (h
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police.govt.nz/news/release/3701.html) from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved
3 September 2008.
05. In Pakistan, too, speculation and controversy has long been afoot regarding the genuineness of
the VC awarded to Khudadad Khan which is said to be on display at his native village of Dub,
near Chakwal, since it is claimed that the original was stolen from the recipient in 1950 and
never recovered and a copy/duplicate issued instead, which is the one now displayed.
Whatever the truth may be, in early 2011 a VC for 1914 was advertised 'for confidential sale' on
various sites, by a jeweller based in Haripur area, including: Anonymous. "Medal/ Victoria
Cross (1914) for sale" (https://archive.today/20120710175814/http://haripur.olx.com.pk/medal-vi
ctoria-cross-1914-for-sale-iid-68882112). OLX. Archived from the original (http://haripur.olx.co
m.pk/medal-victoria-cross-1914-for-sale-iid-68882112) on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
06. Pierce, Andrew (8 July 2008). "World's largest VC collection to go on show" (https://www.telegr
aph.co.uk/news/uknews/2270310/Worlds-largest-VC-collection-to-go-on-show.html). The Daily
Telegraph. London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090531092024/http://www.telegra
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original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
07. "Victoria Cross" (https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/vic_cross). The Australian War
Memorial. 17 July 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034359/https://www.a
wm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/vic_cross) from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved
27 August 2018.
08. "List of Museums" (http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccregmus.htm). Victoria cross.org. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070624053355/http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccregmus.htm)
from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
09. "Collections and exhibitions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090531073731/http://www.gordon
highlanders.com/exhibits/index.cfm?page=63). Gordon Highlanders' Museum. Archived from
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Retrieved 11 August 2008.
10. In May 2014, the AWM website listed 69 medals, including three VCs for Australia—see
"Victoria Cross" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105140/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclo
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encyclopedia/vic_cross/) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
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mission to save Canada's Victoria Crosses" (https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/doing-right-
for-the-country-the-canadian-war-museums-mission-to-save-canadas-victoria-crosses). The
National Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
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w.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=134063) on 27 September 2007.
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14. The Morning Post, 5 December 1877.
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Lummis in the National Army Museum" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110608090454/http://w
ww.royalmail.com/portal/rm/shop?catId=9300091&pageType=Others&pageId=shp_prddetails&
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mail.com/portal/rm/shop?catId=9300091&pageType=Others&pageId=shp_prddetails&product=
prod40680016) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
17. Wigmore 1986, p. 15.
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ects/south_eastern_region/remembrance_drive/documents/oral_history_remembrance-dway_c
d-insert.pdf) (PDF). Oral History Program. NSW Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved
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19. "Valour Road Victoria Crosses united in Winnipeg for 1st time" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canad
a/manitoba/valour-road-victoria-crosses-united-in-winnipeg-for-1st-time-1.2728763). CBC
News. 6 August 1914.
20. See Sally Whipple. (2001). Catalogue of the Series of Historical Pictures by Chevalier L. W.
Desanges. (Wantage, 2000). This was the catalogue to an exhibition of photographic
reproductions of many of the paintings held in Wantage to honour the Millennium.
21. "Victoria Cross" (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/valgal/valour/). Online
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References
Abbott, Peter; Tamplin, John (1981). British Gallantry Awards. London: Nimrod Dix and
Company. ISBN 0-902633-74-0.
Arthur, Max (2005). Symbol of Courage: Men behind the Medal. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-
49133-4.
Ashcroft, Michael (2006). Victoria Cross Heroes (https://archive.org/details/victoriacrossher000
0ashc). Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7553-1632-0.
Ashton, John (1995). ANZAC Fellowship 1995 Report: The Analyses of Victoria Crosses in
New Zealand. Australian War Memorial.
Beharry, Johnson (2006). Barefoot Soldier. Sphere. ISBN 0-316-73321-0.
Creagh, Dudley (1992). Charles Barrett (ed.). Advances in X-ray Analysis Vol. 35. Plenum.
pp. 1127–1132. ISBN 978-0-306-44249-0.
Creagh, Dudley; Ashton, John (1999). J. Fernandez, A. Tartari (ed.). Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectrometry. Editrice Compositori. pp. 299–305. ISBN 88-7794-195-2.
Crook, M. J. (1975). The Evolution of the Victoria Cross. Midas Books. ISBN 0-85936-041-5.
Duckers, Peter (2006). British Gallantry Awards, 1855–2000 (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=EmaHCwAAQBAJ). Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0516-4.
Duckers, Peter (2005). The Victoria Cross (https://books.google.com/books?id=JOtDvgAACAA
J). Shire Publications. ISBN 978-0-7478-0635-6.
Glanfield, John (2005). Bravest of the Brave. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3695-9.
Harvey, David (2000). Monuments to Courage. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
Pillinger, Dennis; Staunton, Anthony (2000). Victoria Cross Presentations and Locations.
Maidenhead, Berkshire: Woden. ISBN 0-646-39741-9.
Ross, Graham (1995). Scotland's Forgotten Valour. MacLean Press. ISBN 1-899272-00-3.
The Register of the Victoria Cross (Third ed.). This England. 1997. ISBN 0-906324-03-3.
Wigmore, Lionel, ed. (1986). They Dared Mightily (2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian War
Memorial. ISBN 0-642-99471-4.

External links
Victoria Cross & George Cross Association website (http://www.vcgca.org)
"Holders of the Victoria Cross and the George Cross" (https://web.archive.org/web/2010053113
2735/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/Holders_of_the_Victoria_Cross/). The
Times. London. 19 August 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sy
stem/topicRoot/Holders_of_the_Victoria_Cross/) on 31 May 2010. Contains a list of links to
obituaries.
National Archives Victoria Cross Registers (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonli
ne/victoriacross.asp)
 Search UK National Inventory of War Memorial for memorials in the UK commemorating VC
recipients (http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/nav.002006002)
The Victoria Cross Trust (http://victoriacrosstrust.org/)
Victoria Cross Royal Warrants (1856–1920) (http://www.victoriacross.co.uk/vcrules.html)

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